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Wireless Sniffing, Technique T0887 - ICS | MITRE ATT&CK®
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RF communication frequencies vary between 3 kHz to 300 GHz, although are commonly between 300 MHz to 6 GHz. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Candell, R., Hany, M., Lee, K. B., Liu,Y., Quimby, J., Remley, K. 2018, April Guide to Industrial Wireless Systems Deployments Retrieved. 2020/12/01 "data-reference="Candell, R., Hany, M., Lee, K. B., Liu,Y., Quimby, J., Remley, K. April 2018"><sup><a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.300-4.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span> The wavelength and frequency of the signal affect how the signal propagates through open air, obstacles (e.g. walls and trees) and the type of radio required to capture them. These characteristics are often standardized in the protocol and hardware and may have an effect on how the signal is captured. Some examples of wireless protocols that may be found in cyber-physical environments are: WirelessHART, Zigbee, WIA-FA, and 700 MHz Public Safety Spectrum. </p><p>Adversaries may capture RF communications by using specialized hardware, such as software defined radio (SDR), handheld radio, or a computer with radio demodulator tuned to the communication frequency. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Bastille 2017, April 17 Dallas Siren Attack Retrieved. 2020/11/06 "data-reference="Bastille April 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.bastille.net/blogs/2017/4/17/dallas-siren-attack" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span> Information transmitted over a wireless medium may be captured in-transit whether the sniffing device is the intended destination or not. This technique may be particularly useful to an adversary when the communications are not encrypted. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Gallagher, S. 2017, April 12 Pirate radio: Signal spoof set off Dallas emergency sirens, not network hack Retrieved. 2020/12/01 "data-reference="Gallagher, S. April 2017"><sup><a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/04/dallas-siren-hack-used-radio-signals-to-spoof-alarm-says-city-manager/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span> </p><p>In the 2017 Dallas Siren incident, it is suspected that adversaries likely captured wireless command message broadcasts on a 700 MHz frequency during a regular test of the system. These messages were later replayed to trigger the alarm systems. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Gallagher, S. 2017, April 12 Pirate radio: Signal spoof set off Dallas emergency sirens, not network hack Retrieved. 2020/12/01 "data-reference="Gallagher, S. April 2017"><sup><a href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/04/dallas-siren-hack-used-radio-signals-to-spoof-alarm-says-city-manager/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T0887 </div> </div> <!--stop-indexing-for-search--> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-techniques: </span> No sub-techniques </div> </div> <!--start-indexing-for-search--> <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactics:</span> <a href="/versions/v16/tactics/TA0102">Discovery</a>, <a href="/versions/v16/tactics/TA0100">Collection</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>None </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Contributors: </span>ICSCoE Japan </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.1 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>21 May 2020 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>13 October 2023 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button permalink"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T0887" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T0887/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T0887" href="/techniques/T0887/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a><!--do not change this line without also changing versions.py--> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="assets">Targeted Assets</h2> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2" aria-describedby="asset-table"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Asset</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/assets/A0013"> A0013 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/assets/A0013"> Field I/O </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/assets/A0001"> A0001 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/assets/A0001"> Workstation </a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/mitigations/M0808"> M0808 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/mitigations/M0808"> Encrypt Network Traffic </a> </td> <td> <p>Utilize strong cryptographic techniques and protocols to prevent eavesdropping on network communications. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Bastille 2017, April 17 Dallas Siren Attack Retrieved. 2020/11/06 "data-reference="Bastille April 2017"><sup><a href="https://www.bastille.net/blogs/2017/4/17/dallas-siren-attack" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/mitigations/M0806"> M0806 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/mitigations/M0806"> Minimize Wireless Signal Propagation </a> </td> <td> <p>Reduce the range of RF communications to their intended operating range when possible. Propagation reduction methods may include (i) reducing transmission power on wireless signals, (ii) adjusting antenna gain to prevent extensions beyond organizational boundaries, and (iii) employing RF shielding techniques to block excessive signal propagation. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="DHS National Urban Security Technology Laboratory 2019, April Radio Frequency Detection, Spectrum Analysis, and Direction Finding Equipment Retrieved. 2020/09/17 "data-reference="DHS National Urban Security Technology Laboratory April 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/saver-msr-rf-detection_cod-508_10july2019.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0029"> <td> <a href="/versions/v16/datasources/DS0029">DS0029</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/versions/v16/datasources/DS0029">Network Traffic</a> </td> <!-- Add first data component here --> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Flow">Network Traffic Flow</a> </td> <td> <p>Purely passive network sniffing cannot be detected effectively. In cases where the adversary interacts with the wireless network (e.g., joining a Wi-Fi network) detection may be possible. Monitor for new or irregular network traffic flows which may indicate potentially unwanted devices or sessions on wireless networks. In Wi-Fi networks monitor for changes such as rogue access points or low signal strength, indicating a device is further away from the access point then expected and changes in the physical layer signal.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Koopmann, Lennart. (n.d.). Nzyme Alerts Introduction. Retrieved September 26, 2022."data-reference="Nzyme Alerts Intro"><sup><a href="https://www.nzyme.org/docs/alerts/intro" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span> <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Tomko, A.; Rieser, C; Buell, H.; Zeret, D.; Turner, W.. (2007, March). Wireless Intrusion Detection. Retrieved September 26, 2022."data-reference="Wireless Intrusion Detection"><sup><a href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA466332.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span> Network traffic content will provide important context, such as hardware (e.g., MAC) addresses, user accounts, and types of messages sent.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.300-4.pdf" target="_blank"> Candell, R., Hany, M., Lee, K. B., Liu,Y., Quimby, J., Remley, K. 2018, April Guide to Industrial Wireless Systems Deployments Retrieved. 2020/12/01 </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-2" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-2" href="https://www.bastille.net/blogs/2017/4/17/dallas-siren-attack" target="_blank"> Bastille 2017, April 17 Dallas Siren Attack Retrieved. 2020/11/06 </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-3" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-3" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/04/dallas-siren-hack-used-radio-signals-to-spoof-alarm-says-city-manager/" target="_blank"> Gallagher, S. 2017, April 12 Pirate radio: Signal spoof set off Dallas emergency sirens, not network hack Retrieved. 2020/12/01 </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="col"> <ol start="4.0"> <li> <span id="scite-4" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-4" href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/saver-msr-rf-detection_cod-508_10july2019.pdf" target="_blank"> DHS National Urban Security Technology Laboratory 2019, April Radio Frequency Detection, Spectrum Analysis, and Direction Finding Equipment Retrieved. 2020/09/17 </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-5" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-5" href="https://www.nzyme.org/docs/alerts/intro" target="_blank"> Koopmann, Lennart. (n.d.). Nzyme Alerts Introduction. Retrieved September 26, 2022. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-6" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-6" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA466332.pdf" target="_blank"> Tomko, A.; Rieser, C; Buell, H.; Zeret, D.; Turner, W.. (2007, March). Wireless Intrusion Detection. Retrieved September 26, 2022. </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--stop-indexing-for-search--> <!-- search overlay for entire page -- not displayed inline --> <div class="overlay search" id="search-overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="overlay-inner"> <!-- text input for searching --> <div class="search-header"> <div class="search-input"> <input type="text" id="search-input" placeholder="search"> </div> <div class="search-icons"> <div class="search-parsing-icon spinner-border" style="display: none" id="search-parsing-icon"></div> <div class="close-search-icon" id="close-search-icon">×</div> </div> </div> <!-- results and controls for loading more results --> <div id="search-body" class="search-body"> <div class="results" id="search-results"> <!-- content will be appended here on search --> </div> <div id="load-more-results" class="load-more-results"> <button class="btn btn-default" id="load-more-results-button">load more results</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row flex-grow-0 flex-shrink-1"> <!-- footer elements --> <footer class="col footer"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row row-footer"> <div class="col-2 col-sm-2 col-md-2"> <div class="footer-center-responsive my-auto"> <a href="https://www.mitre.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="MITRE"> <img src="/versions/v16/theme/images/mitrelogowhiteontrans.gif" class="mitre-logo-wtrans"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 col-sm-2 footer-responsive-break"></div> <div class="footer-link-group"> <div class="row row-footer"> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/versions/v16/resources/engage-with-attack/contact" class="footer-link">Contact Us</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/versions/v16/resources/legal-and-branding/terms-of-use" class="footer-link">Terms of Use</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3 col-footer"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/versions/v16/resources/legal-and-branding/privacy" class="footer-link">Privacy Policy</a></u> </div> <div class="px-3"> <u class="footer-link"><a href="/versions/v16/resources/changelog.html" class="footer-link" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" data-html="true" title="ATT&CK content v16.1
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