Handbook of Texas

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src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/projects/african-american-texas.png" alt="spinoff logo" style="max-width: 320px;" > </div>  <p>African Americans have been part of the landscape of Texas for as long as Europeans and their descendants. Spanning a period of more than five centuries, African American presence began in 1528 with the arrival of Estevanico, an African slave who accompanied the first Spanish exploration of the land in the southwestern part of the United States that eventually became Texas. While African Americans have been subjected to slavery, segregation, and discrimination during this long history, they have made significant contributions to the growth and development of Texas. They have influenced Texas policies and social standards. Living and working with other ethnic groups, they have helped create a unique Texas culture. Historians have not always acknowledged the role that African Americans have played in the Lone Star State. Although numerous studies of Texas’s past appeared in the twentieth century, until 1970 there remained too many empty pages in the history of the state concerning the black population. This situation has changed since the 1970s, but the need to capture more of the African American experience still exists. For this reason, we are happy to launch the <em>Handbook of African American Texas</em>.</p><p>Cognizant of the role that African Americans have played in shaping Texas’s past, the original <em>Handbook of Texas</em> (1952) and the <em>Handbook of Texas Supplement</em> (1976) contained some entries on noted African Americans and institutions. <em>The New Handbook of Texas</em> (1996) included many more entries on African American personalities, institutions, organizations, events, and places. Yet, these entries, while valuable, did not represent a comprehensive coverage of African Americans in the Lone Star State. So in 2011, a spin-off handbook was proposed, and on June 19, 2013, the online encyclopedia, the <em>Handbook of African American Texas</em>, has come to fruition. This online feature has more than 850 entries on African Americans in Texas, many of which appeared in the earlier versions of the <em>Handbook</em>, and approximately 300 new articles about all aspects of African American life and history in Texas. This <em>Handbook</em> is initiated to capture, to create greater awareness, and to increase research on the roles and contributions that Afro-Texans (individuals, groups, and organizations) have made to their neighborhoods, cities, state, and often the nation and beyond. Many of the new entries are enriched with illustrations. A good number of these images were provided for the <em>Handbook of Texas Music</em>. The spin-off also includes photographs from Southern Methodist University Digital Collections and from various individuals. The <em>Handbook of African American Texas</em> will continue to be enhanced in the coming months as more entries and images are added.</p><p>Acknowledgments of those who contributed to this project cannot include all who wrote entries that are essential to the story, but a few members of the staff of the Texas State Historical Association should receive special recognition. We owe an inestimable debt to Randolph “Mike” Campbell, the Chief Historian, for his efforts and unwavering commitment to this project. We thank him for the high standards set for himself, his staff, and the project. He reviewed and edited texts, enlisted graduates students to write more than a hundred new entries, and provided financial assistance for technical support and fact checking. Three of Campbell’s students—Matt Abigail, Jennifer Bridges, and Will Yancey—also worked as fact checkers on a number of entries. Research Editor Laurie E. Jasinski fact checked the majority of entries for the project and copy edited the new entries. Ann T. Smith, as Data Management Editor, worked on every aspect of the project, especially by managing the entries in electronic form through the processes of fact checking, copy editing, and posting on the site. David Degnan and his technical staff of John Jenkins and Gerardo Garcia worked to create a new look for the Handbook web pages, including the <em>Handbook of African American Texas</em>. Taylor Fichera assisted by posting a good number of the new entries online. Former webmaster Steve Portch assisted in the design of the original landing page. Special thanks go to Stephen Cook, chairman of the Handbook Advisory Committee, for sponsoring a workshop at the African American Library at the Gregory School in Houston, where a group of professors, Texas Southern University graduate students, and members of the community worked to get this project off the ground. Likewise Debra Blacklock-Sloan should be acknowledged for her assistance in the early stages of this project.</p><p><em>Merline Pitre, Project Director</em></p> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div>  <div class="col-12 col-lg-5 col-xl-4">  <div id="slot-id-24" class="slot ">  <div class="promo promo-type-image-link " id="convert-promo--promo-id-790"> <a href="https://www.legacyoftexas.com/product/under-the-double-eagle-citizen-employees-of-the-u-s-army-on-the-texas-frontier-1846-1899" class=""> <img style="" src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/promos/Eagle_Square.png" alt="Under the Double Eagle Sale_square" class="" > </a> </div> </div>   <div class="card-body"> <h2 class="mb-3 border-bottom pb-2" id="heading-recent-additions"> Trending Entries </h2> <p class="serif-font mb-4 text-justify"> Every one of our entries is written, fact-checked, and reviewed by our team of professionals, historians, and academics. The time, dedication, and support from our staff & people like you—through <a href="https://tsha.wildapricot.org">recurring memberships</a> & <a href="https://tsha.wildapricot.org/donate">donations</a>—is what makes it possible for us to continue to produce quality work that you can trust. </p> <div class="h5 mb-2 "> <div class="d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 1rem;"> <p style="max-width: 10ch;"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/juneteenth"> <img src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/handbook/entries/GG/granger-gordon.jpg" alt="Gordon Granger" class="img-fluid img-thumbnail"> </a> </p> <p> <a class="mr-2" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> <small class="d-block text-muted"> Read 2,329 times in the past week </small> </p> </div> </div> <div class="h5 mb-2 "> <div class="d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 1rem;"> <p style="max-width: 10ch;"> <a class="" 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</div> <div class="h5 mb-2 "> <div class="d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 1rem;"> <p style="max-width: 10ch;"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/yellow-rose-of-texas"> <img src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/handbook/entries/YY/yellow_rose_of_texas.jpg" alt="Sheet music cover for “The Yellow Rose of Texas”" class="img-fluid img-thumbnail"> </a> </p> <p> <a class="mr-2" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/yellow-rose-of-texas">Yellow Rose of Texas</a> <small class="d-block text-muted"> Read 453 times in the past week </small> </p> </div> </div> <div class="h5 mb-2 d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 1rem;"> <p style="max-width: 10ch;"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/segregation"> <img src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/handbook/handbook-home.png" alt="Handbook Entry" class="img-fluid"> </a> </p> <p> <a class="mr-2" 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src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/handbook/handbook-home.png" alt="Handbook Entry" class="img-fluid"> </a> </p> <p> <a class="mr-2" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/civil-rights">Civil Rights</a> <small class="d-block text-muted"> Read 241 times in the past week </small> </p> </div> </div> <div class="h5 mb-2 d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center" style="gap: 1rem;"> <p style="max-width: 10ch;"> <a class="" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goyens-william"> <img src="https://www.tshaonline.org/images/handbook/entries/GG/goyens-william.jpg" alt="William Goyens" class="img-fluid img-thumbnail"> </a> </p> <p> <a class="mr-2" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goyens-william">Goyens, William</a> <small class="d-block text-muted"> Read 212 times in the past week </small> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="mb-5">  <div class="table-of-contents-container"> <h2 class="text-xl"> Table of Contents </h2> <details class="border bg-fff p-4 mt-4"> <summary> Browse entries by category, time period, or place </summary> <div class="table-of-contents py-5 px-3" id="table-of-contents">  <div class="table-of-content columns-md">  <ul class="pl-3"><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/activism-and-social-reform">Activism and Social Reform</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/activists">Activists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/advocates">Advocates</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/civic-leaders">Civic Leaders</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/civil-rights-segregation-and-slavery">Civil Rights, Segregation, and Slavery</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/social-workers">Social Workers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/agriculture">Agriculture</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/animal-husbandry">Animal Husbandry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/economic-structure">Economic Structure</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/farmers">Farmers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/promoters">Promoters</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/architecture">Architecture</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/architects">Architects</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/churches-and-synagogues">Churches and Synagogues</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/historic-districts">Historic Districts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/other-structures">Other Structures</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/aviation-and-aerospace">Aviation and Aerospace</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/business">Business</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/food-related">Food Related</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/education">Education</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/board-members">Board Members</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/community-colleges">Community Colleges</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/court-cases">Court Cases</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/defunct-colleges-and-universities">Defunct Colleges and Universities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/defunct-elementary-and-secondary-schools">Defunct Elementary and Secondary Schools</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/educators">Educators</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/art-and-architecture">Art and Architecture</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/bilingual-education">Bilingual Education</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/classics-and-philosophy">Classics and Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/english-and-journalism">English and Journalism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/foreign-languages">Foreign Languages</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/general-education">General Education</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/math">Math</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/medical">Medical</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/music-and-drama">Music and Drama</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/physical-education-home-economics-and-health">Physical Education, Home Economics, and Health</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sciences-agriculture-and-engineering">Sciences, Agriculture, and Engineering</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/social-sciences">Social Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/teacher-education">Teacher Education</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/extracurricular-activities">Extracurricular Activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/infamous-moments-groups-and-events">Infamous Moments, Groups, and Events</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/lawyers-civil-rights-activists-and-legislators">Lawyers, Civil Rights Activists, and Legislators</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/medical-schools-and-teaching-hospitals">Medical Schools and Teaching Hospitals</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/non-traditional-learning-centers-and-special-programs">Non-traditional Learning Centers and Special Programs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/private-four-year-colleges-and-universities">Private Four-Year Colleges and Universities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/public-four-year-colleges-and-universities">Public Four-Year Colleges and Universities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/research">Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/school-principals-and-superintendents">School Principals and Superintendents</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/school-trustees-and-regents">School Trustees and Regents</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/state-officials-and-agencies">State Officials and Agencies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/state-schools-and-orphanages">State Schools and Orphanages</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/theological-seminaries-and-colleges">Theological Seminaries and Colleges</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/university-presidents-and-school-administrators">University Presidents and School Administrators</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/environment-and-geography">Environment and Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/exploration">Exploration</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/boundaries-and-cartography">Boundaries and Cartography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/explorers-spanish">Explorers (Spanish)</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/founders-and-pioneers">Founders and Pioneers</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/company-founders">Company Founders</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/pioneers">Pioneers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/school-founders">School Founders</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/health-and-medicine">Health and Medicine</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/alternative-medicine">Alternative Medicine</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/homes-and-orphanages">Homes and Orphanages</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/hospitals-clinics-and-medical-centers">Hospitals, Clinics, and Medical Centers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/nurses-and-nurse-administrators">Nurses and Nurse Administrators</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/pharmacists">Pharmacists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/physicians-and-surgeons">Physicians and Surgeons</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/anesthesiologists">Anesthesiologists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/dentists">Dentists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/general-practitioners">General Practitioners</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/general-surgeons">General Surgeons</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/internal-medicine-physicians">Internal Medicine Physicians</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/military-physicians-and-surgeons-and-military-nurses">Military Physicians and Surgeons and Military Nurses</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/obstetricians-and-gynecologists">Obstetricians and Gynecologists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/ophthalmologists-and-optometrists">Ophthalmologists and Optometrists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/pathologists">Pathologists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/pediatricians">Pediatricians</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/public-health-physicians">Public Health Physicians</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/public-health-officials">Public Health Officials</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/veterinary-medicine">Veterinary Medicine</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/journalism">Journalism</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/newspapers">Newspapers</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/editors-and-reporters">Editors and Reporters</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/publishers-and-executives">Publishers and Executives</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/radio-and-television">Radio and Television</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/lgbt">LGBT</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/labor">Labor</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/law-law-enforcement-and-outlaws">Law, Law Enforcement, and Outlaws</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/associations-and-movements">Associations and Movements</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/feuds">Feuds</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/infamous-towns-and-places">Infamous Towns and Places</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/law-officers">Law Officers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/lawless-activities-and-outlawed-activity">Lawless Activities and Outlawed Activity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/lawyers">Lawyers</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/civil-rights-civil-and-constitutional-law">Civil Rights, Civil, and Constitutional Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/criminal-law-and-district-attorneys">Criminal Law and District Attorneys</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/general-law">General Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/labor-and-insurance-law">Labor and Insurance Law</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/outlaws-criminals-prostitutes-gamblers-and-rebels">Outlaws, Criminals, Prostitutes, Gamblers, and Rebels</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/prison-administrators-and-reformers">Prison Administrators and Reformers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/rebellions-raids-and-wars">Rebellions, Raids, and Wars</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/riots">Riots</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/victims-of-mob-violence-and-police-brutality">Victims of Mob Violence and Police Brutality</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/vigilante-activitymob-violence">Vigilante Activity/Mob Violence</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/military">Military</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/confederate-military">Confederate Military</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/union-military">Union Military</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/soldiers">Soldiers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/world-war-2">World War II</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/museums-libraries-and-archives">Museums, Libraries, and Archives</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/archivists">Archivists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/librarians">Librarians</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/libraries">Libraries</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/museums">Museums</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/general-history-museums">General History Museums</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/music">Music</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/business-promotion-broadcasting-and-technology">Business, Promotion, Broadcasting, and Technology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-blues">Genres (Blues)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-classical">Genres (Classical)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-country">Genres (Country)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-ethnic">Genres (Ethnic)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-folk">Genres (Folk)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-gospel">Genres (Gospel)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-jazz">Genres (Jazz)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-rap-and-hip-hop">Genres (Rap and Hip-Hop)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/genres-rock-and-roll-rhythm-and-blues-and-rockabilly">Genres (Rock and Roll, Rhythm and Blues, and Rockabilly)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/groups">Groups</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/songs">Songs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/stage-and-film">Stage and Film</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/venues">Venues</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/oil-and-gas-industry">Oil and Gas Industry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/organizations">Organizations</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/agencies">Agencies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/associations">Associations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/benevolent-organizations-and-programs">Benevolent Organizations and Programs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/boards">Boards</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/professional-organizations">Professional Organizations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/societies">Societies</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/patrons-collectors-and-philanthropists">Patrons, Collectors, and Philanthropists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/peoples">Peoples</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/african-americans">African Americans</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/french">French</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/italians">Italians</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/jews">Jews</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/mexican-americans">Mexican Americans</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/native-american">Native American</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/chiefs-and-other-leaders">Chiefs and Other Leaders</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/trails-and-traces">Trails and Traces</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/tribes-other">Tribes (Other)</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/tejanos">Tejanos</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/performing-arts">Performing Arts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/politics-and-government">Politics and Government</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/civic-and-community-leaders">Civic and Community Leaders</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/court-cases-controversies-and-scandals">Court Cases and Controversies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/courts-and-judiciary">Courts and Judiciary</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/government-officials">Government Officials</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/house">House</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/senate">Senate</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/state-legislators">State Legislators</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/fifteenth-legislature">Fifteenth Legislature (1876)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/fourteenth-legislature">Fourteenth Legislature (1874-1875)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/seventeenth-legislature">Seventeenth Legislature (1881-1882)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/seventieth-legislature">Seventieth Legislature (1987)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/seventy-fifth-legislature">Seventy-fifth Legislature (1997)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/seventy-first-legislature">Seventy-first Legislature (1989-1990)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/seventy-fourth-legislature">Seventy-fourth Legislature (1995)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/seventy-second-legislature">Seventy-second Legislature (1991-1992)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/seventy-third-legislature">Seventy-third Legislature (1993)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sixteenth-legislature">Sixteenth Legislature (1879)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sixty-eighth-legislature">Sixty-eighth Legislature (1983-1984)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sixty-fifth-legislature">Sixty-fifth Legislature (1977-1978)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sixty-fourth-legislature">Sixty-fourth Legislature (1975)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sixty-ninth-legislature">Sixty-ninth Legislature (1985-1986)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sixty-seventh-legislature">Sixty-seventh Legislature (1981-1982)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sixty-sixth-legislature">Sixty-sixth Legislature (1979)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/sixty-third-legislature">Sixty-third Legislature (1973)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/thirteenth-legislature">Thirteenth Legislature (1873)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/twelfth-legislature">Twelfth Legislature (1870-1871)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/twenty-first-legislature">Twenty-first Legislature (1889)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/twenty-fourth-legislature">Twenty-fourth Legislature (1895)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/judges">Judges</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/ranching-and-cowboys">Ranching and Cowboys</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/cattle-management">Cattle Management</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/cowboys-and-cowgirls">Cowboys and Cowgirls</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/horse-breeders-and-trainers">Horse Breeders and Trainers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/ranch-managers">Ranch Managers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/ranchers-and-cattlemen">Ranchers and Cattlemen</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/rodeo-personalities">Rodeo Personalities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/trail-drivers-and-riders">Trail Drivers and Riders</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/religion">Religion</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/african-methodist-episcopal">African Methodist Episcopal</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/baptist">Baptist</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/catholic">Catholic</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/christian-church">Christian Church</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li><li><a 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href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/writers-authors-publications-and-literature">Writers, Authors, Publications, and Literature</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/academics">Academics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/authors-and-writers">Authors and Writers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/historians">Historians</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/literature">Literature</a><ul><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/dramatists-and-novelists">Dramatists and Novelists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/fiction">Fiction</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/folklorists">Folklorists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/humorists">Humorists</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/journals-and-publications">Journals and Publications</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/literary-works-and-characters">Literary Works and Characters</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/memoirs-diaries-letters-and-travel">Memoirs, Diaries, Letters, and Travel</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/poets">Poets</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/publications-journals-and-magazines">Publications, Journals, and Magazines</a></li><li><a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas/category/african-americans/category/textbook-and-educational-writers">Textbook and Educational Writers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </details> </div>  <div class="browse-entries my-5" id="browse-entries"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap align-items-center justify-content-between mb-0"> <h2 class="text-xl mb-0"> Browse Entries </h2> <small class="pagination-metadata text-right"> 1,066 results found <br> Page 1 of 22 </small> </div> <div class="mt-4"> <nav> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled" aria-disabled="true" aria-label="« Previous"> <span class="page-link" aria-hidden="true">&lsaquo;</span> </li> <li class="page-item active" aria-current="page"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas?page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas?page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas?page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas?page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas?page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas?page=2" rel="next" aria-label="Next »">&rsaquo;</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <ul class="mt-3 pt-3 pl-4"> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/1867-settlement"> 1867 Settlement </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ab-initio-question"> Ab Initio Question </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/abner-david-jr"> Abner, David, Jr. </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/abner-david-sr"> Abner, David, Sr. </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/abolition"> Abolition </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/acres-homes-transit-company"> Acres Homes Transit Company </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/acres-homes-tx"> Acres Homes, TX </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/adair-christia-v-daniels"> Adair, Christia V. Daniels </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-americans"> African Americans </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-americans-and-politics"> African Americans and Politics </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-methodist-episcopal-church"> African Methodist Episcopal Church </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-methodist-episcopal-zion-church"> African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-american-churches"> African-American Churches </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ailey-alvin"> Ailey, Alvin </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/akins-elmer"> Akins, Elmer </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/akins-william-charles"> Akins, William Charles </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/alamo-noncombatants"> Alamo Noncombatants </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/alexander-alger-texas"> Alexander, Alger [Texas] </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/allen-chapel-tx"> Allen Chapel, TX </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/allen-amelia-ann-tapscott"> Allen, Amelia Ann Tapscott </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/allen-george-louis"> Allen, George Louis </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/allen-peter"> Allen, Peter </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/allen-richard"> Allen, Richard </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ancient-order-of-pilgrims"> Ancient Order of Pilgrims </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/anderson-e-h"> Anderson, E. H. </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/anderson-john-wesley"> Anderson, John Wesley </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/anderson-laurine-cecil"> Anderson, Laurine Cecil </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/anderson-pearl-carina"> Anderson, Pearl Carina </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/anderson-william-t-2"> Anderson, William T. </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/andrews-mary-lillian"> Andrews, Mary Lillian </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/andrews-robert-lee"> Andrews, Robert Lee </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/antoine-george-washington"> Antoine, George Washington </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/arcadia-tx-shelby-county"> Arcadia, TX (Shelby County) </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/archie-ernest-alvin-jr-tom-archia"> Archie, Ernest Alvin, Jr. [Tom Archia] </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/arnold-hendrick"> Arnold, Hendrick </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/arrington-joseph-jr-joe-tex"> Arrington, Joseph, Jr. [Joe Tex] </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/asberry-alexander"> Asberry, Alexander </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ashworth-act"> Ashworth Act </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ashworth-aaron"> Ashworth, Aaron </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ashworth-william"> Ashworth, William </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/association-of-southern-women-for-the-prevention-of-lynching"> Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/atkins-joseph-louis"> Atkins, Joseph Louis </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/austin-argos"> Austin Argos </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/austin-freemans-press"> Austin Freeman's Press </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/austin-gold-dollar"> Austin Gold Dollar </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/austin-oscar-p"> Austin, Oscar P. </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/avenue-l-baptist-church"> Avenue L Baptist Church </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/aycox-nanie-belle-jenkins"> Aycox, Nanie Belle Jenkins </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/babylon-tx"> Babylon, TX </a> </p> </li> <li> <p class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ball-william-b"> Ball, William B. </a> </p> </li> </ul> <div class="mt-5 pt-5 border-top d-flex justify-content-center"> <nav> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled" aria-disabled="true" aria-label="« Previous"> <span class="page-link" aria-hidden="true">&lsaquo;</span> </li> <li class="page-item active" aria-current="page"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/projects/african-american-texas?page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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