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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Physical science </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical science subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seawater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seawater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Seawater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seawater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Salinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-pH_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#pH_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 pH value </div> </a> <ul id="toc-pH_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygen_concentration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_concentration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Oxygen concentration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_concentration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sea level </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Waves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Tsunami </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Currents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Tides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Ocean basins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Coasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Water cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Carbon cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_the_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_the_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Life in the sea </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_in_the_sea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life in the sea subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_in_the_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_habitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_habitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Marine habitats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_habitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algae_and_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algae_and_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Algae and plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algae_and_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals_and_other_marine_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals_and_other_marine_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Animals and other marine life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals_and_other_marine_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humans_and_the_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans_and_the_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Humans and the sea </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humans_and_the_sea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Humans and the sea subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Humans_and_the_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_navigation_and_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_navigation_and_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 History of navigation and exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_navigation_and_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_oceanography_and_deep_sea_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_oceanography_and_deep_sea_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 History of oceanography and deep sea exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_oceanography_and_deep_sea_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Aquaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Leisure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.1 Power generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extractive_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extractive_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9.2 Extractive industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extractive_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fresh_water_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fresh_water_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Fresh water production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fresh_water_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_sea_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_sea_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Indigenous sea peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_sea_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Environmental issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Marine pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 225 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-225" aria-hidden="true" > 225 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B4t" title="Laôt – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Laôt" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B" title="Хы – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD" title="ባህር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባህር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C7%A3" title="Sǣ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sǣ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Амшын – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амшын" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="بحر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ծով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ծով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amari" title="Amari – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="সাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुन्द्र – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="समुन्द्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para" title="Para – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ралъад – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ралъад" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamara" title="Lamara – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lamara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz" title="Dəniz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara" title="Segara – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="সাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i" title="Hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara" title="Segara – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Segara" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Диңгеҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुंद्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समुंद्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meea" title="Meea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Meea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC" title="རྒྱ་མཚོ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་མཚོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor" title="Mor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81" title="Тинĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тинĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%99e" title="Moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari" title="Bhahari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r" title="Môr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rjo" title="Mórjo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="सागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Θάλασσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8r" title="Mèr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mèr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Иневедь (ведень пурнавкс) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Иневедь (ведень пурнавкс)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro" title="Maro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari" title="Mari – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso" title="Itsaso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samundar" title="Samundar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Samundar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3gvur" title="Sjógvur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjógvur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2r" title="Mâr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farraige" title="Farraige – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Farraige" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooir" title="Mooir – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mooir" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir" title="Muir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Muir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Форд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4" title="바다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teku" title="Teku – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Teku" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ծով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morjo" title="Morjo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro" title="Maro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osimmiri" title="Osimmiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Osimmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay" title="Baybay – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Денджыз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwandle" title="Ulwandle – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ulwandle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3r" title="Sjór – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara" title="Sagara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Bgu" title="Teŋgu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Teŋgu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Тенгиз – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тенгиз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ზღვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Теңіз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теңіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor" title="Mor – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari" title="Bahari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Саридз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Саридз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalunga" title="Kalunga – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kalunga" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A8" title="Lanmè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanmè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A8" title="Lanmè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Деңиз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Деңиз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Тангыж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тангыж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хьхьири – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Хьхьири" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5" title="ທະເລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mier" title="Mier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="Гьуьл – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi" title="Asi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Asi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2" title="Mâ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zie%C3%AB" title="Zieë – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomb%C3%BA" title="Lombú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lombú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xamsi" title="xamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenger" title="Tenger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tas%C3%A8%E2%80%99" title="Tasè’ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tasè’" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुन्द्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="समुन्द्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="കടൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="بحر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بحر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="دریو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دریو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut" title="Laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauik" title="Lauik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lauik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i" title="Hāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Иневедсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иневедсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тэнгис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်လယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C4%93y%C4%81tl" title="Huēyātl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Huēyātl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasawasa" title="Wasawasa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wasawasa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee" title="Zee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee" title="Zee – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समुद्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="समुद्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="ХӀорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltsia" title="Weltsia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weltsia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9" title="Mé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ସମୁଦ୍ର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସମୁଦ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengiz" title="Dengiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਾਗਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyar" title="Riyar – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Riyar" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ပင်ႏလယ်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပင်ႏလယ်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman" title="Laman – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AB%DB%8C" title="سمندرګی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سمندرګی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="សមុទ្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers" title="Mers – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mers" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solten_See" title="Solten See – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Solten See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze" title="Morze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%84iz" title="Teńiz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Teńiz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%B1iz" title="Deñiz – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meer" title="Meer – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Meer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_qucha" title="Hatun qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Байҕал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Байҕал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bayu" title="bayu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bayu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/See" title="See – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="See" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti" title="Deti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari" title="Mari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morje" title="Morje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad" title="Bad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دەریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/More" title="More – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="More" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara" title="Sagara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sagara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel" title="Ilel – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare" title="Mare – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mare" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Диңгез – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bcilung" title="bcilung – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bcilung" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80" title="Баҳр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D" title="ಕಡಲ್‍ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಡಲ್‍" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz" title="Deniz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%88iz" title="Deňiz – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Deňiz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90po" title="Ɛpo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɛpo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyai_a%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="Kyai a̱sa̱khwot – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kyai a̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Море – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سمندر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمندر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2" title="دېڭىز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېڭىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haij" title="Haij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Biển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel" title="Mel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri" title="Meri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Meri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer" title="Mer – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAe" title="Zêe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat" title="Dagat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ej" title="Géej – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Géej" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derya" title="Derya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Derya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze%C3%AA" title="Zeê – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zeê" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra – 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hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large body of salt water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article focuses on human experience, history, and culture of the collective seas of Earth. For natural science aspects, see more at <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a>. For individual seas, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">List of seas on Earth</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sea (disambiguation)">Sea (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Sea (disambiguation)">The Sea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_near_Faroe_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Atlantic_near_Faroe_Islands.jpg/300px-Atlantic_near_Faroe_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Atlantic_near_Faroe_Islands.jpg/450px-Atlantic_near_Faroe_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Atlantic_near_Faroe_Islands.jpg/600px-Atlantic_near_Faroe_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4385" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></figcaption></figure> A sea is a large <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">salt water</a>. There are particular seas and the sea. The sea commonly refers to the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a>, the interconnected body of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawaters</a> that spans most of Earth. <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Particular seas</a> are either <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth#Marginal_seas_by_ocean" title="List of seas on Earth">marginal seas</a>, second-order sections of the oceanic sea (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>), or certain large, nearly landlocked bodies of water. The <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of water bodies varies widely, being lower near the surface and the mouths of large <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and higher in the depths of the ocean; however, the relative proportions of dissolved salts vary little across the oceans. The most abundant solid dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>. The water also contains <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, amongst many other elements, some in minute concentrations. A wide <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">variety of organisms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, plants, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, and animals live in the seas, which offers a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">marine habitats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, ranging vertically from the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">sunlit surface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">shoreline</a> to the great depths and pressures of the cold, dark <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_zone" title="Abyssal zone">abyssal zone</a>, and in latitude from the cold waters under <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice caps</a> to the warm waters of <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical regions</a>. Many of the major groups of organisms evolved in the sea and <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">life may have started</a> there. The ocean moderates Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and has important roles in the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycles</a>. The surface of water interacts with the atmosphere, exchanging properties such as <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a> and temperature, as well as <a href="/wiki/Current_(fluid)" title="Current (fluid)">currents</a>. <a href="/wiki/Surface_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface currents">Surface currents</a> are the water currents that are produced by the <a href="/wiki/Air_current" title="Air current">atmosphere's currents</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Winds" class="mw-redirect" title="Winds">winds</a> blowing over the surface of the water, producing <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">wind waves</a>, setting up through <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> slow but stable circulations of water, as in the case of the ocean sustaining <a href="/wiki/Deep-sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-sea">deep-sea</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>. Deep-sea currents, known together as the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">global conveyor belt</a>, carry cold water from near the poles to every ocean and significantly influence Earth's climate. <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a>, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea levels</a>, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and, to a lesser extent, of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. Tides may have a very high <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bays" class="mw-redirect" title="Bays">bays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">Submarine earthquakes</a> arising from <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> movements under the oceans can lead to destructive <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, as can volcanoes, huge <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, or the impact of large <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>. The seas have been an integral element for humans throughout history and culture. Humans harnessing and studying the seas have been recorded since ancient times and evidenced well into <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>, while its modern scientific study is called <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime space</a> is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">law of the sea</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">admiralty law</a> regulating human interactions at sea. The seas provide substantial supplies of food for humans, mainly <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>, whether caught by fishermen or <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">farmed</a> underwater. Other human uses of the seas include <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">trade</a>, travel, <a href="/wiki/Subsea_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsea (technology)">mineral extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">power generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">warfare</a>, and leisure activities such as <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>. Many of these activities create <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">List of seas on Earth</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceans_and_seas_boundaries_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Oceans_and_seas_boundaries_map-en.svg/400px-Oceans_and_seas_boundaries_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Oceans_and_seas_boundaries_map-en.svg/600px-Oceans_and_seas_boundaries_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Oceans_and_seas_boundaries_map-en.svg/800px-Oceans_and_seas_boundaries_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2029" /></a><figcaption>Oceans and marginal seas as defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a></figcaption></figure> The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Oceans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> However, the word "sea" can also be used for many specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. There is no sharp distinction between seas and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, though generally seas are smaller, and are often partly (as <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal seas</a> or particularly as a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_sea_(oceanography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean sea (oceanography)">mediterranean sea</a>) or wholly (as <a href="/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland sea (geology)">inland seas</a>) enclosed by <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oceanservice.noaa-2">[2]</a> However, an exception to this is the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a> which has no coastline and lies within a circular current, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 90  Seas are generally larger than lakes and contain salt water, but the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater lake">freshwater lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> states that all of the ocean is "sea".<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_definition">Legal definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal definition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">law of the sea</a> has at its center the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">boundaries</a> of the ocean, clarifying its application in <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal seas</a>. But what bodies of water other than the sea the law applies to is being crucially negotiated in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and its status as "sea", basically revolving around the issue of the Caspian Sea about either being factually an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_crust" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean crust">oceanic</a> sea or only a saline body of water and therefore solely a sea in the sense of the common use of the word, like all other <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater lake">saltwater lakes</a> called sea.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_science">Physical science</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical science">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueMarble-2001-2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BlueMarble-2001-2002.jpg/300px-BlueMarble-2001-2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BlueMarble-2001-2002.jpg/450px-BlueMarble-2001-2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BlueMarble-2001-2002.jpg/600px-BlueMarble-2001-2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Composite images of the Earth created by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> in 2001</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Physical_properties" title="Ocean">Ocean § Physical properties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is the only known <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> with seas of liquid <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> on its surface,<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 22  although <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> possesses <a href="/wiki/Martian_ice_caps" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian ice caps">ice caps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">similar planets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">other solar systems</a> may have oceans.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Earth's 1,335,000,000 cubic kilometers (320,000,000 cu mi) of sea contain <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">about 97.2 percent of its known water</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAAcycle-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a> and covers approximately 71 percent of its surface.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 7 <a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Another 2.15% of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, the ice cap covering <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">adjacent seas</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">underground reservoirs</a> or various stages of the <a href="#the_water_cycle">water cycle</a>, containing the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> encountered and used by most <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial life">terrestrial life</a>: <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">vapor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">air</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> it slowly forms, the <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> falling from them, and the <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-NOAAcycle-14">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific study</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and Earth's <a href="#Water_cycle">water cycle</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamics</a> studies the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> of water in motion. The more recent study of the sea in particular is <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>. This began as the study of the shape of the ocean's <a href="#currents">currents</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> but has since expanded into a large and <a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary_approach" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinary approach">multidisciplinary</a> field:<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-22">[19]</a> it examines the properties of <a href="#Seawater">seawater</a>; studies <a href="#Waves">waves</a>, <a href="#Tides">tides</a>, and <a href="#Currents">currents</a>; charts <a href="#Coasts">coastlines</a> and maps the <a href="#Basins">seabeds</a>; and studies <a href="#Marine_life">marine life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> The subfield dealing with the sea's motion, its forces, and the forces acting upon it is known as <a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">physical oceanography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a> (biological oceanography) studies the <a href="#Plants">plants</a>, <a href="#Animals">animals</a>, and other organisms inhabiting <a href="#Habitats">marine ecosystems</a>. Both are informed by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical oceanography">chemical oceanography</a>, which studies the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the <a href="#The_carbon_cycle">carbon cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>'s role in the <a href="#Acidification">increasing acidification</a> of seawater. Marine and maritime <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">geography</a> charts the shape and shaping of the sea, while <a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">marine geology</a> (geological oceanography) has provided evidence of <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition of the Earth">composition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">structure of the Earth</a>, clarified the process of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>, and assisted the study of <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">earthquakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seawater">Seawater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seawater">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Global salinity map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/300px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/450px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg/600px-Aquarius_spacecraft_first_global_salinity_map_Aug-Sep_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Salinity map taken from the Aquarius Spacecraft. The rainbow colours represent salinity levels: red = 40 <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="‰">‰</a>, purple = 30 ‰</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salinity">Salinity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Salinity">edit</a>]</div> A characteristic of seawater is that it is salty. Salinity is usually measured in parts per thousand (<a href="/wiki/%E2%80%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="‰">‰</a> or per mil), and the open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) solids per litre, a salinity of 35 ‰. The Mediterranean Sea is slightly higher at 38 ‰,<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> while the salinity of the northern Red Sea can reach 41‰.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> In contrast, some landlocked <a href="/wiki/Hypersaline_lake" title="Hypersaline lake">hypersaline lakes</a> have a much higher salinity, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> has 300 grams (11 oz) dissolved solids per litre (300 ‰). While the constituents of table salt (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>) make up about 85 percent of the solids in solution, there are also other metal ions such as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and negative ions including <a href="/wiki/Sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphate">sulphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromide</a>. Despite variations in the levels of salinity in different seas, the relative composition of the dissolved salts is stable throughout the world's oceans.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millero-28">[25]</a> Seawater is too saline for humans to drink safely, as the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> cannot excrete urine as salty as seawater.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Major solutes in seawater (3.5% salinity)<a href="#cite_note-Millero-28">[25]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Solute </th> <th scope="col">Concentration (‰) </th> <th scope="col">% of total salts </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a></td> <td>19.3</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td> <td>10.8</td> <td>30.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphate">Sulphate</a></td> <td>2.7</td> <td>7.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td>1.3</td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td> <td>0.41</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td> <td>0.40</td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonate</a></td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a></td> <td>0.07</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonate</a></td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a></td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">Borate</a></td> <td>0.01</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a></td> <td>0.001</td> <td><0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>All other solutes</td> <td><0.001</td> <td><0.01 </td></tr></tbody></table> Although the amount of salt in the ocean remains relatively constant within the scale of millions of years, various factors affect the salinity of a body of water.<a href="#cite_note-setalleyduauang-30">[27]</a> Evaporation and by-product of ice formation (known as "brine rejection") increase salinity, whereas <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, sea ice melt, and runoff from land reduce it.<a href="#cite_note-setalleyduauang-30">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, for example, has many rivers flowing into it, and thus the sea could be considered as <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> is very salty due to its high evaporation rate.<a href="#cite_note-noaaaa-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature">Temperature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Temperature">edit</a>]</div> Sea temperature depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the sun nearly overhead, the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F) while near the poles the temperature in <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">equilibrium</a> with the sea ice is about −2 °C (28 °F). There is a continuous circulation of water in the oceans. Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks. The cold water moves back towards the equator as a deep sea current, driven by changes in the temperature and density of the water, before eventually welling up again towards the surface. Deep seawater has a temperature between −2 °C (28 °F) and 5 °C (41 °F) in all parts of the globe.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Seawater with a typical salinity of 35 ‰<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> has a freezing point of about −1.8 °C (28.8 °F).<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> When its temperature becomes low enough, <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a> form on the surface. These break into small pieces and coalesce into flat discs that form a thick suspension known as <a href="/wiki/Frazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Frazil">frazil</a>. In calm conditions, this freezes into a thin flat sheet known as <a href="/wiki/Nilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilas">nilas</a>, which thickens as new ice forms on its underside. In more turbulent seas, frazil crystals join into flat discs known as pancakes. These slide under each other and coalesce to form <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">floes</a>. In the process of freezing, salt water and air are trapped between the ice crystals. Nilas may have a salinity of 12–15 ‰, but by the time the <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> is one year old, this falls to 4–6 ‰.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="pH_value">pH value</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: pH value">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seawater#pH_value" title="Seawater">Seawater § pH value</a></div> Seawater is slightly <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkaline</a> and had an average <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of about 8.2 over the past 300 million years.<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-37">[34]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has resulted in an increase of the <a href="#The_carbon_cycle">carbon dioxide</a> content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> and lowering the pH (now below 8.1<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-37">[34]</a>) through a process called <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feely04-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeebe2008-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-GattusoHansson2011-40">[37]</a> The extent of further ocean chemistry changes, including ocean pH, will depend on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> efforts taken by nations and their governments.<a href="#cite_note-:82-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxygen_concentration">Oxygen concentration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oxygen concentration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></div> The amount of oxygen found in seawater depends primarily on the plants growing in it. These are mainly algae, including <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, with some <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a>. In daylight, the <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic activity</a> of these plants produces oxygen, which dissolves in the seawater and is used by marine animals. At night, photosynthesis stops, and the amount of dissolved oxygen declines. In the deep sea, where insufficient light penetrates for plants to grow, there is very little dissolved oxygen. In its absence, organic material is broken down by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> bacteria producing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen sulphide">hydrogen sulphide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is likely to reduce levels of oxygen in surface waters since the solubility of oxygen in water falls at higher temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a> is projected to increase <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a> by 10%, and triple suboxic waters (oxygen concentrations 98% less than the mean surface concentrations), for each 1 °C of upper-ocean warming.<a href="#cite_note-:2-44">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light">Light</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Light">edit</a>]</div> The amount of light that penetrates the sea depends on the angle of the sun, the weather conditions and the <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> of the water. Much light gets reflected at the surface, and red light gets absorbed in the top few metres. Yellow and green light reach greater depths, and blue and violet light may penetrate as deep as 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). There is insufficient light for photosynthesis and plant growth beyond a depth of about 200 metres (660 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Russell-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_level">Sea level</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sea level">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></div> Over most of geologic time, the sea level has been higher than it is today.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 74  The main factor affecting sea level over time is the result of changes in the oceanic crust, with a downward trend expected to continue in the very long term.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_maximum" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial maximum">last glacial maximum</a>, some 20,000 years ago, the sea level was about 125 metres (410 ft) lower than in present times (2012).<a href="#cite_note-cLevel-47">[44]</a> For at least the last 100 years, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level has been rising</a> at an average rate of about 1.8 millimetres (0.071 in) per year.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Most of this rise can be attributed to an increase in the temperature of the sea due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,600 ft) of water. Additional contributions, as much as one quarter of the total, come from water sources on land, such as <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">melting snow and glaciers</a> and extraction of groundwater for irrigation and other agricultural and human needs.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waves">Waves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Waves">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/220px--Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="390" data-height="292" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="390" data-height="292" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Movement of molecules as waves pass</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing wave approaching shore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/220px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/330px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></div> Wind blowing over the surface of a body of water forms <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">waves</a> that are perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The friction between air and water caused by a gentle breeze on a pond causes <a href="/wiki/Capillary_wave" title="Capillary wave">ripples</a> to form. A strong blow over the ocean causes larger waves as the moving air pushes against the raised ridges of water. The waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are travelling nearly matches the speed of the wind. In open water, when the wind blows continuously as happens in the Southern Hemisphere in the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Forties" title="Roaring Forties">Roaring Forties</a>, long, organised masses of water called <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">swell</a> roll across the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 83–84 <a href="#cite_note-NOAA-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[d]</a> If the wind dies down, the wave formation is reduced, but already-formed waves continue to travel in their original direction until they meet land. The size of the waves depends on the <a href="/wiki/Fetch_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetch (geography)">fetch</a>, the distance that the wind has blown over the water and the strength and duration of that wind. When waves meet others coming from different directions, interference between the two can produce broken, irregular seas.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-50">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive interference">Constructive interference</a> can cause individual (unexpected) <a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">rogue waves</a> much higher than normal.<a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-53">[49]</a> Most waves are less than 3 m (10 ft) high<a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-53">[49]</a> and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height;<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">offshore construction</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore wind farm">wind farms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platforms</a> use <a href="/wiki/Metocean" title="Metocean">metocean</a> statistics from measurements in computing the wave forces (due to for instance the <a href="/wiki/Hundred-year_wave" title="Hundred-year wave">hundred-year wave</a>) they are designed against.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above 25 meters (82 ft).<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> The top of a wave is known as the crest, the lowest point between waves is the trough and the distance between the crests is the wavelength. The wave is pushed across the surface of the sea by the wind, but this represents a transfer of energy and not a horizontal movement of water. As waves approach land and <a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">move into shallow water</a>, they change their behavior. If approaching at an angle, waves may bend (<a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>) or wrap rocks and headlands (<a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a>). When the wave reaches a point where its deepest oscillations of the water contact the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a>, they begin to slow down. This pulls the crests closer together and increases the <a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">waves' height</a>, which is called <a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">wave shoaling</a>. When the ratio of the wave's height to the water depth increases above a certain limit, it "<a href="/wiki/Wave_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave breaking">breaks</a>", toppling over in a mass of foaming water.<a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-53">[49]</a> This rushes in a sheet up the beach before retreating into the sea under the influence of gravity.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunami">Tsunami</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tsunami">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tsunami in Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/220px-2004-tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/330px-2004-tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/440px-2004-tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 tsunami</a> in Thailand</figcaption></figure> A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by an infrequent powerful event such as an underwater earthquake or landslide, a meteorite impact, a volcanic eruption or a collapse of land into the sea. These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area, usually by a few feet. The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy, creating a shallow wave, a tsunami, radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water and which therefore travels much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf.<a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-58">[54]</a> In the deep open sea, tsunamis have wavelengths of around 80 to 300 miles (130 to 480 km), travel at speeds of over 600 miles per hour (970 km/h)<a href="#cite_note-NTWC-physics-59">[55]</a> and usually have a height of less than three feet, so they often pass unnoticed at this stage.<a href="#cite_note-UoW-60">[56]</a> In contrast, ocean surface waves caused by winds have wavelengths of a few hundred feet, travel at up to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and are up to 45 feet (14 metres) high.<a href="#cite_note-UoW-60">[56]</a> As a tsunami <a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">moves into shallower water</a> its speed decreases, its wavelength shortens and its amplitude increases enormously,<a href="#cite_note-UoW-60">[56]</a> behaving in the same way as a wind-generated wave in shallow water but on a vastly greater scale. Either the trough or the crest of a tsunami can arrive at the coast first.<a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-58">[54]</a> In the former case, the sea draws back and leaves subtidal areas close to the shore exposed which provides a useful warning for people on land.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> When the crest arrives, it does not usually break but rushes inland, flooding all in its path. Much of the destruction may be caused by the flood water draining back into the sea after the tsunami has struck, dragging debris and people with it. Often several tsunami are caused by a single geological event and arrive at intervals of between eight minutes and two hours. The first wave to arrive on shore may not be the biggest or most destructive.<a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-58">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currents">Currents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Currents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corrientes-oceanicas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing surface currents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/300px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/450px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/600px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Surface currents: red–warm, blue–cold</figcaption></figure> Wind blowing over the surface of the sea causes <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> at the interface between air and sea. Not only does this cause waves to form, but it also makes the surface seawater move in the same direction as the wind. Although winds are variable, in any one place they predominantly blow from a single direction and thus a surface current can be formed. Westerly winds are most frequent in the mid-latitudes while easterlies dominate the tropics.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> When water moves in this way, other water flows in to fill the gap and a circular movement of surface currents known as a <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">gyre</a> is formed. There are five main gyres in the world's oceans: two in the Pacific, two in the Atlantic and one in the Indian Ocean. Other smaller gyres are found in lesser seas and a single gyre flows around <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. These gyres have followed the same routes for millennia, guided by the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of the land, the wind direction and the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a>. The surface currents flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The water moving away from the equator is warm, and that flowing in the reverse direction has lost most of its heat. These currents tend to moderate the Earth's climate, cooling the equatorial region and warming regions at higher latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-63">[59]</a> Global climate and <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasts</a> are powerfully affected by the world ocean, so <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model">global climate modelling</a> makes use of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ocean_circulation_models" title="List of ocean circulation models">ocean circulation models</a> as well as models of other major components such as the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, land surfaces, aerosols and sea ice.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> Ocean models make use of a branch of physics, <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">geophysical fluid dynamics</a>, that describes the large-scale flow of fluids such as seawater.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the global conveyor belt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/300px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/450px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/600px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>The global conveyor belt shown in blue with warmer surface currents in red</figcaption></figure> Surface currents only affect the top few hundred metres of the sea, but there are also large-scale flows in the ocean depths caused by the movement of deep water masses. A main deep ocean current flows through all the world's oceans and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> or global conveyor belt. This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> At high latitudes the water is chilled by the low atmospheric temperature and becomes saltier as sea ice crystallizes out. Both these factors make it denser, and the water sinks. From the deep sea near Greenland, such water flows southwards between the continental landmasses on either side of the Atlantic. When it reaches the Antarctic, it is joined by further masses of cold, sinking water and flows eastwards. It then splits into two streams that move northwards into the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Here it is gradually warmed, becomes less dense, rises towards the surface and loops back on itself. It takes a thousand years for this circulation pattern to be completed.<a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-63">[59]</a> Besides gyres, there are temporary surface currents that occur under specific conditions. When waves meet a shore at an angle, a <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore current</a> is created as water is pushed along parallel to the coastline. The water swirls up onto the beach at right angles to the approaching waves but drains away straight down the slope under the effect of gravity. The larger the breaking waves, the longer the beach and the more oblique the wave approach, the stronger is the longshore current.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> These currents can shift great volumes of sand or pebbles, create <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spits</a> and make beaches disappear and water channels silt up.<a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-63">[59]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">rip current</a> can occur when water piles up near the shore from advancing waves and is funnelled out to sea through a channel in the seabed. It may occur at a gap in a <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbar</a> or near a man-made structure such as a <a href="/wiki/Groyne" title="Groyne">groyne</a>. These strong currents can have a velocity of 3 ft (0.9 m) per second, can form at different places at different stages of the tide and can carry away unwary bathers.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> Temporary upwelling currents occur when the wind pushes water away from the land and deeper water rises to replace it. This cold water is often rich in nutrients and creates blooms of phytoplankton and a great increase in the productivity of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-NOAAcurrent-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tides">Tides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tides_overview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing how the sun and moon cause tides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tides_overview.png/220px-Tides_overview.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tides_overview.png/330px-Tides_overview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tides_overview.png/440px-Tides_overview.png 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>High tides (blue) at the nearest and furthest points of the Earth from the Moon</figcaption></figure> Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational</a> influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation. During each tidal cycle, at any given place the water rises to a maximum height known as "high tide" before ebbing away again to the minimum "low tide" level. As the water recedes, it uncovers more and more of the <a href="/wiki/Foreshore" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshore">foreshore</a>, also known as the intertidal zone. The difference in height between the high tide and low tide is known as the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a> or tidal amplitude.<a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Most places experience two high tides each day, occurring at intervals of about 12 hours and 25 minutes. This is half the 24 hours and 50 minute period that it takes for the Earth to make a complete revolution and return the Moon to its previous position relative to an observer. The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun, but it is 400 times closer to the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-NOAAtides-71">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a> or tide-raising force decreases rapidly with distance, so the moon has more than twice as great an effect on tides as the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-NOAAtides-71">[67]</a> A bulge is formed in the ocean at the place where the Earth is closest to the Moon because it is also where the effect of the Moon's gravity is stronger. On the opposite side of the Earth, the lunar force is at its weakest and this causes another bulge to form. As the Moon rotates around the Earth, so do these ocean bulges move around the Earth. The gravitational attraction of the Sun is also working on the seas, but its effect on tides is less powerful than that of the Moon, and when the Sun, Moon and Earth are all aligned (full moon and new moon), the combined effect results in the high "spring tides". In contrast, when the Sun is at 90° from the Moon as viewed from Earth, the combined gravitational effect on tides is less causing the lower "neap tides".<a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-69">[65]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> can occur when high winds pile water up against the coast in a shallow area and this, coupled with a low-pressure system, can raise the surface of the sea at high tide dramatically. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_basins">Ocean basins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ocean basins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean basin">Ocean basin</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/300px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/450px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png/600px-Tectonic_plate_boundaries.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Three types of plate boundary</figcaption></figure> The Earth is composed of a magnetic central <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>, a mostly liquid <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> and a hard rigid outer shell (or <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>), which is composed of the Earth's rocky <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and the deeper mostly solid outer layer of the mantle. On land the crust is known as the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> while under the sea it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a>. The latter is composed of relatively dense <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and is some five to ten kilometres (three to six miles) thick. The relatively thin lithosphere floats on the weaker and hotter mantle below and is fractured into a number of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> In mid-ocean, magma is constantly being thrust through the seabed between adjoining plates to form <a href="/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-oceanic ridge">mid-oceanic ridges</a> and here convection currents within the mantle tend to drive the two plates apart. Parallel to these ridges and nearer the coasts, one oceanic plate may slide beneath another oceanic plate in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a>. Deep <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">trenches</a> are formed here and the process is accompanied by friction as the plates grind together. The movement proceeds in jerks which cause earthquakes, heat is produced and <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> is forced up creating underwater mountains, some of which may form chains of volcanic islands near to deep trenches. Near some of the boundaries between the land and sea, the slightly denser oceanic plates slide beneath the continental plates and more subduction trenches are formed. As they grate together, the continental plates are deformed and buckle causing mountain building and seismic activity.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The Earth's deepest trench is the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a> which extends for about 2,500 kilometres (1,600 miles) across the seabed. It is near the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, a volcanic <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> in the West Pacific. Its deepest point is 10.994 kilometres (nearly 7 miles) below the surface of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-smmt-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coasts">Coasts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coasts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg/220px-Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg/330px-Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg/440px-Praia_da_Marinha_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Praia_da_Marinha" title="Praia da Marinha">Praia da Marinha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finland_2018-07-07_(43651908284).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Finland_2018-07-07_%2843651908284%29.jpg/170px-Finland_2018-07-07_%2843651908284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Finland_2018-07-07_%2843651908284%29.jpg/255px-Finland_2018-07-07_%2843651908284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Finland_2018-07-07_%2843651908284%29.jpg/340px-Finland_2018-07-07_%2843651908284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4616" data-file-height="5603" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> The zone where land meets sea is known as the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a> and the part between the lowest spring tides and the upper limit reached by splashing waves is the <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shore</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> is the accumulation of sand or <a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a> on the shore.<a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-76">[72]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headland</a> is a point of land jutting out into the sea and a larger <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontory</a> is known as a <a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">cape</a>. The indentation of a coastline, especially between two headlands, is a <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bay</a>, a small bay with a narrow inlet is a <a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">cove</a> and a large bay may be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_gulfs" title="List of gulfs">gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Coastlines are influenced by several factors including the strength of the waves arriving on the shore, the gradient of the land margin, the composition and hardness of the coastal rock, the inclination of the off-shore slope and the changes of the level of the land due to local uplift or submergence. Normally, waves roll towards the shore at the rate of six to eight per minute and these are known as constructive waves as they tend to move material up the beach and have little erosive effect. Storm waves arrive on shore in rapid succession and are known as destructive waves as the <a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">swash</a> moves beach material seawards. Under their influence, the sand and shingle on the beach is ground together and abraded. Around high tide, the power of a storm wave impacting on the foot of a cliff has a shattering effect as air in cracks and crevices is compressed and then expands rapidly with release of pressure. At the same time, sand and pebbles have an erosive effect as they are thrown against the rocks. This tends to undercut the cliff, and normal <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes such as the action of frost follows, causing further destruction. Gradually, a wave-cut platform develops at the foot of the cliff and this has a protective effect, reducing further wave-erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-76">[72]</a> Material worn from the margins of the land eventually ends up in the sea. Here it is subject to <a href="/wiki/Attrition_(erosion)" title="Attrition (erosion)">attrition</a> as currents flowing parallel to the coast scour out channels and transport sand and pebbles away from their place of origin. Sediment carried to the sea by rivers settles on the seabed causing <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">deltas</a> to form in estuaries. All these materials move back and forth under the influence of waves, tides and currents.<a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse291-76">[72]</a> Dredging removes material and deepens channels but may have unexpected effects elsewhere on the coastline. Governments make efforts to prevent flooding of the land by the building of <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dykes and levees</a> and other sea defences. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a> is designed to protect London from a storm surge,<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> while the failure of the dykes and levees around <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a> in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_cycle">Water cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Water cycle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></div> The sea plays a part in the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water or hydrological cycle</a>, in which water <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporates</a> from the ocean, travels through the atmosphere as vapour, <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</a>, falls as <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">rain or snow</a>, thereby sustaining life on land, and largely returns to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Even in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>, where little rain ever falls, dense clouds of fog known as the <a href="/wiki/Camanchaca" title="Camanchaca">camanchaca</a> blow in from the sea and support plant life.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> In central Asia and other large land masses, there are <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basins</a> which have no outlet to the sea, separated from the ocean by mountains or other natural geologic features that prevent the water draining away. The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> is the largest one of these. Its main inflow is from the <a href="/wiki/River_Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="River Volga">River Volga</a>, there is no outflow and the evaporation of water makes it saline as dissolved minerals accumulate. The <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Lake_(Nevada)" title="Pyramid Lake (Nevada)">Pyramid Lake</a> in the western United States are further examples of large, inland saline water-bodies without drainage. Some endorheic lakes are less salty, but all are sensitive to variations in the quality of the inflowing water.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_cycle">Carbon cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Carbon cycle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">Oceanic carbon cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></div> Oceans contain the greatest quantity of actively cycled carbon in the world and are second only to the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> in the amount of carbon they store.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalCarbonCycle-82">[78]</a> The oceans' surface layer holds large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_organic_carbon" title="Dissolved organic carbon">dissolved organic carbon</a> that is exchanged rapidly with the atmosphere. The deep layer's concentration of <a href="/wiki/Total_inorganic_carbon" title="Total inorganic carbon">dissolved inorganic carbon</a> is about 15 percent higher than that of the surface layer<a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento_and_Gruber_2006-83">[79]</a> and it remains there for much longer periods of time.<a href="#cite_note-Prentice_etal_2001-84">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> exchanges carbon between these two layers.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalCarbonCycle-82">[78]</a> Carbon enters the ocean as atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the surface layers and is converted into <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>:<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <dl><dd>CO2 (gas) ⇌ CO2 (aq)</dd> <dd>CO2 (aq) + H2O ⇌ H2CO3</dd> <dd>H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3− + H+</dd> <dd>HCO3− ⇌ CO32− + H+</dd></dl> It can also enter through rivers as dissolved organic carbon and is converted by photosynthetic organisms into organic carbon. This can either be exchanged throughout the food chain or precipitated into the deeper, more carbon-rich layers as dead soft tissue or in shells and bones as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or being returned to surface waters through thermohaline circulation.<a href="#cite_note-Prentice_etal_2001-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_the_sea">Life in the sea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Life in the sea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/170px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Coastal habitats</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_ecosystem" title="Ocean surface ecosystem">Ocean surface</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipelagic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic zone">Epipelagic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Open ocean</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Sea floor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template talk:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The oceans are home to a diverse collection of life forms that use it as a habitat. Since sunlight illuminates only the upper layers, the major part of the ocean exists in permanent darkness. As the different depth and temperature zones each provide habitat for a unique set of species, the marine environment as a whole encompasses an immense diversity of life.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Marine habitats range from surface water to the deepest <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trenches</a>, including coral reefs, <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">seagrass meadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidepool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidepool">tidepools</a>, muddy, sandy and rocky seabeds, and the open <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> zone. The organisms living in the sea range from <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">whales</a> 30 metres (98 feet) long to microscopic phytoplankton and <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, fungi, and bacteria. Marine life plays an important part in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fish</a> for use as food.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-DKlife-88">[84]</a>: 204–229  Life may have originated in the sea and all the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">major groups</a> of animals are represented there. Scientists differ as to precisely where in the sea life arose: the <a href="/wiki/Miller-Urey" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller-Urey">Miller-Urey</a> experiments suggested a dilute chemical "soup" in open water, but more recent suggestions include volcanic hot springs, fine-grained clay sediments, or deep-sea "<a href="/wiki/Black_smoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smoker">black smoker</a>" vents, all of which would have provided protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation which was not blocked by the early Earth's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 138–140  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_habitats">Marine habitats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Marine habitats">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine habitats">Marine habitats</a></div> Marine habitats can be divided horizontally into coastal and open ocean habitats. Coastal habitats extend from the shoreline to the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. Most marine life is found in coastal habitats, even though the shelf area occupies only 7 percent of the total ocean area. Open ocean habitats are found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf. Alternatively, marine habitats can be divided vertically into <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a> (open water), <a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">demersal</a> (just above the seabed) and <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic</a> (sea bottom) habitats. A third division is by <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>: from polar seas with ice shelves, sea ice and icebergs, to temperate and tropical waters.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 150–151  Coral reefs, the so-called "rainforests of the sea", occupy less than 0.1 percent of the world's ocean surface, yet their ecosystems include 25 percent of all marine species.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The best-known are <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> coral reefs such as Australia's <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, but cold water reefs harbour a wide array of species including corals (only six of which contribute to reef formation).<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 204–207 <a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algae_and_plants">Algae and plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Algae and plants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></div> Marine <a href="/wiki/Primary_producers" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary producers">primary producers</a> – plants and microscopic organisms in the plankton – are widespread and very essential for the ecosystem. It has been estimated that half of the world's oxygen is produced by phytoplankton.<a href="#cite_note-NalGeo-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> About 45 percent of the sea's <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> of living material is contributed by <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">diatoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> Much larger algae, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweeds</a>, are important locally; Sargassum forms floating drifts, while <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> form seabed forests.<a href="#cite_note-DKlife-88">[84]</a>: 246–255  <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plants</a> in the form of seagrasses grow in "<a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadows</a>" in sandy shallows,<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> line the coast in tropical and subtropical regions<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halophyte" title="Halophyte">salt-tolerant</a> plants thrive in regularly inundated <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> All of these habitats are able to sequester large quantities of carbon and support a <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">biodiverse</a> range of larger and smaller animal life.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Light is only able to penetrate the top 200 metres (660 ft) so this is the only part of the sea where plants can grow.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-45">[42]</a> The surface layers are often deficient in biologically active nitrogen compounds. The marine <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> consists of complex microbial transformations which include the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixation of nitrogen</a>, its assimilation, <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anammox" title="Anammox">anammox</a> and denitrification.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Some of these processes take place in deep water so that where there is an upwelling of cold waters, and also near estuaries where land-sourced nutrients are present, plant growth is higher. This means that the most productive areas, rich in plankton and therefore also in fish, are mainly coastal.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 160–163  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals_and_other_marine_life">Animals and other marine life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Animals and other marine life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornback_Cowfish,_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg/220px-Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg/330px-Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg/440px-Thornback_Cowfish%2C_Lactoria_fornasini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lactoria_fornasini" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactoria fornasini">thornback cowfish</a> </figcaption></figure> There is a broader spectrum of higher animal <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> in the sea than on land, many marine species have yet to be discovered and the number known to science is expanding annually.<a href="#cite_note-Thorne-Miller-99">[95]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> return to the land to breed but fish, <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_snake" title="Sea snake">sea snakes</a> have a completely aquatic lifestyle and many invertebrate <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> are entirely marine. In fact, the oceans teem with life and provide many varying microhabitats.<a href="#cite_note-Thorne-Miller-99">[95]</a> One of these is the surface film which, even though tossed about by the movement of waves, provides a rich environment and is home to bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">microalgae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, fish eggs and various larvae.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> The pelagic zone contains <a href="/wiki/Fauna#Macrofauna" title="Fauna">macro-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microfauna" title="Microfauna">microfauna</a> and myriad zooplankton which drift with the currents. Most of the smallest organisms are the larvae of fish and <a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine invertebrate">marine invertebrates</a> which liberate <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a> in vast numbers because the chance of any one embryo surviving to maturity is so minute.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> The zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and on each other and form a basic part of the complex food chain that extends through variously sized fish and other <a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">nektonic</a> organisms to large <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> Some marine creatures make large migrations, either to other regions of the ocean on a seasonal basis or vertical migrations daily, often ascending to feed at night and descending to safety by day.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> Ships can introduce or spread <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> through the discharge of <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballast</a> water or the transport of organisms that have accumulated as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fouling_community" title="Fouling community">fouling community</a> on the hulls of vessels.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> The demersal zone supports many animals that feed on benthic organisms or seek protection from predators and the seabed provides a range of habitats on or under the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a> which are used by creatures adapted to these conditions. The tidal zone with its periodic exposure to the dehydrating air is home to <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">neritic zone</a> has many organisms that need light to flourish. Here, among algal-encrusted rocks live <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaete</a> worms, <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a> and other invertebrates. Corals often contain photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbionts</a> and live in shallow waters where light penetrates. The extensive calcareous skeletons they extrude build up into coral reefs which are an important feature of the seabed. These provide a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiverse</a> habitat for reef-dwelling organisms. There is less sea life on the floor of deeper seas but marine life also flourishes around <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> that rise from the depths, where fish and other animals congregate to spawn and feed. Close to the seabed live <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal fish</a> that feed largely on pelagic organisms or <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic</a> invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Exploration of the deep sea by submersibles revealed a new world of creatures living on the seabed that scientists had not previously known to exist. Some like the <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detrivores</a> rely on organic material falling to the ocean floor. Others cluster round deep sea <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> where mineral-rich flows of water emerge from the seabed, supporting communities whose primary producers are sulphide-oxidising <a href="/wiki/Chemoautotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoautotroph">chemoautotrophic</a> bacteria, and whose consumers include specialised bivalves, sea anemones, barnacles, crabs, worms and fish, often found nowhere else.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 212  A dead whale sinking to the bottom of the ocean provides food for an assembly of organisms which similarly rely largely on the actions of sulphur-reducing bacteria. Such places support unique biomes where many new microbes and other lifeforms have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humans_and_the_sea">Humans and the sea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Humans and the sea">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_navigation_and_exploration">History of navigation and exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History of navigation and exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History of navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">Ancient maritime history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/400px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/600px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/800px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the seaborne migration and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> beginning at around 3000 BC</figcaption></figure> Humans have <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">travelled</a> the seas since they first built sea-going craft. <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Mesopotamians</a> were using <a href="/wiki/Bitumen#ancient_times" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulk</a> their <a href="/wiki/Reed_boat#History" title="Reed boat">reed boats</a> and, a little later, masted <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DrCarter-107">[103]</a> By c. 3000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesians</a> on Taiwan had begun spreading into <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-matrilineality2003-108">[104]</a> Subsequently, the Austronesian "<a href="/wiki/Lapita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita">Lapita</a>" peoples displayed great feats of navigation, reaching out from the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> to as far away as <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Belwood1-109">[105]</a> Their descendants <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">continued to travel thousands of miles between tiny islands</a> on <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> and in the process they found many new islands, including <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (Rapa Nui), and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-Kayser,_M._2006-111">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Ancient Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> explored the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> and Red Sea with the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Hannu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannu">Hannu</a> reaching the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and the African Coast around 2750 BC.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> In the first millennium BC, Phoenicians and Greeks established colonies throughout the Mediterranean and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Around 500 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno</a> left a detailed <a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">periplus</a> of an Atlantic journey that reached at least <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon" title="Mount Cameroon">Mount Cameroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">early Mediaeval period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> crossed the North Atlantic and even reached the northeastern fringes of North America.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorodians</a> had also been sailing the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> since the 13th century or before.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> Meanwhile, the seas along the eastern and southern Asian coast were used by Arab and Chinese traders.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> had a fleet of 317 ships with 37,000 men under <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> in the early fifteenth century, sailing the Indian and Pacific Oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 12–13  In the late fifteenth century, Western European mariners started making longer voyages of exploration in search of trade. <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1487 and <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached India via the Cape in 1498. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a> in 1492, attempting to reach the eastern lands of India and Japan by the novel means of travelling westwards. He made landfall instead on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and a few years later, the Venetian navigator <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. The Italian <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, after whom America was named, explored the South American coastline in voyages made between 1497 and 1502, discovering the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 12–13  In 1519 the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> led the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Magellan%E2%80%93Elcano_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation">Magellan-Elcano expedition</a> which would be the first to sail around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 12–13  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mercator's map of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/300px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/450px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg/600px-Mercator_1569_map_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a>'s 1569 world map. The coastline of the old world is quite accurately depicted, unlike that of the Americas. Regions in high latitudes (Arctic, Antarctic) are greatly enlarged on this <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">projection</a>.</figcaption></figure> As for the history of <a href="/wiki/Navigational_instrument" title="Navigational instrument">navigational instrument</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> was first used by the ancient Greeks and Chinese to show where north lies and the direction in which the ship is heading. The latitude (an angle which ranges from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles) was determined by measuring the angle between the Sun, Moon or a specific star and the horizon by the use of an <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_staff" title="Jacob's staff">Jacob's staff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sextant_(astronomical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextant (astronomical)">sextant</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> (a line on the globe joining the two poles) could only be calculated with an accurate <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">chronometer</a> to show the exact time difference between the ship and a fixed point such as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)" title="Prime meridian (Greenwich)">Greenwich Meridian</a>. In 1759, <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a>, a clockmaker, designed such an instrument and James Cook used it in his voyages of exploration.<a href="#cite_note-NavHist-119">[115]</a> Nowadays, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) using over thirty satellites enables accurate navigation worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-NavHist-119">[115]</a> With regards to maps that are vital for navigation, in the second century, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> mapped the whole known world from the "Fortunatae Insulae", <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, eastward to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>. This map was used in 1492 when Christopher Columbus set out on his voyages of discovery.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> made a practical map of the world in 1538, his map projection conveniently making <a href="/wiki/Rhumb_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhumb lines">rhumb lines</a> straight.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 12–13  By the eighteenth century better maps had been made and part of the objective of <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> on his voyages was to further map the ocean. Scientific study has continued with the depth recordings of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Tuscarora_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Tuscarora (1861)">Tuscarora</a>, the oceanic research of the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger voyages</a> (1872–1876), the work of the Scandinavian seamen <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sars" title="Michael Sars">Michael Sars</a> expedition in 1910, the <a href="/wiki/German_Meteor_expedition" title="German Meteor expedition">German Meteor expedition</a> of 1925, the Antarctic survey work of <a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery_II" title="RRS Discovery II">Discovery II</a> in 1932, and others since.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-22">[19]</a> Furthermore, in 1921, the <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO) was set up, and it constitutes the world authority on <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographic</a> surveying and nautical charting.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> A fourth edition draft was published in 1986 but so far several naming disputes (such as the one over the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan_naming_dispute" title="Sea of Japan naming dispute">Sea of Japan</a>) have prevented its ratification. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_oceanography_and_deep_sea_exploration">History of oceanography and deep sea exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History of oceanography and deep sea exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></div> Scientific oceanography began with the voyages of Captain James Cook from 1768 to 1779, describing the Pacific with unprecedented precision from 71 degrees South to 71 degrees North.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 14  John Harrison's chronometers supported Cook's accurate navigation and charting on two of these voyages, permanently improving the standard attainable for subsequent work.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 14  Other expeditions followed in the nineteenth century, from Russia, France, the Netherlands and the United States as well as Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 15  On <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a>, which provided <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> with ideas and materials for his 1859 book <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a>, the ship's captain, <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a>, charted the seas and coasts and published his four-volume report of the ship's three voyages in 1839.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 15  <a href="/wiki/Edward_Forbes" title="Edward Forbes">Edward Forbes</a>'s 1854 book, Distribution of Marine Life argued that no life could exist below around 600 metres (2,000 feet). This was proven wrong by the British biologists <a href="/wiki/W._B._Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="W. B. Carpenter">W. B. Carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._Wyville_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Wyville Thomson">C. Wyville Thomson</a>, who in 1868 discovered life in deep water by dredging.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 15  Wyville Thompson became chief scientist on the Challenger expedition of 1872–1876, which effectively created the science of oceanography.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 15  On her 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) journey round the globe, HMS Challenger discovered about 4,700 new marine species, and made 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In the southern Atlantic in 1898/1899, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Chun" title="Carl Chun">Carl Chun</a> on the Valdivia brought many new life forms to the surface from depths of over 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). The first observations of deep-sea animals in their natural environment were made in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otis_Barton" title="Otis Barton">Otis Barton</a> who descended to 434 metres (1,424 ft) in the spherical steel <a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> This was lowered by cable but by 1960 a self-powered submersible, <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste">Trieste</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a>, took Piccard and <a href="/wiki/Don_Walsh" title="Don Walsh">Don Walsh</a> to the deepest part of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s oceans, the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a> in the Pacific, reaching a record depth of about 10,915 metres (35,810 ft),<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> a feat not repeated until 2012 when <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> piloted the <a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger">Deepsea Challenger</a> to similar depths.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">atmospheric diving suit</a> can be worn for deep sea operations, with a new world record being set in 2006 when a US Navy diver descended to 2,000 feet (610 m) in one of these articulated, pressurized suits.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> At great depths, no light penetrates through the water layers from above and the pressure is extreme. For deep sea exploration it is necessary to use specialist vehicles, either <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated underwater vehicles</a> with lights and cameras or crewed <a href="/wiki/Submersible" title="Submersible">submersibles</a>. The battery-operated <a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a> have a three-person crew and can descend to 20,000 feet (6,100 m). They have viewing ports, 5,000-watt lights, video equipment and manipulator arms for collecting samples, placing probes or pushing the vehicle across the sea bed when the thrusters would stir up excessive sediment.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</a> is the mapping and study of the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of the ocean floor. Methods used for measuring the depth of the sea include single or multibeam <a href="/wiki/Echosounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Echosounder">echosounders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_airborne_depth_sounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser airborne depth sounder">laser airborne depth sounders</a> and the calculation of depths from satellite remote sensing data. This information is used for determining the routes of undersea cables and pipelines, for choosing suitable locations for siting oil rigs and offshore wind turbines and for identifying possible new fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> Ongoing oceanographic research includes marine lifeforms, conservation, the marine environment, the chemistry of the ocean, the studying and modelling of climate dynamics, the air-sea boundary, weather patterns, ocean resources, renewable energy, waves and currents, and the design and development of new tools and technologies for investigating the deep.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Whereas in the 1960s and 1970s, research could focus on taxonomy and basic biology, in the 2010s, attention has shifted to larger topics such as climate change.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Researchers make use of satellite-based <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> for surface waters, with research ships, moored observatories and autonomous underwater vehicles to study and monitor all parts of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-NOC-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> "Freedom of the seas" is a principle in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> dating from the seventeenth century. It stresses freedom to navigate the oceans and disapproves of war fought in <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-132">[128]</a> Today, this concept is enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the third version of which came into force in 1994. Article 87(1) states: "The high seas are open to all <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a>, whether coastal or <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">land-locked</a>." Article 87(1) (a) to (f) gives a non-exhaustive list of freedoms including navigation, overflight, the laying of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cables</a>, building artificial islands, fishing and scientific research.<a href="#cite_note-history-132">[128]</a> The safety of shipping is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>. Its objectives include developing and maintaining a regulatory framework for shipping, maritime safety, environmental concerns, legal matters, technical co-operation and maritime security.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> UNCLOS defines various areas of water. "Internal waters" are on the landward side of a <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(sea)" title="Baseline (sea)">baseline</a> and foreign vessels have no right of passage in these. "Territorial waters" extend to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the coastline and in these waters, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use and exploit any resource. A "contiguous zone" extending a further 12 nautical miles allows for <a href="/wiki/Hot_pursuit" title="Hot pursuit">hot pursuit</a> of vessels suspected of infringing laws in four specific areas: customs, taxation, immigration and pollution. An "exclusive economic zone" extends for 200 nautical miles (370 kilometres; 230 miles) from the baseline. Within this area, the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. The "continental shelf" is the <a href="/wiki/Natural_prolongation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural prolongation">natural prolongation</a> of the land territory to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a>'s outer edge, or 200 nautical miles from the coastal state's baseline, whichever is greater. Here the coastal nation has the exclusive right to harvest minerals and also living resources "attached" to the seabed.<a href="#cite_note-history-132">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War">War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Battle of Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Gibraltar_1607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6292" data-file-height="4552" /></a><figcaption>Naval warfare: The explosion of the Spanish flagship during the Battle of Gibraltar, 25 April 1607 by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Claesz_van_Wieringen" title="Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen">Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen</a>, formerly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Cornelisz_Vroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom">Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom</a></figcaption></figure> Control of the sea is important to the security of a maritime nation, and the naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of a port can be used to cut off food and supplies in time of war. Battles have been fought on the sea for more than 3,000 years. In about 1210 B.C., <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a>, the king of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, defeated and burned a fleet from <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> In the decisive 480 B.C. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>, the Greek general <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> trapped the far larger fleet of the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes II of Persia">Xerxes</a> in a narrow channel and attacked vigorously, destroying 200 Persian ships for the loss of 40 Greek vessels.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>, the British Royal Navy, led by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, broke the power of the combined French and Spanish fleets at the 1805 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> With steam and the industrial production of steel plate came greatly increased firepower in the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleships" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleships">battleships</a> armed with long-range guns. In 1905, the Japanese fleet decisively defeated the Russian fleet, which had travelled over 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (33,000 km), at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> Dreadnoughts fought inconclusively in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> at the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the British victory at the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Battle of Taranto</a> showed that naval air power was sufficient to overcome the largest warships,<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> foreshadowing the decisive sea-battles of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> including the Battles of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">the Philippine Sea</a>, and the climactic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, in all of which the dominant ships were <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Submarines became important in naval warfare in World War I, when German submarines, known as <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>, sank nearly 5,000 Allied merchant ships,<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a>, which helped to bring the United States into the war.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> In World War II, almost 3,000 Allied ships were sunk by U-boats attempting to block the flow of supplies to Britain,<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> but the Allies broke the blockade in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, which lasted the whole length of the war, sinking 783 U-boats.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Since 1960, several nations have maintained fleets of nuclear-powered <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a>, vessels equipped to launch <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear warhead">nuclear warheads</a> from under the sea. Some of these are kept permanently on patrol.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Travel">edit</a>]</div> Sailing ships or <a href="/wiki/Packet_boat" title="Packet boat">packets</a> carried mail overseas, one of the earliest being the Dutch service to <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> in the 1670s.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> These added passenger accommodation, but in cramped conditions. Later, scheduled services were offered but the time journeys took depended much on the weather. When steamships replaced sailing vessels, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean-going liners</a> took over the task of carrying people. By the beginning of the twentieth century, crossing the Atlantic took about five days and shipping companies competed to own the largest and fastest vessels. The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Blue Riband</a> was an unofficial accolade given to the fastest liner crossing the Atlantic in regular service. The <a href="/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)" title="RMS Mauretania (1906)">Mauretania</a> held the title with 26.06 knots (48.26 km/h) for twenty years from 1909.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hales_Trophy" title="Hales Trophy">Hales Trophy</a>, another award for the fastest commercial crossing of the Atlantic, was won by the <a href="/wiki/SS_United_States" title="SS United States">United States</a> in 1952 for a crossing that took three days, ten hours and forty minutes.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> The great liners were comfortable but expensive in fuel and staff. The age of the trans-Atlantic liners waned as cheap intercontinental flights became available. In 1958, a regular scheduled air service between New York and Paris taking seven hours doomed the Atlantic ferry service to oblivion. One by one the vessels were laid up, some were scrapped, others became cruise ships for the <a href="/wiki/Leisure_industry" title="Leisure industry">leisure industry</a> and still others floating hotels.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">Shipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipping_routes_red_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing shipping routes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/300px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/450px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/600px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Shipping routes, showing relative density of commercial shipping around the world</figcaption></figure> Maritime trade has existed for millennia. The <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a> had developed trade with India using the Red Sea ports, and in the first millennium BC, the Arabs, Phoenicians, <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and Indians traded in luxury goods such as spices, gold, and precious stones.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> The Phoenicians were noted sea traders and under the Greeks and Romans, commerce continued to thrive. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, European trade dwindled but it continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, the Middle East, India, China and southeastern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> From the 16th to the 19th centuries, over a period of 400 years, about 12–13 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to be sold as slaves in the Americas as part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-155">[151]</a>: 194  Large quantities of goods are transported by sea, especially across the Atlantic and around the Pacific Rim. A major trade route passes through the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a>, across the Mediterranean and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to the Indian Ocean and through the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a>; much trade also passes through the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shipping_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping lane">Shipping lanes</a> are the routes on the open sea used by cargo vessels, traditionally making use of trade winds and currents. Over 60 percent of the world's container traffic is conveyed on the top twenty trade routes.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Shipping is supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Air_freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Air freight">air freight</a>, a more expensive process mostly used for particularly valuable or perishable cargoes. Seaborne trade carries more than US$4 trillion worth of goods each year.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">Bulk cargo</a> in the form of liquids, powder or particles are carried loose in the <a href="/wiki/Hold_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hold (ship)">holds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carriers</a> and include <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Other cargo, such as manufactured goods, is usually transported within <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">standard-sized, lockable containers</a>, loaded on purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a> at <a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">dedicated terminals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sauerbier-161">[157]</a> Before the rise of <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a> in the 1960s, these goods were loaded, transported and unloaded piecemeal as <a href="/wiki/Breakbulk_cargo" title="Breakbulk cargo">break-bulk cargo</a>. Containerization greatly increased the efficiency and decreased the cost of moving goods by sea, and was a major factor leading to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and exponential increases in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> in the mid-to-late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiel_(Ship_1973)_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Factory ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg/220px-Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg/330px-Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg/440px-Kiel_%28Ship_1973%29_-Deutsche_Fischfang_Union-_Cuxhaven_2008_by-RaBoe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>German factory ship, 92 metres (302 ft) long</figcaption></figure> Fish and other fishery products are among the most widely consumed sources of protein and other essential nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-163">[159]</a> In 2009, 16.6% of the world's intake of animal protein and 6.5% of all protein consumed came from fish.<a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-163">[159]</a> In order to fulfill this need, coastal countries have exploited marine resources in their <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a>, although fishing vessels are increasingly venturing further afield to exploit stocks in international waters.<a href="#cite_note-GreenFacts-164">[160]</a> In 2011, the total world production of fish, including <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, was estimated to be 154 million tonnes, of which most was for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-163">[159]</a> The harvesting of wild fish accounted for 90.4 million tonnes, while annually increasing aquaculture contributes the rest.<a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-163">[159]</a> The north west Pacific is by far the most productive area with 20.9 million tonnes (27 percent of the global marine catch) in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-163">[159]</a> In addition, the number of fishing vessels in 2010 reached 4.36 million, whereas the number of people employed in the primary sector of fish production in the same year amounted to 54.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-163">[159]</a> Modern fishing vessels include <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">fishing trawlers</a> with a small crew, stern trawlers, purse seiners, long-line factory vessels and large <a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">factory ships</a> which are designed to stay at sea for weeks, processing and freezing great quantities of fish. The equipment used to capture the fish may be <a href="/wiki/Purse_seine" class="mw-redirect" title="Purse seine">purse seines</a>, other seines, <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawls</a>, dredges, <a href="/wiki/Gillnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillnet">gillnets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">long-lines</a> and the fish species most frequently targeted are <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">mullet</a>, squid and <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a> has become a serious concern; it does not only cause the depletion of fish stocks, but also substantially reduce the size of predatory fish populations.<a href="#cite_note-Myers2003-165">[161]</a> It has been estimated that "industrialized fisheries typically reduced community biomass by 80% within 15 years of exploitation."<a href="#cite_note-Myers2003-165">[161]</a> In order to avoid overexploitation, many countries have introduced <a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">quotas</a> in their own waters.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> However, recovery efforts often entail substantial costs to local economies or food provision. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negombo4(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fishing boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/220px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/330px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Negombo4%28js%29.jpg/440px-Negombo4%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2969" /></a><figcaption>Fishing boat in Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Artisan_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan fishing">Artisan fishing</a> methods include rod and line, harpoons, skin diving, traps, throw nets and drag nets. Traditional fishing boats are powered by paddle, wind or outboard motors and operate in near-shore waters. The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> is encouraging the development of local fisheries to provide food security to coastal communities and help alleviate poverty.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Aquaculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></div> About 79 million tonnes (78M long tons; 87M short tons) of food and non-food products were produced by aquaculture in 2010, an all-time high. About six hundred species of plants and animals were cultured, some for use in seeding wild populations. The animals raised included <a href="/wiki/Finfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finfish">finfish</a>, aquatic <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, crustaceans, molluscs, <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a>, sea squirts and jellyfish.<a href="#cite_note-faofisheries-163">[159]</a> Integrated <a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">mariculture</a> has the advantage that there is a readily available supply of planktonic food in the ocean, and waste is removed naturally.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Various methods are employed. Mesh enclosures for finfish can be suspended in the open seas, cages can be used in more sheltered waters or ponds can be refreshed with water at each high tide. <a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimps</a> can be reared in shallow ponds connected to the open sea.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Ropes can be hung in water to grow algae, oysters and mussels. Oysters can be reared on trays or in mesh tubes. Sea cucumbers can be ranched on the seabed.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> Captive breeding programmes have raised <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a> <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> for release of juveniles into the wild resulting in an increased lobster harvest in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> At least 145 species of seaweed – red, green, and brown algae – are eaten worldwide, and some have long been farmed in Japan and other Asian countries; there is great potential for additional <a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">algaculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Few maritime flowering plants are widely used for food but one example is <a href="/wiki/Marsh_samphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsh samphire">marsh samphire</a> which is eaten both raw and cooked.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">disease</a>. Aquaculture is also associated with environmental risks; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp farm">shrimp farming</a> has caused the destruction of important <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forests</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure">Leisure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Leisure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)" title="Cruising (maritime)">Cruising (maritime)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_boat_fishing" title="Recreational boat fishing">Recreational boat fishing</a></div> Use of the sea for leisure developed in the nineteenth century, and became a significant industry in the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> Maritime leisure activities are varied, and include <a href="/wiki/Beachgoing" title="Beachgoing">beachgoing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)" title="Cruising (maritime)">cruising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">yachting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing" title="Offshore powerboat racing">powerboat racing</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_boat_fishing" title="Recreational boat fishing">fishing</a>;<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> commercially organized voyages on <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise ships">cruise ships</a>;<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> and trips on smaller vessels for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scuba diver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Buzo.jpg/170px-Buzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Buzo.jpg/255px-Buzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Buzo.jpg/340px-Buzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Scuba diver with face mask, fins and underwater breathing apparatus</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sea_bathing" title="Sea bathing">Sea bathing</a> became the vogue in Europe in the 18th century after <a href="/wiki/William_Buchan_(physician)" title="William Buchan (physician)">William Buchan</a> advocated the practice for health reasons.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> is a sport in which a wave is ridden by a surfer, with or without a <a href="/wiki/Surfboard" title="Surfboard">surfboard</a>. Other marine <a href="/wiki/Surface_water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface water sports">water sports</a> include <a href="/wiki/Kite_surfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kite surfing">kite surfing</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Power_kite" title="Power kite">power kite</a> propels a rider on a board across the water,<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">windsurfing</a>, where the power is provided by a fixed, manoeuvrable sail<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">water skiing</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Powerboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerboat">powerboat</a> is used to pull a skier.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> Beneath the surface, <a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">freediving</a> is necessarily restricted to shallow descents. <a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl divers</a> can dive to 40 feet (12 m) with baskets to collect <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Human eyes are not adapted for use underwater but vision can be improved by wearing a <a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">diving mask</a>. Other useful equipment includes <a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">fins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">snorkels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba equipment</a> allows underwater breathing and hence a longer time can be spent beneath the surface.<a href="#cite_note-usn-185">[181]</a> The depths that can be reached by divers and the length of time they can stay underwater is limited by the increase of pressure they experience as they descend and the need to prevent <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> as they return to the surface. Recreational divers restrict themselves to depths of 100 feet (30 m) beyond which the danger of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a> increases. <a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deeper dives</a> can be made with specialised equipment and training.<a href="#cite_note-usn-185">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_generation">Power generation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Power generation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">Offshore wind power</a></div> The sea offers a very large supply of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> carried by <a href="/wiki/Ocean_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean wave">ocean waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> differences, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean thermal energy">ocean temperature differences</a> which can be harnessed to <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generate electricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OES-186">[182]</a> Forms of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable</a> marine energy include <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">ocean thermal energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">wave power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OES-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> Electricity <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> are often located on the coast or beside an estuary so that the sea can be used as a heat sink. A colder heat sink enables more efficient power generation, which is important for expensive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> plants in particular.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barrage for tidal power" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/220px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/330px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/440px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Tidal power: the 1 km <a href="/wiki/Rance_Tidal_Power_Station" title="Rance Tidal Power Station">Rance Tidal Power Station</a> in Brittany generates 0.5 GW.</figcaption></figure> Tidal power uses generators to produce electricity from tidal flows, sometimes by using a dam to store and then release seawater. The Rance barrage, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long, near <a href="/wiki/St_Malo" class="mw-redirect" title="St Malo">St Malo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> opened in 1967; it generates about 0.5 GW, but it has been followed by few similar schemes.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 111–112  The large and highly variable energy of waves gives them enormous destructive capability, making affordable and reliable wave machines problematic to develop. A small 2 MW commercial wave power plant, "Osprey", was built in Northern Scotland in 1995 about 300 metres (980 feet) offshore. It was soon damaged by waves, then destroyed by a storm.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 112  <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">Offshore wind power</a> is captured by <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> placed out at sea; it has the advantage that wind speeds are higher than on land, though wind farms are more costly to construct offshore.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> The first offshore wind farm was installed in Denmark in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> and the installed capacity of worldwide offshore wind farms reached 34 GW in 2020, mainly situated in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extractive_industries">Extractive industries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Extractive industries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">Offshore drilling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></div> The seabed contains large reserves of minerals which can be exploited by dredging. This has advantages over land-based mining in that equipment can be built at specialised <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> costs are lower. Disadvantages include problems caused by waves and tides, the tendency for excavations to silt up and the washing away of <a href="/wiki/Spoil_tip" title="Spoil tip">spoil heaps</a>. There is a risk of coastal erosion and environmental damage.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minerals_sediments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Minerals from hydrothermal vent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/220px-Minerals_sediments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/330px-Minerals_sediments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Minerals_sediments.jpg/440px-Minerals_sediments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Minerals precipitated near a hydrothermal vent</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_massive_sulfide_deposits" title="Seafloor massive sulfide deposits">Seafloor massive sulphide deposits</a> are potential sources of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and trace metals since their discovery in the 1960s. They form when <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">geothermally</a> heated water is emitted from deep sea hydrothermal vents known as "black smokers". The ores are of high quality but prohibitively costly to extract.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> There are large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, in rocks beneath the seabed. <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">Offshore platforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rigs</a> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">extract</a> the oil or gas and store it for transport to land. Offshore oil and gas production can be difficult due to the remote, harsh environment.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Drilling for oil in the sea has environmental impacts. Animals may be disorientated by <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic waves</a> used to locate deposits, and there is debate as to whether this causes the <a href="/wiki/Beached_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Beached whale">beaching of whales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> Toxic substances such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, lead and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> may be released. The infrastructure may cause damage, and oil may be spilt.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> Large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrate</a> exist on the seabed and in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean sediment">ocean sediment</a>, of interest as a potential energy source.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> Also on the seabed are <a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodule" title="Manganese nodule">manganese nodules</a> formed of layers of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and other hydroxides around a core. In the Pacific, these may cover up to 30 percent of the deep ocean floor. The minerals precipitate from seawater and grow very slowly. Their commercial extraction for <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> was investigated in the 1970s but abandoned in favour of more convenient sources.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> In suitable locations, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a> are gathered from the seafloor using suction hoses to bring gravel ashore. In deeper waters, mobile seafloor crawlers are used and the deposits are pumped to a vessel above. In Namibia, more diamonds are now collected from marine sources than by conventional methods on land.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Desalination plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/170px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/255px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/340px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> plant</figcaption></figure> The sea holds large quantities of valuable dissolved minerals.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> The most important, <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Salt</a> for table and industrial use has been harvested by solar evaporation from shallow ponds since prehistoric times. <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a>, accumulated after being leached from the land, is economically recovered from the Dead Sea, where it occurs at 55,000 parts per million (ppm).<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fresh_water_production">Fresh water production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Fresh water production">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a> is the technique of removing salts from seawater to leave <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">fresh water</a> suitable for drinking or irrigation. The two main processing methods, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a>, use large quantities of energy. Desalination is normally only undertaken where fresh water from other sources is in short supply or energy is plentiful, as in the excess heat generated by power stations. The brine produced as a by-product contains some toxic materials and is returned to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_sea_peoples">Indigenous sea peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Indigenous sea peoples">edit</a>]</div> Several <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> indigenous groups in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> live in boats and derive nearly all they need from the sea. The <a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken people</a> live on the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and islands in the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Some Sea Gypsies are accomplished <a href="/wiki/Free-diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-diving">free-divers</a>, able to descend to depths of 30 metres (98 ft), though many are adopting a more settled, land-based way of life.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> The indigenous peoples of the Arctic such as the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yup'iit</a> hunt marine mammals including seals and whales,<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a> of Australia include the Great Barrier Reef among their possessions. They live a traditional life on the islands involving hunting, fishing, gardening and trading with neighbouring peoples in Papua and mainland <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: In culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sea_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea in culture">Sea in culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Great wave" by Hokusai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Katsushika_Hokusai_-_Thirty-Six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji-_The_Great_Wave_Off_the_Coast_of_Kanagawa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="2915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 8 </figcaption></figure> The sea appears in human culture in contradictory ways, as both powerful but serene and as beautiful but dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 10  It has its place in literature, art, poetry, film, theatre, classical music, mythology and dream interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-Westerdahl-208">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancients</a> personified it, believing it to be under the control of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_deities" title="List of water deities">being</a> who needed to be appeased, and symbolically, it has been perceived as a hostile environment populated by fantastic creatures; the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isonade" title="Isonade">Isonade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kraken" title="Kraken">kraken</a> of late <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting by Ludolf Bakhuizen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg/170px-The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg/255px-The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg/340px-The_Y_at_Amsterdam_viewed_from_Mussel_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="5778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a>: The Y at Amsterdam, seen from the Mosselsteiger (mussel pier) by <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_Bakhuizen" title="Ludolf Bakhuizen">Ludolf Bakhuizen</a>, 1673<a href="#cite_note-Slive-213">[209]</a></figcaption></figure> The sea and ships have been <a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">depicted in art</a> ranging from simple drawings on the walls of huts in <a href="/wiki/Lamu_Archipelago" title="Lamu Archipelago">Lamu</a><a href="#cite_note-Westerdahl-208">[204]</a> to seascapes by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Joseph Turner</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a>, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Porcellis" title="Jan Porcellis">Jan Porcellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Dubbels" title="Hendrick Dubbels">Hendrick Dubbels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Elder" title="Willem van de Velde the Elder">Willem van de Velde the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger" title="Willem van de Velde the Younger">his son</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_Bakhuizen" title="Ludolf Bakhuizen">Ludolf Bakhuizen</a> celebrated the sea and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch navy">Dutch navy</a> at the peak of its military prowess.<a href="#cite_note-Slive-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> The Japanese artist <a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a> created colour <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">prints</a> of the moods of the sea, including <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 8  Music too has been inspired by the ocean, sometimes by composers who lived or worked near the shore and saw its many different aspects. <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanties</a>, songs that were chanted by mariners to help them perform arduous tasks, have been woven into compositions and impressions in music have been created of calm waters, crashing waves and storms at sea.<a href="#cite_note-:1-215">[211]</a>: 4–8  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Oceanides_Les_Naiades_de_la_mer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Les_Oceanides_Les_Naiades_de_la_mer.jpg/220px-Les_Oceanides_Les_Naiades_de_la_mer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Les_Oceanides_Les_Naiades_de_la_mer.jpg/330px-Les_Oceanides_Les_Naiades_de_la_mer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Les_Oceanides_Les_Naiades_de_la_mer.jpg/440px-Les_Oceanides_Les_Naiades_de_la_mer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Oceanids_(The_Naiads_of_the_Sea)" title="The Oceanids (The Naiads of the Sea)">The Oceanids (The Naiads of the Sea)</a>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860)</figcaption></figure> As a symbol, the sea has for centuries played a role in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreams</a>. Sometimes it is there just as a gentle background but often it introduces such themes as storm, shipwreck, battle, hardship, disaster, the dashing of hopes and death.<a href="#cite_note-:1-215">[211]</a>: 45  In his <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, written in the eighth century BC,<a href="#cite_note-Odyssey-216">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> describes the ten-year voyage of the Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> who struggles to return home across the sea's many hazards after the war described in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> The sea is a recurring theme in the <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a> poems of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a> (松尾芭蕉) (1644–1694).<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> In the works of psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, the sea symbolizes the personal and the <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective unconscious</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">dream interpretation</a>, the depths of the sea symbolizing the depths of the <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious mind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jung-219">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Environmental issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Threats_from_human_activities" title="Ocean">Ocean § Threats from human activities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></div> The environmental issues that affect the sea can loosely be grouped into those that stem from marine pollution, from over exploitation and those that stem from climate change. They all impact <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">food webs</a> and may result in consequences as yet unrecognised for the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and continuation of marine life forms.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> An overview of environmental issues is shown below: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a>: Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">ship pollution</a>, atmospheric pollution and, potentially, <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">deep sea mining</a>. The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic soup">plastic pollution</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>, toxins and underwater noise.</li> <li>Over exploitation and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>: <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>, introduction of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Effects of climate change on the sea</a>: an increase in <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">ocean temperatures</a> at greater depths, more frequent <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">marine heatwaves</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">reduction in pH value</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rise in sea level</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean warming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> sheet melting, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">sea ice decline in the Arctic</a>, increased upper <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">ocean stratification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">reductions in oxygen levels</a>, increased contrasts in salinity (salty areas becoming saltier and fresher areas becoming less salty),<a href="#cite_note-ChengSalinity-221">[217]</a> changes to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean currents">ocean currents</a> including a weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a>, and stronger <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-222">[218]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_pollution">Marine pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Marine pollution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></div> Many substances enter the sea as a result of human activities. Combustion products are transported in the air and deposited into the sea by precipitation. Industrial outflows and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage treatment plant">sewage</a> contribute <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectants</a>, household cleaning products and other <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic chemical">synthetic chemicals</a>. These become concentrated in the surface film and in marine sediment, especially estuarine mud. The result of all this contamination is largely unknown because of the large number of substances involved and the lack of information on their biological effects.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> The heavy metals of greatest concern are copper, lead, mercury, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and zinc which may be <a href="/wiki/Bio-accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-accumulation">bio-accumulated</a> by marine organisms and are passed up the food chain.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> Much floating plastic rubbish does not <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegrade</a>, instead disintegrating over time and eventually breaking down to the molecular level. Rigid plastics may float for years.<a href="#cite_note-:3-225">[221]</a> In the centre of the Pacific gyre there is the permanent <a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a>, a floating accumulation of mostly <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> There is a similar <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">garbage patch</a> in the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> Foraging sea birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrel</a> may mistake debris for food, and accumulate indigestible plastic in their digestive systems. Turtles and whales have been found with plastic bags and fishing line in their stomachs. <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a> may sink, threatening filter feeders on the seabed.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> Most oil pollution in the sea comes from cities and industry.<a href="#cite_note-WWF-229">[225]</a> Oil is dangerous for marine animals. It can clog the feathers of sea birds, reducing their insulating effect and the birds' buoyancy, and be ingested when they preen themselves in an attempt to remove the contaminant. <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">Marine mammals</a> are less seriously affected but may be chilled through the removal of their insulation, blinded, dehydrated or poisoned. <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthic</a> invertebrates are swamped when the oil sinks, fish are poisoned and the food chain is disrupted. In the short term, oil spills result in wildlife populations being decreased and unbalanced, leisure activities being affected and the livelihoods of people dependent on the sea being devastated.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> The marine environment has self-cleansing properties and naturally occurring bacteria will act over time to remove oil from the sea. In the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, where oil-eating bacteria are already present, they take only a few days to consume spilt oil.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> Run-off of <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a> from agricultural land is a major source of pollution in some areas and the discharge of raw <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> has a similar effect. The extra nutrients provided by these sources can cause <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">excessive plant growth</a>. Nitrogen is often the limiting factor in marine systems, and with added nitrogen, algal blooms and <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tides</a> can lower the oxygen level of the water and kill marine animals. Such events have created dead zones in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and the Gulf of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-WWF-229">[225]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> are caused by <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> that make <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> that <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feed</a> on them toxic, harming animals like <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalGeographic-232">[228]</a> Nuclear facilities too can pollute. The Irish Sea was contaminated by radioactive <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">caesium-137</a> from the former <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> nuclear fuel processing plant<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> and nuclear accidents may also cause radioactive material to seep into the sea, as did the disaster at the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> The dumping of waste (including oil, noxious liquids, sewage and garbage) at sea is governed by international law. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a> (1972) is a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> agreement to control ocean dumping which had been ratified by 89 countries by 8 June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a> is a convention to minimize pollution of the seas by ships. By May 2013, 152 maritime nations had ratified MARPOL.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a> – Shape of the ocean surface relative to the geoid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of seas">List of seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> There is no accepted technical definition of sea amongst oceanographers. One definition is that a sea is a sub-division of an ocean, which means that it must have <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">oceanic basin</a> crust on its floor. This definition accepts the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> as a sea because it was once part of an ancient ocean.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Introduction to Marine Biology defines a sea as a "land-locked" body of water, adding that the term "sea" is only one of convenience.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The Glossary of Mapping Sciences similarly states that the boundaries between seas and other bodies of water are arbitrary.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> According to this definition, the Caspian would be excluded as it is legally an "international lake".<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hydrous <a href="/wiki/Ringwoodite" title="Ringwoodite">ringwoodite</a> recovered from <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a> suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_transition_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantle transition zone">transition zone</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Lower_mantle" title="Lower mantle">lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle" title="Upper mantle">upper mantle</a> holds between one<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> and three<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> times as much water as all of the world's surface oceans combined. Experiments to recreate the conditions of the lower mantle suggest it may contain still more water as well, as much as five times the mass of water present in the world's oceans.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> "As the waves leave the region where they were generated, the longer ones outpace the shorter because their velocity is greater. Gradually, they fall in with other waves travelling at similar speed – where different waves are in phase they reinforce each other, and where out of phase they are reduced. Eventually, a regular pattern of high and low waves (or swell) is developed that remains constant as it travels out across the ocean."<a href="#cite_note-Stow-3">[3]</a>: 83–84  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a> <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sea" class="extiw" title="mwod:sea">"Sea."</a> Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sea">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sea</a> . Accessed 14 March 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-oceanservice.noaa-2"><a href="#cite_ref-oceanservice.noaa_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html">"What's the difference between an ocean and a sea?"</a>. Ocean facts. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170119004542/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ocean+facts&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+difference+between+an+ocean+and+a+sea%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Ffacts%2Foceanorsea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stow-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_3-25">z</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stow" class="citation book cs1">Stow, Dorrik (2004). Encyclopedia of the Oceans. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860687-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860687-1"><bdi>978-0-19-860687-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Oceans&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860687-1&rft.au=Stow%2C+Dorrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishri,_A.Stiller,_MRimmer,_A.Geifman,_Y.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Nishri, A.; Stiller, M; Rimmer, A.; Geifman, Y.; Krom, M. (1999). "Lake Kinneret (The Sea of Galilee): the effects of diversion of external salinity sources and the probable chemical composition of the internal salinity sources". Chemical Geology. 158 (1–2): 37–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ChGeo.158...37N">1999ChGeo.158...37N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0009-2541%2899%2900007-8">10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00007-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Geology&rft.atitle=Lake+Kinneret+%28The+Sea+of+Galilee%29%3A+the+effects+of+diversion+of+external+salinity+sources+and+the+probable+chemical+composition+of+the+internal+salinity+sources&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=37-52&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0009-2541%2899%2900007-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ChGeo.158...37N&rft.au=Nishri%2C+A.&rft.au=Stiller%2C+M&rft.au=Rimmer%2C+A.&rft.au=Geifman%2C+Y.&rft.au=Krom%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfortiBravo2005" class="citation book cs1">Conforti, B.; Bravo, Luigi Ferrari (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLcin2NyJQgC&pg=PA237">The Italian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 14</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15027-0"><bdi>978-90-04-15027-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926172747/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLcin2NyJQgC&pg=PA237">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020. 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Cengage Learning. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56197-2"><bdi>978-0-495-56197-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040546/https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Marine+Biology&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-56197-2&rft.aulast=Karleskint&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Turner%2C+Richard+L.&rft.au=Small%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0JkKOFIj5pgC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Society_of_Civil_Engineers1994" class="citation book cs1">American Society of Civil Engineers (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPVxSDzVRP0C&pg=PA365">The Glossary of the Mapping Sciences</a>. ASCE Publications. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-7570-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-7570-6"><bdi>978-0-7844-7570-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212011/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPVxSDzVRP0C&pg=PA365">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. 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Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193902/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/mangal/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangal+%28Mangrove%29&rft.pub=Mildred+E.+Mathias+Botanical+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botgard.ucla.edu%2Fhtml%2Fbotanytextbooks%2Fworldvegetation%2Fmarinewetlands%2Fmangal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/saltmarsh/">"Coastal Salt Marsh"</a>. Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193904/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/saltmarsh/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coastal+Salt+Marsh&rft.pub=Mildred+E.+Mathias+Botanical+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botgard.ucla.edu%2Fhtml%2Fbotanytextbooks%2Fworldvegetation%2Fmarinewetlands%2Fsaltmarsh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/priority-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-biodiversity/facts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity/">"Facts and figures on marine biodiversity"</a>. Marine biodiversity. UNESCO. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101171240/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/priority-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-biodiversity/facts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+biodiversity&rft.atitle=Facts+and+figures+on+marine+biodiversity&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fnatural-sciences%2Fioc-oceans%2Fpriority-areas%2Frio-20-ocean%2Fblueprint-for-the-future-we-want%2Fmarine-biodiversity%2Ffacts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoss,_MarenBange,_Hermann_W.Dippner,_Joachim_W.Middelburg,_Jack_J.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Voss, Maren; Bange, Hermann W.; Dippner, Joachim W.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Montoya, Joseph P.; <a href="/wiki/Bess_Ward" title="Bess Ward">Ward, Bess</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682741">"The marine nitrogen cycle: recent discoveries, uncertainties and the potential relevance of climate change"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 368 (1621): 20130121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0121">10.1098/rstb.2013.0121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682741">3682741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23713119">23713119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=The+marine+nitrogen+cycle%3A+recent+discoveries%2C+uncertainties+and+the+potential+relevance+of+climate+change&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=1621&rft.pages=20130121&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682741%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23713119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2013.0121&rft.au=Voss%2C+Maren&rft.au=Bange%2C+Hermann+W.&rft.au=Dippner%2C+Joachim+W.&rft.au=Middelburg%2C+Jack+J.&rft.au=Montoya%2C+Joseph+P.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Bess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3682741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorne-Miller-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thorne-Miller_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorne-Miller_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne-Miller1999" class="citation book cs1">Thorne-Miller, Boyce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM7MEk7f4Q4C&q=Marine+biodiversity">The Living Ocean: Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity</a>. Island Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-897-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-897-4"><bdi>978-1-59726-897-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040546/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM7MEk7f4Q4C&q=Marine+biodiversity">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. 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Island Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-897-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-897-4"><bdi>978-1-59726-897-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040546/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM7MEk7f4Q4C&q=Marine+biodiversity">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. 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United States Navy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513014942/https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=25000">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America%27s+Navy&rft.atitle=Navy+Chief+Submerges+2%2C000+Feet%2C+Sets+Record&rft.date=2006-04-08&rft.au=Logico%2C+Mark+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fsubmit%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fstory_id%3D25000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/mir/mir.html">"The Marvelous Mirs"</a>. Ocean Explorer. 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Geoscience Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020225421/http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/marine/bathymetry">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+and+Coastal%3A+Bathymetry&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fmarine%2Fbathymetry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/research/topics">"Research topics"</a>. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009004040/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/research/topics">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+topics&rft.pub=Scripps+Institution+of+Oceanography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscripps.ucsd.edu%2Fresearch%2Ftopics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaworld.org.za/content/page/research-ori">"Research"</a>. The South African Association for Marine Biological Research. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054221/http://www.seaworld.org.za/content/page/research-ori">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research&rft.pub=The+South+African+Association+for+Marine+Biological+Research&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaworld.org.za%2Fcontent%2Fpage%2Fresearch-ori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOC-131"><a href="#cite_ref-NOC_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea">"Research at Sea"</a>. National Oceanography Centre. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006033248/http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+at+Sea&rft.pub=National+Oceanography+Centre&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoc.ac.uk%2Fresearch-at-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm">"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)"</a>. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506194122/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Law+of+the+Sea+%28A+historical+perspective%29&rft.pub=United+Nations+Division+for+Ocean+Affairs+and+the+Law+of+the+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2Fconvention_agreements%2Fconvention_historical_perspective.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/About/Pages/Default.aspx">"Introduction to IMO"</a>. International Maritime Organization. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024100811/http://www.imo.org/About/Pages/Default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+IMO&rft.pub=International+Maritime+Organization&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2FAbout%2FPages%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2011" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Raphaelo; Salimbeti, Andrea (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyVCwAAQBAJ&q=Suppiluliuma+II+cypriot&pg=PA24">Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600–1100 BC</a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Company. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-195-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-195-5"><bdi>978-1-84908-195-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040547/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyVCwAAQBAJ&q=Suppiluliuma+II+cypriot&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Greek+Warrior+1600%E2%80%931100+BC&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-195-5&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Raphaelo&rft.au=Salimbeti%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyVCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSuppiluliuma%2BII%2Bcypriot%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss,_Barry2004" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Barry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofsalamisn00stra/page/26">The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece – and Western Civilization</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofsalamisn00stra/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4450-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4450-3"><bdi>978-0-7432-4450-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Salamis%3A+The+Naval+Encounter+That+Saved+Greece+%E2%80%93+and+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4450-3&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofsalamisn00stra%2Fpage%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-BarnesHook2005" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Hook, Christa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarnelsons00frem">Trafalgar 1805: Nelson's Crowning Victory</a>. Osprey Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarnelsons00frem/page/n3">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-892-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-892-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar+1805%3A+Nelson%27s+Crowning+Victory&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-892-2&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Hook%2C+Christa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrafalgarnelsons00frem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2008" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&pg=PA459">Military communications: from ancient times to the 21st century</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-732-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-732-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525113621/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&pg=PA459">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2019. <q>The naval battle of Tsushima, the ultimate contest of the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, was one of the most decisive sea battles in history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+communications%3A+from+ancient+times+to+the+21st+century&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-732-6&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBC2nY1rp5MC%26pg%3DPA459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1998" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. Lyons Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-759-1"><bdi>978-1-55821-759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jutland%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Fighting&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-759-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_Michael2004" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael (2004). A life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: A Twentieth-century Naval Leader. Routledge. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5197-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-5197-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+life+of+Admiral+of+the+Fleet+Andrew+Cunningham%3A+A+Twentieth-century+Naval+Leader&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5197-2&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_III,_H._W.2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker III, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me: A 400-Year History of America at War. 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Simon and Schuster. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5222-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5222-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-5222-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+of+Thunder&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5222-5&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason,_Guðmundur" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Guðmundur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/history/wwi/part6.htm">"Finale"</a>. Uboat.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206072556/http://uboat.net/history/wwi/part6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finale&rft.pub=Uboat.net&rft.au=Helgason%2C+Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uboat.net%2Fhistory%2Fwwi%2Fpart6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston,_Diana2003" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Diana (2003). Wilful Murder: The Sinking of the Lusitania. Black Swan. pp. 497–503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-99886-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-99886-4"><bdi>978-0-552-99886-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilful+Murder%3A+The+Sinking+of+the+Lusitania&rft.pages=497-503&rft.pub=Black+Swan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-552-99886-4&rft.au=Preston%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_III2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker III, H. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310">Don't Tread on Me</a>. New York: Crown Forum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5363-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-5363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5363-6&rft.aulast=Crocker+III&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonttreadonme40000croc%2Fpage%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_William_J2007" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, William J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americalastbest000benn/page/301">America: The Last Best Hope, Volume 2: From a World at War to the Triumph of Freedom 1914–1989</a>. Nelson Current. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americalastbest000benn/page/301">301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-057-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-057-6"><bdi>978-1-59555-057-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%3A+The+Last+Best+Hope%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+a+World+at+War+to+the+Triumph+of+Freedom+1914%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Nelson+Current&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59555-057-6&rft.au=Bennett%2C+William+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericalastbest000benn%2Fpage%2F301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4805768.stm">"Q&A: Trident replacement"</a>. BBC News. 22 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815213009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4805768.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Trident+replacement&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F4805768.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728105611/http://www.submarinehistory.com/FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines.html">"Submarines of the Cold War"</a>. California Center for Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.submarinehistory.com/FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submarines+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=California+Center+for+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.submarinehistory.com%2FFleetBallisticMissileSubmarines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Record_Office1860" class="citation book cs1">Public Record Office (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_JVAAAAYAAJ">Calendar of state papers, domestic series, of the reign of Charles II: preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, Volume 1</a>. Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729110544/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_JVAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+state+papers%2C+domestic+series%2C+of+the+reign+of+Charles+II%3A+preserved+in+the+state+paper+department+of+Her+Majesty%27s+Public+Record+Office%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman+%26+Roberts&rft.date=1860&rft.au=Public+Record+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_JVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Jeff" class="citation web cs1">Newman, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatships.net/riband.html">"The Blue Riband of the North Atlantic"</a>. Great Ships. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310161237/http://www.greatships.net/riband.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Ships&rft.atitle=The+Blue+Riband+of+the+North+Atlantic&rft.au=Newman%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatships.net%2Friband.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Jack1985" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Jack (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BLg5v41rbmEC&q=%22Hales+trophy%22+United+States&pg=PA121">"Hales Trophy, won in 1952 by SS United States remains at King's Point as Challenger succumbs to the sea"</a>. Yachting (November): 121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040547/https://books.google.com/books?id=BLg5v41rbmEC&q=%22Hales+trophy%22+United+States&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yachting&rft.atitle=Hales+Trophy%2C+won+in+1952+by+SS+United+States+remains+at+King%27s+Point+as+Challenger+succumbs+to+the+sea&rft.issue=November&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBLg5v41rbmEC%26q%3D%2522Hales%2Btrophy%2522%2BUnited%2BStates%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris,_Gregory_J.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, Gregory J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDEDAAAAMBAJ&q=The+Evolution+of+the+Transatlantic+Liner&pg=PA28">"Evolution of cruising"</a>. Cruise Travel (December): 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cruise+Travel&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+cruising&rft.issue=December&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Norris%2C+Gregory+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDEDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BEvolution%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTransatlantic%2BLiner%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/426">The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/426">426</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280458-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280458-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280458-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280458-7&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw%2Fpage%2F426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtin1984" class="citation book cs1">Curtin, Philip D. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&q=history+of+trade">Cross-Cultural Trade in World History</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26931-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26931-5"><bdi>978-0-521-26931-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040548/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&q=history+of+trade">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Trade+in+World+History&rft.pages=88-104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26931-5&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4IiYFhliv4C%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Btrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Segal" title="Ronald Segal">Ronald Segal</a>, The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-11396-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-11396-3">0-374-11396-3</a>, p. 4. "It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic." (Note in original: Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature", in Journal of African History 30 (1989), p. 368.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2014" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (2014). The Fortunes of Africa. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610396356" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610396356"><bdi>978-1610396356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortunes+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1610396356&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern,_Benjamin_S.Walbridge,_ShaunSelkoe,_Kimberly_A.Kappel,_Carrie_V.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Halpern, Benjamin S.; Walbridge, Shaun; Selkoe, Kimberly A.; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micheli.stanford.edu/pdf/30-Halpernetal2008Science.pdf">"A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems"</a> (PDF). Science. 319 (5865): 948–952. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319..948H">2008Sci...319..948H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1149345">10.1126/science.1149345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18276889">18276889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26206024">26206024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074032/http://micheli.stanford.edu/pdf/30-Halpernetal2008Science.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+global+map+of+human+impact+on+marine+ecosystems&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5865&rft.pages=948-952&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1149345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26206024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18276889&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319..948H&rft.au=Halpern%2C+Benjamin+S.&rft.au=Walbridge%2C+Shaun&rft.au=Selkoe%2C+Kimberly+A.&rft.au=Kappel%2C+Carrie+V.&rft.au=Micheli%2C+Fiorenza&rft.au=D%27Agrosa%2C+Caterina&rft.au=Bruno%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Casey%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft.au=Ebert%2C+Colin&rft.au=Fox%2C+Helen+E.&rft.au=Fujita%2C+Rod&rft.au=Heinemann%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Lenihan%2C+Hunter+S.&rft.au=Madin%2C+Elizabeth+M.+P.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Matthew+T.&rft.au=Selig%2C+Elizabeth+R.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+Mark&rft.au=Steneck%2C+Robert&rft.au=Watson%2C+Reg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicheli.stanford.edu%2Fpdf%2F30-Halpernetal2008Science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/trade-routes">"Trade routes"</a>. World Shipping Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008084908/http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/trade-routes">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+routes&rft.pub=World+Shipping+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldshipping.org%2Fabout-the-industry%2Fglobal-trade%2Ftrade-routes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach,_John2007" class="citation web cs1">Roach, John (17 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2007/09/070917-northwest-passage.html">"Arctic Melt Opens Northwest Passage"</a>. National Geographic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130022347/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/09/070917-northwest-passage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Melt+Opens+Northwest+Passage&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.au=Roach%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F070917-northwest-passage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade">"Global trade"</a>. 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International Council of Marine Industry Associations. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101141157/http://www.icomia.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+voice+of+the+recreational+marine+industry+worldwide&rft.pub=International+Council+of+Marine+Industry+Associations&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icomia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yachtingmagazine.com/">"Yachting"</a>. 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John Wiley and Sons. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69814-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69814-3"><bdi>978-0-470-69814-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Challenges+in+Recreational+Fisheries&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69814-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2006" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Ross Kingston, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cruiseshiptouris00dowl">Cruise Ship Tourism</a>. 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Penguin. pp. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044911-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044911-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044911-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044911-2&rft.au=Homer+%28translation+by+Rieu%2C+D.+C.+H.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodyssey00home_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter,_John2006" class="citation web cs1">Porter, John (8 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/CourseNotes/OdSummary.html">"Plot Outline for Homer's Odyssey"</a>. University of Saskatchewan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012733/http://homepage.usask.ca/~jrp638/CourseNotes/OdSummary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plot+Outline+for+Homer%27s+Odyssey&rft.pub=University+of+Saskatchewan&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft.au=Porter%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.usask.ca%2F~jrp638%2FCourseNotes%2FOdSummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasho,_Matsuo" class="citation web cs1">Basho, Matsuo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegreenleaf.co.uk/hp/basho/00bashohaiku.htm">"A Selection of Matsuo Basho's Haiku"</a>. 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Ark Paperbacks. pp. 122, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7448-0032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7448-0032-6"><bdi>978-0-7448-0032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams&rft.pages=122%2C+192&rft.pub=Ark+Paperbacks&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7448-0032-6&rft.au=Jung%2C+Carl+Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSWvdQyo_ZX0C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geomar.de/en/research/human-impacts-on-marine-ecosystems/">Human impacts on marine ecosystems</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022064526/https://www.geomar.de/en/research/human-impacts-on-marine-ecosystems/">Archived</a> 22 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research. Retrieved 22 October 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChengSalinity-221"><a href="#cite_ref-ChengSalinity_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengTrenberthGruberAbraham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Lijing; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Gruber, Nicolas; Abraham, John P.; Fasullo, John T.; Li, Guancheng; Mann, Michael E.; Zhao, Xuanming; Zhu, Jiang (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-20-0366.1">"Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle"</a>. Journal of Climate. 33 (23): 10357–10381. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCli...3310357C">2020JCli...3310357C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-20-0366.1">10.1175/jcli-d-20-0366.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=Improved+Estimates+of+Changes+in+Upper+Ocean+Salinity+and+the+Hydrological+Cycle&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=10357-10381&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2Fjcli-d-20-0366.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCli...3310357C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lijing&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Gruber%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Fasullo%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Li%2C+Guancheng&rft.au=Mann%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Xuanming&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252Fjcli-d-20-0366.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-222"><a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Summary for Policymakers". 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Retrieved 15 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Convention+for+the+Prevention+of+Pollution+from+Ships+%28MARPOL+73%2F78%29&rft.pub=International+Maritime+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fabout%2Fconventions%2Flistofconventions%2Fpages%2Finternational-convention-for-the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-%2528marpol%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> sea at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sea" class="extiw" title="wikt:sea">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sea" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sea">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/sea" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/sea">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/sea" class="extiw" title="q:sea">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/sea" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/sea">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/sea" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/sea">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/sea" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/sea">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424102601/http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html">Archived</a> 24 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV Alvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" title="Category:Physical oceanography">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physical oceanography">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4038301-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85093871">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119328810">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119328810">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115369&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007540998605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/91bf53d0-9cec-4117-99f2-57833f8278c6">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bahriye">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea&oldid=1260661133">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea&oldid=1260661133</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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