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<li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Recruitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Affiliations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Domestic partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>International partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rankings and reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable alumni subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematics_and_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_and_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mathematics and physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_and_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>History and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_sciences_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_sciences_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Social sciences and economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_sciences_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">École normale supérieure (Paris)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="École normale supérieure (Paris)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B0%D8%A9" title="المدرسة العليا للأساتذة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المدرسة العليا للأساتذة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Ali_Normal_M%C9%99kt%C9%99bi" title="Paris Ali Normal Məktəbi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paris Ali Normal Məktəbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0" title="একোল নর্মাল সুপেরিয়র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="একোল নর্মাল সুপেরিয়র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6)" title="Висше нормално училище (Париж) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Висше нормално училище (Париж)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École Normale Supérieure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="École Normale Supérieure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École Normale Supérieure – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="École Normale Supérieure" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="École normale supérieure (Paris)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_Normal_Superior_(Par%C3%ADs)" title="Escuela Normal Superior (París) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela Normal Superior (París)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="École normale supérieure (Paris)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="دانشسرای عالی نرمال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشسرای عالی نرمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École normale supérieure (Paris)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_(Par%C3%ADs)" title="École Normale Supérieure (París) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="École Normale Supérieure (París)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%93%B1%EC%82%AC%EB%B2%94%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="고등사범학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고등사범학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École Normale Supérieure – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="École Normale Supérieure" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolo_normala_superiora" title="Skolo normala superiora – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skolo normala superiora" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אקול נורמל סופרייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקול נורמל סופרייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="პარიზის უმაღლესი ნორმალური სკოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარიზის უმაღლესი ნორმალური სკოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_normalis_superior_(Lutetia)" title="Schola normalis superior (Lutetia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Schola normalis superior (Lutetia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Виша нормална школа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виша нормална школа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3)" title="ايكول نورمال سوپيريور (پاريس) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايكول نورمال سوپيريور (پاريس)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Parijs)" title="École normale supérieure (Parijs) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="École normale supérieure (Parijs)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1_(%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA)" title="高等師範学校 (パリ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高等師範学校 (パリ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%92_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="اکولے نورمالے سپیریئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اکولے نورمالے سپیریئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Pary%C5%BC)" title="École normale supérieure (Paryż) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="École normale supérieure (Paryż)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Normal_Superior_de_Paris" title="Escola Normal Superior de Paris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escola Normal Superior de Paris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6)" title="Высшая нормальная школа (Париж) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высшая нормальная школа (Париж)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École Normale Supérieure – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="École Normale Supérieure" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="École normale supérieure (Paris)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École Normale Supérieure – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="École Normale Supérieure" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Виша нормална школа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виша нормална школа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École Normale Supérieure – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="École Normale Supérieure" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6)" title="Вища нормальна школа (Париж) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вища нормальна школа (Париж)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="École normale supérieure" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="巴黎高等師範學院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴黎高等師範學院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Institution of higher learning in Paris, France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="École Normale Supérieure (disambiguation)">École Normale Supérieure (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="École Normale (disambiguation)">École Normale (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École normale supérieure</span></span> – PSL</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_ENS_PSL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Logo_ENS_PSL.svg/220px-Logo_ENS_PSL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Logo_ENS_PSL.svg/330px-Logo_ENS_PSL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Logo_ENS_PSL.svg/440px-Logo_ENS_PSL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Normale sup'</span></span>, ENS Ulm, Ulm, ENS Paris, ENS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles"><i>grande école</i></a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_scientifique,_culturel_et_professionnel" title="Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel">EPSCP</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (administrative)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1794<span class="noprint">; 230 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1794</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent institution</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/PSL_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PSL University">PSL University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$130 million<sup id="cite_ref-ENS_figures_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENS_figures-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Lions" title="Pierre-Louis Lions">Pierre-Louis Lions</a><sup id="cite_ref-Decree_of_11_June_2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decree_of_11_June_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Director</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Worms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Worms (page does not exist)">Frédéric Worms</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,400<sup id="cite_ref-ENS_figures_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENS_figures-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (630 teaching fellows, 170 professors and 580 post-doctoral researchers)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">2,400<sup id="cite_ref-ENS_figures_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENS_figures-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300<sup id="cite_ref-ENS_figures_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENS_figures-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,400<sup id="cite_ref-ENS_figures_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENS_figures-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctoral students</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">700<sup id="cite_ref-ENS_figures_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENS_figures-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Address</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="street-address"><a href="/wiki/Rue_d%27Ulm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue d'Ulm">rue d'Ulm</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="postal-code">75005</div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a>: 4 main sites in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and its suburbs (5th & 14th <i>arrondissements</i>, <a href="/wiki/Montrouge" title="Montrouge">Montrouge</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colours</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Purple_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (color)">Purple</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence des grandes écoles">Conférence des grandes écoles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ens.psl.eu/en">ens.psl.eu</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LOGO-PSL-nov-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/LOGO-PSL-nov-2017.jpg/220px-LOGO-PSL-nov-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/LOGO-PSL-nov-2017.jpg/330px-LOGO-PSL-nov-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/LOGO-PSL-nov-2017.jpg/440px-LOGO-PSL-nov-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École normale supérieure</span></span></b> – <b>PSL</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ekɔl<span class="wrap"> </span>nɔʁmal<span class="wrap"> </span>sypeʁjœʁ]</a></span>; also known as <b>ENS</b>, <b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Normale sup'</span></span></b>, <b>Ulm</b> or <b>ENS Paris</b>) is a <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">grande école</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. It is one of the constituent members of <a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">Paris Sciences et Lettres University</a> (PSL).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its selectivity, historical role, and influence within French society, the ENS is generally considered the most prestigious of the <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">grandes écoles</a>,</i> as well as one of the most prestigious higher education institutions in France.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its pupils are generally referred to as <i>normaliens</i>, while its alumni are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_people" title="List of École normale supérieure people"><i>archicubes</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The school was founded in 1794 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide homogeneous training of high-school <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a> in France, but it later closed. The school was subsequently reestablished by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> as <i>pensionnat normal</i> from 1808 to 1822, before being recreated in 1826 and taking the name École normale in 1830. When other institutes called <i>écoles normales</i> were created in 1845, the word <i>supérieure</i> (meaning upper) was added to form the current name. In 1936, the institution started providing university-level education.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <i>grande école</i>, the vast majority of the academic staff hosted at the ENS also belong to external institutions such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_higher_education_institutions_in_the_Paris_region" title="List of universities and higher education institutions in the Paris region">one of the Parisian universities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/EHESS" class="mw-redirect" title="EHESS">EHESS</a>. Generalistic in its recruitment and organisation, the ENS is the only <i>grande école</i> in France to have departments of research in all the natural, social, and human sciences. Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of École Normale Supérieure people">alumni</a> include 14 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates,<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 8 are in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Fields_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fields medal">Fields Medalists</a>, more than half the recipients of the <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CNRS_Gold_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS Gold medal">Gold Medal</a>, several hundred members of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></span></span>, as well as several French and foreign politicians and statespeople.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Paris,_26_January_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Paris%2C_26_January_2013.jpg/220px-%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Paris%2C_26_January_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Paris%2C_26_January_2013.jpg/330px-%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Paris%2C_26_January_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Paris%2C_26_January_2013.jpg/440px-%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Paris%2C_26_January_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of the historic building of the ENS, at 45, rue d'Ulm. The inscriptions on the pediment of the monumental doorway display the school's two dates of creation (the first, <i>9 <a href="/wiki/Brumaire" title="Brumaire">brumaire</a> an III</i> (30 October 1794), in the oculus, under the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a>, the second, 17 March 1808), and the date of dedication of this building, 24 April 1841.</figcaption></figure> <p>The current institution finds its roots in the creation of the École normale de l'an III by the post-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Robespierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Robespierre">Robespierre</a> in 1794. The school was created based on a recommendation by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lakanal" title="Joseph Lakanal">Joseph Lakanal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique-Joseph_Garat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique-Joseph Garat">Dominique-Joseph Garat</a>, who were part of the commission on public education. The École normale was intended as the core of a planned centralised national education system. The project was also conceived as a way to reestablish trust between the Republic and the country's elites, which had been alienated to some degree by the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>. The decree establishing the school, issued on 30 October 1794 (<i>9 <a href="/wiki/Brumaire" title="Brumaire">brumaire</a> an III</i>), states in its first article that "There will be established in Paris an <i>école normale</i> (literally, a <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a>), where, from all the parts of the Republic, citizens already educated in the useful sciences shall be called upon to learn, from the best professors in all the disciplines, the art of teaching." </p><p>The inaugural course was given on 20 January 1795 and the last on 19 May of the same year at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">Museum of Natural History</a>. The goal of these courses was to train a body of teachers for all the secondary schools in the country and thereby to ensure a homogenous education for all. These courses covered all the existing sciences and humanities and were given by scholars such as: scientists <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Monge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9ophile_Vandermonde" title="Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde">Vandermonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Jean-Marie_Daubenton" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton">Daubenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Berthollet</a> and philosophers <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Henri_Bernardin_de_Saint-Pierre" title="Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre">Bernardin de Saint-Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Chasseb%C5%93uf,_comte_de_Volney" title="Constantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney">Volney</a> were some of the teachers. The school was closed as a result of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> but this <i>école normale</i> was to serve as a basis when the school was founded for the second time by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> in 1808. </p><p>On 17 March 1808, Napoleon created by decree a <i>pensionnat normal</i> within the imperial <a href="/wiki/University_of_France" title="University of France">University of France</a> charged with "training in the art of teaching the sciences and the humanities".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment was opened in 1810, its strict code including a mandatory uniform. By then a sister establishment had been created by Napoleon in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> under the name of <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa">Scuola Normale Superiore</a> (SNS), which continues to exist today and still has close ties to the Paris school. Up to 1818, the students are handpicked by the academy inspectors based on their results in the secondary school. However, the "<i>pensionnat</i>" created by Napoleon came to be perceived under the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a> as a nexus of liberal thought and was suppressed by then-minister of public instruction <a href="/wiki/Denis-Luc_Frayssinous" title="Denis-Luc Frayssinous">Denis-Luc Frayssinous</a> in 1824. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_founding">Second founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG/220px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG/330px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG/440px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l%27%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The main entrance to the ENS on Rue d'Ulm. The school moved into its current premises in 1847.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <i>école préparatoire</i> was created on 9 March 1826 at the site of <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Louis-le-Grand" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège Louis-le-Grand">Collège Louis-le-Grand</a>. This date can be taken as the definitive date of creation of the current school. After the July Revolution, the school regained its original name of <i>École normale</i> and in 1845 was renamed <i>École normale supérieure</i>. During the 1830s, under the direction of philosopher <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a>, the school enhanced its status as an institution to prepare the <i>agrégation</i> by expanding the duration of study to three years, and was divided into its present-day Sciences and Letters divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde.fr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde.fr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847 the school moved into its current quarters at the rue d'Ulm, next to the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> in the 5th arrondissement of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped it gain some stability, which was further established under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>. </p><p>Having been recognised as a success, a second school was created on its model at Sèvres for girls in 1881, followed by other schools at <a href="/wiki/Ecole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon">Fontenay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon">Saint-Cloud</a> (both of which later moved to <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">Cachan</a>). The school's status evolved further at the beginning of the twentieth century. </p><p>In 1903 it was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> as a separate college,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps as a result of its exposure to national attention during the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a>, in which its librarian <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Herr" title="Lucien Herr">Lucien Herr</a> and his disciples, who included the socialist politician <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> and the writers <a href="/wiki/Charles_P%C3%A9guy" title="Charles Péguy">Charles Péguy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> spearheaded the campaign to overturn the wrongful conviction pronounced against Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first female student – <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Rouvi%C3%A8re" title="Marguerite Rouvière">Marguerite Rouvière</a> – was accepted in 1910, which made headline news in France and polarised opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-Brasseur_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brasseur-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ranks of the school were significantly reduced during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, but the 1920s marked a degree of expansion of the school, which had among its students at this time such figures as <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jank%C3%A9l%C3%A9vitch" title="Vladimir Jankélévitch">Vladimir Jankélévitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>. The high sacrifice paid by normaliens in the First World War was recognized by the award of the croix de guerre avec citation à l ordre de l armée in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, in which some of its students were players in the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a>, the school became more visible and increasingly perceived as a bastion of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist left">communist left</a>. Many of its students belonged to the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>. This leftist tradition continued into the 1960s and 1970s during which an important fraction of French <a href="/wiki/Maoists" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoists">Maoists</a> came from ENS. In 1953 it was made autonomous from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was perceived ambivalently by the authorities as a nexus of protest, particularly due to the teachings delivered there by such controversial figures as political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>. As of now, by law, ENS comes under the direct authority of the <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Education">Minister for Higher Education and Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fallout from the May 1968 protests caused President of the Republic <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a>, himself a former student at the school, to force the resignation of its director, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Flaceli%C3%A8re" title="Robert Flacelière">Robert Flacelière</a> and to appoint his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bousquet" title="Jean Bousquet">Jean Bousquet</a> as his successor <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Both Flacelière and Bousquet were distinguished classicists. </p><p>The school continued to expand and include new subjects, seeking to cover all the disciplines of natural and social sciences. In this manner, a new <i>concours</i> was opened in 1982 to reinforce the teaching of social sciences at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-lemonde.fr_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemonde.fr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>concours</i>, called B/L (the A/L concours standing for the traditional letters and human sciences), greatly emphasises proficiency in mathematics and economics alongside training in philosophy and literature. </p><p>For a long time, most women were taught at a separate ENS, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_jeunes_filles" title="École normale supérieure de jeunes filles">École normale supérieure de jeunes filles</a> at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a>. However, women were not explicitly barred entry until a law of 1940, and some women were students at Ulm before this date, such as philosopher <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and classicist <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_de_Romilly" title="Jacqueline de Romilly">Jacqueline de Romilly</a>. In 1985, after heated debates, the two were merged into a single entity with its main campus at the historic site at the rue d'Ulm in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>École normale supérieure is a <i>grande école</i>, a French institution of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">French public university system</a>. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> in the UK, and <a href="/wiki/C9_League" title="C9 League">C9 League</a> in China, <i>grandes écoles</i> are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Grandes écoles</i> typically have much smaller class sizes and student bodies than public universities in France, and many of their programs are taught in English, and while most are more expensive than French universities, École normale supérieure charges the same tuition fees: for 2021/2022, they were €243 to register for the master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the <i>grandes écoles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Degrees from École normale supérieure are accredited by the <i><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Conférence des Grandes écoles">Conférence des Grandes Écoles</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">Ministry of National Education (France)</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Ministère de l'Éducation nationale</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alumni go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France.<sup id="cite_ref-sociologie_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sociologie-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insee_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insee-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sites">Sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ENS_Ulm_cour_Ernests_DSC00106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/ENS_Ulm_cour_Ernests_DSC00106.jpg/220px-ENS_Ulm_cour_Ernests_DSC00106.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/ENS_Ulm_cour_Ernests_DSC00106.jpg/330px-ENS_Ulm_cour_Ernests_DSC00106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/ENS_Ulm_cour_Ernests_DSC00106.jpg/440px-ENS_Ulm_cour_Ernests_DSC00106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(architecture)" title="Quadrangle (architecture)">quadrangle</a> at the main ENS building on rue d'Ulm is known as the Cour aux Ernests – the Ernests being the goldfish in the pond.</figcaption></figure> <p>The École normale supérieure is one of a few schools that still occupy a campus in the heart of Paris. The historic Paris ENS campus is located around the rue d'Ulm, the main building being at 45 rue d'Ulm in the <a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th arrondissement of Paris</a>, which was built by architect <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Gisors" title="Alphonse de Gisors">Alphonse de Gisors</a> and given to ENS by law in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above the entrance door are sculptures of two female figures who respectively represent letters and sciences. They are portrayed sitting on either side of a medallion of <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>, who represents wisdom. A formalised version of this frontal piece is used as the school's emblem. </p><p>The main site at 45 rue d'Ulm is organized around a central courtyard, the Cour aux Ernests. Another courtyard south of this one, the Cour Pasteur, separates the school from the apartment buildings of the rue Claude-Bernard. These buildings house the administrative functions of the school, and some of its literary departments (philosophy, literature, classics and archeology), its mathematics and computer science departments, as well as its main human sciences library. The site's <i>monument aux morts</i>, which was inaugurated in 1923 and stands as a reminder of the <i>normaliens</i> who died in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, is a work by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Landowski" title="Paul Landowski">Paul Landowski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several auxiliary buildings surround this main campus in adjacent streets. The closest one, opposite the main entrance, at 46 rue d'Ulm, houses the school's biology department and laboratories as well as a part of its student residences. The seat of the school's physics and chemistry departments, inaugurated in 1936 by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a>, lies north of the school on rue Lhomond, while further up the rue d'Ulm its number 29 houses secondary libraries and the school's department of cognitive sciences. </p><p>ENS has a second campus on Boulevard Jourdan (previously the women's college), in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, which is home to the school's research department of social sciences, law, economics and geography, as well as further student residences. The site has been undergoing major reconstruction since 2015. In 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">Francois Hollande</a> inaugurated a new building on site, which is home to the ENS economics department, the school's social science library, and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Economics" title="Paris School of Economics">Paris School of Economics</a>, an ENS project. </p><p>The school has a secondary site in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Montrouge" title="Montrouge">Montrouge</a>, which houses some of its laboratories alongside those of <a href="/wiki/Paris_Descartes_University" title="Paris Descartes University">Paris Descartes University</a>. It features green areas and sporting facilities as well as some 200 student rooms. A fourth site in the town of Villejuif, south of Paris, hosts some of the school's biology laboratories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment">Recruitment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recruitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The school is very small in student numbers. Its core of students, who are called <i>normaliens</i>, are selected via a competitive exam called a <i>concours</i> (baccalaureate + 2 years). Preparation for the <i>concours</i> takes place in <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparatory classes">preparatory classes</a> which last two years (see <i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">grandes écoles</a></i>). Two hundred <i>normaliens</i> are thus recruited every year, half of them in the sciences and the same number in the humanities, and receive a monthly salary (around €1,350/month in 2018), and in exchange they sign a ten-year contract to work for the state. Although it is seldom applied in practice, this exclusivity clause is redeemable (often by the hiring firm). </p><p>Other students called "<i>normaliens étudiants</i>" can be selected but they do not have their study paid. They are selected with the preparation of a research project (baccalaureate + 2–4 years). PhD students at ENS are either graduate students from the ENS doctoral school<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from another doctoral school co-accredited by ENS.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2016 PhD students preparing their doctoral research at ENS are awarded a PhD from PSL University. ENS also welcomes selected foreign students (the "international selection"), participates in various graduate programs, and has extensive research laboratories. The foreign students selected often receive a scholarship which covers their expenses. </p><p>The students selected via the <i>concours</i> remain at the school for a length of time ranging from four to six years. <i>Normaliens</i> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries are considered civil servants in training.<sup id="cite_ref-legifrance.gouv.fr_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legifrance.gouv.fr-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many students devote at least one of those years to the <i><a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation" title="Agrégation">agrégation</a></i>, which allows them to teach in high schools or universities. Faculty recruitment is selective, with between zero and one ENS professorship open per year<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Faculty recruitments usually happen upon previous incumbent retirements. In informal ENS jargon, ENS full professors are popularly called <i>PdPs</i> ("<i>professeurs des professeurs</i>)" because traditionally ENS was created to educate future professors<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_aux_Ernests_sous_la_neige.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cour_aux_Ernests_sous_la_neige.jpg/220px-Cour_aux_Ernests_sous_la_neige.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cour_aux_Ernests_sous_la_neige.jpg/330px-Cour_aux_Ernests_sous_la_neige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cour_aux_Ernests_sous_la_neige.jpg/440px-Cour_aux_Ernests_sous_la_neige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The school's <i>Cour aux Ernests</i> under a coat of snow (2013).</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Founded to train high school teachers through the <i><a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation" title="Agrégation">agrégation</a></i>, ENS is now an institution training researchers, professors, high-level civil servants, and business and political leaders. It focuses on the association of training and research, with an emphasis on freedom of curriculum. The school's resources are equally divided between its "Letters" (social and human sciences and literature) and its "Sciences" (natural sciences and mathematics) sections. The school's fifteen departments and its thirty-five units of research (<i>unités mixtes de recherches</i> or <i>UMR</i> in French) work in close coordination with other public French research institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The school has seven departments in its "Sciences" section: <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoscience">geoscience</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has eight departments in its "Letters" section: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this section is the base of <a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Economics" title="Paris School of Economics">Paris School of Economics</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Art theory">theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these fifteen departments, a language laboratory<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for non-specialists offers courses in most major world languages to all the students. Additional centres of research and laboratories gravitate around the departments, which function as nodes of research.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The emphasis is placed squarely on <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a>. Students who entered from a scientific <i>concours</i> (thus having mainly studied in their preparatory school <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">maths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, and chemistry or biology) are encouraged to attend courses in the literary departments. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">maths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> introductory courses are on offer for the students from the "literary" departments. The ENS graduate degree, instituted in 2006, requires students to attend a certain number of courses not related to their major.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The École normale supérieure has a network, known as Rubens, of ten libraries shared over its sites, which taken together make up the third largest library in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Article_from_the_Nouvel_obs_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_from_the_Nouvel_obs-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The catalogue is available for consultation online.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entrance to the libraries is reserved to domestic and international researchers of doctoral level, as well as to the teachers at the school, <i>normaliens</i>, other ENS students, and <a href="/wiki/PSL_Research_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PSL Research University">PSL Research University</a> students. The main library, devoted to literature, classics, and human sciences, dates back to the nineteenth century when it was greatly expanded by its director, the famous <a href="/wiki/Dreyfusard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfusard">dreyfusard</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Herr" title="Lucien Herr">Lucien Herr</a>. Its main reading room is protected as a <i>monument historique</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This main library, which covers several thousand square metres, is one of the largest free access funds of books in France, with upwards of 800,000 books readily available and more than 1600 periodicals. Its classics section is part of the national network of specialised libraries (Cadist).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A secondary library concerned with social science, economics, and law is located at the Jourdan campus for social science. This library has more than 150,000 books in the subjects it covers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The school also has specialised libraries in archeology, cognitive sciences, mathematics and computer science, theoretical physics. A recently unified natural sciences library was opened in 2013, aiming to bring together in a central place on rue d'Ulm the libraries of physics, chemistry, biology and geoscience.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school also features two specialised centres for documentation, the Bibliothèque des Archives <a href="/wiki/Husserl" class="mw-redirect" title="Husserl">Husserl</a>, and the Centre d'Archives de Philosophie, d'Histoire et d'Edition des Sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliations">Affiliations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two other <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure"><i>écoles normales supérieures</i></a> were established in the 20th century: the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure de Lyon">École Normale Supérieure de Lyon</a> (sciences and humanities); and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay</a> (pure and applied sciences, sociology, economics and management, English language). More recently, the fourth <i>école normale supérieure</i> was created in January 2014 under the name of École Normale Supérieure de Rennes (pure and applied sciences, economics and management, law school, sport) in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. All four together form the informal ENS-group<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The École normale supérieure is also an institution of <a href="/wiki/PSL_Research_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PSL Research University">PSL Research University</a>, a union of several higher education institutions, all located in Paris, which aims at achieving cooperation and developing synergies between its member institutions to promote French research abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, the École normale supérieure cooperates in <a href="/wiki/Atomium_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomium Culture">Atomium Culture</a>, the first permanent platform for European excellence that brings together some of Europe's leading universities, newspapers and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school is a member of the Conference of University Presidents and of the <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence des grandes écoles">Conference of Grandes Écoles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_partnerships">Domestic partnerships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its educational project being based on research, ENS seeks to train its students to become researchers. The main objective of the education given is getting a doctorate, and more than 85% of <i>normaliens</i> achieve this<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The students are free to choose their own course of study but must at least attain a master's degree in research. Since, traditionally, the institution does not have the powers to grand university degrees, students have to follow courses in other universities in Paris. To this end, ENS cultivates a large number of partnerships and conventions with other higher education institutions to create master's degrees which are co-presided by two institutions. ENS works closely with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Hautes_Etudes_en_Sciences_Sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales">École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales</a> (EHESS), the <a href="/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris-Sorbonne University">Paris-Sorbonne University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon-Sorbonne University">Panthéon-Sorbonne University</a>, <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/ESSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ESSEC">ESSEC</a> Business School in particular to deliver joint diplomas to a certain number of students who have followed courses shared between the two institutions. It is also the main partner in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Economics" title="Paris School of Economics">Paris School of Economics</a> project which it has launched along with the <a href="/wiki/EHESS" class="mw-redirect" title="EHESS">EHESS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_de_la_Statistique_et_de_l%27Administration_%C3%89conomique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique">École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique</a> (ENSAE) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_des_Ponts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="École des Ponts (page does not exist)">École des Ponts</a>. This project seeks to create a unified Master's-level economics school in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_partnerships">International partnerships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Carovana_Pisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuola Normale Superiore">Scuola Normale Superiore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, which was founded as a branch of ENS and retains very close links to it.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuola Normale Superiore">Scuola Normale Superiore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> was founded in 1810 as a branch of the École normale supérieure by Napoleon and later gained independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Scuola_Normale_Superiore_–_history_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scuola_Normale_Superiore_–_history-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ENS and its Italian twin have retained very close links since this time and since 1988 a special partnership has 80 <i>normaliens</i> going to <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> every year while half the class of the SNS spend a year at the Paris school. During its history and due to the far reach of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a> during the colonial era, many schools have been created around the world based on the ENS model, from <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (in Hanoi) to the Maghreb (in Tunis, Casablanca, Oran, and Rabat to name but a few) and Subsaharan Africa (in Nouakchott, Libreville, Yaoundé, Dakar, Niamey, Bangui for example). ENS maintains good relations and close links with these institutions. In 2005, ENS opened a branch at the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Normal_University" title="East China Normal University">East China Normal University</a> (ECNU) in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, whose French name was changed to École normale supérieure de l'Est de la Chine to reflect the agreement, and a joint doctoral program between the two institutions was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ENS welcomes international researchers for one-year stays through the mediation of the Paris Institute of Advanced Research and the Villa Louis-Pasteur. The Blaise Pascal, Marie Curie, Condorcet and Lagrange research places (<i>chaires</i>) also allow researchers from abroad to stay for more than a year at ENS laboratories. ENS also is a member of the Franco-Chinese laboratory Saladyn since 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been hosting an antenna of <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a> Institute since 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, ENS has partnerships for research at Master's and Doctorate levels, sending its students to universities around the world to complete their tuition. It also shares thesis habilitation with universities abroad, meaning that somes theses can be written with support from both the ENS and one of its partner institutions. It is also customary for students in the literary and linguistic subjects to go to teach for one year in universities abroad with the position of junior fellows. These exchange and cooperation programs link ENS with universities such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Beijing">University of Beijing</a> in China, <a href="/wiki/Freie_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Freie Universität Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a> in Germany, the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College, Dublin">Trinity College</a> in Dublin, <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in Montréal, and the universities at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Stanford">Stanford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2001, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">École normale supérieure's</span></span> internet portal, called Diffusion des savoirs ("Spreading knowledge") has offered access to more than 2000 recordings of conferences and seminars that have taken place at the school, in all sciences natural and social.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school also has launched its own short conference platform, Les Ernest,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shows renowned specialists speaking for fifteen minutes on a given subject in a wide scope of disciplines. </p><p>In 1975 the school founded its university press, first called Presses de l'ENS then renamed in 1997 to Editions Rue d'Ulm. This press, which operates on a small scale, publishes specialist academic books mainly in the spheres of literature and the social sciences. Some 300 works are available on line on in the press's bookshop, and about 25 new titles are published every year.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, an ENS foundation was created and recognised as a <i>fondation d'utilité publique</i> by law.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contributes to the development of the school, most notably by encouraging and facilitating the reception of foreign students and researchers. The Foundation, presided by Alain-Gérard Slama, manages some investments into financed positions for foreign researchers in ENS-associated laboratories. It has for example financed the Louis Pasteur villa, situated close by ENS, which welcomes foreign researchers for extended stays. It has also contributed to financing several positions for scientists in ENS laboratories, for instance in research on telecom network security with <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" class="mw-redirect" title="France Télécom">France Télécom</a> and on "artificial vision" with the <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings_and_reputation">Rankings and reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rankings and reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University#International_university_rankings" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">Paris Sciences et Lettres University § International university rankings</a></div> <p>In France, ENS has been regarded since the late 19th century as one of foremost <i>grandes écoles</i>. However, the ENS system is different from that of most higher education systems outside France, thus making it difficult to compare with foreign institutions; in particular, it is much smaller than a typical English collegiate university. It is ranked as the second "small university" worldwide behind <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> by the 2016 Times Higher Education Smaller Universities Ranking (a ranking of institutions of fewer than 5000 students).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally regarded as the premier French institute for higher education and research, and it is currently ranked first among French universities by the ARWU and Times.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of École Normale Supérieure people">List of École Normale Supérieure people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur,_foto_av_Paul_Nadar,_Crisco_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/170px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/255px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/340px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> was a student at the school before directing it for many years.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout its history, a sizeable number of ENS alumni, some of them known as <i>normaliens</i>, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>, the chemist and microbiologist famed for inventing <a href="/wiki/Pasteurisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurisation">pasteurisation</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Julien_Gracq" title="Julien Gracq">Julien Gracq</a> and socialist Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics_and_physics">Mathematics and physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mathematics and physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Galois" title="Évariste Galois">Évariste Galois</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Galois_theory" title="Galois theory">Galois theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a>, was an early student at ENS, then still called École préparatoire, in the 1820s, at the same time as fellow mathematician <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Cournot" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin Cournot">Augustin Cournot</a>. Though mathematics continued to be taught at the school throughout the 19th century, its real dominance of the mathematic sphere would not emerge until after the First World War, with a young generation of mathematicians led by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Weil" title="André Weil">André Weil</a>, known for his foundational work in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a> (also the brother of fellow student, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a>). This rejuvenation continued into the 1930s, as exemplified by the 1935 launch of the influential <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki" title="Nicolas Bourbaki">Nicolas Bourbaki</a> project, whose work permeated the field of mathematics throughout the 20th century. In 1940 former student <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cartan" title="Henri Cartan">Henri Cartan</a> was appointed professor at the school like his father <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan" title="Élie Cartan">Élie Cartan</a>, carrying the school's importance in the field still further with his work in <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_topology" title="Algebraic topology">algebraic topology</a>. His teaching, which continued until 1965, was vastly influential in shaping his students, who included <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Choquet" title="Gustave Choquet">Gustave Choquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dixmier" title="Jacques Dixmier">Jacques Dixmier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Godement" title="Roger Godement">Roger Godement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thom" title="René Thom">René Thom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Jean-Pierre Serre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Auroux" title="Denis Auroux">Denis Auroux</a>, a famous symplectic geometer at Harvard University, is also an acclaimed Normalien. </p><p>Since the 1936 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a>, often called the "Nobel Prize for mathematics", eleven <i>normaliens</i> have been recipients, contributing to ENS's reputation as one of the world's foremost training grounds for mathematicians: <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz" title="Laurent Schwartz">Laurent Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Jean-Pierre Serre</a> (also a recipient of the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a> in 2003), <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thom" title="René Thom">René Thom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Connes" title="Alain Connes">Alain Connes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Yoccoz" title="Jean-Christophe Yoccoz">Jean-Christophe Yoccoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Lions" title="Pierre-Louis Lions">Pierre-Louis Lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Lafforgue" title="Laurent Lafforgue">Laurent Lafforgue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Werner" title="Wendelin Werner">Wendelin Werner</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Villani" title="Cédric Villani">Cédric Villani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_B%E1%BA%A3o_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Ngô Bảo Châu">Ngô Bảo Châu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Duminil-Copin" title="Hugo Duminil-Copin">Hugo Duminil-Copin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck" title="Alexander Grothendieck">Alexander Grothendieck</a>, also a Fields medallist, though he was not a <i>normalien</i>, received a substantial part of his training at the school. These twelve former students have made ENS <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal#University_ranking_by_alumni" title="Fields Medal">the institution with the most Fields medallist alumni</a> of any institution worldwide. Former student <a href="/wiki/Yves_Meyer" title="Yves Meyer">Yves Meyer</a> was also awarded the Abel prize. </p><p>In addition, eight <i>normaliens</i> have gone on to receive the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a>, while other ENS physicists include such major figures as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a>, famous for developing <a href="/wiki/Langevin_dynamics" title="Langevin dynamics">Langevin dynamics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Langevin_equation" title="Langevin equation">Langevin equation</a>. Alumnus <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its position as a leading institution in the training of the critical spirit has made ENS into France's premier training ground for future philosophers and producers of what has been called by some "French theory". Its position as a philosophical birthplace can be traced back to its very beginnings, with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a> a student in the early 19th century. Two ENS philosophers won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> for their writings, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>, the founder of French anti-communist thought in the 1960s and Sartre's great adversary, was a student from the same year as Sartre, and they were both near contemporaries of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, musicologist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jank%C3%A9l%C3%A9vitch" title="Vladimir Jankélévitch">Vladimir Jankélévitch</a> and historian of philosophy <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Gandillac" title="Maurice de Gandillac">Maurice de Gandillac</a>. In <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a>, in the ENS for young women, philosopher and mystic <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a> was accomplishing her years of study at the same time. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hyppolite" title="Jean Hyppolite">Jean Hyppolite</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> studies in France, also studied at the school at this time and later influenced many of its students. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Epistemologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Canguilhem" title="Georges Canguilhem">Georges Canguilhem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cavaill%C3%A8s" title="Jean Cavaillès">Jean Cavaillès</a>, the latter also known as a <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Résistance">Résistance</a> hero, were educated at ENS as well. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simone_Weil_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Simone_Weil_1921.jpg/220px-Simone_Weil_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Simone_Weil_1921.jpg/330px-Simone_Weil_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Simone_Weil_1921.jpg/440px-Simone_Weil_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a> attended the École normale supérieure in the 1920s and beat classmate <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> to first place in philosophy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> political thinker <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> was a student at ENS and taught there for many years, and many of his disciples later became known for their own thought: among them were <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a>, who still teaches at the school as an emeritus professor, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a>. Still later, in the 1940s and 1950s, the world-renowned thinker <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, founder of the history of systems of thought and future professor at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a> was a student a few years ahead of the founder of <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> and the thinker of <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Simondon" title="Gilbert Simondon">Gilbert Simondon</a>. The tradition continues today through such philosophers as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bouveresse" title="Jacques Bouveresse">Jacques Bouveresse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudine_Tiercelin" title="Claudine Tiercelin">Claudine Tiercelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wolff" title="Francis Wolff">Francis Wolff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Meillassoux" title="Quentin Meillassoux">Quentin Meillassoux</a>, and the school has also produced prominent public intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Stéphane Hessel</a> and such <a href="/wiki/New_Philosophers" title="New Philosophers">New Philosophers</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bernard-Henri_L%C3%A9vy" title="Bernard-Henri Lévy">Bernard-Henri Lévy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benny_L%C3%A9vy" title="Benny Lévy">Benny Lévy</a>. </p><p>Contributing to ENS's role as the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralist</a> school of thought, alongside Althusser and Foucault, major <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> taught there in the 1960s, notably giving his course, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Fundamental_Concepts_of_Psychoanalysis" title="The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis">The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis</a></i>, in 1964. This period of his teaching is significant as it is the one in which it acquired "a much larger audience" than before and represented a "change of front" from his previous work.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the school became a focal point of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Freudienne_de_Paris" title="École Freudienne de Paris">École freudienne de Paris</a>, and many of Lacan's disciples were educated there, including psychoanalysts <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Alain_Miller" title="Jacques-Alain Miller">Jacques-Alain Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Milner" title="Jean-Claude Milner">Jean-Claude Milner</a>, the first president of the <a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Psychoanalysis" title="World Association of Psychoanalysis">World Association of Psychoanalysis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_literature">History and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the school's foremost specialities has always been the teaching of history, and as such it has produced a large number of renowned historians who have been important in the development of their subject, starting with <a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lavisse" title="Ernest Lavisse">Ernest Lavisse</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Carcopino" title="Jérôme Carcopino">Jérôme Carcopino</a>, all students of the school in the second half of the nineteenth century who later would come back to direct it. Around the turn of the century two men who would become the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Marc Bloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Febvre" title="Lucien Febvre">Lucien Febvre</a>, studied at the school. <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_de_Romilly" title="Jacqueline de Romilly">Jacqueline de Romilly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Grimal" title="Pierre Grimal">Pierre Grimal</a>, respectively historians of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, were both students at the school starting in 1933. Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Granet" title="Marcel Granet">Marcel Granet</a>, medievalist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" title="Jacques Le Goff">Jacques Le Goff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Gaston Maspero</a>, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Veyne" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a> specialist <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie">Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> civilisation anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a> were all students at the school, as well as <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a>, who revolutionised comparative <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythography" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythography">mythography</a> with his analyses of sovereignty in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a> and formulated the <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">trifunctional hypothesis</a> of social class in ancient societies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Paul_Sartre_FP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jean-Paul_Sartre_FP.JPG/170px-Jean-Paul_Sartre_FP.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jean-Paul_Sartre_FP.JPG/255px-Jean-Paul_Sartre_FP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jean-Paul_Sartre_FP.JPG/340px-Jean-Paul_Sartre_FP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> attended the school at the same time as his intellectual foe <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The school has a long-standing reputation as a training ground for men and women of letters, and its alumni include novelist and dramatist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraudoux" title="Jean Giraudoux">Jean Giraudoux</a>, many of whose plays among which <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_War_Will_Not_Take_Place" title="The Trojan War Will Not Take Place">The Trojan War Will Not Take Place</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon_38" title="Amphitryon 38">Amphitryon 38</a></i> have become staple elements of the French theatrical repertory; and acclaimed novelist <a href="/wiki/Julien_Gracq" title="Julien Gracq">Julien Gracq</a>, whose 1951 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Opposing_Shore" title="The Opposing Shore">The Opposing Shore</a></i> is now considered a classic. Poet <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> were both teachers at the school. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Romains" title="Jules Romains">Jules Romains</a>, the founder of <i><a href="/wiki/Unanimism" title="Unanimism">Unanimism</a></i>, essayists <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nizan" title="Paul Nizan">Paul Nizan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> and poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_P%C3%A9guy" title="Charles Péguy">Charles Péguy</a> are a few other examples of major authors who were educated there. The school has also long been a centre for literary criticism and theory, from one-time director <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson">Gustave Lanson</a> to major twentieth-century figures of the field such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_B%C3%A9nichou" title="Paul Bénichou">Paul Bénichou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Richard" title="Jean-Pierre Richard">Jean-Pierre Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Genette" title="Gérard Genette">Gérard Genette</a>. The founder of the influential <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></i> movement, <a href="/wiki/Martinican" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinican">Martinican</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>, prepared and passed the entrance exam from the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Lycée Louis-le-Grand</a> where he was friends with future <a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">President of Senegal</a> and fellow <i>Négritude</i> author <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>, who failed the entrance exam. Around this same period <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> novelist, essayist and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a>, who would become one of the most prominent voices of Arab <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, was a student at the school, as well as Belgian writer <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric-Emmanuel_Schmitt" title="Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt">Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_sciences_and_economics">Social sciences and economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Social sciences and economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a tradition of social sciences at the school, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, regarded as one of the founders of the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, was a student at the school in 1879, around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odule_Ribot" title="Théodule Ribot">Théodule Ribot</a>, a psychologist well known for developing <a href="/wiki/Ribot%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribot's Law">Ribot's Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, who studied dynamics of power in society and its transmission over generations and became a vocal critic of the French system of <i>grandes écoles</i> and notably ENS as the standard-bearer of that system, studied at ENS in the early 1950s, at the same time as his later intellectual adversary, <a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">individualist</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Boudon" title="Raymond Boudon">Raymond Boudon</a>, both of them having taken and passed the <i>agrégation</i> in philosophy at the end of their studies at the school. Other major ENS sociologists and anthropologists include <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Halbwachs" title="Maurice Halbwachs">Maurice Halbwachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Touraine" title="Alain Touraine">Alain Touraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Descola" title="Philippe Descola">Philippe Descola</a>. The school also has a tradition of geography, with the founder of modern French geography and of the French School of Geopolitics <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vidal_de_La_Blache" title="Paul Vidal de La Blache">Paul Vidal de La Blache</a> having been a student at the school starting in 1863. </p><p>As for economics, its history at the school is less long, as it was not among the subjects first taught at the school. However, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> won the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a>, and there is a growing output of economists from ENS, as evidenced by the young generation of French economists represented by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Saez" title="Emmanuel Saez">Emmanuel Saez</a>, winner of the 2009 <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a>, who won the same medal in 2010 and the Nobel prize in 2019, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>, author of the 2013 bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a></i>. Since its creation in 2000, ten of the twenty recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Prix_du_meilleur_jeune_%C3%A9conomiste_de_France" title="Prix du meilleur jeune économiste de France">Prize of the best young French economist</a> have been ENS alumni, including <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bozio" title="Antoine Bozio">Antoine Bozio</a> (who now teaches at <a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">EHESS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Camille_Landais" title="Camille Landais">Camille Landais</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a>), <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Farhi" title="Emmanuel Farhi">Emmanuel Farhi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pascaline_Dupas" title="Pascaline Dupas">Pascaline Dupas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Gabaix" title="Xavier Gabaix">Xavier Gabaix</a> (Harvard). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ENS has never had a public policy division, but some of its students have become leading statesmen and politicians. <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Jules_Simon" title="Jules Simon">Jules Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Paul Painlevé</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> were early examples of this trend. At this time, quite a few ENS former students and intellectuals were drawn to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brossolette" title="Pierre Brossolette">Pierre Brossolette</a> who became a <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a> hero and a major national leader during World War II. The institution has continued to be seen as a left-wing school since then. Later, as ENS came increasingly to be seen by some as an antechamber to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a>, more young students drawn to politics and public policy began to be attracted to it, such as future President of the Republic <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a>, Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a>, and ministers such as <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Bruno Le Maire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Michel Sapin</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Finance (France)">Ministers of Finance</a> of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">Grande école</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a> (for the generic term)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" title="École normale supérieure de Lyon">École normale supérieure de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa">Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_R%C3%A9publique" title="Jeune République">Jeune République</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of École Normale Supérieure people">List of École Normale Supérieure people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_alumni" title="Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni">Alumni of the École Normale Supérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" title="Category:Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure">Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">École nationale d'administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris">École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_%E2%80%93_Quartier_latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres – Quartier latin">Paris Sciences et Lettres – Quartier latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomium_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomium Culture">Atomium Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Economics" title="Paris School of Economics">Paris School of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrale_Graduate_School" title="Centrale Graduate School">Centrale Graduate School</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89coles_de_l%27an_III_scientifiques" class="extiw" title="fr:Écoles de l'an III scientifiques">Écoles de l'an III scientifiques</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033721/http://www.ens.fr/a-propos/l-institution/?lang=fr">"L'Institution - École normale supérieure - Paris"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens.fr/a-propos/l-institution/?lang=fr">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Institution+-+%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+-+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens.fr%2Fa-propos%2Fl-institution%2F%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ens.psl.eu/grandes_dates">"Grandes dates | ENS"</a>. <i>ens.psl.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810160405/https://www.ens.psl.eu/grandes_dates">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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French Ministry of Higher Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422170000/https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/pid20536/rubrique-bo.html?cid_bo=28475">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Smith (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/hedu_0221-6280_1983_num_18_1_1183">"The Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Third Republic"</a>. <i>Histoire de l'Éducation</i>. <b>18</b> (1). Albany, State University of New York Press: 123–127. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206042824/https://www.persee.fr/doc/hedu_0221-6280_1983_num_18_1_1183">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%89ducation&rft.atitle=The+Ecole+Normale+Sup%C3%A9rieure+and+the+Third+Republic&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-127&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Robert+J.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fhedu_0221-6280_1983_num_18_1_1183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarady1973" class="citation journal cs1">Karady, Victor (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27888250">"Trois Études Sur L'école Normale Supérieure"</a>. <i>L'Année sociologique (1940/1948-)</i>. <b>24</b>: 223–233. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-2399">0066-2399</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27888250">27888250</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103165112/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27888250">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Ann%C3%A9e+sociologique+%281940%2F1948-%29&rft.atitle=Trois+%C3%89tudes+Sur+L%27%C3%A9cole+Normale+Sup%C3%A9rieure&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=223-233&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27888250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-2399&rft.aulast=Karady&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27888250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ens.psl.eu/en/node/956/small-vocabulary-use-normaliens">"Small vocabulary for the use of the normaliens | ENS"</a>. <i>www.ens.psl.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103165113/https://www.ens.psl.eu/en/node/956/small-vocabulary-use-normaliens">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ens.psl.eu&rft.atitle=Small+vocabulary+for+the+use+of+the+normaliens+%7C+ENS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens.psl.eu%2Fen%2Fnode%2F956%2Fsmall-vocabulary-use-normaliens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr/version-francaise/l-ecole/histoire/les-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp?RH=1189690570769">"ENS Cachan Bretagne – Les écoles de l'an III"</a>. Bretagne.ens-cachan.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041948/http://www.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr/version-francaise/l-ecole/histoire/les-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp?RH=1189690570769">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENS+Cachan+Bretagne+%E2%80%93+Les+%C3%A9coles+de+l%27an+III&rft.pub=Bretagne.ens-cachan.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr%2Fversion-francaise%2Fl-ecole%2Fhistoire%2Fles-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp%3FRH%3D1189690570769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrand2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrand, Michèle (30 January 2014), Rogers, Rebecca (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/enseditions/1816">"La mixité à dominance masculine : l'exemple des filières scientifiques de l'École normale supérieure d'Ulm-Sèvres"</a>, <i>La mixité dans l'éducation : Enjeux passés et présents</i>, Sociétés, Espaces, Temps (in French), Lyon: ENS Éditions, pp. 181–193, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84788-424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84788-424-1"><bdi>978-2-84788-424-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103185231/https://books.openedition.org/enseditions/1816">archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+mixit%C3%A9+dans+l%27%C3%A9ducation+%3A+Enjeux+pass%C3%A9s+et+pr%C3%A9sents&rft.atitle=La+mixit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+dominance+masculine+%3A+l%27exemple+des+fili%C3%A8res+scientifiques+de+l%27%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+d%27Ulm-S%C3%A8vres&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.isbn=978-2-84788-424-1&rft.aulast=Ferrand&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fenseditions%2F1816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClynes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Clynes, Tom (7 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.20757">"Hsu & Wai survey of universities worldwide ranked by ratio of Nobel laureates to alumni"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>538</b> (7624): 152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.20757">10.1038/nature.2016.20757</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27734890">27734890</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4466329">4466329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Hsu+%26+Wai+survey+of+universities+worldwide+ranked+by+ratio+of+Nobel+laureates+to+alumni&rft.volume=538&rft.issue=7624&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4466329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27734890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2016.20757&rft.aulast=Clynes&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature.2016.20757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/ecole-normale-sup%C3%A9rieure-paris/undergrad">"Top universities – University profiles"</a>. Top Universities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127073722/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/ecole-normale-sup%C3%A9rieure-paris/undergrad">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+universities+%E2%80%93+University+profiles&rft.pub=Top+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversities%2Fecole-normale-sup%25C3%25A9rieure-paris%2Fundergrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law of 10 May 1806 relative to the creation of the Imperial University, article 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lemonde.fr-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lemonde.fr_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lemonde.fr_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013082001/https://www.eleves.ens.fr/pollens/seminaire/seances/fusion/Le%20projet%20de%20fusion%20Ulm-Cachan.doc">"Historical article on ENS by Pollens"</a>. lemonde.fr. 24 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eleves.ens.fr/pollens/seminaire/seances/fusion/Le%20projet%20de%20fusion%20Ulm-Cachan.doc">the original</a> on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+article+on+ENS+by+Pollens&rft.pub=lemonde.fr&rft.date=2005-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eleves.ens.fr%2Fpollens%2Fseminaire%2Fseances%2Ffusion%2FLe%2520projet%2520de%2520fusion%2520Ulm-Cachan.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serge Benoît, "La rue d'Ulm", <i>in</i> Christian Hottin (ed.), <i>Universités et grandes écoles à Paris : les palais de la science</i>, Paris, <i>Action artistique de la ville de Paris</i>, 1999, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of 10 November 1903 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/editionsulm/1218?lang=en">Pascale Hummel, <i>Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure: Source d'archives 1794-1993</i>, Éditions Rue d'ULM via OpenEdition, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103012703/http://books.openedition.org/editionsulm/1218?lang=en">Archived</a> 3 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolphus Ballard, James Tait. (2010.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IA0uTYod2-gC&dq=ecole+normale+superieure+great+school&pg=PA76"><i>The Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Third Republic</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103134423/https://books.google.com/books?id=IA0uTYod2-gC&dq=ecole+normale+superieure+great+school&pg=PA76">Archived</a> 3 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Suny Press, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brasseur-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brasseur_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasseur2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brasseur, Roland (April 2011). "Quelques scientifiques ayant enseigné en classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles". <i>Bulletin de l'Union des Professeurs de Spéciales</i> (234). Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Union+des+Professeurs+de+Sp%C3%A9ciales&rft.atitle=Quelques+scientifiques+ayant+enseign%C3%A9+en+classe+pr%C3%A9paratoire+aux+grandes+%C3%A9coles&rft.issue=234&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Brasseur&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1926, p. 26). AUx oRIGINES DE IJ\ KHAGNE 31 grecque, soit une explication d'allemand, ou d'anglais, ou d'italien, ou d'espagnol, soit une seconde interrogation sur I'histoire ou la philosophie ,. On avait donc tenté, semble-t-il, d'éliminer de l'écrit la plupart des épreuves qui demandaient un travail de révision trop intense, incompatible avec les quelques mois de préparation passés dans les centres de préparation mili- taires. Ces épreuves, reléguées a l'oral, voyaient d'ailleurs leur programme considérablement limité par rapport a celui des concours ordinaires. Ainsi, en histoire, les connaissances exigées portaient sur la France de 1789 a la fin du Directoire et sur u I'Empire allemand, I'Autriche-Hongrie, l'Angleterre et l'Amérique dans la seconde moitié du xrx" siècle >. L'organisation de ce concours spécial avait naturellement pour but, on I'a vu, de sauvegarder les droits des khàgneux dont la mobilisation et les années au front avaient interrompu les études. De son cóté, la III" République entendait ainsi reconstituer le plus rapidement possible cette ( élite u que son système scolaire était chargé de promouvoir et que la guerre venait de décimer. Et, de fait, la session spéciale de 1919 déboucha sur une promotion plus importante que les promotions habituelles, mais aussi, en termes relatifs, sur un pourcentage de réussites plus élevé qu'a l'habitude. Sur 233 candidats littéraires inscrits, 70 furent regus normaliens et 75 boursiers de licence ls. A titre de comparaison, avant et après le conflit mondial, pour un nombre a peu près égal de candidats, les promotions littéraires comptaient un peu moins d'une trentaine de membres, et une vingtaine de bourses de licence étaient allouées. D'une manière générale, et toujours dans le double dessein de préserver les droits des mobilisés et' de reconstituer des cadres vidés par la guerre, beaucoup d'examens et de concours universitaires de I'année 1919 et des années suivantes furent largement ouverts aux démobilisés : par exemple, l'agrégation d'histoire et de géographie de 1920 compta, pour sa session normale, sept regus - dont le premier fut Pierre Gaxotte -, ¤t, pour sa < session spéciale >, vingt-six regus. L'École normale supérieure en 1919. Du fait de la guerre, se cÒtoyèrent donc a l'École normale supérieure, en 1919 et dans les années suivantes, des élèves d'àges et d'expériences très différents. La promotion spéciale de 1919 comprenait des mobilisés de l'été 1914 et des soldats appelés sous les drapeaux au cours des années suivantes. Des élèves reQus au Concours de 1914 ei mobilisés aussitót après, tel Marcel Déat, commengaient, en réalité, eux aussi leur scolarité rue d'Ulm en 1919. Les survivants des promotions 1912 et 1913 reprenaient leurs années de scolarité a I'Ecole, interrompues par la guerre avant I'agrégation. Les élèves des promo- tions 191ó, 1917 ou 1918 continuaient leurs études ou les reprenaient, certains ayant été mobilisés après leur réussite au concours. Enfin, les élèves du concours normal de 1919 entamaient, eux aussi, leurs années d'études. Un texte de Paul Dupuy, qui fut pendant plusieurs décennies < surveillant 13. Joumal Officiel, 21 juillet 1925, p. ó859.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of 3 February 1953 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/editionsulm/1218?lang=en">Pascale Hummel, <i>Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure: Source d'archives 1794-1993</i>, Éditions Rue d'ULM via OpenEdition, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103012703/http://books.openedition.org/editionsulm/1218?lang=en">Archived</a> 3 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The decree of 26 August 1987 states that the Minister for Higher Education and Research has authority over ENS in the same way rectors have authority over universities, thus ensuring ENS's independence from the mainstream university system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedie-bourges.com/Weil1.html">"Encyclopedia of Bourges biography of Simone Weil"</a>. encyclopedie-bourges.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410082544/http://www.encyclopedie-bourges.com/Weil1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Bourges+biography+of+Simone+Weil&rft.pub=encyclopedie-bourges.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedie-bourges.com%2FWeil1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of 24 July 1985 relative to the creation of public establishments of a scientific nature (EPCSCP).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/12/23/lyon-fusionne-ses-deux-ecoles-normales-superieures_1284288_3224.html">"Article on the fusion of ENS Lyon and ENS-LSH referencing the former merger of Ulm and Sèvres"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. lemonde.fr. 23 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013072114/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/12/23/lyon-fusionne-ses-deux-ecoles-normales-superieures_1284288_3224.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Article+on+the+fusion+of+ENS+Lyon+and+ENS-LSH+referencing+the+former+merger+of+Ulm+and+S%C3%A8vres&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fsociete%2Farticle%2F2009%2F12%2F23%2Flyon-fusionne-ses-deux-ecoles-normales-superieures_1284288_3224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html">"France's educational elite"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 17 November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727033935/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=France%27s+educational+elite&rft.date=2003-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2F4190728%2FFrances-educational-elite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_Bourdieu1998" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Bourdieu (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133"><i>The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power</i></a>. Stanford UP. pp. 133–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804733465" title="Special:BookSources/9780804733465"><bdi>9780804733465</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928192817/https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Nobility%3A+Elite+Schools+in+the+Field+of+Power&rft.pages=133-35&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780804733465&rft.au=Pierre+Bourdieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddo9o-jIrzXgC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/2019/04/19/grand-ecoles-france/,">What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ens.psl.eu/en/academics/admissions/international-selection/faq-about-international-selection">"FAQ about International selection"</a>. <i>PSL</i>. École normale supérieure. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205124336/https://www.ens.psl.eu/en/academics/admissions/international-selection/faq-about-international-selection">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PSL&rft.atitle=FAQ+about+International+selection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens.psl.eu%2Fen%2Facademics%2Fadmissions%2Finternational-selection%2Ffaq-about-international-selection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8afb073d-2f5e-45d6-a6bd-4efc32ff3895">"FT European Business Schools Ranking 2021: France dominates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. 5 December 2021. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/8afb073d-2f5e-45d6-a6bd-4efc32ff3895">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=FT+European+Business+Schools+Ranking+2021%3A+France+dominates&rft.date=2021-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F8afb073d-2f5e-45d6-a6bd-4efc32ff3895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.bsb-education.com/burgundy-school-of-business/?tabs=about-us">"Higher Education in France"</a>. BSB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125225700/https://global.bsb-education.com/burgundy-school-of-business/?tabs=about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Higher+Education+in+France&rft.pub=BSB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.bsb-education.com%2Fburgundy-school-of-business%2F%3Ftabs%3Dabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cge.asso.fr/commissions/accreditation/">"Conférence des grandes écoles: commission Accréditation"</a>. Conférence des grandes écoles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120102012/https://www.cge.asso.fr/commissions/accreditation/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conf%C3%A9rence+des+grandes+%C3%A9coles%3A+commission+Accr%C3%A9ditation&rft.pub=Conf%C3%A9rence+des+grandes+%C3%A9coles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cge.asso.fr%2Fcommissions%2Faccreditation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/fr/etablissements-dispensant-des-formations-superieures-initiales-diplomantes-conferant-le-grade-de-46529">"Etablissements dispensant des formations supérieures initiales diplômantes conférant le grade de master"</a>. <i>Ministry of France, Higher Education</i>. Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+France%2C+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Etablissements+dispensant+des+formations+sup%C3%A9rieures+initiales+dipl%C3%B4mantes+conf%C3%A9rant+le+grade+de+master&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fetablissements-dispensant-des-formations-superieures-initiales-diplomantes-conferant-le-grade-de-46529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sociologie-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sociologie_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Monique_de_Saint-Martin" title="Monique de Saint-Martin">Monique de Saint-Martin</a>, « Les recherches sociologiques sur les grandes écoles : de la reproduction à la recherche de justice », Éducation et sociétés 1/2008 (No. 21), p. 95-103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-education-et-societes-2008-1-page-95.htm">lire en ligne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107220114/https://www.cairn.info/revue-education-et-societes-2008-1-page-95.htm">Archived</a> 7 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> sur <a href="/wiki/Cairn.info" title="Cairn.info">Cairn.info</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insee-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-insee_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valérie Albouy et Thomas Wanecq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/es361b.pdf">Les inégalités sociales d'accès aux grandes écoles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609051916/http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/es361b.pdf">Archived</a> 9 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Leclant, "L'École normale supérieure et l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres : passé, présent et futur", <i>Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</i>, 1999, 138, no. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serge Benoît, "La rue d'Ulm", p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ed540.ens.fr/?lang=en">"ENS Doctoral School"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023185513/https://www.ed540.ens.fr/%3Flang%3Den">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENS+Doctoral+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed540.ens.fr%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ens.fr/en/academics/academic-programs/phd-programs">"ENS PhD programs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023185513/https://www.ens.fr/en/academics/academic-programs/phd-programs">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENS+PhD+programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens.fr%2Fen%2Facademics%2Facademic-programs%2Fphd-programs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legifrance.gouv.fr-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legifrance.gouv.fr_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000503927&categorieLien=id">"Law granting ENS students the status of civil servants"</a>. Légifrance (French government legal database). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301160048/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000503927&categorieLien=id">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+granting+ENS+students+the+status+of+civil+servants&rft.pub=L%C3%A9gifrance+%28French+government+legal+database%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000503927%26categorieLien%3Did&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dma.ens.fr/">"DMA – Department of Mathematics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115062043/http://www.dma.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DMA+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Mathematics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dma.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fip.phys.ens.fr/">"FIP – Department of Physics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040023/http://fip.phys.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIP+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffip.phys.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.di.ens.fr/">"DI – Department of Computer Science"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505215618/https://www.di.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chimie.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.ens.fr/depbio/">"Department of Biology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218070405/http://www.biologie.ens.fr/depbio/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Biology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologie.ens.fr%2Fdepbio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tao.ens.fr/">"TAO – Department of Geoscience"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516075928/http://www.tao.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TAO+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Geoscience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tao.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cognition.ens.fr/">"DEC – Department of Cognitive Science"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012635/http://www.cognition.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEC+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Cognitive+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cognition.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophie.ens.fr/">"Department of Philosophy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218061232/http://www.philosophie.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophie.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lila.ens.fr/">"LILA – Department of Literature and Language"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503140538/http://www.lila.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LILA+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Literature+and+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lila.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histoire.ens.fr/">"Department of History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811071552/http://www.histoire.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histoire.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquite.ens.fr/">"CEA – Department of Classics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121170400/http://www.antiquite.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CEA+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Classics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquite.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris-jourdan.ens.fr/accuei/?%20DSS">"Jourdan – Department of Social Science"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040023/http://www.paris-jourdan.ens.fr/accuei/?%20DSS">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jourdan+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Social+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris-jourdan.ens.fr%2Faccuei%2F%3F%2520DSS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economie.ens.fr/?lang=en/">"Department of Economics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012153450/http://economie.ens.fr/?lang=en/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomie.ens.fr%2F%3Flang%3Den%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/">"Paris School of Economics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012024027/http://g-mond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/topincomes/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+School+of+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parisschoolofeconomics.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographie.ens.fr/">"Department of Geography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104061611/http://www.geographie.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Geography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographie.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhta.ens.fr/">"Passerelle des arts – Department for the History and Theory of Art"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416143458/http://www.dhta.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passerelle+des+arts+%E2%80%93+Department+for+the+History+and+Theory+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhta.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecla.ens.fr/">"ECLA - ENS Language Laboratory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115921/http://ecla.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECLA+-+ENS+Language+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecla.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens.fr/admission/diplome-de-l-ens/?lang=en">"The ENS diploma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042319/http://www.ens.fr/admission/diplome-de-l-ens/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ENS+diploma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens.fr%2Fadmission%2Fdiplome-de-l-ens%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_from_the_Nouvel_obs-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Article_from_the_Nouvel_obs_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20111129.OBS5574/ens-une-ecole-au-bord-de-la-crise-de-nerfs.html">"Article from the <i>Nouvel obs</i>"</a>. bibliobs.nouvelobs.fr. 2 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025164501/http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20111129.OBS5574/ens-une-ecole-au-bord-de-la-crise-de-nerfs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+from+the+Nouvel+obs&rft.pub=bibliobs.nouvelobs.fr&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliobs.nouvelobs.com%2Factualites%2F20111129.OBS5574%2Fens-une-ecole-au-bord-de-la-crise-de-nerfs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halley.ens.fr/">"Halley integrated catalogue of the Rubens libraries"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209140241/http://halley.ens.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halley+integrated+catalogue+of+the+Rubens+libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhalley.ens.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00132985">PA00132985</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%A9ducation&rft.atitle=Article+on+the+Bicentenary+book+directed+by+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Sirinelli&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-86&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fhedu.1996.2809&rft.aulast=Belhoste&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fhedu_0221-6280_1996_num_69_1_2809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+normale+sup%C3%A9rieure+%28Paris%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacan, Jacques. "Report on the 1964 Seminar". <a href="/wiki/Hurly-Burly_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurly-Burly (journal)"><i>Hurly-Burly</i></a> <b>5</b>, p. 17.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ballard, Adolphus & Tait, James, <i>The Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Third Republic</i>, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach, Robert</a>, <i>Notre avant-guerre</i>, <a href="/wiki/Plon" class="mw-redirect" title="Plon">Plon</a>, 1941.</li> <li>Collective, <i>Le Livre du centenaire</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>, 1895.</li> <li>Collective, <i>Notre Ecole normale</i>, <a href="/wiki/Belles_lettres" class="mw-redirect" title="Belles lettres">Belles lettres</a>, 1994.</li> <li>Collective, <i>Les Normaliens peints par eux-mêmes</i>, Chamerot et Renouard, 1895.</li> <li>Dimoff, Paul, <i>La Rue d'Ulm à la Belle époque (1899–1903)</i>, G. Thomas, 1970.</li> <li>Dufay, François & Dufort, Pierre-Bertrand, <i>Les Normaliens. De Charles Péguy à Bernard-Henri Lévy, un siècle d'histoire</i>, J.-C. Lattès, 1993.</li> <li>Ferrand, Michèle, Imbert, Françoise & Marry, Catherine, <i>L'Excellence scolaire : une affaire de famille. Le cas des normaliennes et normaliens scientifiques</i>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Harmattan" title="L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Flaceli%C3%A8re" title="Robert Flacelière">Flacelière, Robert</a>, <i>Normale en péril</i>, Presses universitaires de France, 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot, Edouard</a>, <i>Normale</i>, Société nouvelle d'édition, 1932.</li> <li>Hummel, Pascale, <i>Humanités normaliennes. L'enseignement classique et l'érudition philologique dans l'École normale supérieure au XIXe siècle</i>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Belles_Lettres" title="Les Belles Lettres">Les Belles Lettres</a>, No. 298, 1995.</li> <li>Hummel, Pascale, <i>Regards sur les études classiques au XIXe siècle. Catalogue du fonds Morante</i>, Paris, <i>Presses de l'École normale supérieure</i>, 1990.</li> <li>Hummel, Pascale, <i>Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure : sources d'archives (1794–1993)</i>, National Archives, <i>Presses de l'École normale supérieure</i>, 1995.</li> <li>Israël, Stéphane, <i>Les Études et la guerre. Les normaliens dans la tourmente</i>, <i>Éditions Rue d'Ulm</i>, 2005.</li> <li>Judson Ladd, Adoniram, <i>École normale supérieure: An Historical Sketch</i>, Herald Publications Company, Grand Forks, N.D., 1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecolenormalesup00laddrich">online text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Lanson" title="Gustave Lanson">Lanson, Gustave</a>, " L'École normale supérieure ", <i>La Revue des deux Mondes</i>, 1926. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k814437">online text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711185520/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k814437">Archived</a> 11 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Masson, Nicole, <i>L'École normale supérieure : Les chemins de la liberté</i>, collection « <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Découvertes Gallimard</a> » (nº 221), série Mémoire des lieux. <a href="/wiki/Gallimard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallimard">Gallimard</a>, 1994.</li> <li>Méchoulan, Eric & Mourier, Pierre-FrançoisÉric Méchoulan, <i>Normales Sup' : des élites pour quoi faire ?</i>, <i>L'Aube</i>, 1994.</li> <li>Nusimovici, Michel, <i>Les écoles de l'an III</i>, 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte, Alain</a>, <i>Rue d'Ulm. Chroniques de la vie normalienne</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Rolland, Romain</a>, <i>Le Cloître de la rue d'Ulm</i>, <a href="/wiki/Albin_Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, 1952.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Rosset" title="Clément Rosset">Rosset, Clément</a>, <i>En ce temps-là</i>, <a href="/wiki/Editions_de_Minuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Editions de Minuit">Minuit</a>, 1992.</li> <li>Sirinelli, Jean-François, <i>Génération intellectuelle. Khâgneux et normaliens dans l'entre-deux-guerres</i>, Fayard, 1988.</li> <li>Sirinelli, Jean-François (ed.), <i>École normale supérieure: le livre du bicentenaire</i>, <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Presses universitaires de France">Presses universitaires de France</a>, 1994.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Rennes" title="École normale supérieure de Rennes">ENS de Rennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conférence_des_Grandes_écoles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%89coles" title="Template:Conférence des Grandes Écoles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%89coles" title="Template talk:Conférence des Grandes Écoles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%89coles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conférence des Grandes Écoles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conférence_des_Grandes_écoles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_Grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Conférence des Grandes écoles">Conférence des Grandes écoles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering <i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">grandes écoles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrocampus_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrocampus Ouest">Agrocampus Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agro_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro ParisTech">Agro ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_agronomiques_de_Bordeaux_Aquitaine" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences agronomiques de Bordeaux Aquitaine">Bordeaux Sciences Agro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_biologie_appliqu%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_la_nutrition_et_%C3%A0_l%27Alimentation" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de biologie appliquée à la nutrition et à l'Alimentation">AgroSup Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimie_ParisTech" title="Chimie ParisTech">Chimie ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">CNAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_physique_%C3%A9lectronique_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon">CPE Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CY_Tech" title="CY Tech">CY Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Biologie_Industrielle" title="École de Biologie Industrielle">EBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrale_Graduate_School" title="Centrale Graduate School">École centrale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon" title="École centrale de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes" title="École centrale de Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentraleSup%C3%A9lec" title="CentraleSupélec">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Catholique_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" class="mw-redirect" title="École Catholique des Arts et Métiers">ECAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_catholique_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="École catholique des arts et métiers">ECAM Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAM_Rennes_-_Louis_de_Broglie" title="ECAM Rennes - Louis de Broglie">ECAM Rennes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_d%27%C3%A9lectronique" title="École centrale d'électronique">ECE Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École des ponts ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_l%27air" class="mw-redirect" title="École de l'air">École de l'air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_navale" title="École navale">École navale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_europ%C3%A9enne_de_chimie,_polym%C3%A8res_et_mat%C3%A9riaux" title="École européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux">ECPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFREI" title="EFREI">EFREI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESI_(Education)" title="CESI (Education)">EI Cesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralistes_La_Rochelle" title="École d'ingénieurs généralistes La Rochelle">EIGSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_la_Ville_de_Paris" title="École des ingénieurs de la Ville de Paris">EIVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_des_%C3%A9coles_des_mines" title="Groupe des écoles des mines">École des mines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Al%C3%A8s" title="École des mines d'Alès">Alès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Albi-Carmaux" title="École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux">Albi-Carmaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_de_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="École des mines de Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">Mines ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27aviation_civile" title="École nationale de l'aviation civile">ENAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_du_g%C3%A9nie_de_l%27eau_et_de_l%27environnement_de_Strasbourg" title="École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg">ENGEES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Brest" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest">ENIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Metz" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz">ENIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Saint-Etienne" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne">ENISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_techniques_des_industries_agro-alimentaires" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs des techniques des industries agro-alimentaires">ENITIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAE_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSAE ParisTech">ENSAE ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_statistique_et_de_l%27analyse_de_l%27information" title="École nationale de la statistique et de l'analyse de l'information">ENSAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27agronomie_et_des_industries_alimentaires" title="École nationale supérieure d'agronomie et des industries alimentaires">ENSAIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAIT" title="ENSAIT">ENSAIT</a></li> <li>ENSC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Lille" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Montpellier" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Mulhouse" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_de_Rennes" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes">Rennes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie,_de_biologie_et_de_physique" title="École nationale supérieure de chimie, de biologie et de physique">ENSCBP Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_de_ses_applications_(Cergy-Pontoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications (Cergy-Pontoise)">ENSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique,_informatique,_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications,_math%C3%A9matique_et_m%C3%A9canique_de_Bordeaux" title="École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématique et mécanique de Bordeaux">ENSEIRB-MATMECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9_et_de_m%C3%A9canique_de_Nancy" title="École nationale supérieure d'électricité et de mécanique de Nancy">ENSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_G%C3%A9ologie" title="École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie">ENSG-Géologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_sciences_g%C3%A9ographiques" title="École nationale des sciences géographiques">ENSG-Géomatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_en_g%C3%A9nie_des_syst%C3%A8mes_et_de_l%27innovation" title="École nationale supérieure en génie des systèmes et de l'innovation">ENSGSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_industries_chimiques_(ENSIC,_Nancy)" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques (ENSIC, Nancy)">ENSIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Caen" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Caen">ENSICAEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27informatique_pour_l%27industrie_et_l%27entreprise" title="École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise">ENSIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_Sud-Alsace" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs Sud-Alsace">ENSISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_et_de_technologie_de_Lannion" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences appliquées et de technologie de Lannion">ENSSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSTA_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ENSTA ParisTech">ENSTA ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_technologies_et_industries_du_bois" title="École nationale supérieure des technologies et industries du bois">ENSTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_travaux_publics_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="École nationale des travaux publics de l'État">ENTPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pour_l%27informatique_et_les_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es" title="École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées">EPITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPF_School_of_Engineering" title="EPF School of Engineering">EPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAM-EPMI" title="ECAM-EPMI">EPMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27agricultures_d%27Angers" title="École supérieure d'agricultures d'Angers">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_angevine_en_informatique_et_productique" title="École supérieure angevine en informatique et productique">ESAIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_du_bois" title="École supérieure du bois">ESB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_organique_et_min%C3%A9rale" title="École supérieure de chimie organique et minérale">ESCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_l%27Ouest" title="École supérieure d'électronique de l'Ouest">ESEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEA_(university)" title="ESIEA (university)">ESIEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Amiens" title="ESIEE Amiens">ESIEE Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIEE_Paris" title="ESIEE Paris">ESIEE Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIGELEC" title="ESIGELEC">ESIGELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_travaux_de_la_construction_de_Caen" title="École supérieure d'ingénieurs des travaux de la construction de Caen">ESITC Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESME-Sudria" title="ESME-Sudria">ESME-Sudria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPCI_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPCI ParisTech">ESPCI ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_techniques_a%C3%A9ronautiques_et_de_construction_automobile" title="École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile">ESTACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTIA_Institute_of_Technology" title="ESTIA Institute of Technology">ESTIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_des_Travaux_Publics" title="École Spéciale des Travaux Publics">ESTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology" title="Grenoble Institute of Technology">Grenoble INP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie,_l%27eau_et_l%27environnement" title="École nationale supérieure de l'énergie, l'eau et l'environnement">ENSE<sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27informatique_et_de_math%C3%A9matiques_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Grenoble" title="École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées de Grenoble">ENSIMAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_g%C3%A9nie_industriel" title="École nationale supérieure de génie industriel">ENSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_internationale_du_papier,_de_la_communication_imprim%C3%A9e_et_des_biomat%C3%A9riaux" title="École internationale du papier, de la communication imprimée et des biomatériaux">PAGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_physique,_%C3%A9lectronique_et_mat%C3%A9riaux" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure de physique, électronique et matériaux">PHELMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_syst%C3%A8mes_avanc%C3%A9s_et_r%C3%A9seaux" title="École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs des systèmes avancés et réseaux">ESISAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautes_%C3%A9tudes_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur" title="Hautes études d'ingénieur">HEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_catholique_d%27arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Institut catholique d'arts et métiers">ICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFP_School" title="IFP School">IFP School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">INP Toulouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ENSEEIHT" title="ENSEEIHT">ENSEEIHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_ing%C3%A9nieurs_en_arts_chimiques_et_technologiques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques">ENSIACET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Tarbes" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes">ENIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie" title="École nationale de la météorologie">ENM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_Agronomique_de_Toulouse" title="École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse">ENSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Purpan" title="École d'ingénieurs de Purpan">EIP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">INSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Centre_Val_de_Loire" title="INSA Centre Val de Loire">CVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Hauts-de-France" title="INSA Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rennes" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rouen" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Strasbourg" title="INSA Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27optique" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure d'optique">Institut d'optique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_des_sciences_avanc%C3%A9es" title="Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées">IPSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISA_Lille" title="ISA Lille">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">ISAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27automobile_et_des_transports" title="Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports">ISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27agriculture_Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Institut supérieur d'agriculture Rhône-Alpes">ISARA Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">ISEN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_du_num%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique et du numérique">Toulon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur d'électronique de Paris">ISEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27informatique_d%27Auvergne" title="Institut d'informatique d'Auvergne">ISIMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_des_mat%C3%A9riaux_du_Mans" title="Institut supérieur des matériaux du Mans">ISMANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_textile_et_chimique_de_Lyon" title="Institut textile et chimique de Lyon">ITECH Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SupAgro" class="mw-redirect" title="SupAgro">SupAgro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A9ca" title="Polyméca">Polyméca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_ENSIL-ENSCI" title="École d'ingénieurs ENSIL-ENSCI">ENSCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne">ENSTA Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_m%C3%A9canique_et_d%27a%C3%A9rotechnique" title="École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique">ENSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supm%C3%A9ca" title="Supméca">Supméca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supmicrotech" title="Supmicrotech">Supmicrotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytech_Group_(France)" title="Polytech Group (France)">Polytech Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Savoie_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Savoie de l'Université de Chambéry">Annecy-Chambéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_d%27Angers" title="École polytechnique de l'université d'Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Clermont-Auvergne" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Clermont-Auvergne">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Grenoble-Alpes" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Grenoble-Alpes">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Lille" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_Lyon-I" title="École polytechnique universitaire de l'université Lyon-I">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_d%27Aix-Marseille" title="École polytechnique universitaire d'Aix-Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Montpellier" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Lorraine" title="École Polytechnique de l'Université de Lorraine">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Nantes" title="École Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytech_Nice_Sophia" title="Polytech Nice Sophia">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecole_Polytechnique_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université d'Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Paris-Saclay" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Paris-Saclay">Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_Sorbonne_Universit%C3%A9" title="École polytechnique universitaire de Sorbonne Université">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_de_Tours" title="École polytechnique de l'université de Tours">Tours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGMA_Clermont" title="SIGMA Clermont">SIGMA Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Mines-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" title="Institut Mines-Télécom">Institut Mines-Télécom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_de_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure des télécommunications de Bretagne">Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_SudParis" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom SudParis">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TELECOM_Lille_1" title="TELECOM Lille 1">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris" title="Télécom Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci_Engineering_School" title="Leonardo da Vinci Engineering School">ESILV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Physique_Strasbourg" title="Télécom Physique Strasbourg">Télécom Physique Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilasalle" title="Unilasalle">Unilasalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">UTBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="University of Technology of Compiègne">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">UTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VetAgro_Sup" title="VetAgro Sup">VetAgro Sup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">Business schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audencia_Business_School" title="Audencia Business School">Audencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_School_of_Business" title="Burgundy School of Business">BSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDC_Paris_Business_School" title="EDC Paris Business School">EDC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDHEC_Business_School_(Ecole_des_Hautes_Etudes_Commerciales_du_Nord)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDHEC Business School (Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales du Nord)">EDHEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emlyon_Business_School" title="Emlyon Business School">Emlyon Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecole_de_Management_L%C3%A9onard_De_Vinci" title="Ecole de Management Léonard De Vinci">EMLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_management_de_Normandie" title="École de management de Normandie">EM Normandie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM_Strasbourg_Business_School" title="EM Strasbourg Business School">EM Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Bretagne_Brest" class="mw-redirect" title="ESC Bretagne Brest">ESC Bretagne Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excelia_Group" title="Excelia Group">La Rochelle BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Clermont_Business_School" title="ESC Clermont Business School">ESC Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Pau" title="École supérieure de commerce de Pau">ESC Pau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC_Rennes_School_of_Business" title="ESC Rennes School of Business">ESC Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_et_management" title="École supérieure de commerce et management">ESCEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCP_Business_School" title="ESCP Business School">ESCP Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESDES_School_of_Business_and_Management" title="ESDES School of Business and Management">ESDES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_commerciales_d%27Angers" title="École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers">ESSCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESSEC_Business_School" title="ESSEC Business School">ESSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_School_Paris" title="European Business School Paris">European Business School Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_School_of_Management" title="Grenoble School of Management">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_commerce_de_Troyes" title="Groupe École supérieure de commerce de Troyes">ESC Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_international_du_commerce_et_du_d%C3%A9veloppement" title="Institut international du commerce et du développement">ICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICN_Graduate_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="ICN Graduate Business School">ICN Graduate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IESEG_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="IESEG School of Management">IESEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEEC_Business_School" title="INSEEC Business School">INSEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPAG_Business_School" title="IPAG Business School">IPAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_du_commerce_de_Paris" title="Institut supérieur du commerce de Paris">ISC Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISG_Business_School" title="ISG Business School">ISG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEDGE_Business_School" title="KEDGE Business School">KEDGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Business_School" title="Montpellier Business School">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEOMA_Business_School" title="NEOMA Business School">NEOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Business" title="Paris School of Business">PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skema_Business_School" title="Skema Business School">Skema </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Business_School" title="Telecom Business School">Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse Business School">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSA_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="CELSA Paris">CELSA Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_formation_des_journalistes_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre de formation des journalistes de Paris">CFJ Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHESP" title="EHESP">EHESP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27administration" title="École nationale d'administration">ENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENAC_Alumni" title="ENAC Alumni">ENAC Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_formation_de_l%27enseignement_agricole" title="École nationale supérieure de formation de l'enseignement agricole">ENSFEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">ENS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">ENS Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_lettres_et_sciences_humaines" title="École normale supérieure de lettres et sciences humaines">ENS LSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" title="École normale supérieure de Lyon">ENS Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Rennes" title="École normale supérieure de Rennes">ENS Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_architecture_of_Nancy" title="School of architecture of Nancy">ENSA Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts">ENSBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_cr%C3%A9ation_industrielle" title="École nationale supérieure de création industrielle">ENSCI–Les Ateliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire_d%27Alfort" title="École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort">ENV Alfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_officiers_de_la_gendarmerie_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale">EOGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_d%27Architecture" title="École Spéciale d'Architecture">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">ESM Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_sant%C3%A9_des_arm%C3%A9es" title="École de santé des armées">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Alumni" title="HEC Alumni">HEC Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_la_Mode" title="Institut Français de la Mode">IFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire_de_Toulouse" title="École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse">INP-ENVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Intercultural_Management_and_Communication" title="Institute of Intercultural Management and Communication">ISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_design_Nantes_Atlantique" title="École de design Nantes Atlantique">École de design Nantes Atlantique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Political_Studies" title="Grenoble Institute of Political Studies">Sciences Po Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Dauphine_University" title="Paris Dauphine University">Université Paris-Dauphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes-Atlantic_National_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine,_Food_Science_and_Engineering" title="Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering">Oniris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_des_industries_et_m%C3%A9tiers_de_la_m%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie">Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fondation 2ie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Hassania_des_travaux_publics" class="mw-redirect" title="École Hassania des travaux publics">École Hassania des travaux publics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_of_Mineral_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National School of Mineral Industry">National School of Mineral Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvain_School_of_Engineering" title="Louvain School of Engineering">Louvain School of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gembloux_Agro-Bio_Tech" title="Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech">Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Lausanne" title="HEC Lausanne">HEC Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Montr%C3%A9al" title="HEC Montréal">HEC Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC_Management_School_%E2%80%93_University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="HEC Management School – University of Liège">HEC Management School – University of Liège</a></li> <li>Institut national des postes et télécommunications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnique_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Polytechnique Montréal">Polytechnique Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvay_Brussels_School_of_Economics_and_Management" title="Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management">Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis" title="Higher School of Communication of Tunis">École supérieure des communications de Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid" title="Technical University of Madrid">Technical University of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">University of Lisbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accredited degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilan_d%27aptitude_d%C3%A9livr%C3%A9_par_les_grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles">Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9" title="Mastère spécialisé">Mastère spécialisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast%C3%A8re_en_sciences" title="Mastère en sciences">MSc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_scientific_research_facilities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientific_research_in_France" title="Template:Scientific research in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientific_research_in_France" title="Template talk:Scientific research in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientific_research_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientific research in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_scientific_research_facilities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">French scientific research facilities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_scientifique,_culturel_et_professionnel" title="Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel">University-grade institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_scientifique,_culturel_et_professionnel#Different_types_of_EPSCP" title="Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel">Autonomous institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Public_Scientific_and_Technical_Research_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Public Scientific and Technical Research Establishment">Public research institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_recherche_en_sciences_et_technologies_pour_l%27environnement_et_l%27agriculture" title="Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture">IRSTEA</a> (agriculture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">CNRS</a> (fundamental sciences)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a> (demography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_recherche_agronomique" title="Institut national de la recherche agronomique">INRA</a> (agronomy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSTTAR" title="IFSTTAR">IFSTTAR</a> (transports and civil engineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">INRIA</a> (computer science and control)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inserm" title="Inserm">INSERM</a> (medicine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_for_Development" title="Research Institute for Development">IRD</a> (development)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_industriel_et_commercial" title="Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial">Public industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_Recherches_G%C3%A9ologiques_et_Mini%C3%A8res" title="Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières">BRGM</a> (geoscience)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Alternative_Energies_and_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission">CEA</a> (nuclear industry and renewables)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFREMER" title="IFREMER">IFREMER</a> (maritime applications)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONERA" title="ONERA">ONERA</a> (aerospace)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_universities_and_Grandes_Écoles_in_France_(EPSCP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EPSCP" title="Template:EPSCP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EPSCP" title="Template talk:EPSCP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EPSCP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EPSCP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_universities_and_Grandes_Écoles_in_France_(EPSCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_scientifique,_culturel_et_professionnel" title="Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel">Public universities and <i>Grandes Écoles</i> in France</a> <small>(EPSCP)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colleges and universities in France">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Picardy_Jules_Verne" title="University of Picardy Jules Verne">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Angers" title="University of Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_French_Antilles" title="University of the French Antilles">Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Artois" title="University of Artois">Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_University" title="Avignon University">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-Comté">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux" title="University of Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Montaigne_University" title="Bordeaux Montaigne University">Bordeaux Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Brittany" title="University of Western Brittany">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Brittany_University" title="Southern Brittany University">Bretagne-Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Savoie_Mont_Blanc" title="Université Savoie Mont Blanc">Chambéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Corsica_Pasquale_Paoli" title="University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli">Corse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy" title="University of Burgundy">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_%C3%89vry_Val_d%27Essonne" title="University of Évry Val d'Essonne">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre_Normandy_University" title="Le Havre Normandy University">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Guiana" title="University of French Guiana">Guyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Limoges" title="University of Limoges">Limoges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Littoral_Opal_Coast" title="University of the Littoral Opal Coast">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">Lyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1" title="Claude Bernard University Lyon 1">Lyon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2" title="Lumière University Lyon 2">Lyon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3" title="Jean Moulin University Lyon 3">Lyon 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_University" title="Le Mans University">Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University_Montpellier_3" title="Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3">Montpellier 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Upper_Alsace" title="University of Upper Alsace">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="University of Nîmes">Nîmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Caledonia" title="University of New Caledonia">Nouvelle-Calédonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="University of Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li>Paris <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Nanterre_University" title="Paris Nanterre University">Nanterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University">Panthéon-Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Nouvelle_University_Paris_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3">Sorbonne Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_North_University" title="Sorbonne Paris North University">Sorbonne Paris North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" title="Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis">Paris 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Paris-East Créteil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pau_and_the_Adour_Region" title="University of Pau and the Adour Region">Pau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Perpignan_Via_Domitia" title="University of Perpignan Via Domitia">Perpignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_French_Polynesia" title="University of French Polynesia">Polynésie française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reims_Champagne-Ardenne" title="University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne">Reims</a></li> <li>Rennes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rennes_2_University" title="Rennes 2 University">Rennes 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reunion_Island" title="University of Reunion Island">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle_University" title="La Rochelle University">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rouen_Normandy" title="University of Rouen Normandy">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet_University" title="Jean Monnet University">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulon" title="University of Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">Toulouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse-Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_III_-_Paul_Sabatier_University" title="Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University">Paul Sabatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">INPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tours" title="University of Tours">Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Versailles_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" title="University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines">Versailles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">Collegiate universities <small>(EPE)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Paris <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_2_Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University">Assas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris_Cit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris Cité">Cité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Saclay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_Auvergne_University" title="Clermont Auvergne University">Clermont-Ferrand</a></li> <li>Toulouse <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Capitole_University" title="Toulouse Capitole University">Capitole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes" title="University of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CY_Cergy_Paris_University" title="CY Cergy Paris University">Cergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li> Nice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Côte d'Azur">Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel_University" title="Gustave Eiffel University">Gustave Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Hauts-de-France" title="Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France">Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">PSL University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Dauphine_University" title="Paris Dauphine University">Dauphine University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lorraine" title="University of Lorraine">University of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Alpes_University" title="Grenoble Alpes University">Grenoble Alpes University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">Grandes écoles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grands_%C3%A9tablissements" title="Grands établissements">Grands établissements</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institutes_(France)" title="National Polytechnic Institutes (France)">Institutes of Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology" title="Grenoble Institute of Technology">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Lorraine" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Toulouse" title="National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Bordeaux" title="Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Clermont-Auvergne" title="Polytechnic Institute of Clermont-Auvergne">Clermont-Auvergne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agro_ParisTech" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro ParisTech">Agro ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers_ParisTech" title="Arts et Métiers ParisTech">Arts et Métiers ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentraleSup%C3%A9lec" title="CentraleSupélec">CentraleSupélec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École des ponts ParisTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Chartes" title="École Nationale des Chartes">École Nationale des Chartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_sciences_de_l%27information_et_des_biblioth%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques">ENSSIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_maritime" title="École nationale supérieure maritime">École nationale supérieure maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École pratique des hautes études">École pratique des hautes études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHESP" title="EHESP">EHESP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSEP" title="INSEP">INSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Physique_du_Globe_de_Paris" title="Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris">Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro" title="Institut Agro">Institut Agro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro_Dijon" title="Institut Agro Dijon">Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_agro_Montpellier" title="Institut agro Montpellier">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Agro_Rennes-Angers" title="Institut Agro Rennes-Angers">Rennes-Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Mines-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" title="Institut Mines-Télécom">Institut Mines-Télécom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris" title="Télécom Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_SudParis" title="Télécom SudParis">Évry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Albi-Carmaux" title="École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux">Albi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_mines_d%27Al%C3%A8s" title="École des mines d'Alès">Alès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMT_Atlantique" title="IMT Atlantique">Brest-Rennes-Nantes-Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Mines_de_Douai" title="École des Mines de Douai">Lille-Douai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27histoire_de_l%27art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national d'histoire de l'art">Institut national d'histoire de l'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_langues_et_civilisations_orientales" title="Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales">Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27a%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27espace" title="Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace">Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VetAgro_Sup" title="VetAgro Sup">VetAgro Sup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">National Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes-Atlantic_National_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine,_Food_Science_and_Engineering" title="Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering">Oniris Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_for_Advanced_Studies_in_the_Social_Sciences" title="School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences">School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Centrale_Graduate_School" title="Centrale Graduate School">Écoles centrales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon" title="École centrale de Lyon">École centrale de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="École centrale de Marseille">École centrale de Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes" title="École centrale de Nantes">École centrale de Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Centrale_Paris" title="École Centrale Paris">École Centrale Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées">Institut national<br /> des sciences appliquées</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Centre_Val_de_Loire" title="INSA Centre Val de Loire">Centre Val-de-Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Euro-M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="INSA Euro-Méditerranée">Euro-Méditerranée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Hauts-de-France" title="INSA Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rennes" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Rouen" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Rouen">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSA_Strasbourg" title="INSA Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Toulouse" title="Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of technology">Universities of Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_technologie_de_Belfort-Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard">Belfort-Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="University of Technology of Compiègne">Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_of_Troyes" title="University of Technology of Troyes">Troyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">Écoles normales supérieures</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">École normale supérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay" title="École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay">École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon" title="École normale supérieure de Lyon">École normale supérieure de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Rennes" title="École normale supérieure de Rennes">École normale supérieure de Rennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em"><a href="/wiki/Instituts_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques" title="Instituts d'études politiques">Institutes of Political Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Aix" title="Sciences Po Aix">Aix-en-Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Bordeaux" title="Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble">Grenoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'études politiques de Lille">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Lyon" title="Institut d'études politiques de Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Rennes" title="Institut d'études politiques de Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Toulouse" title="Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Fontainebleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne">École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne (ENISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENSAIT" title="ENSAIT">ENSAIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_travaux_publics_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="École nationale des travaux publics de l'État">ENTPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supm%C3%A9ca" title="Supméca">Supméca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_universities_and_institutions_(France)" title="Groups of universities and institutions (France)">University systems (groups)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burgundy_-_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté">University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">University of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy University">Normandy University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris-Est">Paris-Est Sup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_Cit%C3%A9_University_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Paris Cité University (group)">Sorbonne Paris Cité Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Toulouse_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées">Federal University of Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_in_France" title="Category:Universities in France">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_France" title="List of universities and colleges in France">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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