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This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Video of higher resolution than original television}} {{About||high-definition video in broadcasting|High-definition television|other uses|High definition (disambiguation)|and|HD (disambiguation)}} '''High-definition video''' ('''HD video''') is [[video]] of higher [[display resolution|resolution]] and quality than [[Standard-definition television|standard-definition]]. While there is no standardized meaning for ''high-definition'', generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical [[scan line]]s (North America) or 576 vertical lines (Europe) is considered high-definition.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} 480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly exceed that. Images of standard resolution captured at rates faster than normal (60 frames/second North America, 50 fps Europe), by a [[high-speed camera]] may be considered high-definition in some contexts. Some television series shot on high-definition video are made to look as if they have been shot on [[Movie camera|film]], a technique which is often known as [[Film look|filmizing]]. == History == The first electronic scanning format, [[405-line television system|405 lines]], was the first ''high definition'' television system, since the mechanical systems it replaced had far fewer. From 1939, Europe and the US tried 605 and [[441-line television system|441 lines]] until, in 1941, the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] mandated 525 for the US. In wartime France, [[René Barthélemy]] tested higher resolutions, up to 1,042. In late 1949, official French transmissions finally began with [[Analog high-definition television system#French 819-line system|819]]. In 1984, however, this standard was abandoned for 625-line color on the [[TF1]] network. === Analog === {{Further|Analog high-definition television system}} Modern HD specifications date to the early 1980s, when Japanese engineers developed the HighVision 1,125-line interlaced TV standard (also called [[Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding|MUSE]]) that ran at 60 frames per second. The [[Sony HDVS]] system was presented at an international meeting of television engineers in [[Algiers]], April 1981 and Japan's [[NHK]] presented its analog [[high-definition television]] (HDTV) system at a Swiss conference in 1983. The NHK system was standardized in the United States as [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers]] (SMPTE) standard #240M in the early 1990s, but abandoned later on when it was replaced by a DVB analog standard. HighVision video is still usable for HDTV video interchange, but there is almost no modern equipment available to perform this function. Attempts at implementing HighVision as a 6&nbsp;MHz broadcast channel were mostly unsuccessful. All attempts at using this format for terrestrial TV transmission were abandoned by the mid-1990s.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Europe developed [[HD-MAC]] (1,250 lines, 50&nbsp;Hz), a member of the [[Multiplexed Analogue Components|MAC]] family of hybrid analogue/digital video standards; however, it never took off as a terrestrial video transmission format. HD-MAC was never designated for video interchange except by the [[European Broadcasting Union]]. === Digital === High-definition [[digital video]] was not possible with [[uncompressed video]] due to impractically high [[computer memory|memory]] and [[bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] requirements, with a [[bit rate]] exceeding {{val|1|ul=Gbit/s}} for [[1080p]] video.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Jack |title=Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems: Architecture, Design, Analysis and Implementation |date=2005 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9780470857649 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fuvu52cyNEC&pg=PA25}}</ref> Digital [[High-definition television|HDTV]] was enabled by the development of [[discrete cosine transform]] (DCT) [[video compression]].<ref name="Shishikui">{{cite journal |last1=Shishikui |first1=Yoshiaki |last2=Nakanishi |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Imaizumi |first3=Hiroyuki |title=An HDTV Coding Scheme using Adaptive-Dimension DCT |journal=Signal Processing of HDTV: Proceedings of the International Workshop on HDTV '93, Ottawa, Canada |date=October 26–28, 1993 |pages=611–618 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9XSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA611 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=9781483298511}}</ref> The DCT is a [[lossy compression]] technique that was first proposed by [[Nasir Ahmed (engineer)|Nasir Ahmed]] in 1972,<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Nasir |author-link=N. Ahmed |title=How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform |journal=[[Digital Signal Processing (journal)|Digital Signal Processing]] |date=January 1991 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z |bibcode=1991DSP.....1....4A |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/52879771/DCT-History-How-I-Came-Up-with-the-Discrete-Cosine-Transform}}</ref> and was later adapted into a [[Motion compensation|motion-compensated]] DCT algorithm for [[video coding format]]s such as the H.26x formats from the [[Video Coding Experts Group]] from 1988 onwards and the [[Moving Picture Experts Group|MPEG]] formats from 1993 onwards.<ref name="Ghanbari">{{cite book |last1=Ghanbari |first1=Mohammed |title=Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding |date=2003 |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |isbn=9780852967102 |pages=1–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref name="Li">{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Jian Ping |title=Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing: Chongqing, China, 29-31 August 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812709998 |page=847 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZiK3zXdK7sC&pg=PA847}}</ref> Motion-compensated DCT compression significantly reduced the amount of memory and bandwidth required for digital video, capable of achieving a [[data compression ratio]] of around 100:1 compared to uncompressed video.<ref name="Lea">{{cite book |last1=Lea |first1=William |title=Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68 |date=1994 |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |url=https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920082623/https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the early 1990s, DCT video compression had been widely adopted as the video coding standard for HDTV.<ref name="Shishikui"/> The current high-definition video standards in North America were developed during the course of the advanced television process initiated by the Federal Communications Commission in 1987 at the request of American broadcasters. In essence, the end of the 1980s was a death knell for most analog high definition technologies that had developed up to that time. The FCC process, led by the [[Advanced Television Systems Committee]] (ATSC) adopted a [[ATSC standards|range of standards]] from interlaced 1,080-line video (a technical descendant of the original analog NHK 1125/30&nbsp;Hz system) with a maximum frame rate of 30&nbsp;Hz, (60 fields per second) and 720-line video, progressively scanned, with a maximum frame rate of 60&nbsp;Hz. In the end, however, the [[DVB]] standard of resolutions (1080, 720, 480) and respective frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard in 1996 (which included both [[High-definition television|HD]] and [[Standard-definition television|SD video]] standards). In the early 2000s, it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future. However, both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high-definition video{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} that preclude the interoperability that was hoped for after decades of largely non-interoperable analog TV broadcasting. == Technical details == [[Image:Vector Video Standards2.svg|thumb|This chart shows the most [[List of common display resolutions|common display resolutions]], with the color of each resolution type indicating the display ratio (e.g., red indicates a 4:3 ratio). ]] High definition video (prerecorded and broadcast) is defined threefold, by: * ''The number of lines in the vertical [[display resolution]]''. High-definition television (HDTV) resolution is 1,080 or 720 lines. In contrast, regular [[digital television]] (DTV) is 480 lines (upon which NTSC is based, 480 visible scanlines out of 525) or 576 lines (upon which PAL/SECAM are based, 576 visible scanlines out of 625). However, since HD is broadcast digitally, its introduction sometimes coincides with the introduction of DTV. Additionally, current DVD quality is not high-definition, although the high-definition disc systems [[Blu-ray]] Disc and the [[HD DVD]] are. * ''The scanning system: [[progressive scan]]ning (p) or [[Interlaced video|interlaced scanning]] (i)''. ''Progressive scanning (p)'' redraws an image frame (all of its lines) when refreshing each image, for example 720p/1080p. ''Interlaced scanning (i)'' draws the image field every other line or ''odd-numbered'' lines during the first image refresh operation, and then draws the remaining ''even numbered'' lines during a second refreshing, for example 1080i. Interlaced scanning yields  image resolution if subject is not moving, but loses up to half of the resolution and suffers ''combing'' artifacts when subject is moving. * ''The number of frames or fields per second ([[Hertz|Hz]]). In Europe more common (50 Hz) television broadcasting system and in USA (60 Hz)''. The 720p60 format is 1,280&nbsp;×&nbsp;720 [[pixel]]s, progressive encoding with 60 frames per second (60&nbsp;Hz). The 1080i50/1080i60 format is 1920&nbsp;×&nbsp;1080 pixels, interlaced encoding with 50/60 fields, (50/60&nbsp;Hz) per second. Two interlaced fields formulate a single frame, because the two fields of one frame are temporally shifted. Frame [[telecine|pulldown]] and segmented frames are special techniques that allow transmitting full frames by means of interlaced video stream. Often, the rate is inferred from the context, usually assumed to be either 50&nbsp;Hz (Europe) or 60&nbsp;Hz (USA), except for [[1080p]], which denotes 1080p24, 1080p25, and 1080p30, but also 1080p50 and 1080p60. A [[Frame rate|frame]] or field rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second and 50i means 25 progressive frames per second, consisting of 50 interlaced fields per second. Most HDTV systems support some standard resolutions and frame or field rates. The most common are noted below. High-definition signals require a high-definition television or computer monitor in order to be viewed. High-definition video has an aspect ratio of 16:9 (1.78:1). The aspect ratio of regular widescreen film shot today is typically 1.85:1 or 2.39:1 (sometimes traditionally quoted at 2.35:1). Standard-definition television (SDTV) has a 4:3 (1.33:1) aspect ratio, although in recent years many broadcasters have transmitted programs ''squeezed'' horizontally in 16:9 [[Anamorphic widescreen|anamorphic format]], in hopes that the viewer has a 16:9 set which stretches the image out to normal-looking proportions, or a set which ''squishes'' the image vertically to present a ''letterbox'' view of the image, again with correct proportions. The EU defines HD resolution as 1920 x 1080 pixels or 2 073 600 pixels and UHD resolution as 3840 x 2160 pixels or 8 294 400 pixels.<ref>{{CELEX|32021R0341|text=Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/341 of 23 February 2021 amending Regulations (EU) 2019/424, (EU) 2019/1781, (EU) 2019/2019, (EU) 2019/2020, (EU) 2019/2021, (EU) 2019/2022, (EU) 2019/2023 and (EU) 2019/2024 with regard to ecodesign requirements for servers and data storage products, electric motors and variable speed drives, refrigerating appliances, light sources and separate control gears, electronic displays, household dishwashers, household washing machines and household washer-dryers and refrigerating appliances with a direct sales function}}</ref> === Common high-definition video modes === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%;" |- align=left ! Video mode ! Frame size in pixels (W×H) ! Pixels per image<sup>1</sup> ! Scanning type ! Frame rate ([[Hertz|Hz]]) |- | [[720p|720p (also known as HD Ready)]] | 1,280×720 | 921,600 | [[Progressive scan|Progressive]] | 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60, 72 |- | [[1080i|1080i (also known as Full HD)]] | 1,920×1,080 | 2,073,600 | [[Interlaced video|Interlaced]] | 25 (50 fields/s), 29.97 (59.94 fields/s), 30 (60 fields/s) |- | [[1080p|1080p (also known as Full HD)]] | 1,920×1,080 | 2,073,600 | [[Progressive scan|Progressive]] | 24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97), 50, 60 (59.94) |- | [[1440p|1440p (also known as Quad HD)]] | 2,560×1,440 | 3,686,400 | [[Progressive scan|Progressive]] | 24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97), 50, 60 (59.94) |} === Ultra high-definition video modes === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%;" |- align=left ! Video mode ! Frame size in pixels (W×H) ! Pixels per image<sup>1</sup> ! Scanning type ! Frame rate ([[Hertz|Hz]]) |- | [[Digital cinema|2000]] | 2,048×1,536 | 3,145,728 | [[Progressive scan|Progressive]] | 24, 30, 60 |- | [[Ultra-high-definition television|2160p (also known as 4K UHD)]] | 3,840×2,160 | 8,294,400 | [[Progressive scan|Progressive]] | 60, 120 |- | [[Red Digital Cinema|2540p]] | 4,520×2,540 | 11,480,800 | [[Progressive scan|Progressive]] | 24, 30, 60 |- | [[4K resolution|4000p]] | 4,096×3,072 | 12,582,912 | [[Progressive scan|Progressive]] | 24, 30, 60 |- | [[Ultra-high-definition television|4320p (also known as 8K UHD)]] | 7,680×4,320 | 33,177,600 | [[Progressive scan|Progressive]] | 60, 120 |} Note: <sup>1</sup> Image is either a frame or, in case of interlaced scanning, two fields (EVEN and ODD). Also, there are less common but still popular [[Ultrawide formats|UltraWide]] resolutions, such as 2560×1080p (1080p UltraWide). There is also a WQHD+ option for some of these. == HD content == {{Update|part=section|date=March 2024}} High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc ([[Blu-ray|BD]]), digital cameras, Internet downloads, and video game consoles. * Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over [[Video Graphics Array|VGA]], [[Digital Visual Interface|DVI]], [[HDMI]] and/or [[DisplayPort]]. * The optical disc standard [[Blu-ray Disc]] can provide enough digital storage to store hours of HD video content. Digital Versatile Discs or DVDs (that hold 4.7 [[Gigabyte|GB]] for a Single layer or 8.5&nbsp;GB for a double layer), are not always up to the challenge of today's high-definition (HD) sets. Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information, like a Blu-ray Disc (which hold 25&nbsp;GB in single layer form and 50&nbsp;GB for double layer) or the now-defunct High Definition Digital Versatile Discs (HD DVDs) which held 15&nbsp;GB or 30&nbsp;GB in, respectively, single and double layer variations. Blu-ray Discs were jointly developed by 9 initial partners including Sony and Phillips (which jointly developed CDs for audio), and Pioneer (which developed its own Laser-disc previously with some success) among others. HD DVD discs were primarily developed by Toshiba and NEC with some backing from Microsoft, Warner Bros., Hewlett Packard, and others. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it was abandoning the format and would discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD DVD players and drives. === Types of recorded media === The high resolution [[photographic film]] used for cinema projection is exposed at the rate of 24 frames per second but usually projected at 48, each frame getting projected twice helping to minimise flicker. One exception to this was the 1986 [[National Film Board of Canada]] short film ''[[Momentum (1992 film)|Momentum]]'', which briefly experimented with both filming and projecting at 48 frame/s, in a process known as [[IMAX#HD|IMAX HD]]. Depending upon available bandwidth and the amount of detail and movement in the image, the optimum format for video transfer is either 720p24 or 1080p24. When shown on television in PAL system countries, film must be projected at the rate of 25 frames per second by accelerating it by 4.1 percent. In NTSC standard countries, the projection rate is 30 frames per second, using a technique called 3:2 pull-down. One film frame is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second), and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second) and then the process is repeated, thus achieving the correct film projection rate with two film frames shown in one twelfth of a second. {{See also|Telecine|Deinterlacing}} Older (pre-HDTV) recordings on video tape such as [[Betacam]] SP are often either in the form 480i60 or 576i50. These may be upconverted to a higher resolution format, but removing the interlace to match the common [[720p]] format may distort the picture or require filtering which actually reduces the resolution of the final output. Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings are recorded in either the 720p or the [[1080i]] format. The format used is set by the broadcaster (if for television broadcast). In general, 720p is more accurate with fast action, because it progressively scans frames, instead of the 1080i, which uses interlaced fields and thus might degrade the resolution of fast images. 720p is used more for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because computer monitors progressively scan; 720p video has lower storage-decoding requirements than either the 1080i or the 1080p. This is also the medium for high-definition broadcasts around the world and 1080p is used for [[Blu-ray]] movies. === HD in filmmaking === Film as a medium has inherent limitations, such as difficulty of viewing footage while recording, and suffers other problems, caused by poor film development/processing, or poor monitoring systems. Given that there is increasing use of computer-generated or computer-altered imagery in movies, and that editing picture sequences is often done digitally, some directors have shot their movies using the HD format via high-end digital video cameras. While the quality of HD video is very high compared to SD video, and offers improved signal/noise ratios against comparable sensitivity film, film remains able to resolve more image detail than current HD video formats. In addition some films have a wider dynamic range (ability to resolve extremes of dark and light areas in a scene) than even the best HD cameras. Thus the most persuasive arguments for the use of HD are currently cost savings on film stock and the ease of transfer to editing systems for special effects. Depending on the year and format in which a movie was filmed, the exposed image can vary greatly in size. Sizes range from as big as 24&nbsp;mm × 36&nbsp;mm for [[VistaVision]]/[[Technirama]] 8 perforation cameras (same as 35&nbsp;mm still photo film) going down through 18&nbsp;mm&nbsp;×&nbsp;24&nbsp;mm for Silent Films or Full Frame 4 perforations cameras to as small as 9&nbsp;mm&nbsp;×&nbsp;21&nbsp;mm in Academy Sound Aperture cameras modified for the Techniscope 2 perforation format. Movies are also produced using other [[film gauge]]s, including [[70 mm film]]s (22&nbsp;mm&nbsp;×&nbsp;48&nbsp;mm) or the rarely used 55&nbsp;mm and [[Cinerama|CINERAMA]]. The four major [[List of motion picture film formats|film formats]] provide pixel resolutions (calculated from pixels per millimeter) roughly as follows: * Academy Sound (Sound movies before 1955): 15&nbsp;mm × 21&nbsp;mm (1.375) = 2,160&nbsp;×&nbsp;2,970 * Academy camera US Widescreen: 11&nbsp;mm × 21&nbsp;mm (1.85) = 1,605 × 2,970 * Current Anamorphic Panavision ("Scope"): 17.5&nbsp;mm × 21&nbsp;mm (2.39) = 2,485&nbsp;×&nbsp;2,970 * Super-35 for Anamorphic prints: 10&nbsp;mm × 24&nbsp;mm (2.39) = 1,420&nbsp;×&nbsp;3,390 In the process of making prints for exhibition, this negative is copied onto other film (negative → interpositive → internegative → print) causing the resolution to be reduced with each emulsion copying step and when the image passes through a lens (for example, on a projector). In many cases, the resolution can be reduced down to 1/6 of the original negative's resolution (or worse).{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Note that resolution values for 70&nbsp;mm film are higher than those listed above. === HD on the World Wide Web/HD streaming === Many online video streaming, on-demand and digital download services offer HD video. Due to heavy compression, the image detail produced by these formats can be far below that of broadcast HD, and often even inferior to [[DVD-Video]] (3-9&nbsp;Mbit/s MP2) [[video scaler|upscaled]] to the same image size.<ref name="fake HD">{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/why-hd-movie-downloads-are-a-big-lie/|title=Why HD movie downloads are a big lie|date=2007-05-31|access-date=2010-06-28|publisher=Ziff-Davis}}</ref> The following is a chart of numerous online services and their HD offering: ==== World Wide Web HD resolutions ==== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%;" |- align=left ! Source ! Codec ! Highest resolution (W×H) ! Total bit rate/bandwidth ! Video bit rate ! Audio bit rate |- | [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Video]]<ref group="note">Formerly "Amazon Unbox", which now refers to a video player software, and later "Amazon Video on Demand".</ref> | [[VC-1]]<ref name="Amazon.com - Codec">{{cite web|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=903244&highlight=|title=Amazon.com -- News Release|date=2006-09-07|access-date=2009-10-16|quote=...using the ultra-efficient VC-1 Advanced Profile codec.}}</ref> | 1280×720<ref name="Amazon.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=3748&#speed|title=Amazon.com: Help > Digital Products > Amazon Video On Demand|website=Amazon|access-date=2009-10-16|quote=Our 2.5 Mbps HD files are streamed in high-quality 720p resolution.}}</ref> | 2.5-6&nbsp;Mbit/s | | |- | [[BBC iPlayer]] | [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264]]<ref name="BBC iPlayer - Misc">{{cite web|url=http://iplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk/help/about_bbc_iplayer/hd_bbciplayer|title=What do I need to know about HD on BBC iPlayer?|publisher=BBC|quote=We use h.264 with a bitrate of 3.2&nbsp;Mbps and 192&nbsp;kbps audio|access-date=2014-02-11|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222060217/http://iplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk/help/about_bbc_iplayer/hd_bbciplayer|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1280×720<ref name="BBC iPlayer - Resolution">{{cite web|url=http://iplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk/help/about_bbc_iplayer/hd_bbciplayer|title=What do I need to know about HD on BBC iPlayer?|publisher=BBC|quote=In order to be classed as "true" high definition, we encode in at least 1280x720 resolution, or 720p.|access-date=2014-02-11|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222060217/http://iplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk/help/about_bbc_iplayer/hd_bbciplayer|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="note">During live events "BBC iPlayer" streams have a resolution of 1024×576.</ref> | 3.2&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref name="BBC iPlayer - Misc"/> | 3&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref name="BBC iPlayer - Misc"/> | 192&nbsp;kbit/s<ref name="BBC iPlayer - Misc"/> |- | [[TalkTalk TV Store|blinkbox]] | | 1280×720 | 2.25&nbsp;Mbit/s (SD) and 4.5&nbsp;Mbit/s (HD) | 2.25 - 4.5&nbsp;Mbit/s | 192&nbsp;kbit/s |- | [[Blockbuster (retailer)#Online rentals|Blockbuster Online]] | | 1280×720 | | | |- | CBS.com/[[TV.com]] | | 1920×1080<ref name="CBS.com Video">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.com/hd/sys_requirements.shtml|title=CBS.com - HD Video - System Requirements|access-date=2009-10-16|publisher=CBS.com}}</ref> | 3.5&nbsp;Mbit/s and 2.5&nbsp;Mbits (720p)<ref name="CBS.com Video"/> | |- | [[Dacast]] | [[VP6]], [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264]]<ref name="Dacast - Codec">{{cite web|url=https://www.dacast.com/blog/streaming-protocols//|title=Streaming Protocols for Flash, RTMP, H.264 & VP6|access-date=2011-11-30|publisher=Dacast}}</ref> | Unknown | 5&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref name="Dacast - Bandwidth">{{cite web|url=https://www.dacast.com/blog/streaming-media-solutions-with-low-latency-integrated-option/|title=Live Streaming Solution|access-date=2011-11-30|publisher=Dacast}}</ref> | | |- | [[Hulu]] | [[VP6|On2 Flash VP6]]<ref name="Hulu Video - Codec">{{cite web|url=http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026201922/http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-26|title=Hulu - About|access-date=2009-10-16|publisher=Hulu|quote=Hulu videos are streamed as Flash video files (FLV files). These files are encoded using the On2 Flash VP6 codec...}}</ref> | 1280×720<ref name="Hulu Video - Resolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026201922/http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-26|title=Hulu - About|access-date=2009-10-16|publisher=Hulu|quote=HD videos on Hulu are streamed at 1280 x 720 resolution.}}</ref> | 2.5&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref name="Hulu Video - Bandwidth">{{cite web|url=http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026201922/http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-26|title=Hulu - About|access-date=2009-10-16|publisher=Hulu|quote=Hulu currently supports four different streams including 480kbps, 700kbps, 1,000kbps (an H.264 encode that is not on On2 VP6) and 2.5Mbps.}}</ref> | | |- | [[iTunes]]/[[Apple TV]] | [[QuickTime]] [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264]]<ref name="iTunes - Resolution">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/itunes/inside-itunes/2012/03/movies-now-available-on-icloud.html|title=Video quality reference table from best to worst}}</ref> | 1920×1080<ref name="iTunes - Resolution"/> | | | |- | [[MetaCDN]] | [[MPEG-4]], [[Flash Video|FLV]], [[Ogg|OGG]], [[WebM]], [[3GP and 3G2|3GP]]<ref name="MetaCDN Technical Specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacdn.com/technical-specs.jsp|title=MetaCDN Technical Specs|access-date=2014-08-20|publisher=MetaCDN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820214117/http://www.metacdn.com/technical-specs.jsp|archive-date=2014-08-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> | No Limit<ref name="MetaCDN Resolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacdn.com/live-streaming-prices |title=Live Streaming Service|access-date=2014-08-20|publisher=MetaCDN}}</ref> | | | |- | [[Netflix]] | [[VC-1]]<ref name="Netflix - Codec">{{cite web|url=http://blog.netflix.com/2008/11/encoding-for-streaming.html|title=The Official Netflix Blog: Encoding for streaming|date=2008-11-06|access-date=2009-10-16|last=Hunt|first=Neil|publisher=Netflix|quote=...but settled on second-generation HD encodes with VC1AP}}</ref> | 3840×2160<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/stream-4k-netflix-windows-10/|title=You Can Now Stream 4K Netflix on Windows 10|newspaper=MakeUseOf|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> | 25&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/306|title=Internet Connection Speed Recommendations|website=Help Center|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> | 2.6&nbsp;Mbit/s and 3.8&nbsp;Mbit/s (1080p)<ref name="Netflix - Video Bit Rate">{{cite web|url=http://blog.netflix.com/2008/11/encoding-for-streaming.html|title=The Official Netflix Blog: Encoding for streaming|date=2008-11-06|access-date=2009-10-16|last=Hunt|first=Neil|publisher=Netflix|quote=second-generation HD encodes ... at 2600kbps and 3800kbps}}</ref> | |- | [[PlayStation Video]] | [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]]<ref name="PSN Video">{{cite web|url=http://www.edn.com/blog/400000040/post/910030091.html|title=Online Video Content Distribution: Sony's PlayStation 3 Enters The Ring (Albeit With A Sound-Hampered Hand Tied Behind Its Back)|access-date=2009-10-16|last=Dipert|first=Brian|date=2008-07-17|publisher=EDN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104606/http://www.edn.com/blog/400000040/post/910030091.html|archive-date=2008-09-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1920×1080<ref name="PSN Video"/> | | 8&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref name="PSN Video"/> | 256&nbsp;kbit/s<ref name="PSN Video"/> |- | [[Vimeo]] | [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264]]<ref name="Vimeo - Codec">{{cite web|url=http://staging.vimeo.com/help/compression|title=Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo|access-date=2009-10-16|publisher=Vimeo|quote=For best results, we recommend using H.264 (sometimes referred to as MP4) for the video codec and AAC (short for Advanced Audio Codec) for the audio codec.}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | 1920×1080<ref name="Vimeo - Resolution">{{cite web|url=http://staging.vimeo.com/help/compression|title=Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo|access-date=2009-10-16|publisher=Vimeo|quote=640x480 for standard definition 4:3 video, 853x480 for widescreen DV, or 1920x1080 for high definition.}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | | 4&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref name="Vimeo - Video Bit Rate">{{cite web|url=http://staging.vimeo.com/help/compression|title=Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo|access-date=2009-10-16|publisher=Vimeo|quote=Use 2000 kbits/sec for standard definition 4:3 video, 3000 kbits/sec for widescreen DV, or 5000 kbits/sec for high definition footage.}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | 320&nbsp;kbit/s<ref name="Vimeo - Audio Bit Rate">{{cite web|url=http://staging.vimeo.com/help/compression|title=Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo|access-date=2009-10-16|publisher=Vimeo|quote=You'll want to set the bit rate to 320&nbsp;kbps and the sample rate to 44.100 kHz.}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | [[Vudu]] | [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264]]<ref name="Vudu - Codec">{{cite web|url=http://www.hdtvmagazine.com/columns/2008/02/showdown_apple_tv_vs_vudu.php |title=Showdown: Apple TV vs. VUDU |access-date=2009-11-05 |last=Sturgeon |first=Shane |date=2008-02-21 |publisher=HDTV Magazine |quote=...all HD content is ... encoded with H.264 High Profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073251/http://hdtvmagazine.com/columns/2008/02/showdown_apple_tv_vs_vudu.php |archive-date=2008-05-12 }}</ref> | 1920×1080<ref name="Vudu - Resolution">{{cite web|url=http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/|title=Streaming Requirements|access-date=2010-02-09|publisher=Vudu|quote=HDX (1080p)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129025409/http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/|archive-date=2010-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 4.5&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref name="Vudu - Bandwidth">{{cite web|url=http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/|title=Streaming Requirements|access-date=2010-02-09|publisher=Vudu|quote=HDX (1080p) requires 4500 kbps|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129025409/http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/|archive-date=2010-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> | | |- | [[Xbox Video]]<ref group="note">Formerly "Xbox Live Marketplace Video Store", but replaced by "[[Xbox Music|Xbox Video]]" in 2012.</ref> | | 1920×1080<ref name="Xbox Video">{{cite web|title=XBox Video|url=http://xbox.com/video|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027001642/http://xbox.com/video|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2012|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> | | | |- | [[YouTube]] | [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]], [[VP9]], [[AV1]] | 7680×4320 | | | |} {{reflist|group="note"}} === HD in video surveillance === Since the late 2000s a considerably large number of security camera manufacturers have started to produce HD cameras. The need for high resolution, color fidelity, and [[frame rate]] is acute for surveillance purposes to ensure that the quality of the video output is of an acceptable standard that can be used both for preventative surveillance as well as for evidence purposes.<ref name="High Megapixel Cameras – It's Not Just About Quality">{{cite web|url=https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/91615-high-megapixel-cameras-its-not-just-about-quality |title=High Megapixel Cameras – It's Not Just About Quality |access-date=2020-01-28|publisher=SecurityMagazine}}</ref> Although, HD cameras can be highly effective indoor, special industries with outdoor environments called for a need to produce much higher resolutions for effective coverage. The ever-evolving [[image sensor]] technologies allowed manufacturers to develop cameras with 10-20 MP resolutions, which therefore have become efficient instruments to monitor larger areas. In order to further increase the resolution of security cameras, some manufacturers developed multi-sensor cameras. Within these devices several sensor-lens combinations produce the images, which are later merged during [[Digital image processing|image processing]].<ref name="3 Ways Multi-Sensor Cameras Alter the Video Surveillance Landscape">{{cite web|url=https://www.securityinfowatch.com/video-surveillance/article/12413917/3-ways-multisensor-cameras-alter-the-video-surveillance-landscape |title=3 Ways Multi-Sensor Cameras Alter the Video Surveillance Landscape |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=2018-06-15|publisher=SecurityInfoWatch}}</ref> These security cameras are able to deliver even hundreds of [[Pixel#Megapixel|megapixels]] with motion picture frame rate. Such high resolutions, however, requires special recording, storage and also video stream display technologies. === HD in video gaming === Both the [[PlayStation 3]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.us.playstation.com/ps3/about/specs| title=PlayStation 3 Technical Specifications| publisher=SCEA| access-date=January 14, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080113173737/http://www.us.playstation.com/ps3/about/specs |archive-date = January 13, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Xbox 360]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2006/10/8108/|title=Microsoft prepares major update to Xbox Live|last=Reimer|first=Jeremy|work=[[Ars Technica]]|date=October 30, 2006|accessdate=January 26, 2023}}</ref> [[Video game console|game consoles]] can output native 1080p through [[HDMI]] or component cables, but the systems have few games which appear in 1080p; most games only run natively at 720p or less but can be upscaled to 1080p. Visually, native 1080p produces a sharper and clearer picture compared to upscaled 1080p.{{fact|date=January 2023}} The [[Wii]] does not support HD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Iwata Asks: E3 2011 Special Edition |url=https://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/news/iwata/iwata_asks_special_edition_wii_u_43781_43761.html |access-date=June 9, 2011 |website=[[Nintendo]] |page=7 |archive-date=April 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421032134/http://www.nintendo.co.uk/Iwata-Asks/Iwata-Asks-E3-2011-Special-Edition-Wii-U/E3-2011-Special-Edition-Wii-U/1-Looking-Beyond-Wii/1-Looking-Beyond-Wii-205181.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[Eighth generation of video game consoles|8th generation]], Nintendo's [[Wii U]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/nintendo-wii-u-supports-1080p-cpu-and-gpu-revealed|title=Nintendo Wii U supports 1080p, CPU and GPU confirmed|last=Yin-Poole|first=Wesley|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=June 5, 2012|accessdate=January 26, 2023}}</ref> and [[Nintendo Switch]],<ref name=switch>{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/is-nintendo-switch-4k-an-overview-of-resolution-on-the-portable-console|title=Is Nintendo Switch 4K? An overview of resolution on the portable console|last=Wood|first=Rhys|work=[[TechRadar]]|date=March 8, 2022}}</ref> Microsoft's [[Xbox One]], and Sony's [[PlayStation 4]] display games 1080p natively.<ref name=verge>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/20/15836204/xbox-one-x-true-4k-vs-ps4-pro-wrong-target|title=4K is the wrong target for Xbox One X and PS4 Pro|last=Byford|first=Sam|work=[[The Verge]]|date=June 20, 2017|accessdate=January 26, 2023}}</ref> The Nintendo Switch is an unusual case, due to its hybrid nature as both a home console and a handheld: the built-in screen displays games at 720p maximum, but the console can natively display imagery at 1080p when docked.<ref name=switch/> The [[Xbox One#Xbox One X|Xbox One X]] and [[PlayStation 4#PlayStation 4 Pro|PlayStation 4 Pro]] can display some games in 4K.<ref name=verge/> The [[PlayStation 5]] and [[Xbox Series X and Series S#Xbox Series X|Xbox Series X]] can display games in 4K and 8K.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/ps5-vs-xbox-series-x-which-next-gen-console-should-you-buy|title=PS5 vs Xbox Series X: which next-gen console should you buy?|last=Vjestica|first=Adam|work=[[TechRadar]]|date=January 19, 2023|accessdate=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Generally, [[PC games]] are only limited by the display's resolution and [[Graphics processing unit|GPU]] driver support. Some PC hardware supports [[DisplayPort]] 2.1 for native 8k resolution at high refresh rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/displayport-2-1-8k-high-refresh/|title=Samsung promises big things with the first DisplayPort 2.1 8K ultrawide monitor|last=Dexter|first=Alan|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=November 4, 2022|accessdate=January 26, 2023}}</ref> [[Ultrawide formats|Ultrawide]] monitors are supported, which can display more of the game world than a traditional display with a 16:9 [[aspect ratio]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/394848/are-ultrawide-monitors-worth-it.html|title=Are ultrawide monitors worth it?|last=Smith|first=Matt|work=[[PC World]]|date=July 12, 2021|accessdate=January 26, 2023}}</ref> and [[multi-monitor]] setups are possible, such as having a single game span across three monitors for a more immersive experience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/how-to-set-up-three-monitors-for-ultrawide-gaming-guide|title= How to set up three monitors for super ultrawide gaming |last=Castle|first=Katharine|work=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]]|date=March 1, 2018|accessdate=January 26, 2023}}</ref> == See also == * [[ATSC tuner]] * [[DVB|Digital Video Broadcasting]] (DVB) * [[Digital television]] * [[HD ready]] * HDTV input and colorspace ([[YPbPr]] / [[YCbCr]]) * [[ISDB|Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting]] * [[Federal Standard 1037C|United States Federal Standard 1037C]] * [[Waveform monitor]] == References == {{reflist|2}} == Further reading == * {{Cite web|url= http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_299-ive.pdf |title=Images formats for HDTV }}&nbsp;{{small|(549&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, article from the [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] Technical Review. * {{Cite web|url= http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_300-wood.pdf |title=High Definition for Europe - a progressive approach }}&nbsp;{{small|(207&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, article from the [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] Technical Review. * {{Cite web|url= http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3299.pdf |title=High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production }}&nbsp;{{small|(117&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, technical report from the [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] * {{Cite web|url= http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3312.pdf |title=Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in Europe }}, technical report from the [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] == External links == {{Wiktionary|HDTV}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161605/http://www.atsc.org/guide_default.html ATSC] {{High-definition}} {{Video storage formats}} [[Category:Blu-ray Disc]] [[Category:Consumer electronics]] [[Category:Digital television]] [[Category:Film and video technology]] [[Category:High-definition television]] [[Category:Japanese inventions]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a 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