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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Étude</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="إتودي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إتودي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%BCd_(musiqi)" title="Etüd (musiqi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Etüd (musiqi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Етюд (музика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етюд (музика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudi_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Estudi (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estudi (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etuda" title="Etuda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etuda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etude" title="Etude – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Etude" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%BCde" title="Etüde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Etüde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%BC%C3%BCd" title="Etüüd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Etüüd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudio_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Estudio (música) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estudio (música)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studa%C4%B5o_(muziko)" title="Studaĵo (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Studaĵo (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudio_(musika)" title="Estudio (musika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estudio (musika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF" title="اتود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tude_(musique)" title="Étude (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étude (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudo_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Estudo (música) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estudo (música)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%8A%B5%EA%B3%A1" title="연습곡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연습곡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4_(%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Էտյուդ (երաժշտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էտյուդ (երաժշտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etida" title="Etida – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etida" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="Étude – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Étude" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_(musica)" title="Studio (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Studio (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93" title="אטיוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטיוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studium_(musica)" title="Studium (musica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Studium (musica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Етида – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етида" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etude" title="Etude – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Etude" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%B4%E7%BF%92%E6%9B%B2" title="練習曲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="練習曲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyde" title="Etyde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Etyde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyde" title="Etyde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Etyde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiuda_(muzyka)" title="Etiuda (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etiuda (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudo_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Estudo (música) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estudo (música)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Этюд (музыка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этюд (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="Étude – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Étude" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etuda_(hudba)" title="Etuda (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Etuda (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etuda" title="Etuda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Etuda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ئێتوود – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێتوود" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Етида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etydi" title="Etydi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etydi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyd" title="Etyd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etyd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="เอตูว์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอตูว์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Етюд (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Етюд (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_luy%E1%BB%87n" title="Khúc luyện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khúc luyện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%B4%E7%BF%92%E6%9B%B2" title="練習曲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="練習曲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207841#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etude&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Etude">Etude</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of instrumental musical composition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical form. For the defunct magazine, see <a href="/wiki/The_Etude" title="The Etude">The Etude</a>. For the cosmetic brand, see <a href="/wiki/Etude_House" title="Etude House">Etude House</a>. For a list of works titled "Études", see <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Études (disambiguation)">Études</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/%C3%89tude" title="Special:EditPage/Étude">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C3%89tude%22">"Étude"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C3%89tude%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C3%89tude%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C3%89tude%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C3%89tude%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C3%89tude%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etude_10_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Etude_10_2.png/290px-Etude_10_2.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Etude_10_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>Frédéric Chopin's <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._10,_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 10, No. 2 (Chopin)">Étude Op. 10, No. 2</a>: a rapid <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> in the right hand is used to develop the weaker fingers of the right hand. Most études are written to perfect a particular technical skill.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopin_Op._25_No._11.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chopin_Op._25_No._11.svg/290px-Chopin_Op._25_No._11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chopin_Op._25_No._11.svg/435px-Chopin_Op._25_No._11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chopin_Op._25_No._11.svg/580px-Chopin_Op._25_No._11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Frédéric Chopin's <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._25,_No._11_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 25, No. 11 (Chopin)">Étude Op. 25, No. 11</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_a_minor_(2).ogg" title="File:Frederic Chopin - Opus 25 - Twelve Grand Etudes - a minor (2).ogg">Chopin: "Étude Op. 25, No. 11"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="221" data-mwtitle="Chopin,_Frédéric_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_a_minor_(2).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Chopin%2C_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_a_minor_%282%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Chopin%2C_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_a_minor_%282%29.ogg/Chopin%2C_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_-_Opus_25_-_Twelve_Grand_Etudes_-_a_minor_%282%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Goldstein" title="Martha Goldstein">Martha Goldstein</a> performs <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._25,_No._11_(Chopin)" title="Étude Op. 25, No. 11 (Chopin)">Étude Op. 25, No. 11</a> on an <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_%C3%89rard" title="Sébastien Érard">Érard (1851)</a></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:20091104_Awadagin_Pratt_-_Scriabin,_%C3%89tude_Op._8_No._12_edit1.ogg" title="File:20091104 Awadagin Pratt - Scriabin, Étude Op. 8 No. 12 edit1.ogg">Scriabin: "Étude Op. 8, No. 12"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="124" data-mwtitle="20091104_Awadagin_Pratt_-_Scriabin,_Étude_Op._8_No._12_edit1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/20091104_Awadagin_Pratt_-_Scriabin%2C_%C3%89tude_Op._8_No._12_edit1.ogg/20091104_Awadagin_Pratt_-_Scriabin%2C_%C3%89tude_Op._8_No._12_edit1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/20091104_Awadagin_Pratt_-_Scriabin%2C_%C3%89tude_Op._8_No._12_edit1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Awadagin_Pratt" title="Awadagin Pratt">Awadagin Pratt</a> performs <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_Op._8_No._12_(Scriabin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Étude Op. 8 No. 12 (Scriabin)">Étude Op. 8, No. 12</a> at the White House Classical Music Student Workshop Concert</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>An <b>étude</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/tj/: 't' in 'tune'">tj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[e.tyd]</a></span>) or <b>study</b> is an instrumental <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a>, usually short, designed to provide practice material for perfecting a particular musical skill. The tradition of writing études emerged in the early 19th century with the rapidly growing popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. Of the vast number of études from that era some are still used as teaching material (particularly pieces by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzio_Clementi" title="Muzio Clementi">Muzio Clementi</a>), and a few, by major composers such as <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, achieved a place in today's concert repertory. Études written in the 20th century include those related to traditional ones (<a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a>) and those that require wholly unorthodox technique (<a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piano">Piano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Piano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies, lessons, and other didactic instrumental pieces composed before the 19th century are extremely varied, without any established genres. <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>'s <i>30 Essercizi per gravicembalo</i> ("30 Exercises for harpsichord", 1738) do not differ in scope from his other keyboard works, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a>'s four volumes of <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_printed_during_his_lifetime" title="List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach printed during his lifetime">Clavier-Übung</a></i> ("keyboard practice") contain everything from simple organ duets to the extensive and difficult <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i>. </p><p>The situation changed in the early 19th century. Instruction books with exercises became very common. Of particular importance were collections of "studies" by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Cramer" title="Johann Baptist Cramer">Johann Baptist Cramer</a> (published between 1804 and 1810), early parts of <a href="/wiki/Muzio_Clementi" title="Muzio Clementi">Muzio Clementi</a>'s <i>Gradus ad Parnassum</i> (1817–26), numerous works by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Szymanowska" title="Maria Szymanowska">Maria Szymanowska</a>'s <i>Vingt exercises et préludes</i> (c. 1820), and <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Ignaz Moscheles</a>' <i>Studien</i> Op. 70 (1825–26). However, with the late parts of Clementi's collection and Moscheles' <i>Charakteristische Studien</i> Op. 95 (1836–37) the situation began to change, with both composers striving to create music that would both please the audiences in concert and serve as a good teaching tool. Such a combination of didactic and musical value in a study is sometimes referred to as a concert study.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FuseesLiszt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FuseesLiszt.JPG/330px-FuseesLiszt.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FuseesLiszt.JPG/495px-FuseesLiszt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FuseesLiszt.JPG/660px-FuseesLiszt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Last bars of Franz Liszt's <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tude_No._2_(Liszt)" title="Transcendental Étude No. 2 (Liszt)">Transcendental Étude No. 2</a>: one of the most difficult of Liszt's études, this is a study in passages for alternating and overlapping hands.</figcaption></figure> <p>The technique required to play <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Chopin)" title="Études (Chopin)">Chopin's <i>Études</i></a>, Op. 10 (1833) and Op. 25 (1837) was extremely novel at the time of their publication; the first performer who succeeded at mastering the pieces was the renowned virtuoso composer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> (to whom Chopin dedicated the Op. 10). Liszt himself composed a number of études that were more extensive and even more complex than Chopin's. Among these, the most well-known is the collection <i><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_%C3%89tudes" title="Transcendental Études">Études d'Execution Transcendante</a></i> (final version published in 1852). These did not retain the didactic aspect of Chopin's work, however, since the difficulty and the technique used varies within a given piece. Each of the études has a different character, designated by its name: Preludio; Molto Vivace; Paysage [Landscape]; Mazeppa; Feux Follets [Irrlichter/ Will-o'-the-wisp]; Vision; Eroica; Wilde Jagd [Wild Hunt]; Ricordanza; Allegro Molto Agitato; Harmonies du Soir [Evening Harmonies]; and Chasse-neige [Snow-whirls]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cello">Cello</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cello"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a specific date of composition is not known, cellist and composer <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Dotzauer" title="Friedrich Dotzauer">Friedrich Dotzauer</a> composed a set of 113 études during the 19th century, <i>113 Studies for Cello Solo</i>. Dotzauer composed many different forms of music, ranging from opera and symphonies to chamber pieces. Most of his music has been long forgotten, with the exception of his 113 studies. The first two volumes (studies 1-62) are for intermediate players while the last two volumes (studies 63-113) are for advanced players.<sup id="cite_ref-synthesis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synthesis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gr%C3%BCtzmacher" title="Friedrich Grützmacher">Friedrich Grützmacher</a> composed several works for smaller instrumental groups as well as a book of études for solo cello, <i>24 Etudes for Cello</i>. The book is divided into two volumes, each with 12 études. The first volume is generally for intermediate players as it does not involve the use of thumb position, while the second volume, which includes the use of thumb position as well as other advanced technique, is for more advances players.<sup id="cite_ref-synthesis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synthesis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later études in this book are mostly as a showcase for virtuosity, such as double artificial harmonics and off-hand pizzicato. </p><p>Grützmacher also composed a set of 12 études titled <i>Elite-Etüden.</i> Each étude in this book was composed in the style of a famous cellist, usually highlighting some technique that the cellist was famous for or their unique playing style. Some of these cellists include <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Romberg" title="Bernhard Romberg">Bernhard Romberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Luigi Boccherini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Duport" title="Jean-Louis Duport">Jean-Louis Duport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Lee" title="Sebastian Lee">Sebastian Lee</a> was a cellist and composed various works for the cello. In 1842, he composed his own book of études: <i>Forty Melodic and Progressive Etudes for Violoncello</i>. Sebastian Lee was mostly known as a virtuosic player and less so of a teacher; he did not directly teach anyone the études from this book. Lee advised against keeping the hand in a strict blocked position when playing using the thumb and suggested keeping the thumb mobile and free, which is how cellists regularly play today.<sup id="cite_ref-dresden_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dresden-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee was a fairly prolific composer of cello études. Aside from his <i>Forty Melodic and Progressive Etudes for Violoncello</i> as mentioned above, he also composed <i>50 Etüden für den Anfang (First Steps in Violoncello Playing)</i><b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>, <i>40 leichte Etüden in der ersten Lage (40 Easy Etudes for Cello)</i><b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>, <i>12 Études mélodiques (12 Melodic Etudes)</i><b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>, among other smaller sets of études. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Instruments">Other Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 19th century also saw a number of étude and study collections for instruments other than the piano. Guitarist composer <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Fernando Sor</a> published his 12 Studies, op. 6 for guitar in London as early as 1815. These works all conform to the standard definition of 19th-century étude in that they are short compositions, each exploiting a single facet of technique. Collections of studies for flute were published during the second half of the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_K%C3%B6hler" title="Ernesto Köhler">Ernesto Köhler</a>, Wilhelm Popp and Adolf Terschak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 20th century saw the publication of a number of important collections of études. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Debussy)" title="Études (Debussy)">Études</a></i> for piano (1915) conform to the "one facet of technique per piece" rule, but exhibit unorthodox structures with many sharp contrasts, and many concentrate on sonorities and timbres peculiar to the piano, rather than technical points. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky" title="Leopold Godowsky">Leopold Godowsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_on_Chopin%27s_%C3%89tudes" title="Studies on Chopin's Études">53 Studies on the Chopin Études</a></i> (1894–1914) are built on Chopin's études: Godowsky's additions and changes elevated Chopin's music to new, hitherto unknown levels of difficulty. Other important études of this period include <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a>' virtuoso <i>12 Études</i> for guitar (1929) and pieces by Russian composers: <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Études-Tableaux (disambiguation)">Études-Tableaux</a></i> (1911, 1917) and several collections by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a> (all for piano). </p><p>By mid-century the old étude tradition was largely abandoned. <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9tudes_de_rythme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatre études de rythme">Quatre études de rythme</a></i> ("Four studies in rhythm", 1949–50) were not didactic compositions, but experiments with scales of <a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">durations</a>, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figure_(music)" title="Figure (music)">figurations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">coloration</a>, and pitches. <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s études—<i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_Australes" class="mw-redirect" title="Études Australes">Études Australes</a></i> (1974–75) for piano, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_Boreales" class="mw-redirect" title="Études Boreales">Études Boreales</a></i> (1978) for cello and/or piano and <i><a href="/wiki/Freeman_%C3%89tudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeman Études">Freeman Études</a></i> (1977–80, 1989–90) for violin—are <a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminate</a> pieces based on <a href="/wiki/Star_chart" title="Star chart">star charts</a>, and some of the most difficult works in the repertory. The three books of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Ligeti)" title="Études (Ligeti)">Études</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1985, 1988–94, 1995) are perhaps closest to the old tradition in that they too concentrate each on a particular technique. <a href="/wiki/Kaikhosru_Shapurji_Sorabji" title="Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji">Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Studies_(Sorabji)" title="Transcendental Studies (Sorabji)">100 Transcendental Studies</a></i> (1940–44), which take Godowsky and Liszt as their starting point, frequently focus on particular technical elements, as well as various rhythmical difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Bolcom" title="William Bolcom">William Bolcom</a> was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his <i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_New_Etudes_for_Piano" title="Twelve New Etudes for Piano">Twelve New Etudes for Piano</a></i> in 1988.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cello_2">Cello</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cello"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of all of the cello études ever made, the set of 40 etudes, <i>Hohe Schule des Violoncello-Spiels</i> ("High School of Cello Playing"), written by cellist and composer <a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">David Popper</a> are arguably the most well known and widely used. Popper met with many of the famous composers at the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlioz" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlioz">Berlioz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liszt" class="mw-redirect" title="Liszt">Liszt</a> in order to make studies that would help cellists play not only soloistic material, but orchestral material as well. The 19th étude, for example, is subtitled the "Lohengrin Etude", as it is written using music from Act Three, Scene Three of Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin (opera)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the creation of his <i>High School of Cello Playing</i> book, Popper created two more sets of études directed at more novice and intermediate audiences. The first, <i>Zehn mittelschwere grosse Etüden; Als Vorstudien zur "Hohen Schule des Violoncellspieles" (10 Studies Preparatory to the "High School of Cello Playing")</i>, was published a year later. This set of 10 études was aimed at intermediate players to study before working on the more advanced High School of Cello Playing book.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately five years later, Popper published his final set of études, <i>15 Leichte Etüden in der ersten Lage (15 Easy Etudes in the First Position)</i>. As the title states, this set of études was written so that the player could stay in <a href="/wiki/Cello_technique#Left-hand_technique" title="Cello technique">first position</a>, which makes it this set much more approachable to beginners. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_%C3%A9tude_composers" title="List of étude composers">List of étude composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_written_in_all_24_major_and_minor_keys" class="mw-redirect" title="Music written in all 24 major and minor keys">Music written in all 24 major and minor keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention_(musical_composition)" title="Invention (musical composition)">Invention (musical composition)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-synthesis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIl-hee2006" class="citation web cs1">Il-hee, Hwang (May 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ucin1146680563">"A Synthesis of the Advanced Etudes by Dotzauer, Grützmacher, and Popper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OhioLINK" title="OhioLINK">OhioLINK</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Transcendental+Etudes+%281940%E2%80%9344%29&rft.pub=The+Sorabji+Archive&rft.au=Fredrik+Ull%C3%A9n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sorabji-archive.co.uk%2Fetudes%2Fetudes-list.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc-André_Roberge" class="citation web cs1">Marc-André Roberge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mus.ulaval.ca/roberge/srs/05-etude.htm">"Notes on the Études transcendantes"</a>. Sorabji Resource Site<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+Leichte+Et%C3%BCden+in+der+ersten+Lage%2C+Op.76a+%28Popper%2C+David%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2F15_Leichte_Et%25C3%25BCden_in_der_ersten_Lage%252C_Op.76a_%28Popper%252C_David%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tude&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9tude" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:étude">étude</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ferguson, Howard; Hamilton, Kenneth L. (2001). "Study". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Study&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tude" class="Z3988"></span>‎</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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