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href="#Establishment_of_the_ICTR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Establishment of the ICTR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_ICTR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICTR_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICTR_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ICTR structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ICTR_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ICTR structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ICTR_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trial_Chamber_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_Chamber_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Trial Chamber I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_Chamber_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_Chamber_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_Chamber_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Trial Chamber II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_Chamber_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_Chamber_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_Chamber_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Trial Chamber III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_Chamber_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeals_Chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeals_Chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Appeals Chamber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeals_Chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_the_Prosecutor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_the_Prosecutor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Office of the Prosecutor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_the_Prosecutor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prosecutors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecutors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Prosecutors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecutors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Registry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Registry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>The Registry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Registry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Case_of_Jean-Paul_Akayesu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Case_of_Jean-Paul_Akayesu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Case of Jean-Paul Akayesu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Case_of_Jean-Paul_Akayesu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_legal_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_legal_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related legal activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_legal_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indictees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indictees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Indictees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indictees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="المحكمة الجنائية الدولية لرواندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحكمة الجنائية الدولية لرواندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda_Beyn%C9%99lxalq_Cinay%C9%99t_Tribunal%C4%B1" title="Ruanda Beynəlxalq Cinayət Tribunalı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruanda Beynəlxalq Cinayət Tribunalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Международен наказателен трибунал за Руанда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международен наказателен трибунал за Руанда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Penal_Internacional_per_a_Ruanda" title="Tribunal Penal Internacional per a Ruanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tribunal Penal Internacional per a Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_trestn%C3%AD_tribun%C3%A1l_pro_Rwandu" title="Mezinárodní trestní tribunál pro Rwandu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní trestní tribunál pro Rwandu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Internationale_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="Det Internationale Tribunal for Rwanda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Internationale Tribunal for Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaler_Strafgerichtshof_f%C3%BCr_Ruanda" title="Internationaler Strafgerichtshof für Ruanda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationaler Strafgerichtshof für Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Penal_Internacional_para_Ruanda" title="Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="دادگاه بین‌المللی کیفری برای رواندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دادگاه بین‌المللی کیفری برای رواندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_p%C3%A9nal_international_pour_le_Rwanda" title="Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Penal_Internacional_para_Ruanda" title="Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EC%99%84%EB%8B%A4_%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%ED%98%95%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%AC%ED%8C%90%EC%86%8C" title="르완다 국제형사재판소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르완다 국제형사재판소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ռուանդայի հարցով միջազգային քրեական տրիբունալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուանդայի հարցով միջազգային քրեական տրիբունալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_sud_za_ratne_zlo%C4%8Dine_po%C4%8Dinjene_na_podru%C4%8Dju_Ruande" title="Međunarodni sud za ratne zločine počinjene na području Ruande – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodni sud za ratne zločine počinjene na području Ruande" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidang_Pidana_Internasional_untuk_Rwanda" title="Sidang Pidana Internasional untuk Rwanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sidang Pidana Internasional untuk Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunale_penale_internazionale_per_il_Ruanda" title="Tribunale penale internazionale per il Ruanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tribunale penale internazionale per il Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="בית הדין הפלילי הבין-לאומי לרואנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית הדין הפלילי הבין-לאומי לרואנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1" title="სისხლის სამართლის საერთაშორისო ტრიბუნალი რუანდისთვის – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სისხლის სამართლის საერთაშორისო ტრიბუნალი რუანდისთვის" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai_ya_Rwanda" title="Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Rwanda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruandai_Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_T%C3%B6rv%C3%A9nysz%C3%A9k" title="Ruandai Nemzetközi Törvényszék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruandai Nemzetközi Törvényszék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&params=3.3677_S_36.6965_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">3°22′04″S</span> <span class="longitude">36°41′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.3677°S 36.6965°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-3.3677; 36.6965</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeals_Chamber_of_the_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1994 court of the United Nations Security Council</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">International Criminal Tribunal<br /> for Rwanda (ICTR)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_of_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda-ICTR_-_Kimironko_District_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Plaque_of_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda-ICTR_-_Kimironko_District_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg/220px-Plaque_of_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda-ICTR_-_Kimironko_District_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Plaque_of_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda-ICTR_-_Kimironko_District_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg/330px-Plaque_of_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda-ICTR_-_Kimironko_District_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Plaque_of_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda-ICTR_-_Kimironko_District_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg/440px-Plaque_of_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda-ICTR_-_Kimironko_District_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_420a9fcee638b6d423a7a139464a55a3f534a160"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&revid=1252844227&groups=_420a9fcee638b6d423a7a139464a55a3f534a160" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&revid=1252844227&groups=_420a9fcee638b6d423a7a139464a55a3f534a160 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">8 November 1994</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_955" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 955">United Nations Security Council Resolution 955</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of positions</th><td class="infobox-data">16 permanent<br />9 <a href="/wiki/Ad_litem" title="Ad litem">ad litem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unictr.org">www<wbr />.unictr<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;">President</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vagn_Joensen" title="Vagn Joensen">Vagn Joensen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/180px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/270px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/360px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-top-caption">Human skulls at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Nyamata_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre">Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rwandan_genocide" title="Category:Rwandan genocide">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">Assassination of<br />Habyarimana and Ntaryamira</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Timeline of the Rwandan genocide">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gikondo_massacre" title="Gikondo massacre">Gikondo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Church_massacre" title="Musha Church massacre">Musha Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyarubuye_massacre" title="Nyarubuye massacre">Nyarubuye massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Parties responsible</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">People indicted</a> by the<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Criminal Tribunal</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidaires">Genocidaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akazu" title="Akazu">Akazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe militia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">RTLM radio</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Response</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_international_community_in_the_Rwandan_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">United Nations Mission</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_935" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 935">UN Security Council<br />Resolution 935</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Turquoise" title="Opération Turquoise">Opération "Turquoise"</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Aftermath</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacaca_court" title="Gacaca court">Gacaca court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Rwandan_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films about the Rwandan Genocide">Filmography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rwandan_genocide_sidebar" title="Template:Rwandan genocide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rwandan_genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Rwandan genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rwandan_genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rwandan genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>ICTR</b>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinyarwanda language">Kinyarwanda</a>: <i lang="rw">Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">international court</a> established in November 1994 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_955" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 955">Resolution 955</a> in order to adjudicate people charged for the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> and other serious violations of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_SRES9551994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_SRES9551994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court eventually convicted 61 individuals and acquitted 14.<sup id="cite_ref-IJRC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJRC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, it became located in <a href="/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_977" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 977">Resolution 977</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_SRES9771995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_SRES9771995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2006, Arusha also became the location of the <a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>. In 1998 the operation of the tribunal was expanded in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1165" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1165">Resolution 1165</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_SRES11651998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_SRES11651998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through several resolutions, the Security Council called on the tribunal to complete its investigations by end of 2004, complete all trial activities by end of 2008, and complete all work in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_SRES18242008_page1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_SRES18242008_page1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribunal had jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, and violations of <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions#Common_Article_3_relating_to_non-international_armed_conflict" title="Geneva Conventions">Common Article Three</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Additional Protocol II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> (which deals with <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">internal conflicts</a>). </p><p>The first trial, of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Akayesu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Akayesu">Jean-Paul Akayesu</a>, began in 1997. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kambanda" title="Jean Kambanda">Jean Kambanda</a>, interim Prime Minister, pleaded guilty. According to the ICTR's Completion Strategy, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1503" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1503">Security Council Resolution 1503</a>, all first-instance cases were to have completed trial by the end of 2008 (this date was later extended to the end of 2009<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and all work was to be completed by 2010. As of 2009, the tribunal had finished 50 trials and convicted 29 accused persons, and another 11 trials were in progress and 14 individuals were awaiting trial in detention; but the prosecutor intended to transfer 5 to national jurisdiction for trial. 13 others were still at large, some suspected to be dead.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations Security Council called upon the tribunal to finish its work by 31 December 2014 to prepare for its closure and transfer of its responsibilities to the <a href="/wiki/International_Residual_Mechanism_for_Criminal_Tribunals" title="International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a> (IRMCT or Mechanism) which had begun functioning for the ICTR branch on 1 July 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tribunal was officially closed on 31 December 2016. </p><p>The tribunal's failure to prosecute war crimes committed by the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> or try RPF leader <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> was widely criticized, to the point of being characterized as "<a href="/wiki/Victor%27s_justice" title="Victor's justice">victor's justice</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Rwandan_genocide">The Rwandan genocide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Rwandan genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> refers to the mass slaughter of more than 800,000 ethnic Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu by government-directed gangs of Hutu extremist soldiers and police in Rwanda. The duration of the 1994 genocide is usually described as 100 days, beginning on April 6 and ending in mid-July.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictures_of_Genocide_Victims_at_the_Genocide_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pictures_of_Genocide_Victims_at_the_Genocide_Memorial.jpg/220px-Pictures_of_Genocide_Victims_at_the_Genocide_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pictures_of_Genocide_Victims_at_the_Genocide_Memorial.jpg/330px-Pictures_of_Genocide_Victims_at_the_Genocide_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pictures_of_Genocide_Victims_at_the_Genocide_Memorial.jpg/440px-Pictures_of_Genocide_Victims_at_the_Genocide_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Photographs of genocide victims displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Kigali_Genocide_Memorial" title="Kigali Genocide Memorial">Genocide Memorial Center</a> in Kigali</figcaption></figure> <p>The tension between the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi had developed over time but was particularly emphasized late in the nineteenth century and early in the twentieth century as a result of German and Belgian colonialism over Rwanda. The ethnic categorization of the two was an imposed and an arbitrary construct based more on physical characteristics than ethnic background. However, the social differences between the Hutu and the Tutsi have traditionally allowed the Tutsi, with a strong pastoralist tradition, to gain social, economic, and political ascendancy over the Hutu, who were primarily agriculturalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction under colonial powers allowed Tutsis to establish ruling power until a Hutu revolution in 1959 abolished the Tutsi monarchy by 1961. </p><p>The hostility between the two groups continued, as "additional rounds of ethnic tension and violence flared periodically and led to mass killings of Tutsi in Rwanda, such as in 1963, 1967, and 1973".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF) and its invasion from Uganda furthered ethnic hatred. A ceasefire in these hostilities led to negotiations between the government and the RPF in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying then-President Juvenal Habyarimana, and Cyprien Ntaryamira of Burundi was shot down, killing everyone on board.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hutu held the RPF accountable and immediately began the genocide, targeted at both Tutsis and Hutu moderates. </p><p>Most of the killing during the Rwandan genocide was carried out by the radical Hutu groups known as the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi.<sup id="cite_ref-World_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio broadcasts also were an integral part of the genocide, which further fueled the genocide by encouraging Hutu civilians to kill their Tutsi neighbours, labeled as "cockroaches" in need of extermination.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its colossal scale, particularly within such a short period of time, the genocide was carried out almost entirely by hand, usually with the utilization of machetes and clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_Day_Trust_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial_Day_Trust-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various atrocities committed include the rape of thousands of Tutsi women, as well as the dismemberment and disfigurement of victims. Frequently the killers were people the victims knew personally—neighbors, workmates, former friends, sometimes even relatives through marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_Day_Trust_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial_Day_Trust-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 500,000 Tutsis were killed, and approximately 2 million refugees (mostly Hutus) left for refugee camps of neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and former Zaire.<sup id="cite_ref-World_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_the_ICTR">Establishment of the ICTR</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment of the ICTR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda</a> is regarded as a major failure.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international response to the Rwandan genocide was poor. For weeks, the major power nations denied that a genocide was taking place in Rwanda. The United States refused to call the incident <i>genocide</i> because using the term would make an obligation for the United States to send troops, which it was reluctant to do after several of its soldiers were killed during a humanitarian mission in Somalia the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rwanda_Revisited_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rwanda_Revisited-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally in July 1994, after the genocide was over, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> called for an investigation of the events, and acted to establish an international criminal tribunal to prosecute those individuals most responsible for the genocide. Adopting Resolution 955, the Security Council created the ICTR on 8 November 1994 and the ICTR would also deal with other crimes against international humanitarian law committed on the territory of Rwanda and neighboring states between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ICTR_structure">ICTR structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ICTR structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICTR_in_Kigali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ICTR_in_Kigali.jpg/220px-ICTR_in_Kigali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ICTR_in_Kigali.jpg/330px-ICTR_in_Kigali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ICTR_in_Kigali.jpg/440px-ICTR_in_Kigali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>An ICTR building in <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali, Rwanda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tribunal consisted of 16 judges in four "chambers" – three to hear trials, and one to hear appeals. In addition, there were 9 <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_litem" title="Ad litem">ad litem</a></i> judges, making 25 in all. All 9 <i>ad litem</i> judges were assigned to Chambers II and III. There was an additional pool of 9 further <i>ad literim</i> judges who would be called on in the case of a judge being absent. </p><p>The column denoted by <b>#</b> indicates the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">order of precedence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_Chamber_I">Trial Chamber I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trial Chamber I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Judge</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>19.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mparany_Rajohnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mparany Rajohnson (page does not exist)">Mparany Rajohnson</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Madagascar</td> <td>Member (<i>ad litem</i> judge) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_Chamber_II">Trial Chamber II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trial Chamber II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Judge</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>4.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Sekule" class="mw-redirect" title="William Sekule">William Sekule</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Tanzania</td> <td>Presiding judge </td></tr> <tr> <td>14.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solomy_Balungi_Bossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomy Balungi Bossa">Solomy Balungi Bossa</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Uganda</td> <td>Member (<i>ad litem</i> judge) </td></tr> <tr> <td>15.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Gacugia_Muthoga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Gacugia Muthoga (page does not exist)">Lee Gacugia Muthoga</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Kenya</td> <td>Member (<i>ad litem</i> judge) </td></tr> <tr> <td>16.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seon_Ki_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seon Ki Park (page does not exist)">Seon Ki Park</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>South Korea</td> <td>Member (<i>ad litem</i> judge) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_Chamber_III">Trial Chamber III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trial Chamber III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Judge</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vagn_Joensen" title="Vagn Joensen">Vagn Joensen</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span>Denmark</td> <td>President ICTR, presiding judge </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence_Rita_Arrey" title="Florence Rita Arrey">Florence Rita Arrey</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Cameroon</td> <td>Vice-president ICTR, member </td></tr> <tr> <td>17.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gberdao_Gustave_Kam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gberdao Gustave Kam (page does not exist)">Gberdao Gustave Kam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Burkina Faso</td> <td>Member (<i>ad litem</i> judge) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_R.Tuzmukhamedov" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar R.Tuzmukhamedov">Bakhtiyar R.Tuzmukhamedov</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Russia</td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>18.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fremr" title="Robert Fremr">Robert Fremr</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Czech Republic</td> <td>Member </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeals_Chamber">Appeals Chamber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appeals Chamber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Judge</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>3.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Meron" title="Theodor Meron">Theodor Meron</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</td> <td>Presiding judge </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lipton_Robinson" title="Patrick Lipton Robinson">Patrick Robinson</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Jamaica</td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Pocar" title="Fausto Pocar">Fausto Pocar</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span>Italy</td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Daqun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Daqun (page does not exist)">Liu Daqun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>China</td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_G%C3%BCney" title="Mehmet Güney">Mehmet Güney</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Turkey</td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmel_Agius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carmel Agius (page does not exist)">Carmel Agius</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Malta</td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlette_Ramaroson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arlette Ramaroson (page does not exist)">Arlette Ramaroson</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Madagascar</td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>10.</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9sia_Vaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrésia Vaz (page does not exist)">Andrésia Vaz</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Senegal</td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khalida_Rashid_Khan" title="Khalida Rashid Khan">Khalida Rashid Khan</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Pakistan</td> <td>Member </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_the_Prosecutor">Office of the Prosecutor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Office of the Prosecutor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ictr_office_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ictr_office_3.jpg/250px-Ictr_office_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ictr_office_3.jpg/375px-Ictr_office_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ictr_office_3.jpg/500px-Ictr_office_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Offices of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in <a href="/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Office of the Prosecutor was divided into various units at the height of its activity, including the Investigations Division and the Prosecution Division:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Prosecution Division was responsible for prosecuting all cases before the Tribunal. Headed by a Chief of Prosecutions.</li> <li>The Investigations Division was responsible for collecting evidence implicating individuals in crimes committed in Rwanda in 1994. Headed by a Chief of Investigations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prosecutors">Prosecutors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prosecutors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goldstone" title="Richard Goldstone">Richard Goldstone</a>, late 1994 to 30 September 1996<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (by virtue of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_936" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 936">Resolution 936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a>, 1 October 1996 to 15 September 1999 (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1047" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1047">Resolution 1047</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Del_Ponte" title="Carla Del Ponte">Carla Del Ponte</a>, 15 September 1999 to 14 September 2003<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1259" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1259">Resolution 1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Bubacar_Jallow" title="Hassan Bubacar Jallow">Hassan Bubacar Jallow</a>, 15 September 2003 to 31 December 2015 (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1505" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1505">Resolution 1505</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Registry">The Registry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Registry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Registry was responsible for the overall administration and management of the ICTR. It also performed other legal functions assigned to it by the Tribunal's Rules of Procedure and Evidence, and was the Tribunal's channel of communication. </p><p>The Registry was headed by the Registrar, who was the Representative of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">UN Secretary-General</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bongani_Christopher_Majola" title="Bongani Christopher Majola">Bongani Christopher Majola</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> was Registrar. after January 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Case_of_Jean-Paul_Akayesu">The Case of Jean-Paul Akayesu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Case of Jean-Paul Akayesu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Akayesu" title="Jean-Paul Akayesu">Jean-Paul Akayesu</a></div> <p>After an intense and precisely targeted campaign of a number of international non-governmental organizations, which aimed at raising awareness of gendered violence at the ICTR,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the trial of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Akayesu" title="Jean-Paul Akayesu">Jean-Paul Akayesu</a> established the legal <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> that <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">genocidal rape</a> falls within the act of genocide. "...the [Trial] Chamber finds that in most cases, the rapes of Tutsi women in Taba, were accompanied with the intent to kill those women. ... In this respect, it appears clearly to the chamber that the acts of rape and sexual violence, as other acts of serious bodily and mental harm committed against the Tutsi, reflected the determination to make Tutsi women suffer and to mutilate them even before killing them, the intent being to destroy the Tutsi group while inflicting acute suffering on its members in the process."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presiding judge <a href="/wiki/Navanethem_Pillay" class="mw-redirect" title="Navanethem Pillay">Navanethem Pillay</a> said in a statement after the verdict: "From time immemorial, rape has been regarded as spoils of war. Now it will be considered a war crime. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a trophy of war."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_Case">Media Case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Nahimana" title="Ferdinand Nahimana">Ferdinand Nahimana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bosco_Barayagwiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bosco Barayagwiza">Jean Bosco Barayagwiza</a></div> <p>The trial against "<a href="/wiki/Hate_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate Media">hate media</a>" began on 23 October 2000. It was charged with the prosecution of the media which encouraged the genocide of 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 August 2003, at the tribunal in Arusha, life sentences were requested for <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Nahimana" title="Ferdinand Nahimana">Ferdinand Nahimana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bosco_Barayagwiza" title="Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza">Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza</a>, persons in charge for the <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Hassan Ngeze</a>, director and editor of the <i>Kangura</i> newspaper. They were charged with genocide, <a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">incitement to genocide</a>, and crimes against humanity, before and during the period of the genocides of 1994. On 3 December 2003, the court found all three defendants guilty and sentenced Nahimana and Ngeze to life imprisonment and Barayagwiza to imprisonment for 35 years. On 28 November 2007, the Appeals Chamber partially allowed appeals against conviction from all three men, reducing their sentences to 30 years' imprisonment for Nahimana, 32 years' imprisonment for Barayagwiza and 35 years' imprisonment for Ngeze.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_legal_activities">Related legal activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related legal activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French investigating magistrate <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Brugui%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Louis Bruguière">Jean-Louis Bruguière</a> was also pursuing a case against the current President, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>, and other members of his administration, for the assassination of his predecessor. This case was under the regular jurisdiction of the French courts because French citizens were also killed in the plane crash. The majority of genocide cases were handled by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Gacaca_court" title="Gacaca court">gacaca courts</a>, a modernized customary dispute resolution mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indictees">Indictees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indictees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></div> <p>The ICTR indicted a total of 96 individuals. The proceedings against one individual are suspended before the IRMCT. The ICTR (or the IRMCT as its successor) convicted 61 individuals: 25 of whom are currently serving sentences, 22 of whom have completed their sentences, and 14 of whom died while serving their sentences. The Tribunal acquitted 14 individuals and transferred the cases against 10 individuals to national jurisdictions. Proceedings against nine individuals ended before a final judgment was rendered: two of whom had their charges dismissed by the Tribunal, two of whom had their charges withdrawn by the Prosecutor, and five of whom died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anees_Ahmed" title="Anees Ahmed">Anees Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Law_in_Armed_Conflicts_Project" title="Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project">Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project</a> (RULAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_and_the_Rwandan_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church and the Rwandan genocide">The Church and the Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyal_S._Sunga" title="Lyal S. Sunga">Lyal S. Sunga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Justice_or_Global_Revenge%3F" title="Global Justice or Global Revenge?">Global Justice or Global Revenge?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Ntacyobatabara_Basebya" title="Yvonne Ntacyobatabara Basebya">Yvonne Ntacyobatabara Basebya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full name: <b>International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UN_SRES9551994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_SRES9551994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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University of Wisconsin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KseuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299">299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299298203" title="Special:BookSources/9780299298203"><bdi>9780299298203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+War+to+Genocide%3A+Criminal+Politics+in+Rwanda%2C+1990%E2%80%931994&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780299298203&rft.aulast=Guichaoua&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Tribunal+for+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Bachmann, Thomas Sparrow-Botero, Peter Lambertz: When justice meets politics. Independence and Autonomy of ad hoc international criminal tribunals, Peter Lang Int 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu (Trial Judgement)</i>, ICTR-96-4-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 2 September 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,ICTR,,,40278fbb4,0.html">p. 166</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012031344/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CICTR%2C%2C%2C40278fbb4%2C0.html">Archived</a> 2012-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ¶.733. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/40278fbb4.html">unhcr.org</a> (accessed 13 April 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in citation for honorary doctorate, Rhodes University, April 2005 accessed at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001193848/http://www.ru.ac.za/academic/graduation/addresses_and_citations/2005/Judge_Pillay_citation.doc">"Rhodes - Rhodes University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.ac.za/academic/graduation/addresses_and_citations/2005/Judge_Pillay_citation.doc">the original</a> on 2008-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodes+-+Rhodes+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.ac.za%2Facademic%2Fgraduation%2Faddresses_and_citations%2F2005%2FJudge_Pillay_citation.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Tribunal+for+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span> March 23, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudia_Hofmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Claudia Hofmann (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0p4idNsGmdcC&pg=PA87"><i>Learning in Modern International Society On the Cognitive Problem: Solving Abilities of Political Actors</i></a>. Springer Netherlands. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783531907895" title="Special:BookSources/9783531907895"><bdi>9783531907895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+in+Modern+International+Society+On+the+Cognitive+Problem%3A+Solving+Abilities+of+Political+Actors&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783531907895&rft.au=Claudia+Hofmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0p4idNsGmdcC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Tribunal+for+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunfeldAnke_Huijboom2007" class="citation book cs1">Grunfeld, Fred; Anke Huijboom (2007). <i>The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda: The Role of Bystanders</i>. Brill. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004157811" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004157811"><bdi>978-9004157811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+to+Prevent+Genocide+in+Rwanda%3A+The+Role+of+Bystanders&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004157811&rft.aulast=Grunfeld&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Anke+Huijboom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Tribunal+for+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2010). "Genocide and Mass Violence". In Laura J. Shepherd (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gendermattersglo00shep"><i>Gender Matters in Global Politics</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gendermattersglo00shep/page/n153">127</a>–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86494-4"><bdi>978-0-203-86494-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide+and+Mass+Violence&rft.btitle=Gender+Matters+in+Global+Politics&rft.pages=127-147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-203-86494-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgendermattersglo00shep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Tribunal+for+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBmfDQAAQBAJ&q=ingelaere+gacaca">Ingelaere, B. 2016. Inside Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Searching Justice after Genocide.</a> Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30970-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-30970-1">978-0-299-30970-1</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2009" class="citation journal cs1">MacKinnon, Catharine A. (2009). "Prosecutor V. Nahimana, Barayagwiza, & Ngeze. Case No. ICTR 99-52-A". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>103</b> (1): 97–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20456724">10.2307/20456724</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9300">0002-9300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20456724">20456724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229169281">229169281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Prosecutor+V.+Nahimana%2C+Barayagwiza%2C+%26+Ngeze.+Case+No.+ICTR+99-52-A&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-103&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0002-9300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229169281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20456724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20456724&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Catharine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Criminal+Tribunal+for+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictj.org/our-work/transitional-justice-issues/criminal-justice">International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102115652/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/ressources/trial-watch/trial-watch.html">TRIAL: Cases before ICTR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/">Human Rights Watch Report, "Genocide in Rwanda"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/2004/ij/digest.pdf">Topical digests of the case law of ICTR and ICTY, Human Rights Watch, 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051116190313/http://www.trial-ch.org/trialwatch/profiles/en/facts/p159.html">A case before the ICTR: Jean Kambanda - TRIAL WATCH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100802121425/http://www.hirondellenews.com/">Hirondelle News Agency, Arusha</a> (English + French + Kinyarwanda + Swahili) covering the ICTR trials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribunalvoices.org/">Voices of the Rwanda Tribunal</a> - collection of interviews with tribunal members</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ictr/ictr.html">Introductory note</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scharf" title="Michael Scharf">Michael P. Scharf</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ictr/ictr.html">procedural history note</a> on the <i>Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</i> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/law/avl/">United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_2">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&params=3.3677_S_36.6965_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">3°22′04″S</span> <span class="longitude">36°41′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.3677°S 36.6965°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-3.3677; 36.6965</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Rwandan_genocide" style="width:auto;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rwandan_genocide_footer" title="Template:Rwandan genocide footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rwandan_genocide_footer" title="Template talk:Rwandan genocide footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rwandan_genocide_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rwandan genocide footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rwandan_genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)" title="Arusha Accords (Rwanda)">Arusha Accords</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Timeline of the Rwandan genocide">Chronology</a></li> <li>Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gikondo_massacre" title="Gikondo massacre">Gikondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Church_massacre" title="Musha Church massacre">Musha Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyarubuye_massacre" title="Nyarubuye massacre">Nyarubuye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Rape during the Rwandan genocide">Rape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">People indicted</a> by the <a href="/wiki/ICTR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTR">ICTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidaires">Genocidaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akazu" title="Akazu">Akazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="International response to the Rwandan genocide">International response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="France and the Rwandan genocide">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Turquoise" title="Opération Turquoise">Opération Turquoise</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Support_Hope" title="Operation Support Hope">Operation Support Hope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">UNAMIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_935" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 935">UNSC Resolution 935</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibeho_massacre" title="Kibeho massacre">Kibeho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Massacres of Hutus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacaca_court" title="Gacaca court">Gacaca court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Rwanda)" title="National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (Rwanda)">National Unity and Reconciliation Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genocide memorials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre">Bisesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kigali_Genocide_Memorial" title="Kigali Genocide Memorial">Kigali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murambi_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Murambi Genocide Memorial Centre">Murambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntarama_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Ntarama Genocide Memorial Centre">Ntarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamata_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre">Nyamata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwibuka_T20_Tournament" title="Kwibuka T20 Tournament">Kwibuka T20 Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivors_Fund" title="Survivors Fund">Survivors Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historigraphy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Rwandan_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films about the Rwandan Genocide">Filmography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_criminal_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_criminal_law" title="Template:International criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_criminal_law" title="Template talk:International criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_criminal_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">Customary international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">Peremptory norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Charter">Nuremberg Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">Convention Against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">Crimes against<br />international law</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crime of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">Genocidal intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">International courts</a><br /><span class="nobold">(in order of foundation)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">Special Court for Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Panels_for_Serious_Crimes_(East_Timor)" title="Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor)">Special Panels of the Dili District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Residual_Mechanism_for_Criminal_Tribunals" title="International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_speech_crimes" title="International speech crimes">International speech crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122930178">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140804872">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5282544-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94042426">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12517053s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12517053s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mezinárodní soudní tribunál pro Rwandu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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