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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swiss physicist and inventor (born 1938)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-BLP_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> <b>needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Remove_contentious_material_that_is_unsourced_or_poorly_sourced" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Contentious material</a> about living persons that is unsourced or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">poorly sourced</a> <b>must be removed immediately</b> from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Martin+Schadt%22">"Martin Schadt"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Martin+Schadt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Martin+Schadt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Martin+Schadt%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Martin+Schadt%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Martin+Schadt%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Schadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Martin_Schadt.jpg/220px-Martin_Schadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Martin_Schadt.jpg/330px-Martin_Schadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Martin_Schadt.jpg/440px-Martin_Schadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Martin Schadt (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Martin Schadt</b> (born 1938) is a <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, the physicists Martin Schadt and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Helfrich" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Helfrich">Wolfgang Helfrich</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Twisted_nematic_field_effect" title="Twisted nematic field effect">twisted nematic field effect</a> (TN-effect) in the Central Research Laboratories of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, in Basel, Switzerland. The resulting patent CH532261 was licensed worldwide to electronics and watch industries and thus initiated a paradigm change towards flat panel field effect liquid crystal (LC) displays. </p><p>In the early 1970s, Martin Schadt started to investigate correlations between <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> molecular structures, material properties, electro-optical effects and <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">display</a> performance to obtain criteria for novel, effect-specific <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> materials for TN- and subsequent field-effect applications. His interdisciplinary approach involving physics and chemistry became the basis for modern industrial LC-materials research and led to the discovery and production of numerous new functional molecules and new electro-optical effects. In 1970, shortly after the invention of the TN-effect, he developed the first commercial room temperature nematic <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> mixture with positive dielectric anisotropy,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used in the displays of the first Japanese digital TN-LCD watches. The pharmaceutical company Roche established itself as a major supplier of liquid crystal materials for the emerging <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a>-industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements">Achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TN-LCD-Prototype-MS-201kB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TN-LCD-Prototype-MS-201kB.png/220px-TN-LCD-Prototype-MS-201kB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TN-LCD-Prototype-MS-201kB.png/330px-TN-LCD-Prototype-MS-201kB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TN-LCD-Prototype-MS-201kB.png/440px-TN-LCD-Prototype-MS-201kB.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Early prototype of an alpha-numeric LCD based on the twisted nematic field-effect as realized in the laboratories of the Central Research Laboratories of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. by Martin Schadt and Wolfgang Helfrich. Photo by courtesy of M. Schadt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from his pioneering work on the TN-effect (i.e.e <a href="/wiki/Twisted_nematic_field_effect" title="Twisted nematic field effect">twisted nematic field effect</a>), novel liquid crystal materials, <a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">organic semiconductors</a> and biophysics, he invented or co-invented the following effects and technologies: </p> <ul><li>first organic light-emitting diode (OLED) (1969 as post-doc at Canada's NRC; US patent 3,621,321),</li> <li>Kerr effect in LCs (1972),</li> <li>field-induced guest-host color switching (1979),</li> <li>dual frequency addressing and materials (1982),</li> <li>optical mode interference (OMI)-effect (1987,)</li> <li>deformed helix ferroelectric (DHF)- and short pitch bi-stable ferroelectric (SBF)-effect (1989, 1990),</li> <li>linearly photo-polymerisation (LPP)-technology (1991).</li></ul> <p>As principal inventor and head of Roche LC research he promoted the development of LPP-<a href="/wiki/Photoalignment" title="Photoalignment">Photoalignment</a> into manufacturing (1992–2002). As a key technology it enables contact free alignment and photo-patterning of monomeric and polymeric liquid crystals by optical means instead of mechanically. This has opened up novel display configurations as well as a wide range of new optical thin-film elements on single substrates, such as LC-interference color filters, optical retarders, cholesteric optical filters, wide-view films to enhance the field of view of LCDs, novel optical security elements for document and brand protection, stereo-polarizers as well as nano-and micro-corrugated optical polymer thin-film elements enabling polymeric antireflective and directional light scattering coatings. </p><p>The molecular design approach of Martin Schadt and his team has led to the discovery, patenting and production of the following commercially important liquid crystal classes: <i>alkyl cyano Schiff'bases and esters</i> (1971),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>phenyl-pyrimidines</i> (1977), <i>alkenyl liquid crystals</i> which have become key for all state-of-the-art high-information content LCDs (1985–1995), numerous <i>halogenated liquid crystals</i> (1989–1995) as well as the first strongly <i>non-linear optical (NLO)-ferroelectric liquid crystals</i> (1992). </p><p>Until 1994 Martin Schadt was the head of the Liquid Crystal Research division of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. As a spin-off from Hoffmann-La Roche in 1994 he founded the interdisciplinary research and development company ROLIC Ltd. From 1994 until his retirement from the operating business in October 2002 Martin Schadt was CEO of ROLIC Ltd. and delegate of the board of directors. He retired from ROLIC in 2005 and is now active as a scientific advisor to various research groups and governmental agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Roche Research and Development Prize, 1986, "For his decisive contributions to the knowledge of liquid crystal materials, their physical properties and electro-optics which have formed a basis for the breakthrough of a new display technology. His work has led to a new class of marketable products and to the scientific reputation of Roche in a new field."</li> <li>Special Recognition Award of American Society Information Display (SID), 1987, "For significant and continuing contributions to the theory and reduction to practice of high information content liquid crystal displays."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize">Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize</a>, 1992; highest recognition Award of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Information_Display" title="Society for Information Display">Society for Information Display</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "For his outstanding and sustained scientific and technical contributions to the development of twisted nematic and other liquid crystal display technologies."</li> <li>Fellow Award <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Information_Display" title="Society for Information Display">Society for Information Display</a>, 1992, "For his pioneering contributions to research and development of twisted nematic and other liquid crystal devices and materials."</li> <li>Aachener und Münchener Preis für Technik und angewandte Naturwissenschaften, 1994, "Für die bahnbrechende Erfindung der Flüssigkristallanzeige als Schlüsselbauelement der Informationstechnologie" (for the pioneering invention of the Liquid Crystal Display as a key-component for information technology).</li> <li>Robert-Wichard-Pohl Preis der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 1996, to Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt, "In Würdigung ihrer Erfindung und Entwicklung von Flüssigkristallanzeigen" (in appreciation of their invention and their development of Liquid Crystal Displays).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914080251/http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/pr/nishizawapr.html">2008</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Jun-ichi_Nishizawa_Medal" title="IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal">IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal</a> together with Wolfgang Helfrich and <a href="/wiki/James_Fergason" title="James Fergason">James Fergason</a> for pioneering development of twisted nematic liquid crystal technology.</li> <li>Eduard-Rhein Technologie-Preis 2009 for outstanding and internationally acknowledged achievements in the area of novel electro-optical operational principles for flat panel display applications, as well as the respective materials and device concepts; most notably, for co-inventing the twisted nematic liquid crystal effect - the crucial core technology for the success of LCDs - as well as other liquid crystal modes and linearly polymerized photo polymers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>George W. Gray Medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society, 2010, for proposing the first OLED in 1969, for inventing the Kerr effect in liquid crystals in 1972, dual frequency addressing in 1982, deformed helix ferroelectrics in 1989, pioneering photo alignment and for the molecular design of new classes of commercially relevant liquid crystals.</li> <li>Blaise Pascal Medal in Material Science of the European Academy of Sciences, 2010. In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the development of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) and Liquid Crystal Materials (LCs).</li> <li>Fellow Award of the European Academy of Sciences (2011)</li> <li>Frederiks Medal, the highest Award of the Russian Liquid Crystal Society for outstanding contributions in the field of liquid crystal physics (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> awarded by the US National Academy of Engineering (NAE) to G. Heilmeier, W. Helfrich, M. Schadt and P. Brody, "<i>for the engineering development of the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) utilized in billions of consumer devices</i>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Inventor_Award" title="European Inventor Award">European Inventor Award</a>, (2013)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_and_patents_summary">Publications and patents summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications and patents summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup-list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">indiscriminate</a> information</b> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">embedded lists</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit">clean up the lists</a> by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>167 scientific publications in leading international journals,</li> <li>110 lectures,</li> <li>Co-author of 4 books,</li> <li>More than 116 basic patents—among them 100 U.S. patents—each filed in 10–12 countries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_publications">Key publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Key publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchadt1994" class="citation book cs1">Schadt, M. (1994). "Liquid Crystal Displays". In H. Stegemeyer (ed.). <i>Liquid Crystals</i>. New York: Steinkopff/Springer. pp. 195–226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liquid+Crystal+Displays&rft.btitle=Liquid+Crystals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=195-226&rft.pub=Steinkopff%2FSpringer&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Schadt&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schadt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFv._ZedtwitzBrauchliSchadt1996" class="citation book cs1">v. Zedtwitz, M.; Brauchli, M.; Schadt, M. (1996). "Ueberwindung nationaler Grenzen dargestellt am Beispiel der Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)-Technologie". In O. Gassmann; M. v. Zedtwitz (eds.). <i>Internationales Innovations Management</i>. Muenchen: Vahlen Verlag. pp. 143–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ueberwindung+nationaler+Grenzen+dargestellt+am+Beispiel+der+Liquid+Crystal+Display+%28LCD%29-Technologie&rft.btitle=Internationales+Innovations+Management&rft.place=Muenchen&rft.pages=143-154&rft.pub=Vahlen+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=v.+Zedtwitz&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Brauchli%2C+M.&rft.au=Schadt%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schadt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadt1997" class="citation book cs1">Schadt, M. (1997). "Liquid Crystal Materials and Liquid Crystal Displays". In E. N. Kaufmann; Ch. J. Summers (eds.). <i>Annual Review of Materials Sciences</i>. Vol. 27. New York. pp. 305–375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liquid+Crystal+Materials+and+Liquid+Crystal+Displays&rft.btitle=Annual+Review+of+Materials+Sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=305-375&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schadt&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schadt" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadt1998" class="citation book cs1">Schadt, M. (1998). "Recent Advances in LPP-Photo-Alignment of Liquid Crystals Applied to the Phase-Retarder Image of Alfred Saupe". In P.E. Cladis; P. Palffy-Muhoray (eds.). <i>Dynamics and Defects in Liquid Crystals</i>. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. pp. 263–271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Advances+in+LPP-Photo-Alignment+of+Liquid+Crystals+Applied+to+the+Phase-Retarder+Image+of+Alfred+Saupe&rft.btitle=Dynamics+and+Defects+in+Liquid+Crystals&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=263-271&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Schadt&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schadt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Gray, Stephen M. Kelly: "Liquid crystals for twisted nematic display devices", <i>J. Mater. Chem.</i>, 1999, 9, p. 2037–2050</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Boller, H. Scherrer, M. Schadt and P. Wild: <i>Low electrooptic threshold in new liquid crystals</i>, Proc. IEEE, 60 (1972), 8, p. 1002-1003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sid.org/About/Awards/IndividualHonorsandAwards/KarlFerdinandBraun.aspx">"Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize"</a>. Society for Information Display. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl+Ferdinand+Braun+Prize&rft.pub=Society+for+Information+Display&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sid.org%2FAbout%2FAwards%2FIndividualHonorsandAwards%2FKarlFerdinandBraun.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schadt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224194529/http://www.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de/html/2009/Technologiepreis.html">"Technologiepreis - Technology Award 2009"</a>. <i>www.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de/html/2009/Technologiepreis.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de&rft.atitle=Technologiepreis+-+Technology+Award+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de%2Fhtml%2F2009%2FTechnologiepreis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Schadt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schadt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gerhard H. Buntz (Patent Attorney, European Patent Attorney, Physicist, Basel), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcd-experts.net/">"Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays (TN-LCDs), an invention from Basel with global effects"</a>, <i>Information</i> No. 118, October 2005, issued by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itag.ch/">Internationale Treuhand AG</a>, Basel, Geneva, Zurich. Published in German</li> <li>M. Schadt: "Milestones in the History of Field-Effect Liquid Crystal Displays and Materials", <i>Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.</i> 48(2009), pp. 1–9</li> <li>David A. Dunmur and Horst Stegemeyer: "Crystals that Flow: Classic papers from the history of liquid crystals", Compiled with translation and commentary by Timothy J. Sluckin (Taylor and Francis 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25789-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25789-1">0-415-25789-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605072401/http://www.maths.soton.ac.uk/staff/Sluckin/crystals_that_flow/homepage.htm">History of Liquid Crystals Homepage</a></li> <li>Rolf Bucher: "Wie Schweizer Firmen aus dem Flüssigkristall-Rennen fielen", Das Schicksal von Roche und BBC-Entwicklungen in zehn Abschnitten", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzz.ch">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a>, Nr.141 56 / B12, 20.06.2005</li> <li>Werner Becker, Hans-Juergen Lemp: "100 years of Commercial Liquid Crystal Materials", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationdisplay.org/">Information Display</a> 2, 2004</li> <li>Merck KGaA, Corporate Communications: "100 years of Liquid Crystals at Merck: The history of the future." March 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961110231410/http://www.merck.de/">Merck</a> KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</li> <li>Werner Becker (editor): "100 years Liquid Crystals", <i>Liquid Crystal Newsletter</i> No. 19, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961110231410/http://www.merck.de/">Merck</a> KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany</li> <li>Michael Heckmeier, et al.: "Liquid Crystals for Active Matrix Displays", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961110231410/http://www.merck.de/">Merck</a> KGaA, Darmstad, Germany</li> <li>Merck KGaA, Corporate Communications: "Liquid Crystals: Merck Makes Bits & Bytes Visible", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961110231410/http://www.merck.de/">Merck</a> KGaA, Darmstad, Germany</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus </a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Rosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold A. Rosen">Harold A. Rosen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Maurer" title="Robert D. Maurer">Robert D. Maurer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_B._MacChesney" title="John B. MacChesney">John B. MacChesney</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence G. Roberts">Lawrence G. Roberts</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert Langer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Getting" title="Ivan Getting">Ivan Getting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson">Bradford Parkinson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay </a> / <a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2004)</li> <li>Minoru S. Araki / Francis J. Madden / Edward A. Miller / <a href="/wiki/James_W._Plummer" title="James W. Plummer">James W. Plummer</a> / Don H. Schoessler (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willem_P._C._Stemmer" title="Willem P. C. Stemmer">Willem P. C. Stemmer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Helfrich" title="Wolfgang Helfrich">Wolfgang Helfrich</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Schadt</a> / <a href="/wiki/T._Peter_Brody" title="T. Peter Brody">T. Peter Brody</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haug" title="Thomas Haug">Thomas Haug</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Okumura" title="Yoshihisa Okumura">Yoshihisa Okumura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Frenkiel" title="Richard H. Frenkiel">Richard H. Frenkiel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Engel" title="Joel S. Engel">Joel S. Engel</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / Yoshio Nishi / <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Yazami" title="Rachid Yazami">Rachid Yazami</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._George_Craford" title="M. George Craford">George Craford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russell_Dupuis" title="Russell Dupuis">Russell Dupuis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Jean Fréchet">Jean Fréchet</a> / C. Grant Willson (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Steve Furber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilson" title="Sophie Wilson">Sophie Wilson</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122303#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000397665019">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42557219">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRhyQb8w9wt7tKtR9JjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1082530344">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p239396006">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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