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</a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishōnen_and_bishōjo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishōnen_and_bishōjo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Bishōnen</i> and <i>bishōjo</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishōnen_and_bishōjo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Critical attention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_attention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بيشونين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيشونين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Fonen" title="Bişonen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bişonen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1%C3%B3nen" title="Bišónen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bišónen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishounen" title="Bishounen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bishounen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Μπισόουνεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπισόουνεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86" title="بی‌شونن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بی‌شونن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%85%84" title="미소년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미소년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="בישונן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בישונן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Бисёнэн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бисёнэн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бишонен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бишонен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="美少年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="美少年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Бисёнэн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бисёнэн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бісьонен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бісьонен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bishōnen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Bishonen_(film)" title="Bishonen (film)">Bishonen (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bishy" redirects here. For the radial route in York, England, see <a href="/wiki/Bishy_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishy Road">Bishy Road</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gackt_in_2008(2)(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gackt_in_2008%282%29%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gackt_in_2008%282%29%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gackt_in_2008%282%29%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gackt_in_2008%282%29%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Gackt_in_2008%282%29%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gackt" title="Gackt">Gackt</a>, a Japanese singer-songwriter, is considered to be one of the living manifestations of the Bishōnen phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Bishōnen</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:美少年">美少年</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[bʲiɕo̞ꜜːnẽ̞ɴ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/Ja-bishonen.ogg\/Ja-bishonen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-bishonen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Ja-bishonen.ogg/Ja-bishonen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-bishonen.ogg" title="File:Ja-bishonen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; also <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>bishounen</b></i></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> term literally meaning "beautiful youth (boy)" and describes an <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> that can be found in disparate areas in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>: a young man of <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a> beauty. This word originated from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals_of_the_Wine_Cup" title="Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup">Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has always shown the strongest manifestation in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese pop culture</a>, gaining in popularity due to the androgynous <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> bands of the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-Orbaugh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orbaugh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has roots in ancient <a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese literature</a>, the androsocial and androerotic ideals of the medieval <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> imperial court and intellectuals, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> aesthetic concepts carried over from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, imported with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to China.<sup id="cite_ref-encycle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="None of the pages mention bishonen: page 118 is about Harajuku; page 522 is about contemporary theatre; page 553 is about village depopulation. (December 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">bishōnen</i></span> are very popular among girls and women in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-encycle_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for this social phenomenon may include the unique male and female social relationships found within the genre. Some have theorized that <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">bishōnen</i></span> provide a non-traditional outlet for gender relations. Moreover, it breaks down <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> surrounding <a href="/wiki/Feminine_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine male">feminine male</a> characters. These are often depicted with very strong <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> abilities, sports talent, high intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Dandy" title="Dandy">dandy</a> fashion, or comedic flair, traits that are usually assigned to the hero/<a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> role.<sup id="cite_ref-mmsexuality_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmsexuality-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish%C5%8Dnen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuniyoshi_Ishiyakushi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kuniyoshi_Ishiyakushi.jpg/220px-Kuniyoshi_Ishiyakushi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kuniyoshi_Ishiyakushi.jpg/330px-Kuniyoshi_Ishiyakushi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Kuniyoshi_Ishiyakushi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Yoshitsune, the most famous historical <i>bishōnen</i><sup id="cite_ref-Yamazaki_Yorifuji_Yoshida_Horn_2010_p._202_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamazaki_Yorifuji_Yoshida_Horn_2010_p._202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his retainer Benkei view the falling cherry blossoms.</figcaption></figure> <p>The prefix <i>bi</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:美">美</a>) more often than not refers to feminine beauty, and <i><a href="/wiki/Bijinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijinga">bijin</a></i>, literally "beautiful person", is usually, though not always, used to refer to beautiful women.<sup id="cite_ref-encycle_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bichūnen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">美中年</span></span>)</span> means "beautiful middle-aged man".<sup id="cite_ref-imageandnarrative_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imageandnarrative-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Biseinen</i> is to be distinguished from <i>bishōnen</i> as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">seinen</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">青年</span></span>)</span> is used to describe men who are of age, including those who have entered or completed tertiary education. The term <i>shōnen</i> is used to describe boys of middle and high school age. Last, <i>bishota</i> can be used to refer to a beautiful, <a href="/wiki/Pre-pubescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-pubescent">pre-pubescent</a> male child or a childlike male.<sup id="cite_ref-encycle_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside Japan, <i>bishōnen</i> is the most well-known of the three terms, and has become a generic term for all beautiful boys and young men. </p><p>The aesthetic of the <i>bishōnen</i> began as an ideal of a young lover, originally embodied in the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wakash%C5%AB" title="Wakashū">wakashū</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">若衆</span></span>, literally "young person", although only used for boys)</span>, or adolescent boy, and was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Oyama_(Japanese_theatre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyama (Japanese theatre)">effeminate male actors</a> who played female characters in <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki theater</a>. The term arose in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>, in part to replace the by then obsolete erotic meaning of the older term <i>wakashū</i>, whose general meaning of "adolescent boy" had by this point been supplanted by the new term <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōnen">shōnen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmsexuality_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmsexuality-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>bishōnen</i> was conceived of as "aesthetically different from both women and men [...] both the antithesis and the antecedent of adult masculinity".<sup id="cite_ref-mmsexuality_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmsexuality-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>bishōnen</i> typically has the same traits as idealized female beauties in Japan: lustrous black hair, opaque skin, red cheeks, etc., but simultaneously retains a male body, making them aesthetically different from both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-mmsexuality_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmsexuality-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western audiences may perceive bishonen as effeminate, but Japanese see them as something like angels, wholly male and female.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amakusa_Shir%C5%8D" title="Amakusa Shirō">Amakusa Shirō</a> have been identified as historical <i>bishōnen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Ian Buruma</a> notes that Yoshitsune was considered by contemporaries to be not physically prepossessing, but that his legend later grew and due to this, he became depicted with good looks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abe_no_Seimei" title="Abe no Seimei">Abe no Seimei</a> was depicted according to the standards of a Heian-era middle-aged man, but since 1989 he has been depicted as a modern-style <i>bishōnen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kyokutei_Bakin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyokutei Bakin">Kyokutei Bakin</a> wrote many works with <i><a href="/wiki/Nanshoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshoku">nanshoku</a></i> undertones featuring <i>bishōnen</i> characters,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1848 he used the term <i>bishōnen</i> in the title of a work about the younger <i>wakashu</i> partner in the <i>nanshoku</i> relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Orbaugh_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orbaugh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>bishōnen</i> aesthetic is continued today in <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">yaoi</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish%C5%8Dnen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some non-Japanese, especially American, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> fans use the term to refer to any handsome male character regardless of age, or any homosexual character.<sup id="cite_ref-beauty_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beauty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the original Japanese, however, <i>bishōnen</i> applies only to boys under 18. For those older, the word <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>bidanshi</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">美男子</span></span>, literally "handsome man")</span> is used. In the place of <i>bishōnen</i>, some fans prefer to use the slightly more sexually neutral <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bijin</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">美人</span></span>)</span> or the Anglicized slang term "bishie" (also spelled "bishi"), but these terms remain less common. The term <i>binanshi</i> was popular in the 1980s. <i>Bishōnen</i> is occasionally used to describe some androgynous female characters, such as Takarazuka actors,<sup id="cite_ref-Mirror_p.125_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirror_p.125-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Jarjayes" title="Oscar François de Jarjayes">Lady Oscar</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_of_Versailles" title="The Rose of Versailles">The Rose of Versailles</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Orbaugh_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orbaugh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or any women with traits stereotypical to <i>bishōnen</i>. </p><p>Scottish pop singer <a href="/wiki/Momus_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Momus (artist)">Momus</a> notably used the term in his song "Bishonen" from the <i><a href="/wiki/Tender_Pervert" title="Tender Pervert">Tender Pervert</a></i> album (released on Creation Records).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 8 minutes long, the song is an epic tale of a young boy raised to die young by an eccentric stepfather. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish%C5%8Dnen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Pflugfelder, the bishonen concept can be related to the "smoothie/roughneck" dichotomy of the Edo period. Sophisticated Japanese young men (<i>smoothies</i>) competed for hierarchical sexual dominance with so-called "roughneck" (juvenile delinquent) men, with occasional reports of violence between the two groups. By the 1920s the "smoothie" men had won out over the roughnecks in the popular imagination; "<i>rough was no match for smooth</i>", writes Pflugfelder.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, Japan's largest male talent agency, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_%26_Associates" title="Johnny & Associates">Johnny & Associates</a> Entertainment Company, specializes only in producing male <a href="/wiki/Tarento" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarento">Tarento idols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accepted into Johnny & Associates in their early teens, these boys, collectively known as 'Johnnys', are trained and promoted to become the next leading singing-acting-commercially successful hit sensations. Almost all can be classified as <i>bishōnen</i>, exhibiting the same physically <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine</a> features combined with a sometimes deliberately <a href="/wiki/Ambivalence" title="Ambivalence">ambivalent</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexuality</a> or at the very least, a lack of any hint of a relationship to maintain their popular availability. Many of the bishōnen stars hired by Johnny & Associates eventually abandoned their princely image, and became stock characters in variety shows and other normal day-to-day programming.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish%C5%8Dnen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides being a character type, <i>bishōnen</i> is also a distinct art style not usually forgotten in books about drawing <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>. In art, <i>bishōnen</i> are usually drawn delicately, with long limbs, silky or flowing hair,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and slender eyes with long eyelashes that can sometimes extend beyond the face. The character's "sex appeal" is highlighted through introducing the character by using an "eroticized" full-page spread.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-06_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-06-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characters with "bulging muscles" are rarely considered <i>bishōnen</i>, as they are too masculine.<sup id="cite_ref-imageandnarrative_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imageandnarrative-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bishōnen characters are fairly common in shōjo manga and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>. Many of the male characters show subtle signs of the <i>bishōnen</i> style, such as slender eyes or a <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine</a> face. </p><p>Some manga are completely drawn in the <i>bishōnen</i> style, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Seiya" title="Saint Seiya">Saint Seiya</a></i>. <i>bishōnen</i> manga are generally <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">shōjo manga</a> (girls' comics) or <a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">yaoi</a> (girls' comics focused on <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> relationships between beautiful boys), however <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">shōnen manga</a> (boy's comics) may use casts of <i>bishōnen</i> characters for crossover appeal to female readers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainstream shounen and seinen fare also often uses such characters as rivals for a traditional masculine protagonist, with some degree of comic relief, or for the blander everyman, whether as the embodiment of his insecurities in a grittier realism, or as a more lighthearted constant reminder of his less than advantageous social status and the constraints thereof. Comics for younger boys tend to use arrogant <i>bishōnen</i> in the role of the recurring minor rivals readers love to hate, though their effeminate good looks there will often appear older, bigger, stronger, and thus in fact more masculine than the commonly shorter and less mature protagonists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bishōnen_and_bishōjo"><span id="Bish.C5.8Dnen_and_bish.C5.8Djo"></span><i>Bishōnen</i> and <i>bishōjo</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish%C5%8Dnen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bishōnen and bishōjo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">Bishōjo</a></i> ('beautiful girl') is often mistakenly considered a parallel of <i>bishōnen</i>, because of the similar construction of the terms. There are major differences between the two aesthetics. The <i>bishōjo</i> aesthetic is aimed at a male audience, and is typically centered on young girls, drawn in a cute, pretty style; <i>bishōnen</i> is aimed at a female audience, centered on teenage boys, and drawn elegantly. Another common mistake is assuming that the female characters in <i>bishōnen</i> manga and anime are <i>bishōjo</i>. In truth, female characters in <i>bishōnen</i> manga are very different from those in <i>bishōjo</i>; <i>bishōjo</i> females are usually more petite and drawn in a style that is cute rather than beautiful, whereas <i>bishōnen</i> females exhibit the long limbs and elegance of the <i>bishōnen</i> themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-beauty_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beauty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_attention">Critical attention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish%C5%8Dnen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical attention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several cultural anthropologists and authors have raised the multifaceted aspect of what <i>bishōnen</i> represents and what it is interpreted as, mostly to fit a particular external viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Ian Buruma</a> noted that although Western comics for girls also included "impossibly beautiful men" who are clearly masculine and always get the girl in the end, the <i>bishōnen</i> are "more ambivalent" and sometimes get each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Mirror_p.125_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirror_p.125-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Sandra Buckley, <i>bishōnen</i> narratives champion "the imagined potentialities of alternative [gender] differentiations"<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Welker describes the <i>bishōnen</i> as being "<a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>", as the <i>bishōnen</i> is an androgynous <a href="/wiki/Aesthete" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthete">aesthete</a> with a feminine soul "who lives and loves outside of the heteropatriarchal world".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jonathan D. Mackintosh believes that the <i>bishōnen</i> is a "traditional representation of youth", being "interstitial" between both childhood and adulthood and between being male and being female,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regardless of the sexual issues. </p><p>Ishida Hitoshi makes the case that the image of the <i>bishōnen</i> is more about a grounding in sexuality than a transcendence of it, drawing on the idea of the image as being a refuge for alternative methods of looking at sexual natures, and sexual realities, at least since the 1960s, rather than the elegiac aesthetics of usages in an earlier era.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representations of men in manga by and for men show "an idealized man being ultramasculine and phallic", <i>bishōnen</i> are conversely drawn to "emphasize their beauty and sensuality", and female artists have been said to react against the ultramasculine representation by showing androgynous and "aesthetically beautiful" men.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood-06_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-06-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ian Buruma, writing in 1984, considered the "bishonen in distress" to be a recurring motif in popular manga. The <i>bishōnen</i> in distress is always rescued by an older, protective, mentor. This scenario has an "unmistakably homoerotic" atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Mirror_p.125_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirror_p.125-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also notes that <i>bishōnen</i> must either grow up, or die beautifully. He considers the "worship" of the <i>bishōnen</i> to be the same as that of the <a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossom" title="Cherry blossom">sakura</a>, and notes that "death is the only pure and thus fitting end to the perfection of youth."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish%C5%8Dnen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bish%C5%8Dnen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bishōnen">bishōnen</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bijinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijinga">Bijinga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">Bishōjo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy" title="Dandy">Dandy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephebos" title="Ephebos">Ephebos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbo" title="Himbo">Himbo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ikemen" title="Ikemen">Ikemen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kkonminam" title="Kkonminam">Kkonminam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrosexual" title="Metrosexual">Metrosexual</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōnen">Shōnen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bish%C5%8Dnen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Anthropological_Association2003" class="citation book cs1">American Anthropological Association (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMG0AAAAIAAJ"><i>Abstracts of the Annual Meeting -- American Anthropological Association</i></a>. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931303-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931303-15-6"><bdi>978-1-931303-15-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>...popular music stars such as Gackt and Hyde, will trace their beautification efforts to a domestically - produced aesthetic. The recent appearance of living specimens of the bishounen...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abstracts+of+the+Annual+Meeting+--+American+Anthropological+Association&rft.pages=336&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-931303-15-6&rft.au=American+Anthropological+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMG0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Adrienne Renee (2019). "From Shōjo to Bangya(ru): Women and Visual Kei". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcuJDwAAQBAJ"><i>Shōjo Across Media: Exploring "Girl" Practices in Contemporary Japan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 308, 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030014858" title="Special:BookSources/9783030014858"><bdi>9783030014858</bdi></a>. <q>Laura Miller refers to Gackt, a widely recognizable Visual Kei performer (and former vocalist of Malice Mizer), for example, as a "living … specimen of bishōnen,"45 relating his "baroque, androgynous indeterminacy"46 too to The Rose of Versailles.47</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Sh%C5%8Djo+to+Bangya%28ru%29%3A+Women+and+Visual+Kei&rft.btitle=Sh%C5%8Djo+Across+Media%3A+Exploring+%22Girl%22+Practices+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.pages=308%2C+322&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030014858&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Adrienne+Renee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcuJDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kanbun.info/syubu/toushisen027.html">"飲中八仙歌"</a> [Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup] (in Chinese). <q>宗之瀟灑美少年 [He has Very High color and Beautiful boy.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%A3%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%AB%E4%BB%99%E6%AD%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkanbun.info%2Fsyubu%2Ftoushisen027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orbaugh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orbaugh_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orbaugh_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orbaugh_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrbaugh2002" class="citation book cs1">Orbaugh, Sharalyn (2002). Sandra Buckley (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14344-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14344-6"><bdi>0-415-14344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Japanese+Culture&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-14344-6&rft.aulast=Orbaugh&rft.aufirst=Sharalyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encycle-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encycle_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encycle_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encycle_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encycle_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 188, 522, 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14344-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14344-6"><bdi>0-415-14344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Japanese+Culture&rft.pages=188%2C+522%2C+553&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-14344-6&rft.au=Buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmsexuality-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmsexuality_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmsexuality_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmsexuality_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmsexuality_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflugfelder1999" class="citation book cs1">Pflugfelder, Gregory M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbIwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228"><i>Cartographies of desire: male-male sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600-1950</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 221–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20909-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20909-5"><bdi>0-520-20909-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartographies+of+desire%3A+male-male+sexuality+in+Japanese+discourse%2C+1600-1950&rft.pages=221-234&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-20909-5&rft.aulast=Pflugfelder&rft.aufirst=Gregory+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbIwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yamazaki_Yorifuji_Yoshida_Horn_2010_p._202-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yamazaki_Yorifuji_Yoshida_Horn_2010_p._202_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamazakiYorifujiYoshidaHorn2010" class="citation book cs1">Yamazaki, H.; Yorifuji, B.; Yoshida, T.; Horn, C.G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CYCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202"><i>The Kurosagi Corpse Delivery Service</i></a>. Dark Horse. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59582-528-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59582-528-5"><bdi>978-1-59582-528-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurosagi+Corpse+Delivery+Service&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Dark+Horse&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59582-528-5&rft.aulast=Yamazaki&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Yorifuji%2C+B.&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+T.&rft.au=Horn%2C+C.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CYCDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imageandnarrative-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imageandnarrative_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imageandnarrative_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFebriani_Sihombing" class="citation web cs1">Febriani Sihombing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721000737/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/index.php/imagenarrative/article/viewFile/130/101">"On The Iconic Difference between Couple Characters in <i>Boys Love</i> Manga"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imageandnarrative.be/index.php/imagenarrative/article/viewFile/130/101">the original</a> on 21 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+The+Iconic+Difference+between+Couple+Characters+in+Boys+Love+Manga&rft.au=Febriani+Sihombing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imageandnarrative.be%2Findex.php%2Fimagenarrative%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F130%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tofugu.com/japan/bishounen/">"Bishounen"</a>. <i>Tofugu</i>. 26 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>Western readers may perceive bishounen ambiguity as effeminate, but that is a misreading. Bishounen as perceived by the Japanese audience are neither effeminate nor ambiguous; rather, they are seen as "something like angels, wholly male and female." Thus the character is sexually liberated, or is it the Japanese reader who is freed from their own traditional social restraints?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tofugu&rft.atitle=Bishounen&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tofugu.com%2Fjapan%2Fbishounen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drazen, Patrick (October 2002). '"A Very Pure Thing": Gay and Pseudo-Gay Themes' in <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_Explosion!_The_What,_Why_%26_Wow_of_Japanese_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime Explosion! The What, Why & Wow of Japanese Animation">Anime Explosion! The What, Why & Wow of Japanese Animation</a></i> Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press pp.91-94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880656-72-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-880656-72-8">1-880656-72-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuruma1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Buruma, Ian</a> (1985) [1984]. <i>A Japanese Mirror: Heroes and Villains of Japanese Culture</i>. Great Britain: Penguin Books. pp. 132–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-007498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-007498-7"><bdi>978-0-14-007498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Japanese+Mirror%3A+Heroes+and+Villains+of+Japanese+Culture&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=132-135&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-14-007498-7&rft.aulast=Buruma&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Laura (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umsl.academia.edu/LauraMiller/Papers/83064/Extreme_Makeover_for_a_Heian-Era_Wizard">"Extreme Makeover for a Heian-Era Wizard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mechademia" title="Mechademia">Mechademia</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): 30–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmec.0.0034">10.1353/mec.0.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121434600">121434600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechademia&rft.atitle=Extreme+Makeover+for+a+Heian-Era+Wizard&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-45&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmec.0.0034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121434600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumsl.academia.edu%2FLauraMiller%2FPapers%2F83064%2FExtreme_Makeover_for_a_Heian-Era_Wizard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichert2006" class="citation book cs1">Reichert, James Robert (2006). <i>In the Company of Men: Representations of Male-male Sexuality in Meiji Literature</i>. Stanford University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5214-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-5214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Company+of+Men%3A+Representations+of+Male-male+Sexuality+in+Meiji+Literature&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5214-5&rft.aulast=Reichert&rft.aufirst=James+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beauty-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beauty_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beauty_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beauty Up: Exploring Contemporary Japanese Body Aesthetics. Laura Miller. University of California Press, 2006.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520245091" title="Special:BookSources/0520245091">0520245091</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mirror_p.125-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mirror_p.125_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mirror_p.125_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mirror_p.125_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuruma1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Buruma, Ian</a> (1985) [1984]. <i>A Japanese Mirror: Heroes and Villains of Japanese Culture</i>. Great Britain: Penguin Books. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-007498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-007498-7"><bdi>978-0-14-007498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Japanese+Mirror%3A+Heroes+and+Villains+of+Japanese+Culture&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-14-007498-7&rft.aulast=Buruma&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imomus.com/index17.html">"<i>Tender Pervert</i> Lyrics"</a>. Imomus.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tender+Pervert+Lyrics&rft.pub=Imomus.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimomus.com%2Findex17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPflugfelder1999">Pflugfelder 1999</a>, pp. 224–225: "Echoing Mori, one commentator wrote in 1914 that "juvenile delinquents" of the "rough-neck" stripe saw themselves as "toughs" (soshi) and "swashbucklers" (kyo-kaku), while "smoothies" fancies themselves "high caller dandies" (harikara danji)...With the close of the Meiji period, however, such reports began gradually to diminish, until, by the end of the 1920s, most "juvenile delinquents" had become, according to one authority on the subject, confirmed <i>nanpa</i>. In the popular imagination, "rough" was no match for "smooth"."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-zone.com/modern/johnnys.shtml">"Modern Japan - Entertainment - Johnny's Jimusho"</a>. Japan-zone.com. 16 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Japan+-+Entertainment+-+Johnny%27s+Jimusho&rft.pub=Japan-zone.com&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan-zone.com%2Fmodern%2Fjohnnys.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimotoTsaiChoi2016" class="citation book cs1">Yoshimoto, M.; Tsai, E.; Choi, J.B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJpFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><i>Television, Japan, and Globalization</i></a>. Michigan Monograph Series in Japanese Studies. University of Michigan Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929280-76-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929280-76-6"><bdi>978-1-929280-76-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television%2C+Japan%2C+and+Globalization&rft.series=Michigan+Monograph+Series+in+Japanese+Studies&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-929280-76-6&rft.aulast=Yoshimoto&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Tsai%2C+E.&rft.au=Choi%2C+J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJpFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Short anime glossary [Краткий анимешно-русский разговорник]". <i><a href="/wiki/Anime*magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime*magazine">anime*magazine</a></i> (in Russian) (3): 36. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1810-8644">1810-8644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=anime%2Amagazine&rft.atitle=Short+anime+glossary+%5B%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%5D&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1810-8644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-06-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-06_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-06_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Andrea. (Spring 2006). "Straight" Women, Queer Texts: Boy-Love Manga and the Rise of a Global Counterpublic. <i><a href="/wiki/WSQ:_Women%27s_Studies_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly">WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly</a></i>, <b>34</b> (1/2), pp. 394-414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(writer)" title="Jason Thompson (writer)">Thompson, Jason</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/Manga:_The_Complete_Guide" title="Manga: The Complete Guide">Manga: The Complete Guide</a></i>. Del Rey. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-48590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-48590-8"><bdi>978-0-345-48590-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%3A+The+Complete+Guide&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Del+Rey&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-345-48590-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonnet1999" class="citation journal cs1">Monnet, Livia (1999). "Montage, cinematic subjectivity and feminism in Ozaki Midori's Drifting in the World of the Seventh Sense". <i>Japan Forum</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 57–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09555809908721622">10.1080/09555809908721622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Forum&rft.atitle=Montage%2C+cinematic+subjectivity+and+feminism+in+Ozaki+Midori%27s+Drifting+in+the+World+of+the+Seventh+Sense&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-82&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09555809908721622&rft.aulast=Monnet&rft.aufirst=Livia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckley, Sandra (1991) "'Penguin in Bondage': A Graphic Tale of Japanese Comic Books", pp. 163–196, In <i>Technoculture</i>. C. Penley and A. Ross, eds. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1932-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1932-8">0-8166-1932-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Welker, James (2006). "Beautiful, Borrowed, and Bent: "Boys' Love" as Girls' Love in Shōjo Manga". <i>Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F498987">10.1086/498987</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144888475">144888475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs%3A+Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Beautiful%2C+Borrowed%2C+and+Bent%3A+%22Boys%27+Love%22+as+Girls%27+Love+in+Sh%C5%8Djo+Manga&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=842&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F498987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144888475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Welker&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue12/aoki.html">"Intersections: Itō Bungaku and the Solidarity of the Rose Tribes [Barazoku]: Stirrings of Homo Solidarity in Early 1970s Japan"</a>. Intersections.anu.edu.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intersections%3A+It%C5%8D+Bungaku+and+the+Solidarity+of+the+Rose+Tribes+%5BBarazoku%26%2393%3B%3A+Stirrings+of+Homo+Solidarity+in+Early+1970s+Japan&rft.pub=Intersections.anu.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintersections.anu.edu.au%2Fissue12%2Faoki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Process of Divergence between 'Men who Love Men' and 'Feminised Men' in Postwar Japanese Media. Ishida Hitoshi and Murakami Takanori. Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context. Issue 12 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue12/ishida.html">http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue12/ishida.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuruma1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Buruma" title="Ian Buruma">Buruma, Ian</a> (1985) [1984]. <i>A Japanese Mirror: Heroes and Villains of Japanese Culture</i>. Great Britain: Penguin Books. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-007498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-007498-7"><bdi>978-0-14-007498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Japanese+Mirror%3A+Heroes+and+Villains+of+Japanese+Culture&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-14-007498-7&rft.aulast=Buruma&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABish%C5%8Dnen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishōnen&oldid=1239508601">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishōnen&oldid=1239508601</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Androgyny" title="Category:Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Japan" title="Category:Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Japanese words and phrases">Japanese words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_sex_terms" title="Category:Japanese sex terms">Japanese sex terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_beauty" title="Category:Male beauty">Male beauty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_stock_characters_in_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Male stock characters in anime and manga">Male stock characters in anime and manga</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Japanese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Japanese IPA">Pages with Japanese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from December 2023">Articles with failed verification from December 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 August 2024, at 18:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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