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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Family affiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Class affiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religious affiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tongkonan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tongkonan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tongkonan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tongkonan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_carvings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_carvings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wood carvings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_carvings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Funeral rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dance and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cogender_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cogender_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cogender views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cogender_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_cultural_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_cultural_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tourism and cultural change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_cultural_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torajan people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="توراجا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توراجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toracalar" title="Toracalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toracalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Тараджы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тараджы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja" title="Toraja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toraja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja" title="Toraja – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toraja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraya" title="Toraya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toraya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja" title="Toraja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toraja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مردم توراجائی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم توراجائی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja" title="Toraja – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toraja" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%9D%BC%EC%9E%90%EC%A1%B1" title="토라자족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토라자족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տորաջներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տորաջներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Toraja" title="Suku Toraja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Toraja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%27%D7%94" title="טוראג'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוראג'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Toraja" title="Wong Toraja – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Toraja" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Тораджа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тораджа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torad%C5%BEi" title="Toradži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toradži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toradzs%C3%A1k" title="Toradzsák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toradzsák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C" title="ടൊറാജ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൊറാജ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="توراجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توراجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja" title="Toraja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toraja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Toraja" title="Urang Toraja – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Toraja" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja" title="Toraja – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toraja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E6%97%8F" title="トラジャ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラジャ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6" title="ជនជាតិតូរ៉ាចា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិតូរ៉ាចា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torad%C5%BCowie" title="Toradżowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toradżowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja" title="Toraja – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toraja" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Тораджи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тораджи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraja" title="Toraja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toraja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Torajan people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torad%C5%BEa" title="Toradža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toradža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajat" title="Torajat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Torajat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajafolket" title="Torajafolket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torajafolket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ชาวโตราจา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวโตราจา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Toraja" title="Người Toraja – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Toraja" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%8B%89%E6%9F%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="托拉查人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托拉查人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Toraja" title="Orang Toraja – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Toraja" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Toraja" title="Jolma Toraja – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Toraja" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q290201#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Torajan</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><i>To Raya</i>, <i>To Raa</i>, <i>To Raja</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A9l%C3%A8bes_6543a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/C%C3%A9l%C3%A8bes_6543a.jpg/300px-C%C3%A9l%C3%A8bes_6543a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/C%C3%A9l%C3%A8bes_6543a.jpg/450px-C%C3%A9l%C3%A8bes_6543a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/C%C3%A9l%C3%A8bes_6543a.jpg/600px-C%C3%A9l%C3%A8bes_6543a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Torajan girls at a wedding ceremony</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1,100,000<sup id="cite_ref-official_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">179,846 (14% of the population; also known as <a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa people</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’ language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talondo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo' language">Talondo' language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toala%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toala' language">Toala' language</a> (vernacular languages) and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 86.11% (<a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> 69.14%, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> 16.97%), <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>) 7.89% and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (Hindu Alukta) 5.99%.<sup id="cite_ref-official_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulawesi_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sulawesi_Locator.svg/220px-Sulawesi_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sulawesi_Locator.svg/330px-Sulawesi_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sulawesi_Locator.svg/440px-Sulawesi_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Torajan</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous</a> to a mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Their population is approximately 1,100,000, of whom 450,000 live in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">regency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tana Toraja">Tana Toraja</a> ("Land of Toraja").<sup id="cite_ref-official_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the population is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, and others are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> or have local <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a> beliefs known as <i>aluk</i> ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognised this animistic belief as <i>Aluk To Dolo</i> ("Way of the Ancestors") as well as <i>Hindu Alukta</i>, namely, a form of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism in Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegara2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegara2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Toraja</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese language</a> term <i>to riaja</i>, meaning "people of the uplands", this cognates with the Toraja language <i>to</i> <i>raya</i>/<i>to</i> <i>raja</i>/<i>to raa</i> which also means "inland/upland people" or "northern people".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonial government</a> named the people <i>Toraja</i> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Nooy-Palm1975_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nooy-Palm1975-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torajans are renowned for their elaborate <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral rites</a>, burial sites carved into rocky cliffs, massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as <i><a href="/wiki/Tongkonan" title="Tongkonan">tongkonan</a></i>, and colourful <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">wood carvings</a>. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days. </p><p>Before the 20th century, Torajans lived in <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> villages, where they practised animism and were relatively untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> missionaries first worked to convert Torajan highlanders to Christianity. When the Tana Toraja regency was further opened to the outside world in the 1970s, it became an icon of <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">tourism in Indonesia</a>: it was exploited by tourism development and studied by <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1990_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, Hinduism was introduced to the Torajans by a mission from Bali, in which thousands of Torajans converted to Hinduism. That number has been increasing sharply since then. By the 1990s, when tourism peaked, Toraja society had changed significantly, from an agrarian model—in which <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">social life</a> and customs were outgrowths of the Aluk To Dolo—to a largely Christian society.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1995_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, tourism and remittances from migrant Torajans have made for major changes in the Toraja highland, giving the Toraja a celebrity status within Indonesia and enhancing Toraja ethnic group pride.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_identity">Ethnic identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnic identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Toraja_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traditional_Toraja_House.JPG/220px-Traditional_Toraja_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traditional_Toraja_House.JPG/330px-Traditional_Toraja_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traditional_Toraja_House.JPG/440px-Traditional_Toraja_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Toraja village</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tana_Toraja,_Palawa,_painted_front_of_a_tongkonan_(6823231508).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tana_Toraja%2C_Palawa%2C_painted_front_of_a_tongkonan_%286823231508%29.jpg/220px-Tana_Toraja%2C_Palawa%2C_painted_front_of_a_tongkonan_%286823231508%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tana_Toraja%2C_Palawa%2C_painted_front_of_a_tongkonan_%286823231508%29.jpg/330px-Tana_Toraja%2C_Palawa%2C_painted_front_of_a_tongkonan_%286823231508%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tana_Toraja%2C_Palawa%2C_painted_front_of_a_tongkonan_%286823231508%29.jpg/440px-Tana_Toraja%2C_Palawa%2C_painted_front_of_a_tongkonan_%286823231508%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Tana Toraja, Palawa, painted front of a tongkonan house, ca. 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The Torajan people had little notion of themselves as a distinct ethnic group before the 20th century. Before <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a>, Torajans, who lived in highland areas, identified with their villages and did not share a broad sense of identity. Although complexes of rituals created linkages between highland villages, there were variations in dialects, differences in social hierarchies, and an array of ritual practices in the <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> highland region. "Toraja" (from the coastal languages' <i>to</i>, meaning people; and <i>riaja</i>, uplands) was first used as a lowlander expression for highlanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Nooy-Palm1975_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nooy-Palm1975-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, "Toraja" initially had more currency with outsiders—such as the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassarese people">Makassarese</a>, who constitute a majority of the lowland of Sulawesi—than with insiders. The Dutch missionaries' presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness in the Sa'dan Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in the <a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tana Toraja">Tana Toraja Regency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1990_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups—the Bugis (the majority, including shipbuilders and seafarers), the Makassarese (lowland traders and seafarers), the Mandarese (traders and fishermen), and the Toraja (highland rice cultivators).<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton1995_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 17th century, the Dutch established trade and political control on Sulawesi through the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East Indies Company">Dutch East Indies Company</a>. Over two centuries, they ignored the mountainous area in central Sulawesi, where Torajans lived, because access was difficult and it had little productive agricultural land. In the late 19th century, the Dutch became increasingly concerned about the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the south of Sulawesi, especially among the Makassarese and Bugis peoples. The Dutch saw the animist highlanders as potential <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. In the 1920s, the Reformed Missionary Alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> began <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">missionary</a> work aided by the Dutch colonial government.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to introducing <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished slavery</a> and imposed local taxes. A line was drawn around the Sa'dan area and called <i>Tana Toraja</i> ("the land of Toraja"). Tana Toraja was first a subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Luwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwu">Luwu kingdom</a> that had claimed the area.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the Dutch granted Tana Toraja a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia"><i>regentschap</i></a>, and it was recognised in 1957 as one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">regencies of Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_van_Zuid-Celebes_in_krijgskostuum_TMnr_10002058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_van_Zuid-Celebes_in_krijgskostuum_TMnr_10002058.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_van_Zuid-Celebes_in_krijgskostuum_TMnr_10002058.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_van_Zuid-Celebes_in_krijgskostuum_TMnr_10002058.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_van_Zuid-Celebes_in_krijgskostuum_TMnr_10002058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_van_Zuid-Celebes_in_krijgskostuum_TMnr_10002058.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_van_Zuid-Celebes_in_krijgskostuum_TMnr_10002058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>A Toraja warrior from <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> holding a spear and a traditional <a href="/wiki/Kanta_(shield)" title="Kanta (shield)">Kanta</a> shield</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Dutch missionaries faced strong opposition among Torajans, especially among the elite, because the abolition of their profitable <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> had angered them.<sup id="cite_ref-Nooy-Palm88_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nooy-Palm88-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Torajans were forcibly relocated to the lowlands by the Dutch, where they could be more easily controlled. Taxes were kept high, undermining the wealth of the elites. Ultimately, the Dutch influence did not subdue Torajan culture, and only a few Torajans were <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngelow2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngelow2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, only 10% of the population had converted to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Nooy-Palm88_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nooy-Palm88-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, Muslim lowlanders attacked the Torajans, resulting in widespread Christian conversion among those who sought to align themselves with the Dutch for <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political protection</a> and to form a movement against the Bugis and Makassarese Muslims. Between 1951 and 1965 (following <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian independence</a>), southern Sulawesi faced a turbulent period as the <a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">Darul Islam</a> separatist movement fought for an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in Sulawesi. The 15 years of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> led to massive conversions to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1983_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1983-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alignment with the Indonesian government, however, did not guarantee safety for the Torajans. In 1965, a presidential decree required every Indonesian citizen to belong to one of five officially recognised religions: Islam, Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torajan religious belief (<i>aluk</i>) was not legally recognised, and the Torajans raised their voices against the law. To make <i>aluk</i> accord with the law, it had to be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969, <i>Aluk To Dolo</i> ("the way of ancestors") was legalised as a <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hindu_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Hindu Dharma">Agama Hindu Dharma</a>, the official name of Hinduism in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three main types of affiliation in Toraja society: family, class and religion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_affiliation">Family affiliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family affiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albino-Water-Buffalo-Rantepao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Albino-Water-Buffalo-Rantepao.jpg/220px-Albino-Water-Buffalo-Rantepao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Albino-Water-Buffalo-Rantepao.jpg/330px-Albino-Water-Buffalo-Rantepao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Albino-Water-Buffalo-Rantepao.jpg/440px-Albino-Water-Buffalo-Rantepao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A valuable albino buffalo near Rantepao</figcaption></figure> <p>Family is the <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary and secondary groups">primary social</a> and political grouping in Torajan society. Each village is one <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a>, the seat of which is the <i>tongkonan</i>, a traditional Torajan house. Each <i>tongkonan</i> has a name, which becomes the name of the village. The familial dons maintain village unity. Marriage between distant cousins (fourth cousins and beyond) is a common practice that strengthens <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>. Toraja society prohibits marriage between close cousins (up to and including the third cousin)—except for nobles, to prevent the dispersal of property.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterson1986_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterson1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinship is actively <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_psychology)" title="Reciprocity (social psychology)">reciprocal</a>, meaning that the extended family helps each other farm, share buffalo rituals, and pay off debts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Each person belongs to both the mother's and the father's families, the only bilateral family line in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children, therefore, inherit household affiliation from both mother and father, including land and even family debts. Children's names are given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen after dead relatives. Names of aunts, uncles and cousins are commonly referred to in the names of mothers, fathers and siblings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the <a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tana Toraja">Tana Toraja Regency</a>, each Toraja village was autonomous. In a more complex situation, in which one Toraja family could not handle their problems alone, several villages formed a group; sometimes, villages would unite against other villages. Relationship between families was expressed through blood, marriage, and shared ancestral houses (<i>tongkonan</i>), practically signed by the exchange of <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> and pigs on ritual occasions. Such exchanges not only built political and cultural ties between families but defined each person's place in a social hierarchy: who poured <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a>, who wrapped a corpse and prepared offerings, where each person could or could not sit, what dishes should be used or avoided, and even what piece of meat constituted one's share.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1984_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1984-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_affiliation">Class affiliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Class affiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_kommandant_van_het_Leger_des_Heils_poseert_voor_de_fotograaf_met_drie_Toradja_mannen_in_traditioneel_krijgscostuum_Celebes_TMnr_60011683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_kommandant_van_het_Leger_des_Heils_poseert_voor_de_fotograaf_met_drie_Toradja_mannen_in_traditioneel_krijgscostuum_Celebes_TMnr_60011683.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_kommandant_van_het_Leger_des_Heils_poseert_voor_de_fotograaf_met_drie_Toradja_mannen_in_traditioneel_krijgscostuum_Celebes_TMnr_60011683.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_kommandant_van_het_Leger_des_Heils_poseert_voor_de_fotograaf_met_drie_Toradja_mannen_in_traditioneel_krijgscostuum_Celebes_TMnr_60011683.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Three Toradja elders in traditional warrior garment posing with Dutch <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> officer, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>In early Toraja society, family relationships were tied closely to <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. There were three strata: <a href="/wiki/Nobles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobles">nobles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">commoners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> (slavery was <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished</a> in 1909 by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> government). Class was inherited through the mother. It was taboo, therefore, to marry "down" with a woman of lower class. On the other hand, marrying a woman of <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">higher class</a> could improve the status of the next generation. The nobility's condescending attitude toward the commoners is still maintained today for reasons of family prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1995_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobles, who were believed to be direct descendants of the descended person from heaven,<sup id="cite_ref-Wellenkamp1998_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellenkamp1998-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived in <i>tongkonans</i>, while commoners lived in less lavish houses (bamboo shacks called <i>banua</i>). Slaves lived in small huts, which had to be built around their owner's <i>tongkonan</i>. Commoners might marry anyone, but nobles preferred to <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">marry in-family</a> to maintain their status. Sometimes nobles married Bugis or Makassarese nobles. Commoners and slaves were prohibited from having death feasts. Despite close kinship and status inheritance, there was some <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>, as marriage or change in wealth could affect an individual's status.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterson1986_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterson1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wealth was counted by the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">water buffaloes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Slaves in Toraja society were family property. Sometimes Torajans decided to become slaves when they incurred a debt, pledging to work as payment. Slaves could be taken during wars, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trading</a> was common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves were prohibited from wearing bronze or gold, carving their houses, eating from the same dishes as their owners, or having sex with free women—a crime <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">punishable by death</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_affiliation">Religious affiliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious affiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 83.898067034712px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:93.297866507031px 35.993167479901px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion of Torajan people </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (69.14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (16.97%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (7.89%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> Torajan <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluk_To_Dolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluk To Dolo (page does not exist)">Aluk To Dolo</a>) (5.99%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Priester_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_van_de_Toraja_TMnr_20018334.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Priester_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_van_de_Toraja_TMnr_20018334.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Priester_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_van_de_Toraja_TMnr_20018334.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Priester_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_van_de_Toraja_TMnr_20018334.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Priester_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_van_de_Toraja_TMnr_20018334.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Priester_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_van_de_Toraja_TMnr_20018334.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Priester_tijdens_een_dodenfeest_van_de_Toraja_TMnr_20018334.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>A Torajan priest during a Toraja death feast</figcaption></figure> <p>Toraja's indigenous belief system is <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, called <i>aluk</i>, or "the way" (sometimes translated as "the law"). In the Toraja myth, the ancestors of Torajan people came down from heaven using stairs, which were then used by the Torajans as a communication medium with <i>Puang Matua</i>, <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">the Creator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-myth_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cosmos, according to <i>aluk</i>, is divided into the upper world (heaven), the world of man (earth), and the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-Nooy-Palm88_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nooy-Palm88-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, heaven and earth were married, then there was a darkness, a separation, and finally the light. Animals live in the underworld, which is represented by rectangular space enclosed by pillars, the earth is for mankind, and the heaven world is located above, covered with a saddle-shaped roof. Other Toraja gods include <i>Pong Banggai di Rante</i> (god of Earth), <i>Indo' Ongon-Ongon</i> (a goddess who can cause earthquakes), <i>Pong Lalondong</i> (god of death), and <i>Indo' Belo Tumbang</i> (goddess of medicine); there are many more.<sup id="cite_ref-philtar_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philtar-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earthly authority, whose words and actions should be cleaved to both in life (<a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>) and death (<a href="/wiki/Funerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerals">funerals</a>), is called <i>to minaa</i> (an <i>aluk</i> <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>). <i>Aluk</i> is not just a <a href="/wiki/Belief_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Belief system">belief system</a>; it is a combination of law, religion, and habit. <i>Aluk</i> governs social life, agricultural practices, and ancestral rituals. The details of <i>aluk</i> may vary from one village to another. One common law is the requirement that death and life rituals be separated. Torajans believe that performing death rituals might ruin their corpses if combined with life rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two rituals are equally important. </p><p>The decline of the Toraja religion began with the Christianization under rule of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a>. During the time of the Dutch missionaries, Christian Torajans were prohibited from attending or performing life rituals, but were allowed to perform death rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngelow2004_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngelow2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Toraja's death rituals are still practised today, while life rituals have diminished. The traditional Toraja religion is today only practiced by a small minority.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tongkonan">Tongkonan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tongkonan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tongkonan" title="Tongkonan">Tongkonan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toraja_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Toraja_house.jpg/220px-Toraja_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Toraja_house.jpg/330px-Toraja_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Toraja_house.jpg/440px-Toraja_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Three <i>tongkonan</i> in a Torajan village</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RantepaoKecamatan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/RantepaoKecamatan.JPG/220px-RantepaoKecamatan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/RantepaoKecamatan.JPG/330px-RantepaoKecamatan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/RantepaoKecamatan.JPG/440px-RantepaoKecamatan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Administration building in Rantepao</figcaption></figure> <p>Tongkonan are the traditional Torajan ancestral houses. They stand high on wooden piles, topped with a layered split-<a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> roof shaped in a sweeping curved arc, and they are incised with red, black, and yellow detailed wood carvings on the exterior walls. The word "tongkonan" comes from the Torajan <i>tongkon</i> ("to sit").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams200680_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200680-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tongkonan are the center of Torajan social life. The rituals associated with the tongkonan are important expressions of Torajan spiritual life, and therefore all family members are impelled to participate, because symbolically the <i>tongkonan</i> represents links to their ancestors and to living and future kin.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1984_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1984-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Torajan myth, the first <i>tongkonan</i> was built in heaven on four poles, with a roof made of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> cloth. When the first Torajan ancestor descended to earth, he imitated the house and held a large ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-tongkonan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tongkonan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of a tongkonan is laborious work and is usually done with the help of the extended family. There are three types of <i>tongkonan</i>. The <i>tongkonan layuk</i> is the house of the highest authority, used as the "center of government". The <i>tongkonan pekamberan</i> belongs to the family members who have some authority in <a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">local traditions</a>. Ordinary family members reside in the <i>tongkonan batu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exclusivity to the nobility of the <i>tongkonan</i> is diminishing as many Torajan commoners find lucrative employment in other parts of Indonesia. As they send back money to their families, they enable the construction of larger <i>tongkonan</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Architecture in the style of a tongkonan is still very common. Various administration buildings were built in this style in recent years, e.g. the <i>Kecamatan</i> building in Rantepao.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_carvings">Wood carvings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wood carvings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To express social and religious concepts, Torajans <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">carve wood</a>, calling it <i>Pa'ssura</i> (or "the writing"). Wood carvings are therefore Toraja's cultural manifestation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each carving receives a special name, and common motifs are animals and plants that symbolise some virtue. For example, water plants and animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabs">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_weed" class="mw-redirect" title="Water weed">water weeds</a>, are commonly found to symbolise fertility. In some areas noble elders claim these symbols refer to strength of noble family, but not everyone agrees. The overall meaning of groups of carved motifs on houses remains debated<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2006_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tourism has further complicated these debates because some feel a uniform explanation must be presented to tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2006_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torajan wood carvings are composed of numerous square panels, each of which can represent various things, for example <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">buffaloes</a> as a wish of wealth for the family; a knot and a box, symbolizing the hope that all of the family's offspring will be happy and live in harmony; <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a>, indicating the need for fast and hard work, just like moving on the surface of water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Regularity and order are common features in Toraja wood carving (see table below), as well as abstracts and geometrical designs. Nature is frequently used as the basis of Toraja's ornaments, because nature is full of abstractions and geometries with regularities and ordering.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toraja's ornaments have been studied in <a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">ethnomathematics</a> to reveal their mathematical structure, but Torajans base this art only on approximations.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer2006_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To create an ornament, bamboo sticks are used as a geometrical tool.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:616px;max-width:616px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:#fee8ab">Some Toraja Patterns</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27tedong.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27tedong.svg/150px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27tedong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27tedong.svg/225px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27tedong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27tedong.svg/300px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27tedong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>pa'tedong</i> <br />(buffalo)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27barre_allo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27barre_allo.svg/150px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27barre_allo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27barre_allo.svg/225px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27barre_allo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27barre_allo.svg/300px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27barre_allo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>pa'barre allo</i> <br />(the sun and its rays)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27re%27po_sangbua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27re%27po_sangbua.svg/150px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27re%27po_sangbua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27re%27po_sangbua.svg/225px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27re%27po_sangbua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27re%27po_sangbua.svg/300px-Torajan_pattern_-_pa%27re%27po_sangbua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>pa're'po' sanguba</i> <br />(dancing alone)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torajan_pattern_-_ne%27_limbongan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torajan_pattern_-_ne%27_limbongan.svg/150px-Torajan_pattern_-_ne%27_limbongan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torajan_pattern_-_ne%27_limbongan.svg/225px-Torajan_pattern_-_ne%27_limbongan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torajan_pattern_-_ne%27_limbongan.svg/300px-Torajan_pattern_-_ne%27_limbongan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>ne'limbongan</i> <br />(the legendary designer)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:#f0f0f0">Rasterised from<sup id="cite_ref-Sande1989_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sande1989-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>On 24 March 2022, about 125 patterns were given communal intellectual property copyright sertificates by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Law and Human Rights">Ministry of Law and Human Rights</a>, in order for protecting of traditional culture expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_rites">Funeral rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Funeral rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_Site_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Burial_Site_2.jpg/220px-Burial_Site_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Burial_Site_2.jpg/330px-Burial_Site_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Burial_Site_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>A stone-carved burial site. <i>Tau tau</i> (effigies of the deceased) were put in the cave, looking out over the land.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Toraja society, the funeral ritual is the most elaborate and expensive event. The richer and more powerful the individual, the more expensive is the funeral. In the <i>aluk</i> religion, only nobles have the right to have an extensive death feast.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death feast of a nobleman is usually attended by thousands and lasts for several days. A ceremonial site, called <i>rante</i>, is usually prepared in a large, grassy field where shelters for audiences, rice barns, and other ceremonial funeral structures are specially made by the deceased's family. Flute music, funeral chants, songs and poems, and crying and wailing are traditional Toraja expressions of grief with the exceptions of funerals for young children, and poor, low-status adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellenkamp1988_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellenkamp1988-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceremony is often held weeks, months, or years after the death so that the deceased's family can raise the significant funds needed to cover funeral expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torajans traditionally believe that death is not a sudden, abrupt event, but a gradual process toward <i>Puya</i> (the land of souls, or <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1993_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the waiting period, the body of the <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">deceased</a> is wrapped in several layers of cloth and kept under the <i>tongkonan</i>. The soul of the deceased is thought to linger around the village until the funeral ceremony is completed, after which it begins its journey to <i>Puya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manene_Tradisi_Ganti_Baju_Mayat_di_Tana_Toraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Manene_Tradisi_Ganti_Baju_Mayat_di_Tana_Toraja.jpg/220px-Manene_Tradisi_Ganti_Baju_Mayat_di_Tana_Toraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Manene_Tradisi_Ganti_Baju_Mayat_di_Tana_Toraja.jpg/330px-Manene_Tradisi_Ganti_Baju_Mayat_di_Tana_Toraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Manene_Tradisi_Ganti_Baju_Mayat_di_Tana_Toraja.jpg/440px-Manene_Tradisi_Ganti_Baju_Mayat_di_Tana_Toraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Manene tradition, which involves the changing of clothes for the deceased</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_Site_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burial_Site_3.jpg/220px-Burial_Site_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burial_Site_3.jpg/330px-Burial_Site_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Burial_Site_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>A burial site</figcaption></figure> <p>Another component of the ritual is the slaughter of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">water buffalo</a>. The more powerful the person who died, the more buffalo are slaughtered at the death feast. Buffalo carcasses, including their heads, are usually lined up on a field waiting for their owner, who is in the "sleeping stage". Torajans believe that the deceased will need the buffalo to make the journey and that they will be quicker to arrive at <i>Puya</i> if they have many buffalo. Slaughtering tens of water buffalo and hundreds of pigs using a <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machete</a> is the climax of the elaborate death feast, with dancing and music and young boys who catch spurting blood in long bamboo tubes. Some of the slaughtered animals are given by guests as "gifts", which are carefully noted because they will be considered debts of the deceased's family.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamashita1994_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamashita1994-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a <a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cockfight</a>, known as bulangan londong, is an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremony</a>. As with the sacrifice of the buffalo and the pigs, the cockfight is considered <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> because it involves the spilling of blood on the earth. In particular, the tradition requires the sacrifice of at least three <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>. However, it is common for at least 25 pairs of chickens to be set against each other in the context of the ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toraja_Elders.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Toraja_Elders.JPG/220px-Toraja_Elders.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Toraja_Elders.JPG/330px-Toraja_Elders.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Toraja_Elders.JPG/440px-Toraja_Elders.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Three Toraja elders in traditional dress attending wake ceremony, March 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three methods of <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> may be laid in a cave or in a carved stone grave, or <a href="/wiki/Hanging_coffins" title="Hanging coffins">hung on a cliff</a>. It contains any possessions that the deceased will need in the afterlife. The wealthy are often buried in a stone grave carved out of a rocky cliff. The grave is usually expensive and takes a few months to complete. In some areas, a stone cave may be found that is large enough to accommodate a whole family. A wood-carved <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Tau_tau" title="Tau tau">Tau tau</a></i>, is usually placed in the cave looking out over the land.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst a coffin of a baby is embedded into a burrow of a living tree, so called "baby tree".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ritual called <i>Ma'Nene</i>, that takes place each year in August, the bodies of the deceased are exhumed to be washed, groomed and dressed in new clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_and_music">Dance and music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dance and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarian_Pagellu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tarian_Pagellu.jpg/220px-Tarian_Pagellu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tarian_Pagellu.jpg/330px-Tarian_Pagellu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tarian_Pagellu.jpg/440px-Tarian_Pagellu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4227" data-file-height="2770" /></a><figcaption>Pa'gellu dance performance in Tana Toraja.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg/220px-Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg/330px-Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg/440px-Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Traditional song and dance at a funeral in Tana Toraja</figcaption></figure> <p>Torajans perform dances on several occasions, most often during their elaborate funeral ceremonies. They dance to express their grief, and to honour and even cheer the deceased person because he is going to have a long journey in the afterlife. First, a group of men form a circle and sing a monotonous chant throughout the night to honour the deceased (a ritual called <i>Ma'badong</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton1995_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yamashita1994_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamashita1994-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is considered by many Torajans to be the most important component of the funeral ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellenkamp1988_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellenkamp1988-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the second funeral day, the <i>Ma'randing</i> warrior dance is performed to praise the courage of the deceased during life. Several men perform the dance with a sword, a large shield made from buffalo skin, a helmet with a buffalo horn, and other ornamentation. The <i>Ma'randing</i> dance precedes a procession in which the deceased is carried from a rice barn to the <i>rante</i>, the site of the funeral ceremony. During the funeral, elder women perform the <i>Ma'katia</i> dance while singing a poetic song and wearing a long feathered costume. The <i>Ma'akatia</i> dance is performed to remind the audience of the generosity and loyalty of the deceased person. After the bloody ceremony of buffalo and <a href="/wiki/Pig_slaughter" title="Pig slaughter">pig slaughter</a>, a group of boys and girls clap their hands while performing a cheerful dance called <i>Ma'dondan</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As in other agricultural societies, Torajans dance and sing during <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest time</a>. The <i>Ma'bugi</i> dance celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">thanksgiving</a> event, and the <i>Ma'gandangi</i> dance is performed while Torajans are pounding <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several <a href="/wiki/Weapon_dance" title="Weapon dance">war dances</a>, such as the <i>Manimbong</i> dance performed by men, followed by the <i>Ma'dandan</i> dance performed by women. The <i>aluk</i> religion governs when and how Torajans dance. A dance called <i>Ma'bua</i> can be performed only once every 12 years. <i>Ma'bua</i> is a major Toraja ceremony in which priests wear a buffalo head and dance around a sacred tree.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A traditional musical instrument of the Toraja is a bamboo <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> called a <i>Pa'suling</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Suling" title="Suling">suling</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> word for flute). This six-holed flute (not unique to the Toraja) is played at many dances, such as the thanksgiving dance <i>Ma'bondensan</i>, where the flute accompanies a group of shirtless, dancing men with long fingernails. The Toraja have indigenous musical instruments, such as the <i>Pa'pelle</i> (made from <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm</a> leaves) and the <i>Pa'karombi</i> (the Torajan version of a <a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harp</a>). The <i>Pa'pelle</i> is played during harvest time and at house inauguration ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cogender_views">Cogender views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cogender views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the Saʼadan (eastern Toraja) in the island of Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia, there are homosexual male toburake tambolang shamans; although among their neighbors the Mamasa (western Toraja) there are instead only heterosexual female toburake shamanesses.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_Monoliths,_Karassic_Village,_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg/220px-Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg/330px-Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg/440px-Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Each monolith here memorialises a particular deceased person, although the standing stones are neither carved nor signed therefore the person's name may be soon forgotten. The buildings in the background, at the base of the hill, were erected as temporary pavilions for the funeral celebrations as they may eventually be reused here, disassembled and re-erected nearby, kept up for tourist visits, or left to deteriorate, depending on local condition.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ethnic Toraja language is dominant in Tana Toraja with the main language as the Sa'dan Toraja. Although the national <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> is the official language and is spoken in the community,<sup id="cite_ref-official_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">elementary schools</a> in Tana Toraja teach Toraja language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">Language varieties</a> of Toraja, including <i>Kalumpang</i>, <i>Mamasa</i>, <i>Tae</i>, <i>Talondo</i>, <i>Toala</i>, and <i>Toraja-Sa'dan</i>, belong to the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</a> language from the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-gordon2005Toraja_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordon2005Toraja-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the outset, the isolated geographical nature of Tana Toraja formed many dialects between the Toraja languages themselves. After the formal administration of Tana Toraja, some Toraja dialects have been influenced by other languages through the <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">transmigration program</a>, introduced since the colonialism period, and it has been a major factor in the linguistic variety of Toraja languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton1995_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Linguistic variety of Toraja languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Denominations </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> </th> <th abbr="Population" style="width:90px;">Population (as of) </th> <th>Dialects </th></tr> <tr> <th>Kalumpang </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:k#kli" title="ISO 639:k">kli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,000 (1991)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Karataun, Mablei, Mangki (E'da), Bone Hau (Ta'da). </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mamasa </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:m#mqj" title="ISO 639:m">mqj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,000 (1991)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Northern Mamasa, Central Mamasa, Pattae' (Southern Mamasa, Patta' Binuang, Binuang, Tae', Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ta'e </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:r#rob" title="ISO 639:r">rob</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,000 (1992)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Rongkong, Northeast Luwu, South Luwu, Bua. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Talondo' </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:t#tln" title="ISO 639:t">tln</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">500 (1986)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Toala' </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:t#tlz" title="ISO 639:t">tlz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,000 (1983)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Toala', Palili'. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Torajan-Sa'dan </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:s#sda" title="ISO 639:s">sda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">500,000 (1990)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu'), Toraja Barat (West Toraja, Mappa-Pana). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><span style="font-size:smaller;">Source: Gordon (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-gordon2005Toraja_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gordon2005Toraja-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A prominent attribute of Toraja language is the notion of grief. The importance of death ceremony in Toraja culture has characterised their languages to express intricate degrees of grief and mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellenkamp1988_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellenkamp1988-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Toraja language contains many terms referring to sadness, longing, depression, and mental pain. Giving a clear expression of the psychological and physical effect of loss is a <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a> and sometimes lessens the pain of grief itself.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tana_Toraja,_working_in_the_fields_(6969754989).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tana_Toraja%2C_working_in_the_fields_%286969754989%29.jpg/220px-Tana_Toraja%2C_working_in_the_fields_%286969754989%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tana_Toraja%2C_working_in_the_fields_%286969754989%29.jpg/330px-Tana_Toraja%2C_working_in_the_fields_%286969754989%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tana_Toraja%2C_working_in_the_fields_%286969754989%29.jpg/440px-Tana_Toraja%2C_working_in_the_fields_%286969754989%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Men working in the fields in Tana Toraja</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Orde_Baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Orde Baru">"New Order"</a> administration, the Torajan economy was based on agriculture, with cultivated wet <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraced</a> fields on mountain slopes, and supplemental <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> crops. Much time and energy were devoted to raising water buffalo, pigs, and chickens, primarily for ceremonial sacrifices and consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coffee was the first significant cash crop produced in Toraja, and was introduced in the mid 19th century, changing the local economy towards commodity production for external markets and gaining an excellent reputation for quality in the international market.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the commencement of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy developed and opened to foreign investment. In Toraja, a coffee plantation and factory was established by Key Coffee of Japan, and Torajan coffee regained a reputation for quality within the growing international specialty coffee sector<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational</a> oil and mining companies opened new operations in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Torajans, particularly younger ones, relocated to work for the foreign companies—to <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> for timber and oil, to <a href="/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Papua</a> for mining, to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and many went to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Out-migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-migration">out-migration</a> of Torajans was steady until 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has continued since, with remittances sent back by emigre Torajans performing an important role within the contemporary economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Neilson,_J_2014_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilson,_J_2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism commenced in Toraja in the 1970s, and accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1984 and 1997, a significant number of Torajans obtained their incomes from tourism, working in and owning hotels, as tour guides, drivers, or selling souvenirs. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Reformation_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation (Indonesia)">political and economic instability in Indonesia</a> in the late 1990s—including religious conflicts elsewhere on Sulawesi—tourism in Tana Toraja has declined dramatically. Toraja continues to be a well known origin for <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian coffee">Indonesian coffee</a>, grown by both smallholders and plantation estates, although migration, remittances and off-farm income is considered far more important to most households, even those in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Neilson,_J_2014_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilson,_J_2014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism_and_cultural_change">Tourism and cultural change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tourism and cultural change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toraja_tumbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Toraja_tumbs.jpg/220px-Toraja_tumbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Toraja_tumbs.jpg/330px-Toraja_tumbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Toraja_tumbs.jpg/440px-Toraja_tumbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>A Torajan tomb in a high rocky cliff is one of the tourist attractions in Tana Toraja.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the 1970s, Western tourism was almost unknown in the Toraja highland area. In 1971, about 50 Europeans visited Tana Toraja. In 1972, at least 400 visitors attended the funeral ritual of Puang of Sangalla, the highest-ranking <a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">nobleman</a> in Tana Toraja and the so-called "last pure-blooded Toraja noble." The event was documented by <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a></i> and broadcast in several European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, about 12,000 tourists visited the regency and in 1981, Torajan <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> was exhibited in major North American museums.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1982_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1982-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The land of the heavenly kings of Tana Toraja", as written in the exhibition brochure, embraced the outside world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1984, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism declared <a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja_Regency" title="Tana Toraja Regency">Tana Toraja Regency</a> the <i>prima donna</i> of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>. Tana Toraja was heralded as "the second stop after <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1995_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourism was increasing dramatically: by 1985, a total number of 150,000 foreigners had visited the Regency (in addition to 80,000 domestic tourists),<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1990_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the annual number of foreign visitors was recorded at 40,000 in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Souvenir stands appeared in Rantepao, the cultural center of Toraja, roads were sealed at the most-visited tourist sites, new hotels and tourist-oriented restaurants were opened, and an airstrip was opened in the Regency in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1984_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1984-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bamboe_tabakskoker_met_stop_TMnr_3555-34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bamboe_tabakskoker_met_stop_TMnr_3555-34.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bamboe_tabakskoker_met_stop_TMnr_3555-34.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bamboe_tabakskoker_met_stop_TMnr_3555-34.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bamboe_tabakskoker_met_stop_TMnr_3555-34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bamboe_tabakskoker_met_stop_TMnr_3555-34.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bamboe_tabakskoker_met_stop_TMnr_3555-34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Small bamboo tobacco tube. Such handicrafts are popular with tourists.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism developers marketed Tana Toraja as an exotic adventure—an area rich in culture and off-the-beaten-track. Toraja was marketed for tourists who had gone as far as Bali and were interested in seeing more of the wild, "untouched" islands. Western tourists expected to see stone-age villages and <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1984_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1984-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they were more likely to see Christian Torajans wearing NBA sports caps and denim.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams2006_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourists felt that the <i>tongkonan</i> and other Torajan rituals had been preconceived to make profits, and complained that the destination was too commercialised. This resulted in several clashes between Torajans and tourism developers, whom Torajans see as outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1990_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A clash between local Torajan leaders and the <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> provincial government (as a tourist developer) broke out in 1985. The government designated 18 Toraja villages and burial sites as traditional tourist attractions. Consequently, zoning restrictions were applied to these areas, such that Torajans themselves were barred from changing their <i>tongkonans</i> and burial sites. The plan was opposed by some Torajan leaders, as they felt that their rituals and traditions were being determined by outsiders. As a result, in 1987, the Torajan village of Kété Kesú and several other designated tourist attractions closed their doors to tourists. This closure lasted only a few days, as the villagers found it too difficult to survive without the income from selling souvenirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1990_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism has also <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">transformed</a> Toraja society. Originally, there was a ritual which allowed commoners to marry nobles (<i>puang</i>) and thereby gain nobility for their children. However, the image of Torajan society created for the tourists, often by non-aristocratic guides, has eroded its traditional strict hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1995_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High status is not as esteemed in Tana Toraja as it once was. Many low-ranking men can declare themselves and their children nobles by gaining enough wealth through work outside the region and then marrying a noble woman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-official_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529201932/http://www.toraja.go.id/sosial.php">"Tana Toraja official website"</a> (in Indonesian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toraja.go.id/sosial.php">the original</a> on May 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tana+Toraja+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toraja.go.id%2Fsosial.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZainuddin_Hamka2009" class="citation book cs1">Zainuddin Hamka (2009). <i>Corak pemikiran keagamaan Gurutta H. Muh. As'ad Al-Bugisi</i>. Departemen Agama RI, Badan Litbang dan Diklat, Puslitbang Lektur Keagamaan. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-60-287-6601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-60-287-6601-2"><bdi>978-60-287-6601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corak+pemikiran+keagamaan+Gurutta+H.+Muh.+As%27ad+Al-Bugisi&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Departemen+Agama+RI%2C+Badan+Litbang+dan+Diklat%2C+Puslitbang+Lektur+Keagamaan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-60-287-6601-2&rft.au=Zainuddin+Hamka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugihandari2009" class="citation web cs1">Sugihandari (February 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620111958/http://epaper.kompas.com/">"Sulawesi Barat, Cermin Politik dalam Dua Masa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.kompas.com">the original</a> on June 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulawesi+Barat%2C+Cermin+Politik+dalam+Dua+Masa&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft.au=Sugihandari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.kompas.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bugis and Makassarese people constitute the coastal region surrounding Toraja. In fact, the term "toraja" was invented by these coastal people to refer the isolated mountainous people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegara2023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegara2023_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegara2023">Segara 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1975" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Roger F. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qnjyAEACAAJ"><i>Proto South Sulawesi and Proto Austronesian Phonology</i></a>. University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto+South+Sulawesi+and+Proto+Austronesian+Phonology&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan.&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Roger+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9qnjyAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nooy-Palm1975-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nooy-Palm1975_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nooy-Palm1975_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNooy-Palm1975" class="citation journal cs1">Nooy-Palm, Hetty (1975). "Introduction to the Sa'dan People and their Country". <i>Archipel</i>. <b>15</b>: 163–192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Sa%27dan+People+and+their+Country&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=163-192&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Nooy-Palm&rft.aufirst=Hetty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1990-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1990_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1990_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1990_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1990_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1990_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1990" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Kathleen M. (January 31, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222440/http://209.200.101.189/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=841">"Cultural Commoditisation in Tana Toraja, Indonesia"</a>. <i>Cultural Survival Quarterly</i>. <b>14</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.200.101.189/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=841">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Cultural+Commoditisation+in+Tana+Toraja%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1990-01-31&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.200.101.189%2Fpublications%2Fcsq%2Fcsq-article.cfm%3Fid%3D841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1995-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1995_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1995_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1995_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams1995_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1995" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Kathleen M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.luc.edu/anthropology_facpubs/6">"Making-Up the Toraja? The Appropriate of Tourism, Anthropology, and Museums for Politics in Upland Sulawesi, Indonesia"</a>. <i>Ethnology</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 143–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3774103">10.2307/3774103</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3774103">3774103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=Making-Up+the+Toraja%3F+The+Appropriate+of+Tourism%2C+Anthropology%2C+and+Museums+for+Politics+in+Upland+Sulawesi%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-153&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3774103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3774103%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.luc.edu%2Fanthropology_facpubs%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2006_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2006_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2006_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2006_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams2006">Adams (2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton1995-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton1995_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton1995_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton1995_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, R. Anderson (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620185620/http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1565.pdf">"Performing arts and cultural politics in South Sulawesi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>151</b> (4): 672–699. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003034">10.1163/22134379-90003034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128539603">128539603</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1565.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Performing+arts+and+cultural+politics+in+South+Sulawesi&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=672-699&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128539603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=R.+Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitlv-journals.nl%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fart_BKI_1565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volkman1990-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1990_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Volkman, Toby Alice (February 1990). "Visions and Revisions: Toraja Culture and the Tourist Gaze". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 91–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1990.17.1.02a00060">10.1525/ae.1990.17.1.02a00060</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/645254">645254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Visions+and+Revisions%3A+Toraja+Culture+and+the+Tourist+Gaze&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-110&rft.date=1990-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1990.17.1.02a00060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F645254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Volkman&rft.aufirst=Toby+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrauwers,_Albert1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schrauwers, Albert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003928">"Houses, hierarchy, headhunting and exchange; Rethinking political relations in the Southeast Asian realm of Luwu'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>153</b> (3): 356–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003928">10.1163/22134379-90003928</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Houses%2C+hierarchy%2C+headhunting+and+exchange%3B+Rethinking+political+relations+in+the+Southeast+Asian+realm+of+Luwu%27&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-380&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003928&rft.au=Schrauwers%2C+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nooy-Palm88-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nooy-Palm88_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nooy-Palm88_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nooy-Palm88_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Kis-Jovak et al. (1988), Ch. 2, Hetty Nooy-Palm, <i>The World of Toraja</i>, pp. 12–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ngelow2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ngelow2004_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ngelow2004_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgelow2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ngelow, Zakaria J. (Summer 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620185600/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/miscPublications/I-R/pdf/45-Ngelow.pdf">"Traditional Culture, Christianity and Globalisation in Indonesia: The Case of Torajan Christians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Inter-Religio</i>. <b>45</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Religio&rft.atitle=Traditional+Culture%2C+Christianity+and+Globalisation+in+Indonesia%3A+The+Case+of+Torajan+Christians&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=45&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ngelow&rft.aufirst=Zakaria+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2FSHUBUNKEN%2Fpublications%2FmiscPublications%2FI-R%2Fpdf%2F45-Ngelow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volkman1983-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1983_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkman1983" class="citation journal cs1">Volkman, Toby Alice (December 31, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/a-view-mountains">"A View from the Mountains"</a>. <i>Cultural Survival Quarterly</i>. <b>7</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+View+from+the+Mountains&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1983-12-31&rft.aulast=Volkman&rft.aufirst=Toby+Alice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fourpublications%2Fcsq%2Farticle%2Fa-view-mountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yang2005_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Heriyanto (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf">"The history and legal position of Confucianism in postindependence Indonesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marburg Journal of Religion</i>. <b>10</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+history+and+legal+position+of+Confucianism+in+postindependence+Indonesia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Heriyanto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uni-marburg.de%2Freligionswissenschaft%2Fjournal%2Fmjr%2Fpdf%2F2005%2Fyang2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterson1986-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waterson1986_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waterson1986_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterson,_Roxana1986" class="citation journal cs1">Waterson, Roxana (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003370">"The ideology and terminology of kinship among the Sa'dan Toraja"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>142</b> (1): 87–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003370">10.1163/22134379-90003370</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=The+ideology+and+terminology+of+kinship+among+the+Sa%27dan+Toraja&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-112&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003370&rft.au=Waterson%2C+Roxana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterson,_Roxana1995" class="citation journal cs1">Waterson, Roxana (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809104846/http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1545.pdf">"Houses, graves and the limits of kinship groupings among the Sa'dan Toraja"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>151</b> (2): 194–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003046">10.1163/22134379-90003046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162232367">162232367</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1545.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Houses%2C+graves+and+the+limits+of+kinship+groupings+among+the+Sa%27dan+Toraja&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-217&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162232367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Waterson%2C+Roxana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitlv-journals.nl%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fart_BKI_1545.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volkman1984-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1984_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1984_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1984_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkman1984" class="citation journal cs1">Volkman, Toby Alice (1984). "Great Performances: Toraja Cultural Identity in the 1970s". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 152–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1984.11.1.02a00090">10.1525/ae.1984.11.1.02a00090</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/644360">644360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Great+Performances%3A+Toraja+Cultural+Identity+in+the+1970s&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=152-169&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1984.11.1.02a00090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F644360%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Volkman&rft.aufirst=Toby+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellenkamp1998-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wellenkamp1998_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellenkamp1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wellenkamp, Jane C. (1988). "Order and Disorder in Toraja Thought and Ritual". <i>Ethnology</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 311–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773523">10.2307/3773523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773523">3773523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=Order+and+Disorder+in+Toraja+Thought+and+Ritual&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-326&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3773523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3773523%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wellenkamp&rft.aufirst=Jane+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sandra, Jaida n'ha (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124071824/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/2519/From%20_You,%20Toradja_%20to%20_We%20Toraya_%20Ethnicity%20in%20the%20Making.pdf#page20">"From "You, Toradja" to "We Toraya": Ethnicity in the Making"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/2519/From%20_You%2C%20Toradja_%20to%20_We%20Toraya_%20Ethnicity%20in%20the%20Making.pdf#page20">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=From+%22You%2C+Toradja%22+to+%22We+Toraya%22%3A+Ethnicity+in+the+Making&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sandra&rft.aufirst=Jaida+n%27ha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10125%2F2519%2FFrom%2520_You%252C%2520Toradja_%2520to%2520_We%2520Toraya_%2520Ethnicity%2520in%2520the%2520Making.pdf%23page20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myth-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myth_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This Toraja myth was directly translated from the history of Toraja at the official Tana Toraja website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toraja.go.id/sejarah.php">toraja.go.id</a>, retrieved on 2007-05-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520015120/http://www.toraja.go.id/sejarah.php">Archived</a> May 20, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philtar-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philtar_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006221837/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/toraj.html">"Toraja Religion"</a>. <i>Overview of World Religion</i>. St. Martin College, UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/toraj.html">the original</a> on 2006-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toraja+Religion&rft.btitle=Overview+of+World+Religion&rft.pub=St.+Martin+College%2C+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltar.ucsm.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Findon%2Ftoraj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The death rituals are known as "smoke-descending" rituals, while the life rituals are "smoke-ascending" rituals; cf. Wellenkamp (1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappoport2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rappoport, Dana (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00476146/document">"Ritual music and christianization in the Toraja's Highlands, Sulawesi"</a>. <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 378–404. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30046286">30046286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Ritual+music+and+christianization+in+the+Toraja%27s+Highlands%2C+Sulawesi&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=378-404&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30046286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rappoport&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00476146%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200680-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams200680_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams2006">Adams 2006</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tongkonan-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tongkonan_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727131128/http://www.toraja.net/culture/arcitecture/index.html">"Toraja Architecture"</a>. Ladybamboo Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toraja.net/culture/arcitecture/index.html">the original</a> on 2009-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toraja+Architecture&rft.pub=Ladybamboo+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toraja.net%2Fculture%2Farcitecture%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sharon, Penulis (2021-08-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruparupa.com/blog/rumah-adat-tongkonan/">"Rumah Adat Tongkonan, Rumah Toraja Penuh Keunikan!"</a>. <i>ruparupa</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ruparupa&rft.atitle=Rumah+Adat+Tongkonan%2C+Rumah+Toraja+Penuh+Keunikan%21&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Penulis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruparupa.com%2Fblog%2Frumah-adat-tongkonan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuslimin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Muslimin, Rizal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3130%2Fjaabe.16.39">"Toraja Glyphs: An Ethnocomputation Study of Passura Indigenous Icons"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 39–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3130%2Fjaabe.16.39">10.3130/jaabe.16.39</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Architecture+and+Building+Engineering&rft.atitle=Toraja+Glyphs%3A+An+Ethnocomputation+Study+of+Passura+Indigenous+Icons&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-44&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3130%2Fjaabe.16.39&rft.aulast=Muslimin&rft.aufirst=Rizal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3130%252Fjaabe.16.39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer2006_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer2006_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2006" class="citation conference cs1">Palmer, Miquel Alberti (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620185600/http://www.math.auckland.ac.nz/~poisard/ICEm3/3.Prez%20Not%20Given/Prez%20not%20given%20papers/Alberti-paper.doc">"The Kira-kira method of the Torajan woodcarvers of Sulawesi to divide a segment into equal parts"</a>. <i>Third International Conference on Ethnomathematics: Cultural Connections and Mathematical Manipulations</i>. Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.math.auckland.ac.nz/~poisard/ICEm3/3.Prez%20Not%20Given/Prez%20not%20given%20papers/Alberti-paper.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/DOC_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC (computing)">doc</a>)</span> on June 20, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Kira-kira+method+of+the+Torajan+woodcarvers+of+Sulawesi+to+divide+a+segment+into+equal+parts&rft.btitle=Third+International+Conference+on+Ethnomathematics%3A+Cultural+Connections+and+Mathematical+Manipulations&rft.place=Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=University+of+Auckland&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Miquel+Alberti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.auckland.ac.nz%2F~poisard%2FICEm3%2F3.Prez%2520Not%2520Given%2FPrez%2520not%2520given%2520papers%2FAlberti-paper.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sande1989-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sande1989_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSande,_J.S.1989" class="citation web cs1">Sande, J.S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202221143/http://www.batusura.de/ukiran.htm">"Toraja Wood-Carving Motifs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ujung_Pandang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujung Pandang">Ujung Pandang</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batusura.de/ukiran.htm">the original</a> on 2010-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toraja+Wood-Carving+Motifs&rft.pub=Ujung+Pandang&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Sande%2C+J.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batusura.de%2Fukiran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kareba-toraja.com/berikut-nama-125-ukiran-toraja-yang-sudah-mendapat-sertifikat-hak-cipta-dari-kemenkumham/">"Berikut, Nama 125 Ukiran Toraja yang Sudah Mendapat Sertifikat Hak Cipta dari KemenkumHAM"</a>. <i>Kareba Toraja.com</i>. 27 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kareba+Toraja.com&rft.atitle=Berikut%2C+Nama+125+Ukiran+Toraja+yang+Sudah+Mendapat+Sertifikat+Hak+Cipta+dari+KemenkumHAM&rft.date=2022-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkareba-toraja.com%2Fberikut-nama-125-ukiran-toraja-yang-sudah-mendapat-sertifikat-hak-cipta-dari-kemenkumham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the present day, when tourism is the main income of the Torajans, funeral feasts have been held by non-noble rich families, mainly performed as tourist attractions. Volkman (1982) called this phenomenon a death funeral inflation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellenkamp1988-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellenkamp1988_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellenkamp1988_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellenkamp1988_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_C._Wellenkamp1988" class="citation journal cs1">Jane C. Wellenkamp (August 1988). "Notions of Grief and Catharsis among the Toraja". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 486–500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1988.15.3.02a00050">10.1525/ae.1988.15.3.02a00050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/645753">645753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Notions+of+Grief+and+Catharsis+among+the+Toraja&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=486-500&rft.date=1988-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1988.15.3.02a00050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F645753%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Jane+C.+Wellenkamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1992, the most powerful Torajan, the former chief of Tana Toraja Regency, died, and his family asked US$125,000 of a Japanese TV company as a license fee to film the funeral. Cf. Yamashita (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1993-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1993_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1993" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Kathleen M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.luc.edu/context/anthropology_facpubs/article/1005/viewcontent/1993DiscourseSoulsTatorEthnology.pdf">"The Discourse of Souls in Tana Toraja (Indonesia): Indigenous Notions and Christian Conceptions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ethnology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 55–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773545">10.2307/3773545</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773545">3773545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+Discourse+of+Souls+in+Tana+Toraja+%28Indonesia%29%3A+Indigenous+Notions+and+Christian+Conceptions&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-68&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3773545&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3773545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.luc.edu%2Fcontext%2Fanthropology_facpubs%2Farticle%2F1005%2Fviewcontent%2F1993DiscourseSoulsTatorEthnology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollan,_Douglas1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hollan, Douglas (December 1995). "To the Afterworld and Back: Mourning and Dreams of the Dead among the Toraja". <i>Ethos</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 424–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Feth.1995.23.4.02a00030">10.1525/eth.1995.23.4.02a00030</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/640296">640296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethos&rft.atitle=To+the+Afterworld+and+Back%3A+Mourning+and+Dreams+of+the+Dead+among+the+Toraja&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=424-436&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Feth.1995.23.4.02a00030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F640296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hollan%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yamashita1994-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yamashita1994_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamashita1994_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamashita1994" class="citation journal cs1">Yamashita, Shinji (October 1994). "Manipulating Ethnic Tradition: The Funeral Ceremony, Tourism, and Television among the Toraja of Sulawesi". <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>58</b> (58): 69–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3351103">10.2307/3351103</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F54044">1813/54044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351103">3351103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Manipulating+Ethnic+Tradition%3A+The+Funeral+Ceremony%2C+Tourism%2C+and+Television+among+the+Toraja+of+Sulawesi&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=58&rft.pages=69-82&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F54044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3351103%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3351103&rft.aulast=Yamashita&rft.aufirst=Shinji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incitoprima.com/details.php?catid=5&aid=5">incito tour </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702191516/http://www.incitoprima.com/details.php?catid=5&aid=5">Archived</a> 2012-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PT. INCITO PRIMA - Re: Funeral Ceremony in Toraja - Authorised by: Department of Law and Human Rights of Republic of Indonesia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tau tau</i> have been targeted by <a href="/wiki/Grave_robbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave robbing">grave robbers</a> for antique collectors. On several occasions, a stolen <i>tau tau</i> effigy has appeared in an exhibition show; for instance, at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> in 1981 and at the Arnold Herstand Gallery in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> in 1984. Cf. Volkman (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppenbrouwersDonzelli2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hoppenbrouwers, Toke; Donzelli, Aurora (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322762360">"From the womb to the tree; Child-rearing practices and beliefs among the Toraja of Sulawesi"</a>. <i>Wacana Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17510%2Fwacana.v18i3.632">10.17510/wacana.v18i3.632</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F787489">11585/787489</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wacana+Journal+of+the+Humanities+of+Indonesia&rft.atitle=From+the+womb+to+the+tree%3B+Child-rearing+practices+and+beliefs+among+the+Toraja+of+Sulawesi&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=658&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F787489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17510%2Fwacana.v18i3.632&rft.aulast=Hoppenbrouwers&rft.aufirst=Toke&rft.au=Donzelli%2C+Aurora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F322762360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903123237/http://amazingnotes.com/2011/05/07/toraja-unique-ritual-cleaning-and-changing-clothing-ancestors-corpse/">"Toraja Unique Ritual: Cleaning and Changing Clothing Ancestors corpse"</a>. Amazingnotes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amazingnotes.com/2011/05/07/toraja-unique-ritual-cleaning-and-changing-clothing-ancestors-corpse/">the original</a> on 3 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toraja+Unique+Ritual%3A+Cleaning+and+Changing+Clothing+Ancestors+corpse&rft.pub=Amazingnotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famazingnotes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F07%2Ftoraja-unique-ritual-cleaning-and-changing-clothing-ancestors-corpse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batusura.de/dances.htm">"Toraja Dances"</a>. www.batusura.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toraja+Dances&rft.pub=www.batusura.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batusura.de%2Fdances.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/toraj.html">"Toraja Religion"</a>. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toraja+Religion&rft.pub=Division+of+Religion+and+Philosophy%2C+University+of+Cumbria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philtar.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Findon%2Ftoraj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batusura.de/music.htm">"Toraja Music"</a>. www.batusura.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toraja+Music&rft.pub=www.batusura.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batusura.de%2Fmusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuijs2006" class="citation book cs1">Buijs, C. W. (2006). <i>Powers of Blessing from the Wilderness and from Heaven</i>. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Volume 229. Leiden: KITLV. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powers+of+Blessing+from+the+Wilderness+and+from+Heaven&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Verhandelingen+van+het+Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde%2C+Volume+229&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=KITLV&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Buijs&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gordon2005Toraja-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordon2005Toraja_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordon2005Toraja_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Raymond G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011005193846/http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp"><i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i></a>. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online version)</span> on 2001-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Dallas%2C+Tex.%3A+SIL+International&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fweb.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangopo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mangopo, Sisilia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125938079.pdf">"The Denotational Power of Speech in Ma'marakka Ritual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research</i>. <b>424</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Social+Science%2C+Education+and+Humanities+Research&rft.atitle=The+Denotational+Power+of+Speech+in+Ma%27marakka+Ritual&rft.volume=424&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Mangopo&rft.aufirst=Sisilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantis-press.com%2Farticle%2F125938079.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Volkman (1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigalke2005" class="citation book cs1">Bigalke, T.W. (2005). <i>Tana Toraja: a social history of an Indonesian people</i>. Singapore: Singapore University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tana+Toraja%3A+a+social+history+of+an+Indonesian+people&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bigalke&rft.aufirst=T.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Neilson, Jeff (2007). "Institutions, the governance of quality and on-farm value retention for Indonesian specialty coffee". <i>Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 188–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SJTG...28..188N">2007SJTG...28..188N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9493.2007.00290.x">10.1111/j.1467-9493.2007.00290.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Journal+of+Tropical+Geography&rft.atitle=Institutions%2C+the+governance+of+quality+and+on-farm+value+retention+for+Indonesian+specialty+coffee&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=188-204&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9493.2007.00290.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007SJTG...28..188N&rft.aulast=Neilson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Volkman (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neilson,_J_2014-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neilson,_J_2014_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neilson,_J_2014_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilsonShonk2014" class="citation journal cs1">Neilson, Jeff; Shonk, Felicity (2014). "Chained to Development? Livelihoods and global value chains in the coffee-producing Toraja region of Indonesia". <i>Australian Geographer</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 269–288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AuGeo..45..269N">2014AuGeo..45..269N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00049182.2014.929998">10.1080/00049182.2014.929998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154566205">154566205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Geographer&rft.atitle=Chained+to+Development%3F+Livelihoods+and+global+value+chains+in+the+coffee-producing+Toraja+region+of+Indonesia&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=269-288&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154566205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00049182.2014.929998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AuGeo..45..269N&rft.aulast=Neilson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Shonk%2C+Felicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volkman1982-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1982_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkman1982" class="citation journal cs1">Volkman, Toby (July 31, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222359/http://209.200.101.189/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=69">"Tana toraja: A Decade of Tourism"</a>. <i>Cultural Survival Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b> (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.200.101.189/publications/csq/csq-article.cfm?id=69">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Tana+toraja%3A+A+Decade+of+Tourism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1982-07-31&rft.aulast=Volkman&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.200.101.189%2Fpublications%2Fcsq%2Fcsq-article.cfm%3Fid%3D69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams2006-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams2006_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams2006_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Kathleen M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-9780824830724.aspx"><i>Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+as+Politics%3A+Re-crafting+Identities%2C+Tourism+and+Power+in+Tana+Toraja%2C+Indonesia&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhpress.hawaii.edu%2Fp-9780824830724.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1984-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1984_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1984" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Kathleen M. (1984). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Come to Tana Toraja, LAnd of the Heavenly Kings: Travel Agents as Brokers in Ethnicity". <i>Annals of Tourism Research</i>. <b>11</b>: 469–485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0160-7383%2884%2990032-X">10.1016/0160-7383(84)90032-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Tourism+Research&rft.atitle=%22Come+to+Tana+Toraja%2C+LAnd+of+the+Heavenly+Kings%3A+Travel+Agents+as+Brokers+in+Ethnicity&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=469-485&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0160-7383%2884%2990032-X&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_M._Adams" title="Kathleen M. Adams">Adams, Kathleen M.</a> (2006). <i>Art as Politics: Re-crafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3072-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3072-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-3072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+as+Politics%3A+Re-crafting+Identities%2C+Tourism+and+Power+in+Tana+Toraja%2C+Indonesia&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3072-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigalke2005" class="citation book cs1">Bigalke, Terance (2005). <i>Tana Toraja: A Social History of an Indonesian People</i>. 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(1988). <i>Banua Toraja: changing patterns in architecture and symbolism among the Sa'dan Toraja, Sulawesi, Indonesia</i>. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6832-207-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6832-207-1"><bdi>978-90-6832-207-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banua+Toraja%3A+changing+patterns+in+architecture+and+symbolism+among+the+Sa%27dan+Toraja%2C+Sulawesi%2C+Indonesia&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Royal+Tropical+Institute&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-6832-207-1&rft.au=Kis-Jovak%2C+J.I.&rft.au=Nooy-Palm%2C+H.&rft.au=Schefold%2C+R.&rft.au=Schulz-Dornburg%2C+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNooy-Palm1988" class="citation book cs1">Nooy-Palm, Hetty (1988). <i>The Sa'dan-Toraja: A Study of Their Social Life and Religion</i>. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2274-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2274-7"><bdi>978-90-247-2274-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sa%27dan-Toraja%3A+A+Study+of+Their+Social+Life+and+Religion&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-247-2274-7&rft.aulast=Nooy-Palm&rft.aufirst=Hetty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegara2023" class="citation journal cs1">Segara, I Nyoman Yoga (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.kemenag.go.id/index.php/heritage/article/view/710">"The Future of Hindu Alukta in Tana Toraja Post-Integration With the Hindu Religion"</a>. <i>Heritage of Nusantara</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31291%2Fhn.v12i2.710">10.31291/hn.v12i2.710</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+of+Nusantara&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Hindu+Alukta+in+Tana+Toraja+Post-Integration+With+the+Hindu+Religion&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31291%2Fhn.v12i2.710&rft.aulast=Segara&rft.aufirst=I+Nyoman+Yoga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.kemenag.go.id%2Findex.php%2Fheritage%2Farticle%2Fview%2F710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1993" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Kathleen M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.luc.edu/context/anthropology_facpubs/article/1005/viewcontent/1993DiscourseSoulsTatorEthnology.pdf">"The Discourse of Souls in Tana Toraja (Indonesia): Indigenous Notions and Christian Conceptions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ethnology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 55–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773545">10.2307/3773545</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773545">3773545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+Discourse+of+Souls+in+Tana+Toraja+%28Indonesia%29%3A+Indigenous+Notions+and+Christian+Conceptions&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-68&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3773545&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3773545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.luc.edu%2Fcontext%2Fanthropology_facpubs%2Farticle%2F1005%2Fviewcontent%2F1993DiscourseSoulsTatorEthnology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Barley, Nigel (2013). <i>Toraja: Misadventures of an Anthropologist in Sulawesi, Indonesia</i>, Singapore: Monsoon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4423-46-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4423-46-5">978-981-4423-46-5</a>; ebook 978-981-4423-47-2.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuijs2006" class="citation book cs1">Buijs, Kees (2006). <i>Powers of blessing from the wilderness and from heaven. Structure and transformations in the religion of the Toraja in the Mamasa area of South Sulawesi</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/KITLV" class="mw-redirect" title="KITLV">KITLV</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powers+of+blessing+from+the+wilderness+and+from+heaven.+Structure+and+transformations+in+the+religion+of+the+Toraja+in+the+Mamasa+area+of+South+Sulawesi&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=KITLV&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Buijs&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollanWellenkamp1996" class="citation book cs1">Hollan, Douglas W. & Wellenkamp, Jane C. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threadoflifetora00holl"><i>The Thread of Life: Toraja Reflections on the Life Cycle</i></a></span>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1839-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-1839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thread+of+Life%3A+Toraja+Reflections+on+the+Life+Cycle&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1839-5&rft.aulast=Hollan&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft.au=Wellenkamp%2C+Jane+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreadoflifetora00holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNooy-Palm1975" class="citation journal cs1">Nooy-Palm, C.H.M. (1975). "Introduction to the Sa'dan Toraja people and their country". <i>Archipel</i>. <b>10</b>: 53–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.1975.1241">10.3406/arch.1975.1241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Sa%27dan+Toraja+people+and+their+country&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=53-91&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farch.1975.1241&rft.aulast=Nooy-Palm&rft.aufirst=C.H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nooy-Palm, Hetty. <i>The Sa’dan-Toraja: A Study of Their Social Life and Religion</i>. Volume I: Organization, Symbol and Beliefs. Brill, 1979. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbqs8kz">http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbqs8kz</a>. Accessed 21 Jan. 2023.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParindingAchjadi1988" class="citation book cs1">Parinding, Samban C. & Achjadi, Judi (1988). <i>Toraja: Indonesia's Mountain Eden</i>. Singapore: Time Edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-204-016-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-204-016-9"><bdi>978-981-204-016-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toraja%3A+Indonesia%27s+Mountain+Eden&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Time+Edition&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-981-204-016-9&rft.aulast=Parinding&rft.aufirst=Samban+C.&rft.au=Achjadi%2C+Judi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Waterson, Roxana (2009). <i>Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation</i>. Leiden: KITLV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+and+Rivers%3A+Sa%27dan+Toraja+Society+in+Transformation&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=KITLV&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Waterson&rft.aufirst=Roxana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong2013" class="citation book cs1">de Jong, Edwin B.P. (2013). <i>Making a Living between Crises and Ceremonies in Tana Toraja: The Practice of Everyday Life of a South Sulawesi Highland Community in Indonesia</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004252479">10.1163/9789004252479</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25247-9"><bdi>978-90-04-25247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+a+Living+between+Crises+and+Ceremonies+in+Tana+Toraja%3A+The+Practice+of+Everyday+Life+of+a+South+Sulawesi+Highland+Community+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004252479&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25247-9&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorajan+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5462/.htm">Tana Toraja Traditional Settlement </a> - UNESCO world heritage tentative list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanatorajakab.go.id">tanatorajakab.go.id</a> - Official site for Government of Tana Toraja regency</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visittoraja.com">Visittoraja.com</a> - information about Toraja</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/09/29/764638760/photos-the-dead-live-with-their-loved-ones-on-this-indonesian-island">PHOTOS: The Dead Live With Their Loved Ones On This Indonesian Island</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfur people">Alfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Tourist attractions in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Tourist attractions in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourist attractions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Tsunami_Museum" title="Aceh Tsunami Museum">Aceh Tsunami Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampera_Bridge" title="Ampera Bridge">Ampera Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque" title="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque">Baiturrahman Grand Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagansiapiapi" title="Bagansiapiapi">Bagansiapiapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelang_Bridge" title="Barelang Bridge">Barelang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berastagi" title="Berastagi">Berastagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintan_Island" title="Bintan Island">Bintan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Barisan_Selatan_National_Park" title="Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park">Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Lawang" title="Bukit Lawang">Bukit Lawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lampung_Regency" title="East Lampung Regency">East Lampung Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunongan_Historical_Park" title="Gunongan Historical Park">Gunongan Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Gadang" title="Jam Gadang">Jam Gadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Seblat_National_Park" title="Kerinci Seblat National Park">Kerinci Seblat National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagundri_Bay" title="Lagundri Bay">Lagundri Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_Bay" title="Lampung Bay">Lampung Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maninjau" title="Lake Maninjau">Lake Maninjau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Singkarak" title="Lake Singkarak">Lake Singkarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini_Natural_Park" title="Lumbini Natural Park">Lumbini Natural Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimun_Palace" title="Maimun Palace">Maimun Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_(city)" title="Metro (city)">Metro City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursala_Island" title="Mursala Island">Mursala Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Palace" title="Pagaruyung Palace">Pagaruyung Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyengat_Island" title="Penyengat Island">Penyengat Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugung_Raharjo" title="Pugung Raharjo">Pugung Raharjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabang,_Aceh" title="Sabang, Aceh">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosir_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosir Island">Samosir Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipura">Sipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainforest_Heritage_of_Sumatra" title="Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra">Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_Kambas_National_Park" title="Way Kambas National Park">Way Kambas National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alas_Purwo_National_Park" title="Alas Purwo National Park">Alas Purwo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland" title="Ancol Dreamland">Ancol Dreamland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyer" title="Anyer">Anyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuno-Welirang" title="Arjuno-Welirang">Arjuno-Welirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluran_National_Park" title="Baluran National Park">Baluran National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi_Regency" title="Banyuwangi Regency">Banyuwangi Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu,_East_Java" title="Batu, East Java">Batu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baturraden" title="Baturraden">Baturraden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogor_Palace" title="Bogor Palace">Bogor Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemoro_Lawang" title="Cemoro Lawang">Cemoro Lawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu_Geopark" title="Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark">Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cukang_Taneuh" title="Cukang Taneuh">Cukang Taneuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieng_Volcanic_Complex" title="Dieng Volcanic Complex">Dieng Volcanic Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_Temple" title="Ceto Temple">Ceto Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Land" title="G-Land">G-Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gembira_Loka_Zoo" title="Gembira Loka Zoo">Gembira Loka Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Gede_Pangrango_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park">Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroes_Monument" title="Heroes Monument">Heroes Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sampoerna" title="House of Sampoerna">House of Sampoerna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijen" title="Ijen">Ijen Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalesveva_Jayamahe_Monument" title="Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument">Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur_Park" title="Jawa Timur Park">Jawa Timur Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimunjawa_National_Park" title="Karimunjawa National Park">Karimunjawa National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawah_Putih" title="Kawah Putih">Kawah Putih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenjeran_Bridge" title="Kenjeran Bridge">Kenjeran Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraton_Kasepuhan" title="Keraton Kasepuhan">Keraton Kasepuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraton_Kacirebonan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Kacirebonan">Keraton Kacirebonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraton_Kanoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Kanoman">Keraton Kanoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraton_Ngayogyakarta_Hadiningrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat">Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_Betiri_National_Park" title="Meru Betiri National Park">Meru Betiri National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bromo" title="Mount Bromo">Mount Bromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Halimun_Salak_National_Park" title="Mount Halimun Salak National Park">Mount Halimun Salak National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeru" title="Semeru">Mount Semeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrapen" title="Mrapen">Mrapen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Angkut" title="Museum Angkut">Museum Angkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Barong" title="Nusa Barong">Nusa Barong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangandaran" title="Pangandaran">Pangandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patenggang_Lake" title="Patenggang Lake">Patenggang Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palabuhanratu" title="Palabuhanratu">Palabuhanratu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penataran" title="Penataran">Penataran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncak" title="Puncak">Puncak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragunan_Zoo" title="Ragunan Zoo">Ragunan Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranu_Kumbolo" title="Ranu Kumbolo">Ranu Kumbolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranu_Pani" title="Ranu Pani">Ranu Pani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempu_(island)" title="Sempu (island)">Sempu island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_mud_flow" title="Sidoarjo mud flow">Sidoarjo mud flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukorambi_Botanical_Garden" title="Sukorambi Botanical Garden">Sukorambi Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_Zoo" title="Surabaya Zoo">Surabaya Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge" title="Suramadu Bridge">Suramadu Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkuban_Perahu" title="Tangkuban Perahu">Tangkuban Perahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirto_Samodra_Beach" title="Tirto Samodra Beach">Tirto Samodra Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretes" title="Tretes">Tretes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trowulan" title="Trowulan">Trowulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta (city)">Yogyakarta City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beras_Basah_Island" title="Beras Basah Island">Beras Basah Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betung_Kerihun_National_Park" title="Betung Kerihun National Park">Betung Kerihun National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Baka_Bukit_Raya_National_Park" title="Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park">Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baning_Nature_Tourist_Park" title="Baning Nature Tourist Park">Baning Nature Tourist Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_Sentarum_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Danau Sentarum National Park">Danau Sentarum National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derawan_Islands" title="Derawan Islands">Derawan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakaban" title="Kakaban">Kakaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai_National_Park" title="Kutai National Park">Kutai National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabangau_National_Park" title="Sabangau National Park">Sabangau National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samboja_Lestari" title="Samboja Lestari">Samboja Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Puting" title="Tanjung Puting">Tanjung Puting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Equator_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Equator monument">The Equator monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantimurung_%E2%80%93_Bulusaraung_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park">Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogani_Nani_Wartabone_National_Park" title="Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park">Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaken_National_Park" title="Bunaken National Park">Bunaken National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandang_Dewata_National_Park" title="Gandang Dewata National Park">Gandang Dewata National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Togean_National_Park" title="Kepulauan Togean National Park">Kepulauan Togean National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tempe" title="Lake Tempe">Lake Tempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lore_Lindu_National_Park" title="Lore Lindu National Park">Lore Lindu National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_Aopa_Watumohai_National_Park" title="Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park">Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taka_Bone_Rate_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Taka Bone Rate National Park">Taka Bone Rate National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Studio_Makassar" title="Trans Studio Makassar">Trans Studio Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatobi_National_Park" title="Wakatobi National Park">Wakatobi National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awang_Bay" title="Awang Bay">Awang Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedugul" title="Bedugul">Bedugul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Bird_Park" title="Bali Bird Park">Bali Bird Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Safari_and_Marine_Park" title="Bali Safari and Marine Park">Bali Safari and Marine Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canggu" title="Canggu">Canggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cempi_Bay" title="Cempi Bay">Cempi Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamland_Beach" title="Dreamland Beach">Dreamland Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Wisnu_Kencana_Cultural_Park" title="Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park">Garuda Wisnu Kencana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gili_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Gili Air">Gili Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gili_Meno" class="mw-redirect" title="Gili Meno">Gili Meno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gili_Trawangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gili Trawangan">Gili Trawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Gajah" title="Goa Gajah">Goa Gajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Rinjani National Park">Gunung Rinjani National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbaran" title="Jimbaran">Jimbaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelimutu" title="Kelimutu">Kelimutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintamani,_Bali" title="Kintamani, Bali">Kintamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_National_Park" title="Komodo National Park">Komodo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuta,_Bali" title="Kuta, Bali">Kuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Segara_Anak" title="Lake Segara Anak">Lake Segara Anak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovina_Beach" title="Lovina Beach">Lovina Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalika_(resort_area)" title="Mandalika (resort area)">Mandalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rinjani" title="Mount Rinjani">Mount Rinjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyo_Island" title="Moyo Island">Moyo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Dua" title="Nusa Dua">Nusa Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Lembongan" title="Nusa Lembongan">Nusa Lembongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecatu" title="Pecatu">Pecatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanur,_Bali" title="Sanur, Bali">Sanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminyak" title="Seminyak">Seminyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senggigi" title="Senggigi">Senggigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampaksiring" title="Tampaksiring">Tampaksiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Werdhi_Budaya_Art_Centre" title="Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre">Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanah_Lot_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanah Lot Temple">Tanah Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Ringgit" title="Tanjung Ringgit">Tanjung Ringgit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirta_Gangga" title="Tirta Gangga">Tirta Gangga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujung_Water_Palace" title="Ujung Water Palace">Ujung Water Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluwatu_Temple" title="Uluwatu Temple">Uluwatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Belgica" title="Fort Belgica">Fort Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_National_Park" title="Lorentz National Park">Lorentz National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Cenderawasih_National_Park" title="Teluk Cenderawasih National Park">Teluk Cenderawasih National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasur_National_Park" title="Wasur National Park">Wasur National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290201#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290201#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290201#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1152717/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136097">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119552599">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119552599">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573304">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Torajové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph652642&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541464805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a14498aa-1e48-413f-8f92-1901b5979c5b">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&oldid=1249302683">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torajan_people&oldid=1249302683</a>"</div></div> <div 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