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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of legal standards of volume</div> <p> <b>Winchester measure</b> is a set of legal standards of volume instituted in the late 15th century (1495) by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">King Henry VII</a> of England and in use, with some modifications, until the present day. It consists of the Winchester <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushel</a> and its dependent quantities, the <a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">peck</a>, (dry) <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a> and (dry) <a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">quart</a>. They would later become known as the Winchester Standards, named because the examples were kept in the city of <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>. </p><p>Winchester measure may also refer to: </p> <ul><li>the systems of weights and measures used in the <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Kingdom of Wessex</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a> period, later adopted as the national standards of England, as well as the physical standards (prototypes) associated with these systems of units<sup id="cite_ref-Zupko1977_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zupko1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a set of <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> weight standards dating to the mid-14th century, in particular, the 56-pound standard commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">King Edward III</a>, which served as the prototype for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a>'s reform of the avoirdupois weight system in 1588<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_Americana:_a_library_of_universal_knowledge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_Americana:_a_library_of_universal_knowledge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a type of glass bottle, usually amber, used in the drug and chemical industry, known variously as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_round_(bottle)" title="Boston round (bottle)">Boston round</a>, Winchester bottle, or Winchester quart bottle</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winchester_measure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 10th century, the capital city of the English king, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Edgar</a>, was at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> and, at his direction, standards of measurement were instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitelock1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitelock1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liebermann1903_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebermann1903-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, nothing is known of these standards except that, following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a>, the physical standards (prototypes) were removed to London.<sup id="cite_ref-Zupko1977-12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zupko1977-12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1496, a law of King Henry VII instituted the bushel that would later come to be known by the name "Winchester". In 1588 Queen Elizabeth I, while reforming the English weight system (which, at the time, included no less than three different pounds going by the name "avoirdupois") based the new Exchequer standard on an ancient set of bronze weights found at Winchester and dating to the reign of Edward III. </p><p>These incidents have led to the widespread belief that the Winchester units of dry capacity measure, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushel</a> and its dependent quantities the <a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">peck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">quart</a>, must have originated in the time of King Edgar. However, contemporary scholarship can find no evidence for the existence of any these units in Britain prior to the Norman Conquest. Furthermore, all of the units associated with Winchester measure (quarter, bushel, peck, gallon, pottle, quart, pint) have names of French derivation, at least suggestive of Norman origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity_measures_in_the_Anglo-Saxon_period">Capacity measures in the Anglo-Saxon period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winchester_measure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capacity measures in the Anglo-Saxon period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the Norman Conquest, the following units of capacity measure were used: <i>sester</i>, <i>amber</i>, <i>mitta</i>, <i>coomb</i>, and <i>seam</i>. A statute of 1196 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=9_Ric._1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9 Ric. 1 (page does not exist)">9 Ric. 1</a>. c. 27) decreed: <i>It is established that all measures of the whole of England be of the same amount, as well of corn as of vegetables and of like things, to wit, one good horse load; and that this measure be level as well in cities and boroughs as without.</i><sup id="cite_ref-BlandTawney1919_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlandTawney1919-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appears to be a description of the seam, which would later be equated with the quarter. The word seam is of Latin derivation (from the Vulgar Latin <i>sauma</i> = packsaddle).<sup id="cite_ref-Zupko1985_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zupko1985-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the other units are likewise of Latin derivation, sester from sextarius, amber from amphora.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmer2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmer2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sester could thus be taken as roughly a pint, the amber a bushel. However, the values of these units, as well as their relationships to one another, varied considerably over the centuries so that no clear definitions are possible except by specifying the time and place in which the units were used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Norman_Conquest">After the Norman Conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winchester_measure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the Norman Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest documents defining the gallon, bushel and quarter is the <i>Assize of Weights and Measures</i>, also known as the <i>Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris</i>, sometimes attributed to <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> or <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>, but nowadays generally listed under <i>Ancient Statutes of Uncertain Date</i> and presumed to be from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>−1305. It states, <i>By Consent of the whole Realm the King’s Measure was made, so that an English Penny, which is called the Sterling, round without clipping, shall weigh Thirty-two Grains of Wheat dry in the midst of the Ear; Twenty-pence make an Ounce; and Twelve Ounces make a Pound, and Eight Pounds make a Gallon of Wine; and Eight Gallons of Wine make a Bushel of London; which is the Eighth Part of a Quarter.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Ashley1888_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley1888-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1496, <i>An Act for Weights and Measures</i> (<a href="/wiki/12_Hen._7" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Hen. 7">12 Hen. 7</a>. c. 5) stated <i>That the Measure of a Bushel contain <abbr title="8">viij.</abbr> Gallons of Wheat, and that every Gallon contain <abbr title="8">viij.</abbr> <abbr title="pounds">li.</abbr> of Wheat of Troy Weight, and every Pound contain <abbr title="12">xij.</abbr> Ounces of Troy Weight, and every Ounce contain <abbr title="20">xx.</abbr> Sterlings, and every Sterling be of the Weight of <abbr title="32">xxxij.</abbr> Corns of Wheat that grew in the Midst of the Ear of Wheat, according to the old Laws of this Land.</i><sup id="cite_ref-BritainEvans1836-312_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritainEvans1836-312-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though this bushel does not quite fit the description of the Winchester bushel, the national standard prototype bushel constructed the following year (and still in existence) is near enough to a Winchester bushel that it is generally considered the first, even though it was not known by that name at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Winchester bushel is first mentioned by name in a statute of 1670 entitled <i>An Act for ascertaining the Measures of Corn and Salt</i> (<a href="/wiki/22_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="22 Cha. 2">22 Cha. 2</a>. c. 8) which states, <i>And that if any person or persons after the time aforesaid shall sell any sort of corn or grain, ground or unground, or any kind of salt, usually sold by the bushel, either in open market, or any other place, by any other bushel or measure than that which is agreeable to the standard, marked in his Majesty's exchequer, commonly called the </i>Winchester<i> measure, containing eight gallons to the bushel, and no more or less, and the said bushel strucken even by the wood or brim of the same by the seller, and sealed as this act directs, he or they shall forfeit for every such offence the sum of forty shillings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britain1670-287_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britain1670-287-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is first defined in law by a statute of 1696–97 (<a href="/wiki/8_%26_9_Will._3" class="mw-redirect" title="8 & 9 Will. 3">8 & 9 Will. 3</a>. c. 22 ss. 9 & 45) <i>And to the End all His Majesties Subjects may know the Content of the Winchester Bushell whereunto this Act refers, and that all Disputes and Differences about Measure may be prevented for the future, it is hereby declared that every round Bushel with a plain and even Bottom, being Eighteen Inches and a Halfe wide throughout, & Eight Inches deep, shall be esteemed a legal Winchester Bushel according to the Standard in His Majesty's Exchequer.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1824 a new <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Act</a> was passed in which the gallon was defined as the volume of ten pounds of pure water at 62 °F (17 °C) with the other units of volume changing accordingly. The "Winchester bushel", which was some 3% smaller than the new bushel (eight new gallons), was retained in the English <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> until formally abolished in 1835. In 1836, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> formally adopted the Winchester bushel as the standard for dealing in grain and, defined as 2,150.42 cubic inches, it remains so today. </p><p>While the United Kingdom and the British Colonies changed to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">"Imperial"</a> measures in 1826, the US continued to use Winchester measures and still does. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measures_in_the_city_museum">Measures in the city museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winchester_measure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Measures in the city museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>None of Edgar's standard measures, which were probably made of wood, remain, but the city's copy of the standard yard, although stamped with the official mark of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, may date from the early twelfth century, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>. Preserved standard weights date from 1357, and although the original bushel is lost, a standard bushel, gallon and quart made of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, issued in 1497 and stamped with the mark of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> are still held. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winchester_measure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_(bottle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester (bottle)">Winchester bottle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winchester_measure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zupko1977-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zupko1977_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Edward_Zupko1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Edward_Zupko" title="Ronald Edward Zupko">Ronald Edward Zupko</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWUgAQAAIAAJ"><i>British weights & measures: a history from antiquity to the seventeenth century</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 12–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299073404" title="Special:BookSources/9780299073404"><bdi>9780299073404</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+weights+%26+measures%3A+a+history+from+antiquity+to+the+seventeenth+century&rft.pages=12-3&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780299073404&rft.au=Ronald+Edward+Zupko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWUgAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_Americana:_a_library_of_universal_knowledge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_Americana:_a_library_of_universal_knowledge_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaame35unkngoog"><i>The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge</i></a>. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1919. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaame35unkngoog/page/n584">472</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana%3A+a+library+of+universal+knowledge&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Americana+Corp.&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaame35unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitelock1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitelock1996_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorothy_Whitelock1996" class="citation book cs1">Dorothy Whitelock (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gLpQFeVfpuYC&pg=PA437"><i>English Historical Documents 500–1042</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14366-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14366-0"><bdi>978-0-415-14366-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents+500%E2%80%931042&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14366-0&rft.au=Dorothy+Whitelock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgLpQFeVfpuYC%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liebermann1903-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liebermann1903_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix_Liebermann1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Liebermann" title="Felix Liebermann">Felix Liebermann</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak8ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA204"><i>Die gesetze der Angelsachsen: Text und übersetzung</i></a>. Max Niemeyer. p. 204<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+gesetze+der+Angelsachsen%3A+Text+und+%C3%BCbersetzung&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Felix+Liebermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak8ZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zupko1977-12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zupko1977-12_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Edward_Zupko1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Edward_Zupko" title="Ronald Edward Zupko">Ronald Edward Zupko</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWUgAQAAIAAJ"><i>British weights & measures: a history from antiquity to the seventeenth century</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 11–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299073404" title="Special:BookSources/9780299073404"><bdi>9780299073404</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+weights+%26+measures%3A+a+history+from+antiquity+to+the+seventeenth+century&rft.pages=11-2&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780299073404&rft.au=Ronald+Edward+Zupko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWUgAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlandTawney1919-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlandTawney1919_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Edward_BlandRichard_Henry_Tawney1919" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Edward Bland; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Tawney" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Henry Tawney">Richard Henry Tawney</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajc0024.0001.001.umich.edu"><i>English economic history: select documents</i></a>. Macmillan Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajc0024.0001.001.umich.edu/page/154">154</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+economic+history%3A+select+documents&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co.&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Alfred+Edward+Bland&rft.au=Richard+Henry+Tawney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajc0024.0001.001.umich.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zupko1985-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zupko1985_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Edward_Zupko1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Edward_Zupko" title="Ronald Edward Zupko">Ronald Edward Zupko</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0l_k-XMIiQIC"><i>A dictionary of weights and measures for the British Isles: the Middle Ages to the twentieth century</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0l_k-XMIiQIC/page/n403">369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-168-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-168-2"><bdi>978-0-87169-168-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+weights+and+measures+for+the+British+Isles%3A+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-168-2&rft.au=Ronald+Edward+Zupko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_0l_k-XMIiQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmer2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harmer2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._E._Harmer2011" class="citation book cs1">F. E. Harmer (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cM3Wfu6qlo8C&pg=PA74"><i>Select English Historical Documents of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-40222-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-40222-5"><bdi>978-1-107-40222-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+English+Historical+Documents+of+the+Ninth+and+Tenth+Centuries&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.isbn=978-1-107-40222-5&rft.au=F.+E.+Harmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcM3Wfu6qlo8C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashley1888-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashley1888_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_William_James_Ashley1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)" title="William Ashley (economic historian)">Sir William James Ashley</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen00ashlrich"><i>An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory: The Middle Ages</i></a>. Rivingtons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen00ashlrich/page/171">171</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+English+Economic+History+and+Theory%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Sir+William+James+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoen00ashlrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritainEvans1836-312-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritainEvans1836-312_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_BritainWilliam_David_EvansAnthony_HammondThomas_Colpitts_Granger1836" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain; William David Evans; Anthony Hammond; Thomas Colpitts Granger (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acollectionstat08evangoog"><i>A collection of statutes connected with the general administration of the law: arranged according to the order of subjects</i></a>. W. H. Bond. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acollectionstat08evangoog/page/n503">312</a>–3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+collection+of+statutes+connected+with+the+general+administration+of+the+law%3A+arranged+according+to+the+order+of+subjects&rft.pages=312-3&rft.pub=W.+H.+Bond&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Great+Britain&rft.au=William+David+Evans&rft.au=Anthony+Hammond&rft.au=Thomas+Colpitts+Granger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facollectionstat08evangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssplprints.com/image/91818/unattributed-standard-henry-vii-winchester-bushel-1497-1509">Winchester Bushel - Science Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britain1670-287-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britain1670-287_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain1763" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain (1763). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKg3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA287"><i>Statutes at Large ...: (43 v.) ... From Magna charta to 1800</i></a>. Vol. 8. Printed by Joseph Bentham. pp. 287–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statutes+at+Large+...%3A+%2843+v.%29+...+From+Magna+charta+to+1800&rft.pages=287-9&rft.pub=Printed+by+Joseph+Bentham&rft.date=1763&rft.au=Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKg3AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46870&strquery=winchester%20bushel#s45">Statutes of the Realm: volume 7: 1695-1701 (1820), pp. 247-257</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winchester_measure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stevenson, Maurice. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122070517/http://www.hants.gov.uk/regulatory/tradingstandards/wmhistory.html">Weights and Measures of the City of Winchester</a></i>, Winchester Museums Service</li> <li><i>Oxford English Dictionary: Winchester</i></li> <li><i>British History Online</i>, University of London</li> <li><i>Encyclopædia Britannica: British Imperial System</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.gipsa.usda.gov/reference-library/standards/810101.pdf">"Official United States Standards for Grain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+United+States+Standards+for+Grain&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gipsa.usda.gov%2Freference-library%2Fstandards%2F810101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinchester+measure" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winchester_measure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssplprints.com/image.php?id=94796&idx=6&keywords=winchester%20measure&filterCategoryId=&fromsearch=true">Exchequer standard Winchester bushel measure, 1601</a> Image from <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum</a>, London</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_of_measurement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template talk:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_of_measurement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">UK imperial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary units (USCS/USC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Apothecaries'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_electrical_unit" title="Conventional electrical unit">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrized_unit_system" title="Geometrized unit system">Geometrised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units" title="Heaviside–Lorentz units">Heaviside–Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_units#Quantum_chromodynamics_units" title="Natural units">Quantum chromodynamical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_units" title="Stoney units">Stoney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system" title="Outline of the metric system">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">UK/US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second</a> (FPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MKS_system_of_units" class="mw-redirect" title="MKS system of units">metre–kilogram–second</a> (MKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre%E2%80%93tonne%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Metre–tonne–second system of units">metre–tonne–second</a> (MTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">centimetre–gram–second</a> (CGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_metric_system" title="Gravitational metric system">gravitational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish_units_of_measurement" title="Old Cornish units of measurement">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_units_of_measurement" title="Cypriot units of measurement">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_units_of_measurement" title="Czech units of measurement">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement" title="Dutch units of measurement">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_units_of_measurement" title="Estonian units of measurement">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Finnish_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Finnish units of measurement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_units_of_measurement" title="French units of measurement">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_French_units_of_measurement" title="Traditional French units of measurement">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_German_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete German units of measurement">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_units_of_measurement" title="Hungarian units of measurement">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_units_of_measurement" title="Icelandic units of measurement">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish units of measurement">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_units_of_measurement" title="Italian units of measurement">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_units_of_measurement" title="Latvian units of measurement">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian units of measurement">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_units_of_measurement" title="Maltese units of measurement">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement" title="Norwegian units of measurement">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_units_of_measurement" title="Polish units of measurement">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_units_of_measurement" title="Portuguese units of measurement">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_units_of_measurement" title="Romanian units of measurement">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Russian units of measurement">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_units" title="Scottish units">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Serbian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Serbian units of measurement">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_units_of_measurement" title="Slovak units of measurement">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_units_of_measurement" title="Spanish units of measurement">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_units_of_measurement" title="Swiss units of measurement">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_units" title="Welsh units">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_units_of_measurement" title="Afghan units of measurement">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_units_of_measurement" title="Cambodian units of measurement">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_units_of_measurement" title="Indonesian units of measurement">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_units_of_measurement" title="Korean units of measurement">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_units" title="Mongolian units">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_customary_units_of_measurement" title="Nepalese customary units of measurement">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_units_of_measurement" title="Omani units of measurement">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_Pakistan" title="History of measurement systems in Pakistan">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_units_of_measurement" title="Philippine units of measurement">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abucco" title="Abucco">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_units_of_measurement" title="Singaporean units of measurement">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_units_of_measurement" title="Sri Lankan units of measurement">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_units_of_measurement" title="Syrian units of measurement">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Tatar_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Tatar units of measurement">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_units_of_measurement" title="Algerian units of measurement">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_units_of_measurement" title="Ethiopian units of measurement">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_units_of_measurement" title="Eritrean units of measurement">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_units_of_measurement" title="Guinean units of measurement">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_units_of_measurement" title="Libyan units of measurement">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_units_of_measurement" title="Malagasy units of measurement">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_units_of_measurement" title="Mauritian units of measurement">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_units_of_measurement" title="Moroccan units of measurement">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_units_of_measurement" title="Seychellois units of measurement">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_units_of_measurement" title="Somali units of measurement">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_units_of_measurement" title="South African units of measurement">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_units_of_measurement" title="Tunisian units of measurement">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_units_of_measurement" title="Tanzanian units of measurement">Tanzanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Costa Rican units of measurement">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_units_of_measurement" title="Cuban units of measurement">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_units_of_measurement" title="Haitian units of measurement">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_units_of_measurement" title="Honduran units of measurement">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_units_of_measurement" title="Mexican units of measurement">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_units_of_measurement" title="Nicaraguan units of measurement">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Puerto Rican units of measurement">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_units_of_measurement" title="Argentine units of measurement">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_units_of_measurement" title="Bolivian units of measurement">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_units_of_measurement" title="Chilean units of measurement">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_units_of_measurement" title="Colombian units of measurement">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Paraguayan units of measurement">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_units_of_measurement" title="Peruvian units of measurement">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Uruguayan units of measurement">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_units_of_measurement" title="Venezuelan units of measurement">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Arabic units of measurement">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement" title="Persian units of measurement">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement" title="List of humorous units of measurement">Humorous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="List of obsolete units of measurement">Obsolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement" title="List of unusual units of measurement">Unusual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_scale" title="Absolute scale">Absolute scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-body_units" title="N-body units">N-body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor">Modulor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_units" title="Template:Imperial units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_units" title="Template talk:Imperial units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison with US customary system</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">Thousandth of an inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)" title="Barleycorn (unit)">Barleycorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(unit)" title="Link (unit)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">Fathom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_length" title="Cable length">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">Nautical mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_inch" title="Square inch">Square inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_yard" title="Square yard">Square yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perch (area)">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rood_(unit)" title="Rood (unit)">Rood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">Square mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">Cubic inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">Cubic foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoppus" title="Hoppus">Hoppus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_yard" title="Cubic yard">Cubic yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_mile" title="Cubic mile">Cubic mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmcft" title="Tmcft">Tmcft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaspoon" title="Teaspoon">Teaspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">Tablespoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">Fluid ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_(unit)" title="Cup (unit)">Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">Pint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">Quart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_gallon" title="Trade gallon">Trade gallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">Gallon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldron" title="Chaldron">Chaldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">Minim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(unit)" title="Gill (unit)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scruple_(unit)" title="Scruple (unit)">Fluid Scruple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Fluid Drachm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">Bushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuck_(unit)" title="Stuck (unit)">Stuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">Hogshead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">Miles per hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">Grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Drachm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">Ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">Pound (mass)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_(unit)" title="Stone (unit)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(unit)" title="Quarter (unit)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_(unit)" title="Slug (unit)">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hundred" title="Long hundred">Long hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">Hundredweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_load" title="Ship load">Ship load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Ton">Ton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksi (unit)">Ksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">Pounds per square inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other units and measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">British thermal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-candle" title="Foot-candle">Foot-candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">Foot-pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-poundal" title="Foot-poundal">Foot-poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">Horsepower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower-hour" title="Horsepower-hour">Horsepower-hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenning (unit)">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">Pound (force)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound-foot_(torque)" title="Pound-foot (torque)">Pound-foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">Poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Span_(unit)" title="Span (unit)">Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_count" title="Spinning count">Spinning count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English units</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_units" class="mw-redirect" title="English Engineering units">English Engineering units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second system (FPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">Twenty-foot equivalent unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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