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id="toc-Edward_the_Confessor's_abbey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_the_Confessor's_abbey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Edward the Confessor's abbey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_the_Confessor's_abbey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_III's_rebuilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_III's_rebuilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Henry III's rebuilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_III's_rebuilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Completion_of_the_Gothic_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completion_of_the_Gothic_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Completion of the Gothic church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completion_of_the_Gothic_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_and_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_and_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Dissolution and Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_and_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_house_and_Pyx_Chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_house_and_Pyx_Chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chapter house and Pyx Chamber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_house_and_Pyx_Chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_VII_Chapel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_VII_Chapel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Henry VII Chapel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_VII_Chapel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monastic_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastic_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Monastic buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monastic_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artworks_and_treasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artworks_and_treasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Artworks and treasures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artworks_and_treasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artworks and treasures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artworks_and_treasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmati_pavement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmati_pavement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cosmati pavement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmati_pavement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stained glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen's_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen's_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen's_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Burials and memorials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Burials_and_memorials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Burials and memorials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Burials_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poets'_Corner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poets'_Corner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Poets' Corner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poets'_Corner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Unknown_Warrior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Unknown_Warrior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Unknown Warrior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Unknown_Warrior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_occasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_occasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Royal occasions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Royal_occasions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Royal occasions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Royal_occasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coronations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Coronations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weddings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weddings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Weddings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weddings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Funerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dean_and_Chapter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dean_and_Chapter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dean and Chapter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dean_and_Chapter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King's_almsmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King's_almsmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>King's almsmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King's_almsmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_the_Bath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_the_Bath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Order of the Bath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_the_Bath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Choir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Organ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Westminster Abbey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster-abdy" title="Westminster-abdy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Westminster-abdy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دير وستمنستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دير وستمنستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad%C3%ADa_de_Westminster" title="Abadía de Westminster – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abadía de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminster_abbatl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Vestminster abbatlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vestminster abbatlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="وست مینیستر کیلیساسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وست مینیستر کیلیساسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="ওয়েস্টমিনস্টার অ্যাবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েস্টমিনস্টার অ্যাবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Вестминстер аббатлығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вестминстер аббатлығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вэстмінстэрскае абацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вэстмінстэрскае абацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ўэстмінстэрскае абацтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўэстмінстэрскае абацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Уестминстърско абатство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уестминстърско абатство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminsterska_opatija" title="Vestminsterska opatija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vestminsterska opatija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abati_Westminster" title="Abati Westminster – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abati Westminster" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadia_de_Westminster" title="Abadia de Westminster – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abadia de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminstersk%C3%A9_opatstv%C3%AD" title="Westminsterské opatství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Westminsterské opatství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaty_Westminster" title="Abaty Westminster – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abaty Westminster" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Αββαείο του Ουέστμινστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αββαείο του Ουέστμινστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad%C3%ADa_de_Westminster" title="Abadía de Westminster – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abadía de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatejo_Westminster" title="Abatejo Westminster – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abatejo Westminster" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_abadia" title="Westminster abadia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Westminster abadia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کلیسای وست‌مینستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای وست‌مینستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye_de_Westminster" title="Abbaye de Westminster – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abbaye de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdij_fan_Westminster" title="Abdij fan Westminster – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Abdij fan Westminster" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abtheach_Westminster" title="Abtheach Westminster – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abtheach Westminster" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad%C3%ADa_de_Westminster" title="Abadía de Westminster – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abadía de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EC%82%AC%EC%9B%90" title="웨스트민스터 사원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨스트민스터 사원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վեստմինստերյան աբբայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեստմինստերյան աբբայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="वेस्ट्मिन्स्टर ऍबी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेस्ट्मिन्स्टर ऍबी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterska_opatija" title="Westminsterska opatija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Westminsterska opatija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbatia_de_Westminster" title="Abbatia de Westminster – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Abbatia de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbazia_di_Westminster" title="Abbazia di Westminster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abbazia di Westminster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="מנזר וסטמינסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנזר וסטמינסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="უესტმინსტერის სააბატო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უესტმინსტერის სააბატო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbatia_Westmonasteriensis" title="Abbatia Westmonasteriensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abbatia Westmonasteriensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminsteras_abatija" title="Vestminsteras abatija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vestminsteras abatija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminsterio_vienuolynas" title="Vestminsterio vienuolynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vestminsterio vienuolynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsteri_ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1g" title="Westminsteri apátság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Westminsteri apátság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вестминстерска опатија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вестминстерска опатија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E2%80%8D%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="वेस्टमिन्स्टर अ‍ॅबी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेस्टमिन्स्टर अ‍ॅबी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="უესტმინსტერიშ სააბატო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უესტმინსტერიშ სააბატო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دير ويستمينستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دير ويستمينستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ဝက်စမင်စတာ အက်ဗေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်စမင်စတာ အက်ဗေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="वेस्तमिनिस्तर एब्बे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वेस्तमिनिस्तर एब्बे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" title="ウェストミンスター寺院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェストミンスター寺院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaie_de_Vou%C3%AAtmo%C3%BBtier" title="Abbaie de Vouêtmoûtier – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Abbaie de Vouêtmoûtier" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadi%C3%A1_de_Westminster" title="Abadiá de Westminster – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abadiá de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87" title="ਵੈਸਟਮਿੰਸਟਰ ਐਬੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਸਟਮਿੰਸਟਰ ਐਬੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ویسٹ منسٹر ایبی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویسٹ منسٹر ایبی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abass%C3%ACa_%C3%ABd_Westminster" title="Abassìa ëd Westminster – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Abassìa ëd Westminster" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opactwo_Westminsterskie" title="Opactwo Westminsterskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opactwo Westminsterskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadia_de_Westminster" title="Abadia de Westminster – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abadia de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вестминстерское аббатство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестминстерское аббатство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastmeenster_Aibey" title="Wastmeenster Aibey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wastmeenster Aibey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminstersk%C3%A9_op%C3%A1tstvo" title="Westminsterské opátstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Westminsterské opátstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminstrska_opatija" title="Westminstrska opatija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Westminstrska opatija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вестминстерска опатија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вестминстерска опатија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterska_opatija" title="Westminsterska opatija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Westminsterska opatija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="เวสต์มินสเตอร์แอบบีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวสต์มินสเตอร์แอบบีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Westminster Abbey" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вестмінстерське абатство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вестмінстерське абатство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%92" title="ویسٹ منسٹر ایبے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویسٹ منسٹر ایبے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasia_de_Westminster" title="Abasia de Westminster – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Abasia de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_vi%E1%BB%87n_Westminster" title="Tu viện Westminster – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tu viện Westminster" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%AF%BA" title="西敏寺 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西敏寺" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadiya_han_Westminster" title="Abadiya han Westminster – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abadiya han Westminster" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E6%95%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="威斯敏斯特教堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威斯敏斯特教堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%AF%BA" title="西敏寺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西敏寺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%AF%BA" title="西敏寺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西敏寺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5933#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Westminster Abbey (disambiguation)">Westminster Abbey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a> or <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Chapel" title="Westminster Chapel">Westminster Chapel</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in London, England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Westminster Abbey</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold">Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white church with two towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/250px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg/500px-Westminster_Abbey_St_Peter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="3497" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Westminster Abbey's western facade</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_London_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westminster Abbey is located in City of Westminster"><img alt="Westminster Abbey is located in City of Westminster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Westminster_London_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Westminster_London_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Westminster_London_UK_location_map.svg/375px-Westminster_London_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Westminster_London_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Westminster_London_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.286%;left:77.194%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Westminster Abbey"><img alt="Westminster Abbey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Westminster Abbey</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Dean%27s_Yard" title="Dean's Yard">Dean's Yard</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/SW_postcode_area" title="SW postcode area">SW1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category">England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous denomination</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Churchmanship" title="Churchmanship">Churchmanship</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://westminster-abbey.org">westminster-abbey<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5933#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">History</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 959</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 December 1065,<br /> 13 October 1269</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Functional status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Heritage designation</th><td class="infobox-data category">UNESCO World Heritage Site</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1987</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">Nave</a> width</th><td class="infobox-data">85 feet (26 m)<sup id="cite_ref-dimensions_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimensions-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">101 feet (31 m)<sup id="cite_ref-dimensions_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimensions-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor area</th><td class="infobox-data">32,000 square feet (3,000 m<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-dimensions_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimensions-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tower height</th><td class="infobox-data">225 feet (69 m)<sup id="cite_ref-dimensions_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimensions-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Reigate stone; Portland stone; Purbeck marble</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bells</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Extra-diocesan (<a href="/wiki/Royal_peculiar" title="Royal peculiar">royal peculiar</a>)</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Clergy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/David_Hoyle_(priest)" title="David Hoyle (priest)">David Hoyle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">Canon(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Dean_and_Chapter_of_Westminster" title="Dean and Chapter of Westminster">Dean and Chapter</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Laity</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">Director of music</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Nethsingha" title="Andrew Nethsingha">Andrew Nethsingha</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Organist_and_Master_of_the_Choristers" class="mw-redirect" title="Organist and Master of the Choristers">Organist and Master of the Choristers</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">Organist(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Holder_(organist)" title="Peter Holder (organist)">Peter Holder</a><br /><small>(sub-organist)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jorysz" title="Matthew Jorysz">Matthew Jorysz</a><br /><small>(assistant)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organ_scholar" title="Organ scholar">Organ scholar</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Dewi Rees</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Westminster_Abbey&params=51_29_58_N_00_07_39_W_region:GB-WSM_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">00°07′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.49944°N 0.12750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.49944; -0.12750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 959</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, Westminster Abbey and <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">Saint Margaret's Church</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 <small>(11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/426">426</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #FFC0CB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade I</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Westminster Abbey (The Collegiate Church of St Peter)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1291494<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Westminster Abbey</b>, formally titled the <b>Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, London, England. Since 1066, it has been the location of the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">coronations</a> of 40 English and British monarchs and a burial site for 18 English, Scottish, and British monarchs. At least 16 royal weddings have taken place at the abbey since 1100. </p><p>Although the origins of the church are obscure, an abbey housing <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks was on the site by the mid-10th century. The church got its first large building from the 1040s, commissioned by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, who is buried inside. Construction of the present church began in 1245 on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>. The monastery was dissolved in 1559, and the church was made a <a href="/wiki/Royal_peculiar" title="Royal peculiar">royal peculiar</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> church, accountable directly to the sovereign – by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. The abbey, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a> became a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1987 because of their historic and symbolic significance. </p><p>The church's <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> is chiefly inspired by 13th-century French and English styles, although some sections of the church have earlier <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> styles or later <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> and modern styles. The <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a>, at the east end of the church, is a typical example of <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> architecture; antiquarian <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a> called it <i>orbis miraculum</i> ("the wonder of the world"). </p><p>The abbey is the <a href="/wiki/Burials_and_memorials_in_Westminster_Abbey" title="Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey">burial site of more than 3,300 people</a>, many prominent in British history: monarchs, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime ministers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">poets laureate</a>, actors, musicians, scientists, military leaders, and <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Warrior" title="The Unknown Warrior">the Unknown Warrior</a>. Due to the fame of the figures buried there, artist <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> described the abbey as a "National <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians agree that there was a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> on the site prior to the 11th century, though its exact origin is somewhat obscure. One legend claims that it was founded by the Saxon king <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6berht_of_Essex" title="Sæberht of Essex">Sæberht of Essex</a>, and another claims that its founder was the fictional 2nd-century British king <a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">Lucius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200410_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200410-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One tradition claims that a young fisherman on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> had a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to have been quoted as the origin of the salmon that Thames fishermen offered to the abbey, a custom still observed annually by the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Fishmongers' Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the abbey are generally thought to date to about 959, when <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">King Edgar</a> installed a community of <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine monks</a> on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson201917_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson201917-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the location was an island in the Thames called <a href="/wiki/Thorney_Island_(Westminster)" title="Thorney Island (Westminster)">Thorney Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200411_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200411-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This building has not survived, but archaeologists have found some pottery and foundations from this period on the abbey site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummerson201927_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummerson201927-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_the_Confessor's_abbey"><span id="Edward_the_Confessor.27s_abbey"></span>Edward the Confessor's abbey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Edward the Confessor's abbey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1042 and 1052, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> began rebuilding Saint Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was built in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style and was the first church in England built on a <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> floorplan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20136_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The master <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemason</a> for the project was Leofsi Duddason,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan2018148_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2018148-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Godwin and Wendelburh Gretsyd (meaning "fat purse") as patrons, and Teinfrith as "churchwright", probably meaning someone who worked on the carpentry and roofing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan2018159_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2018159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endowments from Edward supported a community that increased from a dozen monks during <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a>'s time, to as many as 80.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19932_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19932-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was completed around 1060 and was <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> on 28<span class="nowrap"> </span>December 1065, about a week before Edward's death on 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1066.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernie2009139–143_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernie2009139–143-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, he was buried in the church; nine years later, his wife <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith</a> was buried alongside him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2009137_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2009137-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, was probably crowned here, although the first documented coronation is that of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr19992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr19992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey is in the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>. The foundations still survive under the present church, and above ground, some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory survive in the <a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a>, including a door said to come from the previous <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> abbey. It was a little smaller than the current church, with a central tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles20087–8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles20087–8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1103, thirty-seven years after his death, Edward's tomb was re-opened by Abbot <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Crispin" title="Gilbert Crispin">Gilbert Crispin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>, who discovered that his body was still in perfect condition. This was considered proof of his saintliness, and he was canonised in 1161. Two years later he was moved to a new shrine, during which time his ring was removed and placed in the abbey's collection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abbey became more closely associated with royalty from the second half of the 12th century, as kings increasingly used the nearby <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> as the seat of their governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19936_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19936-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1222, the abbey was officially granted exemption from the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>'s jurisdiction, making it answerable only to the head of the Church itself. By this time, the abbey owned a large swath of land around it, from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> to the Thames, plus entire parishes in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/St_Alban,_Wood_Street" title="St Alban, Wood Street">St Alban, Wood Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_the_Martyr" title="St Magnus the Martyr">St Magnus the Martyr</a>, as well as several wharfs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinskiClark201951_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinskiClark201951-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside London, the abbey owned estates across southeast England, including in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkBinski201992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkBinski201992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbot was also the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> in Westminster, as a town of two to three thousand people grew around the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19935_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19935-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consumer and employer on a grand scale, the abbey helped fuel the town's economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19935–6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19935–6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:339px;max-width:339px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A medieval tapestry of a group of people carrying Edward the Confessor's coffin towards Westminster Abbey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg/337px-BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg" decoding="async" width="337" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg/506px-BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg/674px-BayeuxTapestryScene26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="357" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Westminster Abbey at the time of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>'s funeral, as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>, 11th century.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:249px;max-width:249px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamber_of_the_Pyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Chamber of the Pyx, a stone room with a vaulted ceiling and an altar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chamber_of_the_Pyx.jpg/250px-Chamber_of_the_Pyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chamber_of_the_Pyx.jpg/500px-Chamber_of_the_Pyx.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Pyx" title="Trial of the Pyx">Pyx</a>, one of the few remaining 11th-century sections of the church.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_III's_rebuilding"><span id="Henry_III.27s_rebuilding"></span>Henry III's rebuilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Henry III's rebuilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westminster Abbey continued to be used as a coronation site, but after Edward the Confessor, no monarchs were buried there until <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> began to rebuild it in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic style</a>. Henry III wanted it built as a shrine to venerate Edward, to match great French churches such as <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Rheims Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200427_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200427-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a burial place for himself and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction began on 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>July 1245 under Henry's master mason, Henry of Reynes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan2018148_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2018148-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first building stage included the entire eastern end, the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a>, and the easternmost <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bay</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lady_chapel" title="Lady chapel">Lady chapel</a>, built from around 1220 at the extreme eastern end, was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">chevet</a> of the new building. </p><p>Part of the new building included a rich shrine and chapel to Edward the Confessor, of which the base only still stands. The golden shrine with its jewelled figures no longer exists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4,000 marks (about £5,800) for this work came from the estate of David of Oxford, the husband of <a href="/wiki/Licoricia_of_Winchester" title="Licoricia of Winchester">Licoricia of Winchester</a>, and a further £2,500 came from a forced contribution from Licoricia herself, by far the biggest single donation at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1253, Henry of Reynes was replaced by John of Gloucester, who was replaced by Robert of Beverley around 1260.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200412_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200412-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer, there were up to 400 workers on the site at a time,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including stonecutters, marblers, stone-layers, carpenters, painters and their assistants, marble polishers, smiths, glaziers, plumbers, and general labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan201856_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan201856-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1257, Henry III held assemblies of local representatives in Westminster Abbey's <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a>; these assemblies were a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>. Henry III also commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Cosmati" title="Cosmati">Cosmati</a> pavement in front of the High Altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201017–18_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201017–18-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further work produced an additional five bays for the nave, bringing it to one bay west of the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a>. Here, construction stopped in about 1269. By 1261, Henry had spent £29,345 19s 8d on the abbey, and the final sum may have been near £50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan201841_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan201841-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consecration ceremony was held on 13<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 1269, during which the remains of Edward the Confessor were moved to their present location at the shrine behind the main altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton20107_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton20107-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Henry's death and burial in the abbey in 1272, construction did not resume and Edward the Confessor's old Romanesque nave remained attached to the new building for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200412_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200412-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_-_Plan_showing_relative_positions_of_the_church_of_Edward_the_Confessor_and_of_the_existing_church_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A top-down diagram of two overlaid abbey floorplans: a smaller one in red and a larger one in blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Westminster_Abbey_-_Plan_showing_relative_positions_of_the_church_of_Edward_the_Confessor_and_of_the_existing_church_1910.jpg/250px-Westminster_Abbey_-_Plan_showing_relative_positions_of_the_church_of_Edward_the_Confessor_and_of_the_existing_church_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Westminster_Abbey_-_Plan_showing_relative_positions_of_the_church_of_Edward_the_Confessor_and_of_the_existing_church_1910.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey_-_Plan_showing_relative_positions_of_the_church_of_Edward_the_Confessor_and_of_the_existing_church_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Westminster_Abbey_-_Plan_showing_relative_positions_of_the_church_of_Edward_the_Confessor_and_of_the_existing_church_1910.jpg/500px-Westminster_Abbey_-_Plan_showing_relative_positions_of_the_church_of_Edward_the_Confessor_and_of_the_existing_church_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15837" data-file-height="9949" /></a><figcaption>Plan showing relative positions of the 11th-century church (in red) and the present church (in blue).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1296, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> captured the Scottish coronation stone, the <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Scone</a>. He had a <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Chair" title="Coronation Chair">Coronation Chair</a> made to hold it, which he entrusted to the abbot at Westminster Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201023_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201023-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1303, the small crypt underneath the chapter house was broken into and a great deal of the king's treasure was stolen. It was thought that the thieves must have been helped by the abbey monks, fifty of whom were subsequently imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201341_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201341-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Completion_of_the_Gothic_church">Completion of the Gothic church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Completion of the Gothic church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1376, Abbot Nicholas Litlyngton and <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> donated large sums to finish the church. The remainder of the old nave was pulled down and rebuilding commenced, with his mason <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yevele" title="Henry Yevele">Henry Yevele</a> closely following the original design even though it was now more than 100 years out of date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200810_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200810-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973405_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973405-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> of 1381, Richard prayed at Edward the Confessor's shrine for "divine aid when human counsel was altogether wanting" before meeting the rebels at <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_London" title="Smithfield, London">Smithfield</a>. In the modern day, the abbey holds Richard's full-length portrait, the earliest of an English king, on display near the west door.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201027–29_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201027–29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building work was not fully complete for many years. <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>, disappointed with the abbey's unfinished state, gave extra funds towards the rebuilding. In his will, he left instructions for a <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">chantry chapel</a> to be built over his tomb; the chapel can be seen from ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201030–33_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201030–33-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1470 and 1471, because of fallout from the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a>, took sanctuary at Westminster Abbey while her husband was deposed, and gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V</a> in the abbot's house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201035_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201035-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1495, building work finally reached the end of the nave, finishing with the west window.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200811_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200811-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, the 13th-century Lady chapel was demolished and rebuilt in a <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic style</a>; it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a>. Work began in 1503 and the main structure was completed by 1509, although decorative work continued for several years afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200811_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200811-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry's original reason for building such a grand chapel was to have a place suitable for the burial of another saint alongside the Confessor, as he planned on having <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> canonised. The Pope asked Henry VII for a large sum of money to proclaim Henry VI a saint; Henry VII was unwilling to pay the sum, and so instead he is buried in the centre of the chapel with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200453_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200453-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than a large raised shrine like the Confessor. </p><p>A view of the abbey dated 1532 shows a <a href="/wiki/Lantern_tower" title="Lantern tower">lantern tower</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodwell201017_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodwell201017-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is not shown in any later depiction. It is unlikely that the loss of this feature was caused by any catastrophic event: structural failure seems more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodwell201023–28_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodwell201023–28-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources maintain that a lantern tower was never built. The current squat pyramid dates from the 18th century; the painted wooden ceiling below it was installed during repairs to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> bomb damage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200434_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200434-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 16th century, a project began under Abbot <a href="/wiki/John_Islip" title="John Islip">John Islip</a> to add two towers to the western end of the church. These had been partially built up to roof level when building work stopped due to uncertainty caused by the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200413_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200413-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:891px;max-width:891px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:309px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_-_51370229194.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The inside of Westminster Abbey north transept, with a high vaulted ceiling and a rose window at the end." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370229194.jpg/252px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370229194.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370229194.jpg/378px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370229194.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370229194.jpg/504px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370229194.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3319" data-file-height="4075" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The north transept, completed in the 13th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:309px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_(Interior)_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The inside of Westminster Abbey's nave, with a high vaulted ceiling and large stained-glass window at the end." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Westminster_Abbey_%28Interior%29_05.jpg/206px-Westminster_Abbey_%28Interior%29_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Westminster_Abbey_%28Interior%29_05.jpg/309px-Westminster_Abbey_%28Interior%29_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Westminster_Abbey_%28Interior%29_05.jpg/412px-Westminster_Abbey_%28Interior%29_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="9504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The west end of the nave, designed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yevele" title="Henry Yevele">Henry Yevele</a> and completed in 1495.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:309px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_-_51369494886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The inside of Westminster Abbey's nave, with a high vaulted ceiling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Westminster_Abbey_-_51369494886.jpg/206px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51369494886.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Westminster_Abbey_-_51369494886.jpg/309px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51369494886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Westminster_Abbey_-_51369494886.jpg/412px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51369494886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The vault of the nave, looking west from the crossing.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:309px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_portrait_of_Richard_II,_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of Richard II, wearing a crown, sitting on a grand chair, and holding an orb and sceptre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coronation_portrait_of_Richard_II%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/211px-Coronation_portrait_of_Richard_II%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coronation_portrait_of_Richard_II%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/317px-Coronation_portrait_of_Richard_II%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coronation_portrait_of_Richard_II%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/422px-Coronation_portrait_of_Richard_II%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="2990" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coronation portrait of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a>, on display in the abbey.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_and_Reformation">Dissolution and Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dissolution and Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1530s, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> broke away from the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in Rome and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">seized control of England's monasteries</a>, including Westminster Abbey, beginning the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201043_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201043-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1535, when the king's officers assessed the abbey's funds, their annual income was £3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2007_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry's agents removed many relics, saints' images, and treasures from the abbey. The golden <a href="/wiki/Feretory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feretory">feretory</a> that housed the coffin of Edward the Confessor was melted down, and monks hid his bones to save them from destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201044_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201044-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monastery was dissolved and the building became the cathedral for the newly created <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Westminster_(Church_of_England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Westminster (Church of England)">Diocese of Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200456_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200456-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbot, William Benson, became <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">dean</a> of the cathedral, while the <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> and five of the monks were among the twelve newly created <a href="/wiki/Canon_(clergy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (clergy)">canons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn199265–67_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn199265–67-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">Diocese of London</a> until 1556.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200456_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200456-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to St Peter, was diverted to the treasury of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>; this led to an association with the already-old saying "<a href="/wiki/To_rob_Peter_to_pay_Paul" title="To rob Peter to pay Paul">robbing Peter to pay Paul</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewer2001923_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewer2001923-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abbey saw the return of Benedictine monks under the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, but they were again ejected under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> in 1559.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201045–47_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201045–47-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "<a href="/wiki/Royal_peculiar" title="Royal peculiar">royal peculiar</a>" – a church of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> responsible directly to the sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton20107_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton20107-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201049_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201049-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that date onwards, the building was simply a church, though it was still called an abbey. Elizabeth also re-founded <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a>, providing for 40 students (the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Scholars">King's (or Queen's) Scholars</a>) and their schoolmasters. The King's Scholars have the duty of shouting <i>Vivat Rex</i> or <i>Vivat Regina</i> ("Long live the King/Queen") during the coronation of a new monarch. In the modern day, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Westminster" title="Dean of Westminster">dean of Westminster Abbey</a> remains the chair of the school governors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton20107_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton20107-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 17th century, the abbey hosted two of the six companies of churchmen who produced the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible. They used the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Chamber" title="Jerusalem Chamber">Jerusalem Chamber</a> in the abbey for their meetings. The First Company was headed by the dean of the abbey, <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerritt2019187_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerritt2019187-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1642, the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> broke out between <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and his own <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament</a>. The Dean and Chapter fled the abbey at the outbreak of war, and were replaced by priests loyal to Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201053_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201053-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey itself suffered damage during the war; altars, stained glass, the organ, and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a> were damaged or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200464_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200464-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Protector <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only for a body thought to be Cromwell's to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a <a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">gibbet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1669, the abbey was visited by the diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>, who saw the body of the 15th-century queen <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine de Valois</a>. She had been buried in the 13th-century Lady chapel in 1437, but was exhumed during building work for the Henry VII Chapel and not reburied in the intervening 150 years. Pepys leaned into the coffin and kissed her on the mouth, writing "This was my birthday, thirty-six years old and I did first kiss a queen." She has since been re-interred close to her husband, Henry V.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201319_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201319-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1685, during preparations for the coronation of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, a workman accidentally put a scaffolding pole through the coffin of Edward the Confessor. A chorister, Charles Taylour, pulled a cross on a chain out of the coffin and gave it to the king, who then gave it to the Pope. Its whereabouts are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201316_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201316-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Westminster_Abbey._West_front_-_trimmed_and_cleaned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white engraving of Westminster Abbey's western facade without towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Westminster_Abbey._West_front_-_trimmed_and_cleaned.jpg/170px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Westminster_Abbey._West_front_-_trimmed_and_cleaned.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Westminster_Abbey._West_front_-_trimmed_and_cleaned.jpg/255px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Westminster_Abbey._West_front_-_trimmed_and_cleaned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Westminster_Abbey._West_front_-_trimmed_and_cleaned.jpg/340px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Westminster_Abbey._West_front_-_trimmed_and_cleaned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of Westminster Abbey's western facade with two towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/214px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/321px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg/428px-Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto%2C_1749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The west front, before and after the construction of the western towers. Engraving on the left by <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Hollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenceslas Hollar">Wenceslas Hollar</a>; painting at right by <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>At the end of the 17th century, the architect <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> was appointed the abbey's first <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_of_the_Fabric_of_Westminster_Abbey" title="Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey">Surveyor of the Fabric</a>. He began a project to restore the exterior of the church,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200413_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200413-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was continued by his successor, <a href="/wiki/William_Dickinson_(architect)" title="William Dickinson (architect)">William Dickinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200464_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200464-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After over two hundred years, the abbey's two western towers were built in the 1740s in a Gothic–<a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> style by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_James_(architect)" title="John James (architect)">John James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200413_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200413-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 November 1760, the funeral of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> was held at the abbey, and the king was interred next to his late wife, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline of Ansbach</a>. He left instructions for the sides of his and his wife's coffins to be removed so that their remains could mingle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2007253_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2007253-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last monarch to be buried in the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, the tomb of Richard<span class="nowrap"> </span>II developed a hole through which visitors could put their hands. Several of his bones went missing, including a jawbone which was taken by a boy from Westminster School and kept by his family until 1906, when it was returned to the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201316–18_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201316–18-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s, the screen dividing the nave from the choir, which had been designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, was replaced by one designed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blore" title="Edward Blore">Edward Blore</a>. The screen contains the monuments to the scientist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and the military general <a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">James Stanhope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004113_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004113-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further <a href="/wiki/Victorian_restoration" title="Victorian restoration">rebuilding and restoration</a> occurred in the 19th century under the architect <a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott" title="George Gilbert Scott">George Gilbert Scott</a>, who rebuilt sections of the chapter house and north porches, and designed a new altar and <a href="/wiki/Reredos" title="Reredos">reredos</a> for the crossing. His successor, <a href="/wiki/John_Loughborough_Pearson" title="John Loughborough Pearson">J. L. Pearson</a>, finished the work on the north porches and also reconstructed the northern rose window.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrook2019286–293_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrook2019286–293-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_the_Stone_of_Scone,_Scone_Palace,_Scotland_(8924541883).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large grey stone with two rings attached, propped up on two smaller stones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Replica_of_the_Stone_of_Scone%2C_Scone_Palace%2C_Scotland_%288924541883%29.jpg/220px-Replica_of_the_Stone_of_Scone%2C_Scone_Palace%2C_Scotland_%288924541883%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Replica_of_the_Stone_of_Scone%2C_Scone_Palace%2C_Scotland_%288924541883%29.jpg/330px-Replica_of_the_Stone_of_Scone%2C_Scone_Palace%2C_Scotland_%288924541883%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Replica_of_the_Stone_of_Scone%2C_Scone_Palace%2C_Scotland_%288924541883%29.jpg/440px-Replica_of_the_Stone_of_Scone%2C_Scone_Palace%2C_Scotland_%288924541883%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Scone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Scone_Palace" title="Scone Palace">Scone Palace</a> in Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The abbey saw "Prayers For Prisoners" <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> protests in 1913 and 1914. Protesters attended services and interrupted proceedings by chanting "God Save <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Mrs Pankhurst</a>" and praying for suffragette prisoners. In one protest, a woman chained herself to her chair during a sermon by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>June 1914, a <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">bomb planted by suffragettes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> exploded inside the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb2014148_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2014148-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No serious injuries were reported,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201665_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201665-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the bomb blew off a corner of the Coronation Chair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb2014148_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2014148-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also caused the Stone of Scone to break in half, although this was not discovered until 1950 when four Scottish nationalists broke into the church to steal the stone and return it to Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb2014148_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb2014148-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In preparation for bombing raids during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Coronation Chair and many of the abbey's records were moved out of the city, and the Stone of Scone was buried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannadine2019336–338_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannadine2019336–338-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, on the night of 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>May and the early morning of 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>May, the Westminster Abbey precincts and roof were hit by incendiary bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Fire_Service" title="Auxiliary Fire Service">Auxiliary Fire Service</a> and the abbey's own fire-watchers were able to stop the fire spreading to the whole of the church, the deanery and three residences of abbey clergy and staff were badly damaged, and the lantern tower above the crossing collapsed, leaving the abbey open to the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of the damage was estimated at £135,000.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some damage can still be seen in the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Chapel" title="RAF Chapel">RAF Chapel</a>, where a small hole in the wall was created by a bomb that fell outside the chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201322_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201322-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No one was killed, and the abbey continued to hold services throughout the war. When hostilities ceased, evacuated objects were returned to the abbey, 60,000 sandbags were moved out, and a new permanent roof was built over the crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannadine2019336–338_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannadine2019336–338-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two different designs for a <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> (entrance hall) for the west front were produced by architects <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Maufe" title="Edward Maufe">Edward Maufe</a> during World War II, but neither was built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannadine2019341_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannadine2019341-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its outstanding universal value, the abbey was designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1987, together with the nearby Palace of Westminster and <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the abbey, which was then receiving approximately 1.75 million visitors each year, began charging admission fees to visitors at the door<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although a fee for entering the eastern half of the church had existed prior to 1600).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004112_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004112-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservation_work_on_the_Cosmati_pavement_at_Westminter_Abbey,_2009..png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two conservators kneeling on the Cosmati pavement, surrounded by conservation and cleaning tools" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Conservation_work_on_the_Cosmati_pavement_at_Westminter_Abbey%2C_2009..png/250px-Conservation_work_on_the_Cosmati_pavement_at_Westminter_Abbey%2C_2009..png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Conservation_work_on_the_Cosmati_pavement_at_Westminter_Abbey%2C_2009..png/330px-Conservation_work_on_the_Cosmati_pavement_at_Westminter_Abbey%2C_2009..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Conservation_work_on_the_Cosmati_pavement_at_Westminter_Abbey%2C_2009..png/500px-Conservation_work_on_the_Cosmati_pavement_at_Westminter_Abbey%2C_2009..png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Conservators carrying out restoration work on the Cosmati pavement, June 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2009, the first major building work in 250 years was proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2009_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Crown_steeple" title="Crown steeple">corona</a> – a crown-like architectural feature – was suggested to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of a wider £23-million development of the abbey completed in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2009_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 August 2010, the Dean and Chapter announced that, "after a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cosmati" title="Cosmati">Cosmati</a> pavement underwent a major cleaning and restoration programme for two years, beginning in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 2010, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> became the first pope to set foot in the abbey when he participated in a service of evening prayer with archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 2011, the abbey hosted the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton" title="Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton">wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2011_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2011-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries were opened. Located in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a>, high up around the sanctuary, they are areas for displaying the abbey's treasures. A new Gothic access tower with a lift was designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Dean" title="Ptolemy Dean">Ptolemy Dean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gallery_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallery-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright-2018_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-2018-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a> was uncovered in the grounds of the abbey as part of an archaeological excavation. The sacristy was used by the monks of the abbey to store objects used in <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalices</a>. Also on the site were hundreds of buried bodies, mostly of abbey monks.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March 2021, a vaccination centre opened in <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a> to administer doses of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:55_of_%27Paterson%27s_Guide_Book_to_England_and_Wales._With_maps_and_plans_..._1886,_etc%27_(11183025004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A top-down diagram of the floorplan of the abbey, marked with the names of the parts of the church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/55_of_%27Paterson%27s_Guide_Book_to_England_and_Wales._With_maps_and_plans_..._1886%2C_etc%27_%2811183025004%29.jpg/220px-55_of_%27Paterson%27s_Guide_Book_to_England_and_Wales._With_maps_and_plans_..._1886%2C_etc%27_%2811183025004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/55_of_%27Paterson%27s_Guide_Book_to_England_and_Wales._With_maps_and_plans_..._1886%2C_etc%27_%2811183025004%29.jpg/330px-55_of_%27Paterson%27s_Guide_Book_to_England_and_Wales._With_maps_and_plans_..._1886%2C_etc%27_%2811183025004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/55_of_%27Paterson%27s_Guide_Book_to_England_and_Wales._With_maps_and_plans_..._1886%2C_etc%27_%2811183025004%29.jpg/440px-55_of_%27Paterson%27s_Guide_Book_to_England_and_Wales._With_maps_and_plans_..._1886%2C_etc%27_%2811183025004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the abbey, showing side chapels and key royal tombs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The building is chiefly built in a <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture#Decorated_Gothic_(late_13th_–_late_14th_centuries)" title="English Gothic architecture">Geometric Gothic</a> style, using <a href="/wiki/Reigate_Stone" title="Reigate Stone">Reigate stone</a> for facings. The church has an eleven-bay <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apse_chapel" title="Apse chapel">radiating chapels</a>. The building is supported with two tiers of <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a>. The western end of the nave and the west front were designed by Henry Yevele in a <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> style. The Henry VII Chapel was built in a late Perpendicular style in Huddlestone stone, probably by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vertue" title="Robert Vertue">Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Vertue" title="William Vertue">William Vertue</a>. The west towers were designed by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a> and blend the Gothic style of the abbey with the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style fashionable during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern Westminster Abbey is largely based on <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic</a> styles, especially those found at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, rather than the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a> styles. For example, the English Gothic style favours large and elaborate towers, while Westminster Abbey did not have any towers until the 18th century. It is also more similar to French churches than English ones in terms of its ratio of height to width: Westminster Abbey has the highest nave of any Gothic church in England, and the nave is much narrower than any medieval English church of a similar height. Instead of a short, square, eastern end (as was the English fashion), Westminster Abbey has a long, rounded <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a>, and it also has chapels radiating from the ambulatory, which is typical of a French Gothic style. However, there are also distinctively English elements, such as the use of materials of contrasting colours, as with the <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Marble" title="Purbeck Marble">Purbeck marble</a> and white stone in the crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200423_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200423-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern entrance has three porches, with the central one featuring an elaborately-carved <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973404_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973404-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading it to acquire the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>'s porch" as a reference to the legendary <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">temple in Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200845_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200845-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abbey retains its 13th- and 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a>, which would have been one of the busiest parts of the church when it was part of a monastery. The west cloister was used for the teaching of novice monks, the north for private study. The south cloister led to the <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a>, and the east to the chapter house and dormitory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr199924_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr199924-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southwest corner of the cloisters is a <a href="/wiki/Cellarium" title="Cellarium">cellarium</a> formerly used by the monks to store food and wine; in modern times, it is the abbey café.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201343_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201343-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The north cloister and northern end of the east cloister, closest to the church, are the oldest; they date to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>, whereas the rest are from 1352 to 1366.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973462–463_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973462–463-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey also contains a Little Cloister, on the site of the monks' infirmary. The Little Cloister dates from the end of the 17th century and contains a small garden with a fountain in the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008160_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008160-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A passageway from the Little Cloister leads to <a href="/wiki/College_Garden" title="College Garden">College Garden</a>, which has been in continuous use for 900 years, beginning as the medicine garden for the monks of the abbey and now overlooked by canons' houses and the dormitory for <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008161_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008161-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newest part of the abbey is the Weston Tower, finished in 2018 and designed by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Dean" title="Ptolemy Dean">Ptolemy Dean</a>. It sits between the chapter house and the Henry VII Chapel, and contains a lift shaft and spiral staircase to allow public access to the triforium, which contains the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower has a star-shaped floorplan and <a href="/wiki/Leaded_windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaded windows">leaded windows</a> with an elaborate crown rooftop. The lift shaft inside is faced with 16 kinds of stone from the abbey's history, including Purbeck marble, Reigate stone, and <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a>. The project took five years and cost £22.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>million. The galleries were designed by McInnes Usher McKnight.<sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright-2018_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-2018-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:892px;max-width:892px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_north_transept_TTaylor_sky_adj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Westminster_Abbey_north_transept_TTaylor_sky_adj.JPG/232px-Westminster_Abbey_north_transept_TTaylor_sky_adj.JPG" decoding="async" width="232" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Westminster_Abbey_north_transept_TTaylor_sky_adj.JPG/348px-Westminster_Abbey_north_transept_TTaylor_sky_adj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Westminster_Abbey_north_transept_TTaylor_sky_adj.JPG/464px-Westminster_Abbey_north_transept_TTaylor_sky_adj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">North door of the abbey, with rose window and flying buttresses above.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tympanum,_Westminster_Abbey,_England,_July_20,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black tower on the side of the brown stone abbey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tympanum%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/250px-Tympanum%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tympanum%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/330px-Tympanum%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3483" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">Tympanum</a> above the North Entrance.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lift_tower_for_Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view looking through a wrought-iron gate to a patch of grass with stone arches beyond." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lift_tower_for_Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries.jpg/98px-Lift_tower_for_Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lift_tower_for_Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries.jpg/147px-Lift_tower_for_Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lift_tower_for_Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries.jpg/196px-Lift_tower_for_Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Weston Tower, tucked behind a flying buttress.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey,_Little_Cloister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stone corridor with a vaulted ceiling and stone memorials on the walls and floor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Westminster_Abbey%2C_Little_Cloister.jpg/130px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_Little_Cloister.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Westminster_Abbey%2C_Little_Cloister.jpg/195px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_Little_Cloister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Westminster_Abbey%2C_Little_Cloister.jpg/260px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_Little_Cloister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Little Cloister of the abbey.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:263px;max-width:263px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_UK_West-Cloister-of-Westminster-Abbey-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/London_UK_West-Cloister-of-Westminster-Abbey-01.jpg/330px-London_UK_West-Cloister-of-Westminster-Abbey-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/London_UK_West-Cloister-of-Westminster-Abbey-01.jpg/500px-London_UK_West-Cloister-of-Westminster-Abbey-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/London_UK_West-Cloister-of-Westminster-Abbey-01.jpg/960px-London_UK_West-Cloister-of-Westminster-Abbey-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The north cloister of the abbey, once used by monks for private study.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The church's interior has <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Purbeck marble">Purbeck marble</a> piers and shafting. The <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">roof vaulting</a> is quadripartite, with ridge ribs and <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">bosses</a><sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, at 102 feet (31 m), it is one of Britain's highest church vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20136_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accommodate as many guests as possible during coronations, the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> were designed to be unusually long<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201310_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201310-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the choir was placed east (rather than west) of the crossing; this is also seen in <a href="/wiki/Rheims_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims Cathedral">Rheims Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200824_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200824-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13th-century interior would have been painted in bright colours and gilded, although the <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a> would have been left unpainted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973407_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973407-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the nave was built over the course of centuries from the east to the west end, generations of builders stuck to the original design and it has a unified style. Markers of the long gap in building between 1269 and 1376 are relatively minor, but can be seen at the fifth bay from the crossing. The <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a> above the arches towards the earlier east end are decorated with <a href="/wiki/Diapering" title="Diapering">diaper-work</a>, and are plain towards the (later) west end. The <a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet windows</a> on the earlier side have a <a href="/wiki/Foil_(architecture)" title="Foil (architecture)">foiled</a> circle, and have an unencircled <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoil</a> on the later side; the shields on the aisle walls are carved on the earlier side, and painted on the later side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200899_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200899-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973415–416_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973415–416-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above the crossing, in the centre of the church, is a roof lantern which was destroyed by a bomb in 1941 and restored by architect <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dykes_Bower" title="Stephen Dykes Bower">Stephen Dykes Bower</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200831_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200831-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the choir aisles, shields of donors to the 13th- and 14th-century rebuilding are carved and painted in the spandrels of the <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200831–32_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200831–32-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the eastern end of the nave is a large screen separating the nave from the choir, made of 13th-century stone, reworked by Edward Blore in 1834, and with paintwork and gilding by Bower in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200899_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200899-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="414" data-mwtitle="Dr_John_Hall,_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dr_John_Hall,_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Dr_John_Hall%2C_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Dr_John_Hall%2C_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg/Dr_John_Hall%2C_Dean_of_Westminster_on_the_Shrine_of_Edward_the_Confessor.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Audio description of the shrine of Edward the Confessor by former Dean of Westminster <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(priest)" title="John Hall (priest)">John Hall</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Behind the main altar is the shrine and tomb of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>. Saints' shrines were once common in English medieval churches, but most were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> and Edward is the only major English saint whose body still occupies his shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200815_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200815-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arranged around him in a horseshoe shape are a series of tombs of medieval kings and their queens: Henry III, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a>, Edward I, <a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a>, and Richard II. Henry V is in the centre of the horseshoe, at the eastern end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200443–44_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200443–44-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry III's tomb was originally covered with pieces of coloured glass and stone, since picked off by generations of tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200817_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200817-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above Henry V's tomb, at <a href="/wiki/Mezzanine" title="Mezzanine">mezzanine</a> level over the <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">chantry</a> chapel built by mason John Thirske and decorated with many sculpted figures (including Henry V riding a horse and being crowned in the abbey).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200871_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200871-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the western end, the shrine is separated from the main church by a stone <a href="/wiki/Reredos" title="Reredos">reredos</a> which makes it a semi-private space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200443–44_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200443–44-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reredos depicts episodes from Edward's life, including his birth and the building of the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201317_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201317-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shrine is closed to the public, except for special events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004190_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004190-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abbey includes side chapels radiating from the ambulatory. Many were originally included in the 13th-century rebuilding as altars dedicated to individual saints, and many of the chapels still bear saints' names (such as St Nicholas and St Paul). Saints' cults were no longer orthodox after the English Reformation, and the chapels were repurposed as places for extra burials and monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200457_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200457-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north ambulatory are the Islip Chapel, the Nurses' Memorial Chapel (sometimes called the Nightingale Chapel), the Chapel of Our Lady of the Pew,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201320_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201320-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Chapel of St John the Baptist, and St Paul's Chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200860–66_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200860–66-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islip Chapel is named after Abbot <a href="/wiki/John_Islip" title="John Islip">John Islip</a>, who commissioned it in the 16th century. The screen inside is decorated with a visual pun on his name: an eye and a boy falling from a tree (eye-slip).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200861_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200861-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional chapels in the eastern aisle of the north transept are named after (from south to north) St John the Evangelist, St Michael, and St Andrew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200853_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200853-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapels of St Nicholas, St Edmund, and St Benedict are in the south ambulatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200875–79_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200875–79-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The footprint of the south transept is smaller than the northern one because the 13th-century builders butted against the pre-existing 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a>. To make the transepts match, the south transept overhangs the western cloister; this permitted a room above the cloisters which was used to store the abbey <a href="/wiki/Muniment" title="Muniment">muniments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200880_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200880-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the south transept is the chapel of <a href="/wiki/St_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="St Faith">St Faith</a>, built <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> as the <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">vestry</a> for the abbey's monks. On the east wall is a <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1290</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1310</span> painting of St Faith holding the grid-iron on which she was roasted to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200897_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200897-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:893px;max-width:893px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:252px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_UK_Interior-of-Westminster-Abbey-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/London_UK_Interior-of-Westminster-Abbey-02.jpg/160px-London_UK_Interior-of-Westminster-Abbey-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/London_UK_Interior-of-Westminster-Abbey-02.jpg/240px-London_UK_Interior-of-Westminster-Abbey-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/London_UK_Interior-of-Westminster-Abbey-02.jpg/320px-London_UK_Interior-of-Westminster-Abbey-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3155" data-file-height="4993" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The nave, showing the vault's height in relation to its relatively-narrow width.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:252px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_-_51368735737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view looking directly up at a very high, coloured, patterned ceiling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Westminster_Abbey_-_51368735737.jpg/169px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51368735737.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Westminster_Abbey_-_51368735737.jpg/254px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51368735737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Westminster_Abbey_-_51368735737.jpg/338px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51368735737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The lantern roof over the crossing.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:255px;max-width:255px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:252px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_the_Confessor_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large, elaborately-decorated tomb with an altar in front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Edward_the_Confessor_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/253px-Edward_the_Confessor_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Edward_the_Confessor_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/380px-Edward_the_Confessor_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Edward_the_Confessor_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/506px-Edward_the_Confessor_Chapel_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2992" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The shrine of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:297px;max-width:297px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:252px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monuments_in_the_Chapel_of_St_Edmund,_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three elaborate stone monuments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monuments_in_the_Chapel_of_St_Edmund%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/330px-Monuments_in_the_Chapel_of_St_Edmund%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monuments_in_the_Chapel_of_St_Edmund%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/500px-Monuments_in_the_Chapel_of_St_Edmund%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monuments_in_the_Chapel_of_St_Edmund%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/960px-Monuments_in_the_Chapel_of_St_Edmund%2C_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Monuments in the side chapel of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">St Edmund</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_house_and_Pyx_Chamber">Chapter house and Pyx Chamber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chapter house and Pyx Chamber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The octagonal <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a> was used by the abbey monks for daily meetings, where they would hear a chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St Benedict">Rule of St Benedict</a> and receive their instructions for the day from the abbot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201340_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201340-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapter house was built between 1250 and 1259 and is one of the largest in Britain, measuring nearly 60 feet (18 m) across.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008152–153_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008152–153-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 300 years after the English Reformation, it was used to store state records until they were moved to the <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a> in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008154_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008154-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Victorian_restoration" title="Victorian restoration">restored</a> by George Gilbert Scott in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008153–154_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008153–154-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entrance is approached from the east cloister via outer and inner <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">vestibules</a>, and the ceiling becomes higher as a visitor approaches the chapter house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973467_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973467-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an octagonal room with a central pillar, built with a small crypt below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008153–154_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008153–154-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the sides are benches for 80 monks, above which are large stained-glass windows depicting the coats of arms of several monarchs and the abbey's patrons and abbots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008153–154_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008153–154-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exterior includes <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> (added in the 14th century) and a leaded roof designed by Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England-2_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior walls of the chapter house are decorated with 14th- and 15th-century paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Apocalypse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a>, and birds and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England-2_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapter house also has an original, mid-13th-century tiled floor. A wooden door in the vestibule, made with a tree felled between 1032 and 1064, is one of Britain's oldest.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_England-2_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_England-2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may have been the door to the 11th-century chapter house in Edward the Confessor's abbey, and was re-used as the door to the Pyx Chamber in the 13th century. It now leads to an office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201340_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201340-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adjoining Pyx Chamber was the <a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a> of the monks' dormitory. Dating to the late 11th century, it was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers also date to the 11th century; several <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> were enriched in the 12th century, and the stone altar was added in the 13th century. The term <i>pyx</i> refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Pyx" title="Trial of the Pyx">Trial of the Pyx</a>, when newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr199924_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr199924-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapter house and Pyx Chamber are in the guardianship of <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster.<sup id="cite_ref-eh_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eh-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:892px;max-width:892px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large, octagonal room with stained-glass windows and a central pillar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg/149px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg/224px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg/298px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="6736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Interior of the chapter house.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:286px;max-width:286px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ceiling shaped like an eight-pointed star, supported by a central pillar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_05.jpg/330px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_05.jpg/500px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_05.jpg/960px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Umbrella vault ceiling of the chapter house.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:256px;max-width:256px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_Chapter_House_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wall covered in small paintings of Biblical scenes and animals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westminster_Abbey_Chapter_House_11.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey_Chapter_House_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westminster_Abbey_Chapter_House_11.jpg/500px-Westminster_Abbey_Chapter_House_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Westminster_Abbey_Chapter_House_11.jpg/960px-Westminster_Abbey_Chapter_House_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Medieval wall paintings inside the chapter house.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britains_Oldest_Door_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old wooden door." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Britains_Oldest_Door_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/250px-Britains_Oldest_Door_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Britains_Oldest_Door_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/330px-Britains_Oldest_Door_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Britains_Oldest_Door_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/500px-Britains_Oldest_Door_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An 11th-century door in the undercroft of the chapter house, possibly Britain's oldest door.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_VII_Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Henry VII Chapel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External video</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_of_Henry_VII_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ceiling_of_Henry_VII_Chapel.jpg/210px-Ceiling_of_Henry_VII_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ceiling_of_Henry_VII_Chapel.jpg/315px-Ceiling_of_Henry_VII_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ceiling_of_Henry_VII_Chapel.jpg/420px-Ceiling_of_Henry_VII_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCKzhNQISZo&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.org%2F&source_ve_path=MjM4NTE&feature=emb_title&ab_channel=Smarthistory">Henry VII Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Henry VII Lady Chapel, also known simply as the Henry VII Chapel, is a large <a href="/wiki/Lady_chapel" title="Lady chapel">lady chapel</a> at the far eastern end of the abbey which was paid for by the will of King Henry VII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008126_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008126-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapel, built in late <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> style, inspired English poet <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a> to call it the <i>orbis miraculum</i> (the wonder of the world).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200448–53_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200448–53-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tombs of several monarchs, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V</a>, Henry VII, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, Mary I, Elizabeth I, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, George II and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, are in the chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindley2003208_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindley2003208-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Pendant_vault" title="Pendant vault">pendant-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan vault</a>-style ceiling, probably designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Vertue" title="William Vertue">William Vertue</a>, which writer <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> said was "achieved with the wonderful minuteness and airy security of a cobweb". The ceiling is not a true fan vault, but a <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vault</a> disguised as a fan vault.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973418_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973418-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior walls are densely decorated with carvings, including 95 statues of saints. Many statues of saints in England were destroyed in the 17th century, so these are rare survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201322_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201322-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like much of the rest of the medieval building, they would originally have been painted and gilded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973417_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPevsner1973417-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From outside, The chapel walls are supported from outside by flying buttresses, each in the form of a polygonal tower topped with a <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a>. At the centre of the chapel is the tomb of Henry VII and his wife, Elizabeth of York, which was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Torrigiano" title="Pietro Torrigiano">Pietro Torrigiano</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200448–53_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200448–53-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (who fled to England from Italy after breaking <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michaelangelo</a>'s nose in a fight).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201322_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201322-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chapel has sub-chapels radiating from the main structure. One, to the north, contains the tombs of Mary I and Elizabeth I; both coffins are in Elizabeth's monument. Another, to the south, contains the tomb of Mary, Queen of Scots. Both monuments were commissioned by James I, Elizabeth's successor to the English throne and Mary's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200460–61_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200460–61-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the far eastern end is the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Chapel" title="RAF Chapel">RAF Chapel</a>, with a stained-glass window dedicated to those who died in the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201322_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201322-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAF Chapel was the original burial site of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> in 1658. Cromwell was disinterred in 1661, after the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a>, when his body was hanged in chains on the gallows at <a href="/wiki/Tyburn" title="Tyburn">Tyburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chapel has been the <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">mother church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> since 1725, and the banners of its members hang above the stalls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008127_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008127-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stalls retain their medieval <a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">misericords</a>: small ledges for monks to perch on during services, often decorated with varied and humorous carvings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201325_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201325-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:710px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VII%27s_Lady_Chapel_Ceiling_-_Panorama,_Westminster_Abbey,_England,_July_20,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lady Chapel's fan vault and pendant vault ceiling."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Henry_VII%27s_Lady_Chapel_Ceiling_-_Panorama%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/700px-Henry_VII%27s_Lady_Chapel_Ceiling_-_Panorama%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Henry_VII%27s_Lady_Chapel_Ceiling_-_Panorama%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/1050px-Henry_VII%27s_Lady_Chapel_Ceiling_-_Panorama%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Henry_VII%27s_Lady_Chapel_Ceiling_-_Panorama%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/1400px-Henry_VII%27s_Lady_Chapel_Ceiling_-_Panorama%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6005" data-file-height="2184" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VII%27s_Lady_Chapel_Ceiling_-_Panorama,_Westminster_Abbey,_England,_July_20,_2023.jpg" title="File:Henry VII's Lady Chapel Ceiling - Panorama, Westminster Abbey, England, July 20, 2023.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">The Lady Chapel's</a> fan vault and pendant vault ceiling.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastic_buildings">Monastic buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monastic buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elaborately-furnished room with a large fireplace, tapestry on the wall, and table and chairs in the centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jerusalem_Chamber.jpg/330px-Jerusalem_Chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jerusalem_Chamber.jpg/500px-Jerusalem_Chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jerusalem_Chamber.jpg/960px-Jerusalem_Chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6333" data-file-height="4003" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Chamber" title="Jerusalem Chamber">Jerusalem Chamber</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1914</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many rooms used by the monks have been repurposed. The dormitory became a library and a school room, and the monks' offices have been converted into houses for the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr19994_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr19994-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbot had his own lodgings, and ate separately from the rest of the monks. The lodgings, now used by the Dean of Westminster, are probably the oldest continuously occupied residence in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008159_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008159-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include the Jericho Parlour (covered in wooden <a href="/wiki/Linenfold" title="Linenfold">linenfold panelling</a>), the Jerusalem Chamber (commissioned in 1369), and a grand dining hall with a minstrels' gallery which is now used by Westminster School.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008159_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008159-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prior also had his own household, separate from the monks, on the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ashburnham_House" title="Ashburnham House">Ashburnham House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Little_Dean%27s_Yard" title="Little Dean's Yard">Little Dean's Yard</a> (now also part of Westminster School).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2019147_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2019147-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrook2019311_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrook2019311-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artworks_and_treasures">Artworks and treasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Artworks and treasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nave and transepts have sixteen crystal chandeliers made of hand-blown <a href="/wiki/Waterford_Crystal" title="Waterford Crystal">Waterford glass</a>. Designed by A. B. Read and Stephen Dykes Bower, they were donated by the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_family" title="Guinness family">Guinness family</a> in 1965 to commemorate the abbey's 900th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008120_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008120-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choir stalls were designed by Edward Blore in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200831_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200831-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some stalls are assigned to <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">high commissioners</a> of countries in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr199921_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr199921-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the crossing to the west is the sacrarium, which contains the high altar. The abbey has the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Retable" title="Westminster Retable">Westminster Retable</a>, thought to be the altarpiece from Henry III's 13th-century church and the earliest surviving English <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a> altatrpiece, in its collections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201015_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201015-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinskiClark201981_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinskiClark201981-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present high altar and screen were designed by George Gilbert Scott between 1867 and 1873, with sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter">St Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St Paul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hugh_Armstead" title="Henry Hugh Armstead">H. H. Armistead</a>, as well as a mosaic of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> by J. R. Clayton and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salviati" title="Antonio Salviati">Antonio Salviati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200823_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200823-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The south transept contains wall paintings made <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>, which Richard Jenkyns calls "the grandest of their time remaining in England".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200435_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200435-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depicting <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> looking at Christ's <a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">wounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="St Christopher">St Christopher</a> carrying the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a>, the paintings were discovered in 1934 behind two monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200896_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200896-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fourteenth-century paintings are on the backs of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sedilia" title="Sedilia">sedilia</a></i> (seats used by priests on either side of the high altar). On the south side are three figures: Edward the Confessor, the <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">angel Gabriel</a>, and the Virgin Mary. On the north side are two kings (possibly Henry III and Edward I) surrounding a religious figure, possibly St Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200829_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200829-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20139_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20139-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were walled off during the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth period</a> by order of Parliament, and were later rediscovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20139_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20139-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the Great West Door are ten statues of 20th-century Christian martyrs of various denominations; the statues were sculpted by the abbey's craftsmen in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004149_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004149-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those commemorated are <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manche_Masemola" title="Manche Masemola">Manche Masemola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janani_Luwum" title="Janani Luwum">Janani Luwum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" title="Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine">Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_John" title="Esther John">Esther John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Tapiedi" title="Lucian Tapiedi">Lucian Tapiedi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhiming_(pastor)" title="Wang Zhiming (pastor)">Wang Zhiming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the chapter house is a doorway leading to the abbey's library, which was built as a dormitory for the monks and has been used as a library since the 16th century. The collection has about 16,000 volumes. Next to the library is the Muniment Room, where the abbey's historic archives are kept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008154_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008154-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:892px;max-width:892px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choir_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A long corridor with rows of gilded wooden stalls either side, facing each other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Choir_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/250px-Choir_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Choir_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/330px-Choir_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Choir_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/500px-Choir_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2992" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The abbey choir, with stalls designed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blore" title="Edward Blore">Edward Blore</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frescos_in_main_church_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wall with two paintings: one of two figures on a red background, and one of two figures on a green background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Frescos_in_main_church_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/167px-Frescos_in_main_church_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Frescos_in_main_church_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/251px-Frescos_in_main_church_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Frescos_in_main_church_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg/334px-Frescos_in_main_church_Westminster_Abbey_London_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Medieval wall paintings in the south transept, depicting <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="St Christopher">St Christopher</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in medieval dress, wearing a crown and holding a sceptre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg/125px-Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg/188px-Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg/250px-Edward_I_-_Westminster_Abbey_Sedilia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A painting of a king on the abbey <a href="/wiki/Sedilia" title="Sedilia">sedilia</a>, possibly Edward I.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_UK_Sculptures-at-Westminister-Abbey-Westgate-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statues of ten people in niches over a door." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_UK_Sculptures-at-Westminister-Abbey-Westgate-01.jpg/214px-London_UK_Sculptures-at-Westminister-Abbey-Westgate-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_UK_Sculptures-at-Westminister-Abbey-Westgate-01.jpg/321px-London_UK_Sculptures-at-Westminister-Abbey-Westgate-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_UK_Sculptures-at-Westminister-Abbey-Westgate-01.jpg/428px-London_UK_Sculptures-at-Westminister-Abbey-Westgate-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2725" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statues of 20th-century martyrs above the west door.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_-_51370499985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A golden altar and screen in the centre of a grey stone church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370499985.jpg/199px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370499985.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370499985.jpg/299px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370499985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370499985.jpg/398px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370499985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4084" data-file-height="3417" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The high altar and altar screen, designed by George Gilbert Scott.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmati_pavement">Cosmati pavement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cosmati pavement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmati_pavement_by_high_altar,_Westminster_Abbey_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Cosmati pavement: an elaborately-patterned floor with geometric designs with small red, brown, black and gold tiles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cosmati_pavement_by_high_altar%2C_Westminster_Abbey_02.jpg/220px-Cosmati_pavement_by_high_altar%2C_Westminster_Abbey_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cosmati_pavement_by_high_altar%2C_Westminster_Abbey_02.jpg/330px-Cosmati_pavement_by_high_altar%2C_Westminster_Abbey_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cosmati_pavement_by_high_altar%2C_Westminster_Abbey_02.jpg/440px-Cosmati_pavement_by_high_altar%2C_Westminster_Abbey_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Cosmati pavement.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the crossing in front of Edward the Confessor's shrine and the main altar is the Cosmati pavement, a 700-year-old tile floor made of almost 30,000 pieces of coloured glass and stone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200827–28_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200827–28-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measuring almost 25 feet square,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200827–28_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200827–28-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coronations take place here.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The floor is named after the <a href="/wiki/Cosmati" title="Cosmati">Cosmati</a> family in Rome, who were known for such work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201017–18_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201017–18-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Ware" title="Richard of Ware">Richard Ware</a>, who travelled to Rome in 1258, when he became abbot, and returned with stone and artists. The <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a> used was originally quarried as far away as Egypt, and was presumably brought to Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. It was surrounded by a Latin inscription in brass letters (since lost) identifying the artist as Odericus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200436–39_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200436–39-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably referring to designer Pietro di Oderisio or his son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200816_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200816-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription also predicted the end of the world 19,863 years after its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20137_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20137-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike traditional mosaic work, the pieces were not cut to a uniform size but made using a technique known as <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">opus sectile</a></i> ("cut work").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200827–28_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200827–28-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unique among Cosmati floors in Europe for the use of dark Purbeck-marble trays, forming bold borders, instead of the more typical white marble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200827–28_149-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200827–28-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pavement influenced later floor treatments at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett199853_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett199853-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geometric designs, such as those in the pavement, were thought to help the abbey's monks with contemplation, and conveyed medieval Christian ideas on the nature of the universe that could not easily be put into words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster19914_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster19914-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the design relies on the geometric <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_(geometry)" title="Quadrature (geometry)">doubling of the square</a>, considered a trade secret by stonemasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1991116–118_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1991116–118-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four-sided squares, four-fold symmetry, and the four inner <a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">roundels</a> of the design represent the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">four elements</a> of classical philosophy, with the central roundel representing the unformed state of the universe at its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1991152–154_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1991152–154-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each inner roundel is touched by two bands, which represent the shared qualities of each element; water and air were both considered "moist" in classical philosophy, and air and fire were both considered "hot".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1991155_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1991155-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Window,_Westminster_Abbey,_England,_July_20,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rose_Window%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Rose_Window%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rose_Window%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/330px-Rose_Window%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rose_Window%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/440px-Rose_Window%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_England%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3459" data-file-height="3137" /></a><figcaption>The rose window in the north transept depicts Christ and the Apostles.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_-_51370500850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stained-glass window in bright primary colours depicting a path in the countryside with trees and plants on either side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370500850.jpg/220px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370500850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370500850.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370500850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Westminster_Abbey_-_51370500850.jpg/440px-Westminster_Abbey_-_51370500850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="4187" /></a><figcaption>The Queen's Window, designed by <a href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The abbey's 13th-century windows would have been filled with <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, but much of this was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> and was replaced with clear, plain glass. Since the 19th century, new stained glass, designed by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Ninian_Comper" title="Ninian Comper">Ninian Comper</a> (on the north side of the nave) and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ray_Easton" title="Hugh Ray Easton">Hugh Easton</a> and Alan Younger (in the Henry VII Chapel), has replaced clear glass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004148_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004148-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The north rose window was designed by <a href="/wiki/James_Thornhill" title="James Thornhill">James Thornhill</a> and made by Joshua Price in 1722; it shows Christ, the apostles (without <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>, and, in the centre, the Bible. The window was restored by J. L. Pearson in the 19th century, during which the feet of the figures were cut off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20024_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20024-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornhill also designed the great west window, which shows the Biblical figures of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, as well as representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a> underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200224_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200224-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Henry VII Chapel, the west window was designed by John Lawson and unveiled in 1995. It depicts coats of arms and cyphers of Westminster Abbey's benefactors, particularly <a href="/wiki/John_Templeton" title="John Templeton">John Templeton</a> (whose coat of arms is prominent in the lower panel). In the centre are the arms of Elizabeth II. The central east window, designed by Alan Younger and dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was unveiled in 2000. It depicts <a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">Comet Hale–Bopp</a>, which was passing over the artist's house at the time, as the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">star of Bethlehem</a>. The donors of the window, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Harris,_Baron_Harris_of_Peckham" title="Philip Harris, Baron Harris of Peckham">Lord and Lady Harris of Peckham</a>, are shown kneeling at the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200210_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200210-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, artist <a href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</a> unveiled a new stained-glass window for the north transept to celebrate the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>. It shows a country scene inspired by his native <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">hawthorn</a> blossoms and blue skies. Hockney used an iPad to design the window, replicating the backlight that comes through stained glass.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen's_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries"><span id="Queen.27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries"></span>Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries<span class="anchor" id="The_Queen's_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries,_London,_July_20,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries%2C_London%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/250px-Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries%2C_London%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries%2C_London%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/330px-Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries%2C_London%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries%2C_London%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg/500px-Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee_Galleries%2C_London%2C_July_20%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3487" /></a><figcaption>Treasures in the Jubilee Galleries.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Museum" title="Westminster Abbey Museum">Westminster Abbey Museum</a> was located in the 11th-century vaulted <a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a> beneath the former monks' dormitory. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space had been used as a museum since 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008156_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008156-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was closed to the public when it was replaced as a museum in June 2018 by the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries (high in the abbey's <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> and accessed through the Weston Tower, which encloses a lift and stairs).<sup id="cite_ref-gallery_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallery-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exhibits include a set of life-size <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigies</a> of English and British monarchs and their consorts, originally made to lie on the coffin in the funeral procession or to be displayed over the tomb. The effigies date from the 14th to the 18th centuries, and some include original clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201051–52_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201051–52-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On display in the galleries is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_Theatre:_Portrait_of_HM_Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="The Coronation Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth II">The Coronation Theatre, Westminster Abbey: A Portrait of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II</a></i>, a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Heimans" title="Ralph Heimans">Ralph Heimans</a> of the queen standing on the Cosmati pavement where she was crowned in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other exhibits include a model of an unbuilt tower designed by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>; a paper model of the abbey as it was for <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Coronation of Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria's 1837 coronation</a>; and the wedding licence of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, who were married in the abbey in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright-2018_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-2018-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burials_and_memorials">Burials and memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Burials and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burials_and_memorials_in_Westminster_Abbey" title="Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey">Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Hawking%27s_grave_at_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black stone slab with a grey spiral, an equation, and the words "Here lies what was mortal of Stephen Hawking 1942–2018"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stephen_Hawking%27s_grave_at_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/220px-Stephen_Hawking%27s_grave_at_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stephen_Hawking%27s_grave_at_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/330px-Stephen_Hawking%27s_grave_at_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stephen_Hawking%27s_grave_at_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/440px-Stephen_Hawking%27s_grave_at_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>The grave of scientist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> of the abbey.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 3,300 people are buried or commemorated in the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For much of its history, most of the people buried there (other than monarchs) were people with a connection to the church – either ordinary locals or the monks of the abbey, who were generally buried without surviving markers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200463_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200463-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 18th century, it has been an honour for any British person to be buried or commemorated in the abbey – a practice boosted by the lavish funeral and monument of Isaac Newton, who died in 1727.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200483_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200483-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, so many prominent figures were buried in the abbey that the writer William Morris called it a "National Valhalla".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris190037_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris190037-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politicians buried in the abbey include <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>. A cluster of scientists surrounds the tomb of Isaac Newton, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>. Actors include <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>. Musicians tend to be buried in the north aisle of the nave, and include <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> is buried in Poets' Corner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200475–78_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200475–78-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large rectangular monument with black columns and railings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tomb_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I.jpg/250px-Tomb_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tomb_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tomb_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I.jpg/500px-Tomb_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, containing the remains of Elizabeth and <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An estimated 18 English, Scottish and British monarchs are buried in the abbey, including Edward the Confessor, Henry III, Edward I, Edward III, Richard II, Henry V, Edward V, Henry VII, Edward VI, Mary I, Mary Queen of Scots, Elizabeth I, James I, Charles II, Mary II, William III, Queen Anne, and George II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201084–85_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201084–85-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201051–52_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201051–52-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots were the last monarchs to be buried with full tomb effigies; monarchs buried after them are commemorated in the abbey with simple inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201052_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201052-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George II was the last monarch to be buried in the abbey, in 1760, and <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III's</a> brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Henry Frederick</a>, was the last member of the royal family to be buried in the abbey, in 1790. Most monarchs after George II have been buried in <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, or at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Burial_Ground,_Frogmore" title="Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore">Frogmore Royal Burial Ground</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poets'_Corner"><span id="Poets.27_Corner"></span>Poets' Corner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Poets' Corner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Poets%27_Corner_in_Westminster_Abbey_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Many white stone statues and busts of writers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/View_of_Poets%27_Corner_in_Westminster_Abbey_03.jpg/220px-View_of_Poets%27_Corner_in_Westminster_Abbey_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/View_of_Poets%27_Corner_in_Westminster_Abbey_03.jpg/330px-View_of_Poets%27_Corner_in_Westminster_Abbey_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/View_of_Poets%27_Corner_in_Westminster_Abbey_03.jpg/440px-View_of_Poets%27_Corner_in_Westminster_Abbey_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3441" data-file-height="3287" /></a><figcaption>Some of the memorials to writers in <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, including <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The south transept of the church is known as Poets' Corner because of its high number of burials of, and memorials to, poets and writers. The first was <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> (buried around 1400), who was employed as <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of the King's Works</a> and had apartments in the abbey. A second poet, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> (who was local to the abbey), was buried nearby in 1599. The idea of a Poets' Corner did not crystallise until the 18th century, when memorials were established to writers buried elsewhere, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>. Since then, writers buried in Poets' Corner have included <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>. Not all writers buried in the abbey are in the south transept; <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> is buried standing upright in the north aisle of the nave, and <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> in the cloisters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200478–81_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200478–81-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Unknown_Warrior">The Unknown Warrior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Unknown Warrior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Warrior" title="The Unknown Warrior">The Unknown Warrior</a></div> <p>On the floor, just inside the Great West Door in the centre of the nave, is the grave of the Unknown Warrior: an unidentified soldier killed on a European battlefield during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. Although many countries have a <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a> (or Warrior), the one in Westminster Abbey was the first; it came about as a response to the unprecedented death toll of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201079_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201079-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea came from army chaplain <a href="/wiki/David_Railton" title="David Railton">David Railton</a>, who suggested it in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201337_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201337-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The funeral was held on 11 November 1920, the second anniversary of the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201079_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201079-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unknown Warrior lay in state for a week afterwards, and an estimated 1.25 million people viewed his gravesite in that time. This grave is the only floor stone in the abbey on which it is forbidden to walk,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004171–172_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004171–172-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and every visit by a foreign head of state begins with a visit to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201337_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201337-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_occasions">Royal occasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Royal occasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abbey has strong connections with the royal family. It has been patronised by monarchs, been the location for coronations, royal weddings and funerals, and several monarchs have attended services there. One monarch was born and one died at Westminster Abbey. In 1413, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> collapsed while praying at the shrine of Edward the Confessor. He was moved into the Jerusalem Chamber, and died shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201029_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201029-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward V was born in the abbot's house in 1470.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201035_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201035-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ewart_Lockhart,_Queen_Victoria%27s_Golden_Jubilee_Service,_Westminster_Abbey,_21_June_1887_(1887%E2%80%931890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of many people in fine robes and dresses standing inside the abbey. In the middle distance, Queen Victoria sits on a chair raised on a platform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/William_Ewart_Lockhart%2C_Queen_Victoria%27s_Golden_Jubilee_Service%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_21_June_1887_%281887%E2%80%931890%29.jpg/290px-William_Ewart_Lockhart%2C_Queen_Victoria%27s_Golden_Jubilee_Service%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_21_June_1887_%281887%E2%80%931890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/William_Ewart_Lockhart%2C_Queen_Victoria%27s_Golden_Jubilee_Service%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_21_June_1887_%281887%E2%80%931890%29.jpg/435px-William_Ewart_Lockhart%2C_Queen_Victoria%27s_Golden_Jubilee_Service%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_21_June_1887_%281887%E2%80%931890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/William_Ewart_Lockhart%2C_Queen_Victoria%27s_Golden_Jubilee_Service%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_21_June_1887_%281887%E2%80%931890%29.jpg/580px-William_Ewart_Lockhart%2C_Queen_Victoria%27s_Golden_Jubilee_Service%2C_Westminster_Abbey%2C_21_June_1887_%281887%E2%80%931890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s Golden Jubilee celebrations in Westminster Abbey in 1887; the queen is enthroned on the centre-left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first jubilee celebration held at the abbey was for <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee</a> in 1887. Rather than wearing the full regalia that she had worn at her coronation, she wore her black mourning clothes topped with the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> and a miniature crown. She sat in the Coronation Chair—which received a coat of dark varnish for the occasion, which was painstakingly removed afterwards<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201065_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201065-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—making her the only monarch to sit in the chair twice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004167_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004167-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a>, marked their silver, gold, and diamond <a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">wedding anniversaries</a> with services at the abbey and regularly attended annual observances there for <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201079_175-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201079-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monarch participates in the Office of the Royal Maundy on <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a> each year, during which selected elderly people (as many people of each sex as the monarch has years of their life) receive alms of coins. The service has been held at churches around the country since 1952, returning to the abbey every 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1992ix_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1992ix-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronations">Coronations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coronations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation of the British monarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_coronations" title="List of British coronations">List of British coronations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Dubourg_after_James_StephanoffCoronationGeorgeIVpubl1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colour drawing of George IV seated on a raised platform in the middle of the abbey, with a huge crowd of people in attendance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Matthew_Dubourg_after_James_StephanoffCoronationGeorgeIVpubl1822.jpg/220px-Matthew_Dubourg_after_James_StephanoffCoronationGeorgeIVpubl1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Matthew_Dubourg_after_James_StephanoffCoronationGeorgeIVpubl1822.jpg/330px-Matthew_Dubourg_after_James_StephanoffCoronationGeorgeIVpubl1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Matthew_Dubourg_after_James_StephanoffCoronationGeorgeIVpubl1822.jpg/440px-Matthew_Dubourg_after_James_StephanoffCoronationGeorgeIVpubl1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>The 1822 coronation of <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> in the abbey.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_William_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of William I">coronation of William the Conqueror</a> in 1066, 40 English and British monarchs have been crowned in Westminster Abbey (not counting Edward V, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, who were never crowned).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201061_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201061-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald-2023_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald-2023-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1216, Henry III could not be crowned in the abbey because London was occupied by hostile forces at the time. Henry was crowned in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a>, and had a second coronation at Westminster Abbey in 1220.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201015_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201015-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he had the abbey rebuilt, it was designed with long transepts to accommodate many guests at future coronations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201310_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201310-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the order of service derives from the <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Regalis" title="Liber Regalis">Liber Regalis</a></i>, an illuminated manuscript made in 1377 for the coronation of Richard II and held in the abbey's collections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201062_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201062-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 May 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla" title="Coronation of Charles III and Camilla">coronation of Charles III</a> took place at the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald-2023_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald-2023-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area used in the church is the crossing, known in the abbey as "the theatre" because of its suitability for grand events. The space in the crossing is clear rather than filled with immovable pews (like many similar churches), allowing for temporary seating in the transepts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201061_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201061-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Coronation_Chair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old gilded wooden chair on a raised platform in front of a red curtain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Coronation_Chair.jpg/220px-The_Coronation_Chair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Coronation_Chair.jpg/330px-The_Coronation_Chair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Coronation_Chair.jpg/440px-The_Coronation_Chair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Chair" title="Coronation Chair">Coronation Chair</a>, with a slot underneath the seat to hold the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Scone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Coronation Chair (the throne on which English and British sovereigns are seated when they are crowned) is in the abbey's St George's Chapel near the west door, and has been used at coronations since the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201311_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201311-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950, when the stone was stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots were crowned. Although it has been kept in Scotland at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> since 1996, the stone is returned to the Coronation Chair in the abbey as needed for coronations.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chair was accessible to the public during the 18th and 19th centuries; people could sit in it, and some carved initials into the woodwork.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200868_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200868-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 17th century, a king would hold a separate coronation for his new queen if he married after his coronation. The last of these to take place in the abbey was the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> in 1533, after her marriage to Henry VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201043_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201043-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifteen coronations of <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queens consort</a> have been held in the abbey. A coronation for <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>, Henry VIII's third wife, was planned but she died before it took place; no coronations were planned for Henry's subsequent wives. Mary I's husband, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip of Spain</a>, was not given a separate coronation due to concerns that he would attempt to rule alone after Mary's death. Since then, there have been few opportunities for a second coronation; monarchs have generally come to the throne already married.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201061_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201061-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> held a coronation ceremony at Westminster Abbey in 1170 for his son, known as <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a>, while Henry II was still alive in an attempt to secure the succession. However, the Young King died before his father and never took the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201061_182-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201061-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weddings"><span class="anchor" id="Royal_weddings"></span>Weddings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Weddings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 16 royal weddings have taken place at the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal weddings at the abbey were relatively rare before the 20th century, with royals often married in a <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a> or at Windsor Castle; this changed with the 1922 wedding of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Princess Mary</a> at the abbey. In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a> became the first royal bride to leave her bouquet on the grave of <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Warrior" title="The Unknown Warrior">the Unknown Warrior</a>, a practice continued by many royal brides since.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004174_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004174-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth,_Bestanddeelnr_902-4695_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Princess Elizabeth and Phillip Mountbatten process down the aisle of the abbey, followed by bridesmaids." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4695_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4695_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4695_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4695_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4695_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Huwelijk_Prinses_Elisabeth%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-4695_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>The 1947 wedding of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Princess Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Phillip Mountbatten</a> in the abbey.</figcaption></figure> <p>Royal weddings have included: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Groom </th> <th>Bride </th></tr> <tr> <td>1100<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir201116–19_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir201116–19-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda of Scotland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1243<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir201116–19_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir201116–19-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard, Earl of Cornwall</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanchia_of_Provence" title="Sanchia of Provence">Sanchia of Provence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1269<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir201116–19_190-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir201116–19-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aveline_de_Forz,_Countess_of_Aumale" title="Aveline de Forz, Countess of Aumale">Aveline de Forz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1382<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1486<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Patricia_and_Alexander_Ramsay" title="Wedding of Princess Patricia and Alexander Ramsay">1919</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Captain The Hon. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsay_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Alexander Ramsay (Royal Navy officer)">Alexander Ramsay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught" title="Princess Patricia of Connaught">Princess Patricia of Connaught</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Mary_and_Henry_Lascelles" title="Wedding of Princess Mary and Henry Lascelles">1922</a><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood">Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">The Princess Mary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert,_Duke_of_York,_and_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">1923</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">Prince Albert, Duke of York</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent,_and_Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding of Prince George, Duke of Kent, and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark">1934</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark">Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten" title="Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten">1947</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Philip Mountbatten</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">The Princess Elizabeth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Margaret_and_Antony_Armstrong-Jones" title="Wedding of Princess Margaret and Antony Armstrong-Jones">1960</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon" title="Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon">Antony Armstrong-Jones</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">The Princess Margaret</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Alexandra_and_Angus_Ogilvy" title="Wedding of Princess Alexandra and Angus Ogilvy">1963</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Hon. <a href="/wiki/Angus_Ogilvy" title="Angus Ogilvy">Angus Ogilvy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy" title="Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy">Princess Alexandra of Kent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Anne_and_Mark_Phillips" title="Wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips">1973</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Captain <a href="/wiki/Mark_Phillips" title="Mark Phillips">Mark Phillips</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">The Princess Anne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Andrew_and_Sarah_Ferguson" title="Wedding of Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson">1986</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077_191-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201077-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">The Prince Andrew</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York" title="Sarah, Duchess of York">Sarah Ferguson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton" title="Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton">2011</a><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2011_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2011-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">Prince William of Wales</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine Middleton</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funerals"><span class="anchor" id="Royal_funerals"></span>Funerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Funerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many royal funerals took place at the abbey between that of Edward the Confessor in 1066<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton20107_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton20107-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of Prince Henry, the last royal buried in the church, in 1790. There were no royal funerals at the abbey from then until that of <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Queen Alexandra</a> in 1925; the queen was buried in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stubbings-2022_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stubbings-2022-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other queen consorts, such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a> in 1953 and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> in 2002, have also had funerals at the abbey before being buried elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Stubbings-2022_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stubbings-2022-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 September 1997, the ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales">funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales</a> was held at the abbey. Before the funeral, the railings of the abbey were swamped with flowers and tributes. The event was more widely seen than any previous occasion in the abbey's history, with 2 billion television viewers worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201080_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201080-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diana was buried privately on a private island at <a href="/wiki/Althorp" title="Althorp">Althorp</a>, her family estate.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 September 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">state funeral of Elizabeth II</a> took place at the abbey before her burial at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor">St George's Chapel, Windsor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first funeral of a monarch at Westminster Abbey for more than 260 years.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dean_and_Chapter">Dean and Chapter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dean and Chapter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dean_and_Chapter_of_Westminster" title="Dean and Chapter of Westminster">Dean and Chapter of Westminster</a></div> <p>Westminster Abbey is a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster as established by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> from Elizabeth I dated 21 May 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster (a <a href="/wiki/Royal_peculiar" title="Royal peculiar">royal peculiar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Westminster_Abbey_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westminster_Abbey-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/David_Hoyle_(priest)" title="David Hoyle (priest)">David Hoyle</a> was appointed Dean of Westminster.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapter consists of four canons and a senior administrative officer, known as the Receiver General.<sup id="cite_ref-Westminster_Abbey_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westminster_Abbey-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the canons is also <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> of the adjoining <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Church,_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="St Margaret's Church, Westminster">St Margaret's Church, Westminster</a>, and is often the chaplain of the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the dean and canons, there are <a href="/wiki/Minor_canon" title="Minor canon">minor canons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King's_almsmen"><span id="King.27s_almsmen"></span><span class="anchor" id="King's_Almsmen"></span>King's almsmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: King's almsmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Six King's (or Queen's) almsmen and women are supported by the abbey. They are appointed by royal warrant on the recommendation of the dean and the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, attend Matins and Evensong on Sundays, and perform requested duties for a small stipend. On duty, they wear a distinctive red gown with a crowned rose badge on the left shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox2012_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox2012-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">almshouse</a> was founded near the abbey by Henry VII in 1502, and the twelve almsmen and three almswomen were originally minor court officials who were retired due to age or disability.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-2015_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-2015-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were required to be over the age of 50, single, with a good reputation, literate, able to look after themselves, and with an income of under £4 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-2015_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-2015-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building survived the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>, but was demolished for road-widening in 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox2012_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox2012-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 18th to the late 20th century, almsmen were usually old soldiers and sailors; today, they are primarily retired abbey employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox2012_202-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox2012-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Choir_School" title="Westminster Abbey Choir School">Westminster Abbey Choir School</a></div> <p>Westminster School is in the abbey. Instruction has taken place since the 14th century with the monks of the abbey; the school regards its founder as Elizabeth I, who dissolved the monastery for the last time and provided for the establishment of the school,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200456–57_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200456–57-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the dean, canons, assistant clergy, and lay officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200812_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200812-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schoolboys were rambunctious; Westminster boys have defaced the Coronation Chair, disrupted services, and once interrupted the consecration of four bishops with a bare-knuckle fight in the cloisters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200456–57_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200456–57-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One schoolboy carved on the Coronation Chair that he had slept in it overnight, making him probably its longest inhabitant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200465_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200465-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westminster School became independent of the abbey Dean and Chapter in 1868, although the institutions remain closely connected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles200812_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles200812-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westminster Abbey Choir School, also on the abbey grounds, educates the choirboys who sing for abbey services.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_the_Bath">Order of the Bath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Order of the Bath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Boyce_Banner_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Heraldic flags hanging from the walls of the Henry VII Chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baron_Boyce_Banner_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg/330px-Baron_Boyce_Banner_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baron_Boyce_Banner_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg/500px-Baron_Boyce_Banner_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baron_Boyce_Banner_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg/960px-Baron_Boyce_Banner_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Banners of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> members in the <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">order of chivalry</a> whose spiritual home is the abbey's Henry VII Chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order was founded by <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> in 1725,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckers200420_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckers200420-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fell out of fashion after 1812, and was revived by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannadine2019326_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannadine2019326-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>, which included bathing as a symbol of purification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members are given stalls with their banner, crest, and a stall plate at installation ceremonies in the abbey every four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckers200422_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckers200422-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since there are more members than stalls, some members wait many years for their installation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201078_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201078-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Order of the Bath is the fourth-oldest <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom#Current_orders_of_chivalry" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">British orders of chivalry</a>, after the Orders of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">the Garter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">the Thistle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">St Patrick</a> (the latter is presently dormant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckers200413–14_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckers200413–14-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Westminster_Abbey_organists" title="List of Westminster Abbey organists">List of Westminster Abbey organists</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_-_panoramio_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The choir master walking down the aisle of the abbey, with choirboys in red and white robes standing in stalls down its length" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Westminster_Abbey_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/290px-Westminster_Abbey_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Westminster_Abbey_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/435px-Westminster_Abbey_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Westminster_Abbey_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/580px-Westminster_Abbey_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Westminster Abbey choristers.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Nethsingha" title="Andrew Nethsingha">Andrew Nethsingha</a> has been the abbey's <a href="/wiki/Organist_and_master_of_the_choristers" title="Organist and master of the choristers">organist and master of the choristers</a> since 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Holder_(organist)" title="Peter Holder (organist)">Peter Holder</a> is the sub-organist,<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jorysz" title="Matthew Jorysz">Matthew Jorysz</a> the assistant organist,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dewi Rees is the organ scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choir">Choir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Choir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its foundation in the 14th century, the primary role of the Westminster Abbey choir has been to sing for <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">daily services</a>; the choir also plays a central role in many state occasions, including royal weddings and funerals, coronations, and memorial services.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the choir accepted an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> to sing with the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The all-male choir consists of twelve professional <a href="/wiki/Lay_clerk" title="Lay clerk">adult singers</a> and thirty <a href="/wiki/Choirboy" title="Choirboy">boy choristers</a> from eight to 13 years old who attend the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Choir_School" title="Westminster Abbey Choir School">Westminster Abbey Choir School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-classicfm_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classicfm-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organ">Organ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first record of an organ at Westminster Abbey was the mention of a gift of three <a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a> from Henry III in 1240 for the repair of one (or more) organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight-2001_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-2001-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Unum parem organorum</i> ("a pair of organs") was recorded in the Lady Chapel in 1304.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight-2001_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-2001-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inventory compiled for the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540 lists a pair of organs in the choir and one in the Islip Chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight-2001_220-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-2001-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>, a Royalist source said that soldiers who were billeted in the abbey "brake downe the Organ, and pawned the pipes at severall Ale-houses for pots of Ale"; an organ was played at the Restoration in 1660, however, suggesting that it had not been completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight-2001_220-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-2001-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1720, an organ gifted by George II and built by Christopher Shrider was installed over the choir screen; organs had previously been hidden on the north side of the choir. The organ was rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/William_Hill_%26_Son" title="William Hill & Son">William Hill & Son</a> in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight-2001_220-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-2001-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new organ was built by <a href="/wiki/Harrison_%26_Harrison" title="Harrison & Harrison">Harrison & Harrison</a> in 1937, with four <a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manuals</a> and 84 <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">speaking stops</a>, and was played publicly for the first time at the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth" title="Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth">coronation of George VI and Elizabeth</a> that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_&_Harrison_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_&_Harrison-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was re-voiced and incorporated into the new instrument. The two organ cases, designed and built in the late 19th century by J. L. Pearson, were reinstated and coloured in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-The_National_Pipe_Organ_Register_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_Pipe_Organ_Register-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982 and 1987, Harrison & Harrison enlarged the organ at the direction of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Preston" title="Simon Preston">Simon Preston</a> to include an additional lower choir organ and a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ#Romantic_period" title="Pipe organ">bombarde organ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_&_Harrison_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_&_Harrison-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full instrument has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. Its console was refurbished by Harrison & Harrison in 2006, and space was prepared for two additional 16-foot stops on the lower choir organ and the bombarde organ.<sup id="cite_ref-The_National_Pipe_Organ_Register_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_Pipe_Organ_Register-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey has three other organs: the two-manual Queen's Organ in the Lady Chapel, a smaller <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo</a> organ, and a practice organ.<sup id="cite_ref-classicfm_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classicfm-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bells">Bells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been bells at the abbey since at least the time of Henry III, and the current bells were installed in the north-west tower in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrowles2008123_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrowles2008123-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">ring</a> is made up of ten bells, hung for <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a>, which were cast in 1971 by the <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel Bell Foundry</a> and tuned to the musical notes F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30<a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight"> cwt</a>, 1<a href="/wiki/Quarter_(unit)" title="Quarter (unit)"> qtr</a>, 15 lb (3,403 lb, or 1,544 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-Dove's_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dove's_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two additional service bells were cast by Robert Mot in 1585 and 1598, and a <a href="/wiki/Church_bell#Sanctus_bell" title="Church bell">sanctus bell</a> was cast in 1738 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bellfounder)" title="Richard Phelps (bellfounder)">Richard Phelps</a> and Thomas Lester. Two bells are unused; one was cast <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1320</span>, and the second was cast in 1742 by Thomas Lester.<sup id="cite_ref-Dove's_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dove's_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Westminster Abbey Company of Ringers ring <a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">peals</a> on special occasions, such as the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Code_props_-_geograph.org.uk_-_239567.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three monuments of varying sizes and shapes, cordoned off by a red rope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Da_Vinci_Code_props_-_geograph.org.uk_-_239567.jpg/220px-Da_Vinci_Code_props_-_geograph.org.uk_-_239567.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Da_Vinci_Code_props_-_geograph.org.uk_-_239567.jpg/330px-Da_Vinci_Code_props_-_geograph.org.uk_-_239567.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Da_Vinci_Code_props_-_geograph.org.uk_-_239567.jpg/440px-Da_Vinci_Code_props_-_geograph.org.uk_-_239567.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fibreboard</a> prop copies of marble Westminster Abbey monuments made for the filming of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">The Da Vinci Code</a></i>, on display in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Westminster Abbey is mentioned in the play <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a></i> by William Shakespeare and <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a>, when a gentleman describes <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Anne_Boleyn" title="Coronation of Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn's coronation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004170–171_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004170–171-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey was mentioned in a 1598 <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bastard" title="Thomas Bastard">Thomas Bastard</a> which begins, "When I behold, with deep astonishment<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ To famous Westminster how there restort<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Living in brass or stony monument<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ The princes and the worthies of all sort".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004125_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004125-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poetry about the abbey has also been written by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaumont" title="Francis Beaumont">Francis Beaumont</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004125_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004125-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004190–191_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns2004190–191-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building has appeared in paintings by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonKnighton201057-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Bruce_Ellis_Ranken" title="William Bruce Ellis Ranken">William Bruce Ellis Ranken</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Playwright <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a> produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Abbey_(1995_TV_series)" title="The Abbey (1995 TV series)">The Abbey</a></i>, a 1995 documentary recounting his experiences of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key scenes in the book and film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a></i> take place in Westminster Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey refused to allow filming in 2005 (calling the book "theologically unsound"), and <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">the film</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> as a stand-in.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey issued a fact sheet to their staff which answered questions and debunked several claims made in the book.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was announced that the abbey had given rare permission to film inside the church for <i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_%E2%80%93_The_Final_Reckoning" title="Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning">Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Westminster" title="Archdeacon of Westminster">Archdeacon of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_London" title="List of churches in London">List of churches in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Westminster" title="Abbot of Westminster">Abbot of Westminster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dimensions-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dimensions_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dimensions_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dimensions_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dimensions_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/86076/ABBEY-Dimensions-for-web-.pdf">"Dimensions of Westminster Abbey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200004/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/86076/ABBEY-Dimensions-for-web-.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Dimensions+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0009%2F86076%2FABBEY-Dimensions-for-web-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historic_England-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_England_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_England_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_England_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_England_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_England_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514113511/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1291494?section=official-list-entry">"Westminster Abbey (The Collegiate Church of St Peter)"</a>. <i>Historic England</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1291494">the original</a> on 14 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+England&rft.atitle=Westminster+Abbey+%28The+Collegiate+Church+of+St+Peter%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricengland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1291494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200410-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkyns200410_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkyns2004">Jenkyns 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2015" class="citation web cs1">Cavendish, Richard (12 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529190354/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/consecration-westminster-abbey">"The consecration of Westminster Abbey"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/consecration-westminster-abbey">the original</a></span> on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Westminster+Abbey+counters+Da+Vinci+Code&rft.date=2005-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2005%2Fmay%2F31%2Freligion.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Semlyen2022" class="citation web cs1">De Semlyen, Phil (11 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327032333/https://www.timeout.com/london/news/mission-impossible-8-will-be-the-first-ever-movie-to-film-in-westminster-abbey-071122">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mission: Impossible 8' will be the first ever movie to film in Westminster Abbey"</a>. <i>Time Out London</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/london/news/mission-impossible-8-will-be-the-first-ever-movie-to-film-in-westminster-abbey-071122">the original</a> on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Out+London&rft.atitle=%27Mission%3A+Impossible+8%27+will+be+the+first+ever+movie+to+film+in+Westminster+Abbey&rft.date=2022-07-11&rft.aulast=De+Semlyen&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Flondon%2Fnews%2Fmission-impossible-8-will-be-the-first-ever-movie-to-film-in-westminster-abbey-071122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2007). <i>George II: Puppet of the Politicians?</i>. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859898072" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859898072"><bdi>978-0859898072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+II%3A+Puppet+of+the+Politicians%3F&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0859898072&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinskiClark2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Binski" title="Paul Binski">Binski, Paul</a>; Clark, James G. (2019). "A House of Kings: 1100–1307". In <a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">Cannadine, David</a> (ed.). <i>Westminster Abbey: A Church in History</i>. London: Paul Mellon Centre For Studies In British Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4"><bdi>978-1-913107-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+House+of+Kings%3A+1100%E2%80%931307&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%3A+A+Church+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+For+Studies+In+British+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-913107-02-4&rft.aulast=Binski&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Clark%2C+James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._Cobham_Brewer" title="E. Cobham Brewer">Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham</a> (2001). <i>Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</i>. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1840223101" title="Special:BookSources/978-1840223101"><bdi>978-1840223101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wordsworth+Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1840223101&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Ebenezer+Cobham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCannadine2019" class="citation book cs1">Cannadine, David (2019). <i>Westminster Abbey: A Church in History</i>. London: Paul Mellon Centre For Studies In British Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4"><bdi>978-1-913107-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%3A+A+Church+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+For+Studies+In+British+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-913107-02-4&rft.aulast=Cannadine&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Carr" title="Wesley Carr">Carr, Wesley</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westminsterabbey0000carr"><i>Westminster Abbey</i></a>. Norwich: Jarrold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300095953" title="Special:BookSources/0300095953"><bdi>0300095953</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=Jarrold&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0300095953&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestminsterabbey0000carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkBinski2019" class="citation book cs1">Clark, James G.; Binski, Paul (2019). "Plantagenet Tragedies to Tudor Triumphs: 1307–1534". In Cannadine, David (ed.). <i>Westminster Abbey: A Church in History</i>. London: Paul Mellon Centre For Studies In British Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4"><bdi>978-1-913107-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plantagenet+Tragedies+to+Tudor+Triumphs%3A+1307%E2%80%931534&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%3A+A+Church+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+For+Studies+In+British+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-913107-02-4&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Binski%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2018" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Imogen (2018). <i>Stone on Stone: The Men Who Built The Cathedrals</i>. Ramsbury, Marlborough: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719827983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719827983"><bdi>978-0719827983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stone+on+Stone%3A+The+Men+Who+Built+The+Cathedrals&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+Marlborough&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0719827983&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrook2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Mordaunt_Crook" title="J. Mordaunt Crook">Crook, J. Mordaunt</a> (2019). "Towards A Broad Church Valhalla: 1837–1901". In Cannadine, David (ed.). <i>Westminster Abbey: A Church in History</i>. London: Paul Mellon Centre For Studies In British Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4"><bdi>978-1-913107-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+A+Broad+Church+Valhalla%3A+1837%E2%80%931901&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%3A+A+Church+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+For+Studies+In+British+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-913107-02-4&rft.aulast=Crook&rft.aufirst=J.+Mordaunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuckers2004" class="citation book cs1">Duckers, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishordersdec0000duck"><i>British Orders and Decorations</i></a>. Princes Risebrough, Buckinghamshire: Shire Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7478-0580-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7478-0580-6"><bdi>0-7478-0580-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Orders+and+Decorations&rft.place=Princes+Risebrough%2C+Buckinghamshire&rft.pub=Shire+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7478-0580-6&rft.aulast=Duckers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishordersdec0000duck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFernie2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fernie" title="Eric Fernie">Fernie, Eric</a> (2009). "Edward the Confessor's Westminster Abbey". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.). <i>Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend</i>. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84615-716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84615-716-5"><bdi>978-1-84615-716-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor%27s+Westminster+Abbey&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+The+Man+and+the+Legend&rft.place=Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84615-716-5&rft.aulast=Fernie&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFawcett1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fawcett" title="Jane Fawcett">Fawcett, Jane</a> (1998). <i>Historic Floors</i> (First ed.). London: Faylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136398568" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136398568"><bdi>978-1136398568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Floors&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Faylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1136398568&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster1991" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Richard (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsofthough0000fost/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Patterns of Thought: The Hidden Meaning of the Great Pavement of Westminster Abbey</i></a>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-02910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-02910-X"><bdi>0-224-02910-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Thought%3A+The+Hidden+Meaning+of+the+Great+Pavement+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-224-02910-X&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatternsofthough0000fost%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harvey" title="Barbara Harvey">Harvey, Barbara</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingdyingineng0000harv/"><i>Living and Dying in England 1100–1540: The Monastic Experience</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861976482" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861976482"><bdi>978-1861976482</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+and+Dying+in+England+1100%E2%80%931540%3A+The+Monastic+Experience&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1861976482&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingdyingineng0000harv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2007" class="citation conference cs1">Harvey, Barbara (22 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015090325/http://www.monlib.org.uk/papers/westminster/2007harvey.html"><i>The Dissolution and Westminster Abbey</i></a>. Special Centenary Conference of the English Benedictine Congregation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monlib.org.uk/papers/westminster/2007harvey.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Dissolution+and+Westminster+Abbey&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monlib.org.uk%2Fpapers%2Fwestminster%2F2007harvey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorn1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Horn, Joyce M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1541-1847/vol7/pp65-67"><i>Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857</i></a>. Vol. 7: Ely, Norwich, Westminster and Worcester Dioceses. London: Institute of Historical Research. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940336626">940336626</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasti+Ecclesiae+Anglicanae+1541%E2%80%931857&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940336626&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Joyce+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Ffasti-ecclesiae%2F1541-1847%2Fvol7%2Fpp65-67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkyns2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jenkyns_(professor)" title="Richard Jenkyns (professor)">Jenkyns, Richard</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westminsterabbey0000jenk_b2j7"><i>Westminster Abbey: A Thousand Years of National Pageantry</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%3A+A+Thousand+Years+of+National+Pageantry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1846685346&rft.aulast=Jenkyns&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestminsterabbey0000jenk_b2j7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ian (2016). <i>London: Bombed Blitzed and Blown Up: The British Capital Under Attack Since 1867</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473879010" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473879010"><bdi>978-1473879010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%3A+Bombed+Blitzed+and+Blown+Up%3A+The+British+Capital+Under+Attack+Since+1867.&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1473879010&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindley2003" class="citation book cs1">Lindley, Phillip (2003). "Henry VII Chapel, Westminster Abbey". <i>In Making Medieval Art</i>. Donington: Shaun Tyas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900289-59-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-900289-59-8"><bdi>1-900289-59-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VII+Chapel%2C+Westminster+Abbey&rft.btitle=In+Making+Medieval+Art&rft.place=Donington&rft.pub=Shaun+Tyas&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-900289-59-8&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2019). "The Great Transition: 1530–1603". In Cannadine, David (ed.). <i>Westminster Abbey: A Church in History</i>. London: Paul Mellon Centre For Studies In British Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4"><bdi>978-1-913107-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Transition%3A+1530%E2%80%931603&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%3A+A+Church+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+For+Studies+In+British+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-913107-02-4&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerritt2019" class="citation book cs1">Merritt, Julia F. (2019). "Monarchy, Protestantism and Revolution: 1603–1714". In Cannadine, David (ed.). <i>Westminster Abbey: A Church in History</i>. London: Paul Mellon Centre For Studies In British Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4"><bdi>978-1-913107-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monarchy%2C+Protestantism+and+Revolution%3A+1603%E2%80%931714&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%3A+A+Church+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+For+Studies+In+British+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-913107-02-4&rft.aulast=Merritt&rft.aufirst=Julia+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris, William</a> (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturehist00morr/page/n61/mode/2up"><i>Architecture and History and Westminster Abbey</i></a>. 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Vol. 1: The Cities of London and Westminster. Revised by Bridget Cherry (3rd ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/014-071011-6" title="Special:BookSources/014-071011-6"><bdi>014-071011-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+England%3A+London&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=014-071011-6&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondonicitiesof00pevs%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2002" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Christine (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stainedglassofwe0000reyn"><i>Stained Glass of Westminster Abbey</i></a>. Great Britain: Jarrold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413184706" title="Special:BookSources/0413184706"><bdi>0413184706</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stained+Glass+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Jarrold&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0413184706&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstainedglassofwe0000reyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1992" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Brian (1992). <i>Silver Pennies & Linen Towels: The Story of the Royal Maundy</i>. London: Spink & Sons Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907605355" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907605355"><bdi>978-0907605355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silver+Pennies+%26+Linen+Towels%3A+The+Story+of+the+Royal+Maundy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Spink+%26+Sons+Ltd.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0907605355&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodwell2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Rodwell" title="Warwick Rodwell">Rodwell, Warwick</a> (2010). <i>The Lantern Tower of Westminster Abbey, 1060–2010: Reconstructing its History and Architecture</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842179796" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842179796"><bdi>978-1842179796</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cfr93k">j.ctt1cfr93k</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lantern+Tower+of+Westminster+Abbey%2C+1060%E2%80%932010%3A+Reconstructing+its+History+and+Architecture&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1cfr93k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1842179796&rft.aulast=Rodwell&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStafford2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (2009). "Edith, Edward's Wife and Queen". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.). <i>Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend</i>. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84615-716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84615-716-5"><bdi>978-1-84615-716-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edith%2C+Edward%27s+Wife+and+Queen&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+The+Man+and+the+Legend&rft.place=Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84615-716-5&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSummerson2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Summerson" title="Henry Summerson">Summerson, Henry</a> (2019). "From Legend to History: c. 604 – c. 1100". 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London: Paul Mellon Centre For Studies In British Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913107-02-4"><bdi>978-1-913107-02-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Legend+to+History%3A+c.+604+%E2%80%93+c.+1100&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%3A+A+Church+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Mellon+Centre+For+Studies+In+British+Art&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-913107-02-4&rft.aulast=Summerson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrowles2008" class="citation book cs1">Trowles, Tony (2008). <i>Treasures of Westminster Abbey</i>. London: Scala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857594546" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857594546"><bdi>978-1857594546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Scala&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1857594546&rft.aulast=Trowles&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb2014" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Simon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SimonWebbTheSuffragetteBombersBritainsForgottenTerrorists2014PenSwordBooks"><i>The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists</i></a>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783400645" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783400645"><bdi>978-1783400645</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragette+Bombers%3A+Britain%27s+Forgotten+Terrorists&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1783400645&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSimonWebbTheSuffragetteBombersBritainsForgottenTerrorists2014PenSwordBooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2011). "Princely Marriage: Royal Weddings from 1066 to 1714". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ringcrownahistor0000unse"><i>The Ring and the Crown: A History of Royal Weddings, 1066–2011</i></a>. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-194377-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-194377-6"><bdi>978-0-09-194377-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Princely+Marriage%3A+Royal+Weddings+from+1066+to+1714&rft.btitle=The+Ring+and+the+Crown%3A+A+History+of+Royal+Weddings%2C+1066%E2%80%932011&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-09-194377-6&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fringcrownahistor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonKnighton2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, James; Knighton, Charles S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crowncloisterroy0000unse"><i>Crown and Cloister: The Royal Story of Westminster Abbey</i></a>. London: Scala Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857596281" title="Special:BookSources/9781857596281"><bdi>9781857596281</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+and+Cloister%3A+The+Royal+Story+of+Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Scala+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781857596281&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Knighton%2C+Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrowncloisterroy0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, James (2013). <i>Westminster Abbey</i> (Revised ed.). London: Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857598216" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857598216"><bdi>978-1857598216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Scala+Arts+%26+Heritage+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1857598216&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Abbey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Westminster_Abbey" title="Template:Westminster Abbey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Westminster_Abbey" title="Template talk:Westminster Abbey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Westminster_Abbey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Westminster Abbey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Westminster_Abbey350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Abbey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deans_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Deans of Westminster">Deans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Benson_(abbot)" title="William Benson (abbot)">William Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Weston" title="Hugh Weston">Hugh Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bill" title="William Bill">William Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Goodman" title="Gabriel Goodman">Gabriel Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tounson" title="Robert Tounson">Robert Tounson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Archbishop_of_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Williams (Archbishop of York)">John Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steward" title="Richard Steward">Richard Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(bishop)" title="John Earle (bishop)">John Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dolben" title="John Dolben">John Dolben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sprat" title="Thomas Sprat">Thomas Sprat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Atterbury" title="Francis Atterbury">Francis Atterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bradford" title="Samuel Bradford">Samuel Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilcocks" title="Joseph Wilcocks">Joseph Wilcocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Pearce" title="Zachary Pearce">Zachary Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(bishop_of_Rochester)" title="John Thomas (bishop of Rochester)">John Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Horsley" title="Samuel Horsley">Samuel Horsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Vincent_(priest)" title="William Vincent (priest)">William Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(Anglican_priest)" title="John Ireland (Anglican priest)">John Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Turton" title="Thomas Turton">Thomas Turton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_Trench" title="Richard Chenevix Trench">Richard Chenevix Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley" title="Arthur Penrhyn Stanley">Arthur Penrhyn Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Granville_Bradley" title="George Granville Bradley">George Granville Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armitage_Robinson" title="Armitage Robinson">Armitage Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Edward_Ryle" title="Herbert Edward Ryle">Herbert Edward Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Foxley_Norris" title="William Foxley Norris">William Foxley Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Labilliere" title="Paul de Labilliere">Paul de Labilliere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Don" title="Alan Don">Alan Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Abbott" title="Eric Abbott">Eric Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter_(priest)" title="Edward Carpenter (priest)">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mayne" title="Michael Mayne">Michael Mayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Carr" title="Wesley Carr">Wesley Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(priest)" title="John Hall (priest)">John Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hoyle_(priest)" title="David Hoyle (priest)">David Hoyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_Westminster_Abbey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Standard_of_Westminster_Abbey.svg/120px-Standard_of_Westminster_Abbey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Standard_of_Westminster_Abbey.svg/250px-Standard_of_Westminster_Abbey.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dean_and_Canons_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean and Canons of Westminster">Canons</a> (current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stanton_(priest)" title="David Stanton (priest)">David Stanton</a> (Sub-Dean and Canon Treasurer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ball" title="Anthony Ball">Anthony Ball</a> (Rector of St Margaret's)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Hawkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamie Hawkey (page does not exist)">Jamie Hawkey</a> (Canon Theologian and Almoner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Hillas" title="Tricia Hillas">Tricia Hillas</a> (Canon Steward and Archdeacon, and Speaker's Chaplain)</li> <li>Mark Birch (Minor Canon and Precentor)</li> <li>Robert Latham (Minor Canon and Sacrist)</li> <li>Minor Canon and Chaplain (vacant)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation of the British monarch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Regalis" title="Liber Regalis">Liber Regalis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burials_and_memorials_in_Westminster_Abbey" title="Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey">Burials and Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yevele" title="Henry Yevele">Henry Yevele</a> (architect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_of_the_Fabric_of_Westminster_Abbey" title="Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey">Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Westminster_(Church_of_England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Westminster (Church of England)">Diocese of Westminster</a> (1540–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Muniments" title="Westminster Abbey Muniments">Westminster Abbey Muniments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Museum" title="Westminster Abbey Museum">Westminster Abbey Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey_Choir_School" title="Westminster Abbey Choir School">Westminster Abbey Choir School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean%27s_Yard" title="Dean's Yard">Dean's Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Chamber" title="Jerusalem Chamber">Jerusalem Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Westminster_Abbey" title="Category:Westminster Abbey">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Westminster_Abbey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Westminster Abbey">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benedictine_abbeys_and_priories_in_medieval_England_and_Wales157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benedictine_houses_of_England_and_Wales" title="Template:Benedictine houses of England and Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benedictine_houses_of_England_and_Wales" title="Template talk:Benedictine houses of England and Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benedictine_houses_of_England_and_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benedictine houses of England and Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benedictine_abbeys_and_priories_in_medieval_England_and_Wales157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">priories</a> in medieval England and Wales</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsbury_Abbey" title="Abbotsbury Abbey">Abbotsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_Church_of_St_Mary,_Abergavenny" title="Priory Church of St Mary, Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Abbey" title="Abingdon Abbey">Abingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcester_Abbey" title="Alcester Abbey">Alcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athelney_Abbey" title="Athelney Abbey">Athelney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardney_Abbey" title="Bardney Abbey">Bardney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Abbey" title="Battle Abbey">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Abbey" title="Bedford Abbey">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_Priory" title="Birkenhead Priory">Birkenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradwell_Abbey" title="Bradwell Abbey">Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Ladies_Priory" title="Black Ladies Priory">Brewood (Black Ladies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckfast_Abbey" title="Buckfast Abbey">Buckfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Abbey" title="Burton Abbey">Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_Abbey" title="Bury St Edmunds Abbey">Bury St Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury (Christ Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">Canterbury (St Augustine's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canwell_Priory" title="Canwell Priory">Canwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerne_Abbey" title="Cerne Abbey">Cerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chertsey_Abbey" title="Chertsey Abbey">Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholsey_Abbey" title="Cholsey Abbey">Cholsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Abbey,_Colchester" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Abbey, Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowland_Abbey" title="Crowland Abbey">Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Durham Cathedral Priory">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evesham_Abbey" title="Evesham Abbey">Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eynsham_Abbey" title="Eynsham Abbey">Eynsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Priory" title="Farewell Priory">Farewell Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faversham_Abbey" title="Faversham Abbey">Faversham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloucester Abbey">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberston_Abbey" title="Humberston Abbey">Humberston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luffield_Abbey" title="Luffield Abbey">Luffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey" title="Malmesbury Abbey">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Abbey_School" title="Milton Abbey School">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk_Bretton_Priory" title="Monk Bretton Priory">Monk Bretton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchelney_Abbey" title="Muchelney Abbey">Muchelney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molycourt_Priory" title="Molycourt Priory">Molycourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich_Cathedral_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwich Cathedral Priory (page does not exist)">Norwich (Holy Trinity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershore_Abbey" title="Pershore Abbey">Pershore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Abbey" title="Ramsey Abbey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Abbey" title="Reading Abbey">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repton_Abbey" title="Repton Abbey">Repton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral" title="Rochester Cathedral">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet%27s_Abbey" title="St Benet's Abbey">St Benet of Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell_Priory" title="Sandwell Priory">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selby_Abbey" title="Selby Abbey">Selby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherborne_Abbey" title="Sherborne Abbey">Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_Abbey" title="Shrewsbury Abbey">Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snelshall_Priory" title="Snelshall Priory">Snelshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavistock_Abbey" title="Tavistock Abbey">Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Abbey" title="Tewkesbury Abbey">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorney_Abbey" title="Thorney Abbey">Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upholland_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Upholland Priory">Upholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Abbey" title="Walden Abbey">Walden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_Abbey" title="Winchcombe Abbey">Winchcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Abbey" title="Hyde Abbey">Winchester (New Minster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral_Priory" title="Winchester Cathedral Priory">Winchester (St Swithun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York" title="St Mary's Abbey, York">York (St Mary's)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croyland_Abbey_%26_Parish_Church_of_Crowland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Croyland_Abbey_%26_Parish_Church_of_Crowland.JPG/150px-Croyland_Abbey_%26_Parish_Church_of_Crowland.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Croyland_Abbey_%26_Parish_Church_of_Crowland.JPG/225px-Croyland_Abbey_%26_Parish_Church_of_Crowland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Croyland_Abbey_%26_Parish_Church_of_Crowland.JPG/300px-Croyland_Abbey_%26_Parish_Church_of_Crowland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent<br />houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldeby_Priory" title="Aldeby Priory">Aldeby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkborough_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkborough Priory (page does not exist)">Alkborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcester_Abbey" title="Alcester Abbey">Alcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvecote_Priory" title="Alvecote Priory">Alvecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadlow_Priory" title="Beadlow Priory">Beadlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedemans_Berg_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedemans Berg Priory">Bedemans Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Priory" title="Belvoir Priory">Belvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binham_Priory" title="Binham Priory">Binham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breedon_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Breedon Priory">Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecon_Cathedral" title="Brecon Cathedral">Brecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Priory,_Bristol" title="St James' Priory, Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfield_Priory" title="Bromfield Priory">Bromfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiff_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardiff Priory (page does not exist)">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Priory" title="Cardigan Priory">Cardigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranborne_Priory" title="Cranborne Priory">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darenth_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darenth Priory (page does not exist)">Darenth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deeping_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deeping Priory (page does not exist)">Deeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Priory" title="Dover Priory">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunster_Priory" title="Dunster Priory">Dunster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colne_Priory" title="Colne Priory">Earls Colne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewenny_Priory" title="Ewenny Priory">Ewenny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewyas_Harold_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewyas Harold Priory (page does not exist)">Ewyas Harold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Exeter Priory">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farne_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farne Priory (page does not exist)">Farne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Felixstowe Priory">Felixstowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finchale_Priory" title="Finchale Priory">Finchale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiston_Priory" title="Freiston Priory">Freiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Malvern_Priory" title="Great Malvern Priory">Great Malvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield_Peverel_Priory" title="Hatfield Peverel Priory">Hatfield Peverel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandtoft_Priory" title="Sandtoft Priory">Henes (Sandtoft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Guthlac%27s_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Guthlac's Priory">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hertford_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hertford Priory (page does not exist)">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Holy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Priory" title="Horton Priory">Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Priory" title="Hoxne Priory">Hoxne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurley_Priory" title="Hurley Priory">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth%E2%80%93Jarrow_Abbey" title="Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey">Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidwelly_Priory" title="Kidwelly Priory">Kidwelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilpeck_Priory" title="Kilpeck Priory">Kilpeck </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Mead_Priory" title="King's Mead Priory">King's Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Priory,_King%27s_Lynn" title="Benedictine Priory, King's Lynn">Kings Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammana_Priory" title="Lammana Priory">Lammana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Priory" title="Langley Priory">Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_Church,_Leominster" title="Priory Church, Leominster">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Stanley_Priory" title="Leonard Stanley Priory">Leonard Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalen_Priory,_Lincoln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Magdalen Priory, Lincoln (page does not exist)">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Malvern_Priory" title="Little Malvern Priory">Little Malvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlemore_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Littlemore Priory">Littlemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytham_Priory" title="Lytham Priory">Lytham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Priory" title="Middlesbrough Priory">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Monkwearmouth" title="St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morville_Priory" title="Morville Priory">Morville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Leonard%27s_Priory,_Norwich" title="St. Leonard's Priory, Norwich">Norwich (St Leonard's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_College,_Oxford" title="Canterbury College, Oxford">Oxford (of Canterbury)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_College,_Oxford" title="Durham College, Oxford">Oxford (of Durham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_College,_Oxford" title="Gloucester College, Oxford">Oxford (of Gloucester)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penwortham_Priory" title="Penwortham Priory">Penwortham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilton_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilton Priory">Pilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbourne_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbourne Priory">Redbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheen_Priory" title="Sheen Priory">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumburgh_Priory" title="Rumburgh Priory">Rumburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bees_Priory" title="St Bees Priory">St Bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ives_Priory" title="St Ives Priory">St Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresco_Priory" title="Tresco Priory">Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaith_Priory" title="Snaith Priory">Snaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snape_Priory" title="Snape Priory">Snape</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamford_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stamford Priory (page does not exist)">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Priory,_Oxfordshire" title="Studley Priory, Oxfordshire">Studley (Oxfordshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Priory,_Warwickshire" title="Studley Priory, Warwickshire">Studley (Warwickshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickhill_Friary" title="Tickhill Friary">Tickhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynemouth_Castle_and_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Tynemouth Castle and Priory">Tynemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallingford_Priory" title="Wallingford Priory">Wallingford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Westbury_on_Trym" title="Holy Trinity Church, Westbury on Trym">Westbury-on-Trym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetheral_Priory_Gatehouse" title="Wetheral Priory Gatehouse">Wetheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymondham_Abbey" title="Wymondham Abbey">Wymondham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yarmouth_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yarmouth Priory (page does not exist)">Yarmouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alien_priory" title="Alien priory">Alien<br />priories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allerton_Mauleverer_Priory" title="Allerton Mauleverer Priory">Allerton Mauleverer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andover_Priory" title="Andover Priory">Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andwell_Priory" title="Andwell Priory">Andwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appuldurcombe_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appuldurcombe Priory (page does not exist)">Appuldurcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Priory" title="Arundel Priory">Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astley_Priory" title="Astley Priory">Astley </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aston_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aston Priory (page does not exist)">Aston Priors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherington_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atherington Priory">Atherington </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avebury_Priory" title="Avebury Priory">Avebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axmouth_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Axmouth Priory">Axmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blyth_Priory" title="Blyth Priory">Blyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxgrove_Priory" title="Boxgrove Priory">Boxgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimpsfield_Priory" title="Brimpsfield Priory">Brimpsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burstall_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burstall Priory (page does not exist)">Burstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burwell_Priory" title="Burwell Priory">Burwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caldy_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caldy Priory (page does not exist)">Caldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisbrooke_Priory" title="Carisbrooke Priory">Carisbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Chepstow" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Church, Chepstow">Chepstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clatford_Priory" title="Clatford Priory">Clatford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogges#Benedictine_priory" title="Cogges">Cogges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsham_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsham Priory">Corsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenham_Priory" title="Covenham Priory">Covenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowick_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cowick Priory (page does not exist)">Cowick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creeting_St._Mary_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeting St. Mary Priory">Creeting (St. Mary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creeting_St._Olave_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeting St. Olave Priory">Creeting (St. Olave)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debden_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debden Priory (page does not exist)">Debden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerhurst_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Deerhurst Abbey">Deerhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunwich_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunwich Priory (page does not exist)">Dunwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesfield_Priory" title="Ecclesfield Priory">Ecclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Weston_Priory" title="Edith Weston Priory">Edith Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellingham_Priory" title="Ellingham Priory">Ellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everdon_Priory" title="Everdon Priory">Everdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_Priory" title="Eye Priory">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkestone_Priory" title="Folkestone Priory">Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frampton_Priory" title="Frampton Priory">Frampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldcliff_Priory" title="Goldcliff Priory">Goldcliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grovebury_Priory" title="Grovebury Priory">Grovebury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamble_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamble Priory (page does not exist)">Hamble</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmondsworth_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harmondsworth Priory (page does not exist)">Harmondsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield_Regis_Priory" title="Hatfield Regis Priory">Hatfield Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugham_Priory" title="Haugham Priory">Haugham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayling_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayling Priory (page does not exist)">Hayling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Headley_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Headley Priory (page does not exist)">Headley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckley_Priory" title="Hinckley Priory">Hinckley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holbeck_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holbeck Priory (page does not exist)">Holbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham_St._Faith_Priory" title="Horsham St. Faith Priory">Horsham St Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsley_Priory" title="Horsley Priory">Horsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Priory" title="Lancaster Priory">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapley_Priory" title="Lapley Priory">Lapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisham_Priory" title="Lewisham Priory">Lewisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isleham_Priory_Church" title="Isleham Priory Church">Isleham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livers_Ocle_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livers Ocle Priory (page does not exist)">Livers Ocle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Llangennith_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llangennith Priory (page does not exist)">Llangennith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Llangua_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llangua Priory (page does not exist)">Llangua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loders_Priory" title="Loders Priory">Loders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minster_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minster Priory (page does not exist)">Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minster_Lovell_Priory" title="Minster Lovell Priory">Minster Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minting_Priory" title="Minting Priory">Minting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modbury_Priory" title="Modbury Priory">Modbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monks_Kirby_Priory" title="Monks Kirby Priory">Monks Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamber_Priory" title="Pamber Priory">Monk Sherborne (Pamber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Priory" title="Monmouth Priory">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newent_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Newent Priory">Newent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbourne_Priory" title="Ogbourne Priory">Ogbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otterton_Priory" title="Otterton Priory">Otterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panfield_Priory" title="Panfield Priory">Panfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembroke_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembroke Priory (page does not exist)">Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_Priory" title="Pill Priory">Pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruislip_Priory" title="Ruislip Priory">Ruislip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcton_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Runcton Priory (page does not exist)">Runcton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Cross_Priory" title="St Cross Priory">St Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Dogmells_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Dogmells Priory (page does not exist)">St Dogmells</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Michael%27s_Mount_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Michael's Mount Priory (page does not exist)">St Michael's Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Neots_Priory" title="St Neots Priory">St Neots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sele_Priory" title="Sele Priory">Sele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalding_Priory" title="Spalding Priory">Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporle_Priory" title="Sporle Priory">Sporle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standon_Priory" title="Standon Priory">Standon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_Cottages,_Steventon" title="Priory Cottages, Steventon">Steventon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_St._Andrews_of_the_Ards" title="Priory of St. Andrews of the Ards">Stogursey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-by-Clare_Priory" title="Stoke-by-Clare Priory">Stoke-by-Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratfield_Saye_Priory" title="Stratfield Saye Priory">Stratfield Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swavesey_Priory" title="Swavesey Priory">Swavesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeley_Priory" title="Takeley Priory">Takeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwley_Priory" title="Throwley Priory">Throwley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickford_Priory" title="Tickford Priory">Tickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titley_Priory" title="Titley Priory">Titley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toft_Monks_Priory" title="Toft Monks Priory">Toft Monks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totnes_Priory" title="Totnes Priory">Totnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Priory" title="Tutbury Priory">Tutbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tywardreath_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Tywardreath Priory">Tywardreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upavon_Priory" title="Upavon Priory">Upavon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ware_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ware Priory (page does not exist)">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wareham_Priory" title="Wareham Priory">Wareham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warminghurst_Grange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warminghurst Grange (page does not exist)">Warminghurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmington_Priory" title="Warmington Priory">Warmington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wath_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wath Priory (page does not exist)">Wath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weedon_Beck_Priory" title="Weedon Beck Priory">Weedon Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weedon_Lois_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weedon Lois Priory (page does not exist)">Weedon Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mersea_Priory" title="West Mersea Priory">West Mersea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilsford_Priory" title="Wilsford Priory">Wilsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Priory" title="Wing Priory">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winghale_Priory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winghale Priory (page does not exist)">Winghale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolston_Priory" title="Wolston Priory">Wolston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wootton_Wawen_Priory" title="Wootton Wawen Priory">Wootton Wawen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Priory,_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Priory, York">York (Holy Trinity)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_London282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_history" title="Template:London history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_history" title="Template talk:London history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_London282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">History of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Lundenwic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Roman London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Anglo-Saxon London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_and_Medieval_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman and Medieval London">Norman and Medieval London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_London" title="Tudor London">Tudor London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_London" title="Stuart London">Stuart London</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_London" title="18th-century London">18th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">19th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London_(1900%E2%80%931939)" title="History of London (1900–1939)">1900–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_World_War_II" title="London in World War II">World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#1945–2000" title="History of London">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#21st_century" title="History of London">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">1854 cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition" title="Franco-British Exhibition">1908 Franco-British Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">The Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final" title="1966 FIFA World Cup final">1966 FIFA World Cup final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests#London" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">Anti-war protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7/7 bombings</a></li> <li>Olympic Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_London" title="History of local government in London">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_London" title="List of political parties in London">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="London Labour Party">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Liberal_Democrats" title="London Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Green_Party" title="London Green Party">London Green Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_independence" title="London independence">London independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Metropolitan_Police" title="History of the Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Ambulance_Service" title="London Ambulance Service">London Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_sewer_system" title="London sewer system">London sewer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_London_Underground" title="History of the London Underground">London Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="London Metropolitan Archives">London Metropolitan Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_City_of_London" title="Wards of the City of London">Wards of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">The Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_London" title="Fortifications of London">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_London" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater London">Scheduled monuments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_London" title="Category:History of London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> <ul><li><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Abbey</a> including <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_Country" title="Flow Country">Flow Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St George and Related Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" title="Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_landmarks228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_landmarks" title="Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_landmarks" title="Template talk:London landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_landmarks228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Buildings and structures in London">Buildings and<br />structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_London" title="Category:Bridges in London">Bridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_London" title="Albert Bridge, London">Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Bridge" title="Battersea Bridge">Battersea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Bridge" title="Chelsea Bridge">Chelsea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Bridge" title="Hammersmith Bridge">Hammersmith Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge_and_Golden_Jubilee_Bridges" title="Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges">Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Bridge" title="Lambeth Bridge">Lambeth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London" title="Millennium Bridge, London">Millennium Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putney_Bridge" title="Putney Bridge">Putney Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge,_London" title="Richmond Bridge, London">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Vauxhall Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment_venues_in_London" title="Category:Entertainment venues in London">Entertainment<br />venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cinemas_in_London" title="Category:Cinemas in London">Cinemas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BFI_IMAX" title="BFI IMAX">BFI IMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire,_Leicester_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire, Leicester Square">Empire, Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Luxe_Leicester_Square" title="Odeon Luxe Leicester Square">Odeon Luxe Leicester Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Football stadia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> (national stadium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentford_Community_Stadium" title="Brentford Community Stadium">Brentford Community Stadium</a> (Brentford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Road" title="Brisbane Road">Brisbane Road</a> (Leyton Orient)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craven_Cottage" title="Craven Cottage">Craven Cottage</a> (Fulham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Den" title="The Den">The Den</a> (Millwall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Stadium" title="Emirates Stadium">Emirates Stadium</a> (Arsenal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loftus_Road" title="Loftus Road">Loftus Road</a> (Queens Park Rangers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stadium" title="London Stadium">London Stadium</a> (West Ham United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Lane" title="Plough Lane">Plough Lane</a> (AFC Wimbledon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selhurst_Park" title="Selhurst Park">Selhurst Park</a> (Crystal Palace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge</a> (Chelsea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Valley (London)">The Valley</a> (Charlton Athletic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium" title="Tottenham Hotspur Stadium">Tottenham Hotspur Stadium</a> (Tottenham Hotspur)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_London" title="Category:Sports venues in London">Other major<br />sports venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championship_Course" title="The Championship Course">The Championship Course</a> (rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre" title="Crystal Palace National Sports Centre">Crystal Palace National Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park" title="Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park">Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">The Oval</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham Stadium</a> (rugby)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theatres_in_London" title="Template:Theatres in London">Theatres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre" title="Adelphi Theatre">Adelphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Victoria_Theatre" title="Apollo Victoria Theatre">Apollo Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_Theatre" title="Criterion Theatre">Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theatre" title="Dominion Theatre">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">Old Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket" title="Theatre Royal Haymarket">Theatre Royal Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre" title="Vaudeville Theatre">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">Brixton Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExCeL_London" title="ExCeL London">ExCeL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo" title="Hammersmith Apollo">Hammersmith Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Arch" title="Admiralty Arch">Admiralty Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)" title="City Hall, London (Southwark)">City Hall (Southwark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">City Hall (Newham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_London" title="County Hall, London">County Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)" title="Horse Guards (building)">Horse Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_London" title="Mansion House, London">Mansion House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_London" title="Category:Museums in London">Museums</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Category:Art museums and galleries in London">galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hinde_(1973)" title="Golden Hinde (1973)"><i>Golden Hinde</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS <i>Belfast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Canal_Museum" title="London Canal Museum">London Canal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum" title="London Museum">London Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum_Docklands" title="London Museum Docklands">London Museum Docklands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum_of_Water_%26_Steam" title="London Museum of Water & Steam">London Museum of Water & Steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures in London">Places of worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-by-the-Tower" title="All Hallows-by-the-Tower">All Hallows-by-the-Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster" title="Methodist Central Hall, Westminster">Methodist Central Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">Regent's Park Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Retailing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shops_in_London" title="Category:Shops in London">Shops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamleys" title="Hamleys">Hamleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchards" title="Hatchards">Hatchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jones_(department_store)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Jones (department store)">Peter Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfridges,_Oxford_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Selfridges, Oxford Street">Selfridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_centres_in_London" title="Category:Shopping centres in London">Shopping centres</a><br />and markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_Market" title="Borough Market">Borough Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Cross_Shopping_Centre" title="Brent Cross Shopping Centre">Brent Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Market" title="Camden Market">Camden Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Arcade" title="Kensington Arcade">Kensington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Market" title="Leadenhall Market">Leadenhall Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_New_Change" title="One New Change">One New Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_Lane_Market" title="Petticoat Lane Market">Petticoat Lane Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_London" title="Westfield London">Westfield London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Stratford_City" title="Westfield Stratford City">Westfield Stratford City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_buildings_in_London" title="Category:Royal buildings in London">Royal buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Partly occupied by<br />the royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Unoccupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallery">The Queen's Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Skyscrapers_in_London" title="Category:Skyscrapers in London">Skyscrapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Canada_Square" title="One Canada Square">One Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Churchill_Place" title="One Churchill Place">One Churchill Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Canada_Square" title="8 Canada Square">8 Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">20 Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122_Leadenhall_Street" title="122 Leadenhall Street">122 Leadenhall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadgate_Tower" title="Broadgate Tower">Broadgate Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Centre_(London)" title="Citigroup Centre (London)">Citigroup Centre (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gherkin" title="The Gherkin">The Gherkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Tower" title="Heron Tower">Heron Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George_Wharf_Tower" title="St George Wharf Tower">St George Wharf Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_42" title="Tower 42">Tower 42</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal_Orbit" title="ArcelorMittal Orbit">ArcelorMittal Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle,_London" title="Cleopatra's Needle, London">Cleopatra's Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace transmitting station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">Monument to the Great Fire of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Memorial_Fountain" title="Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain">Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ("Eros")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">City Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_station" title="Blackfriars station">Blackfriars station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_station" title="Cannon Street station">Cannon Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station" title="Charing Cross railway station">Charing Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_station" title="Stratford station">Stratford station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Estate" title="Barbican Estate">Barbican Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Tower" title="BT Tower">BT Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_building" title="Lloyd's building">Lloyd's building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxo_Tower" title="Oxo Tower">Oxo Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithfield Market">Smithfield Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_London" title="Parks and open spaces in London">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Park" title="Green Park">Green Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Park" title="Greenwich Park">Greenwich Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Park" title="Hampton Court Park">Hampton Court Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Park" title="Battersea Park">Battersea Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Park" title="Burgess Park">Burgess Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Common" title="Clapham Common">Clapham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Green,_London" title="College Green, London">College Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Park" title="Finsbury Park">Finsbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Park" title="Holland Park">Holland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitcham_Common" title="Mitcham Common">Mitcham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Park" title="Trent Park">Trent Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Tower_Hamlets" title="Victoria Park, Tower Hamlets">Victoria Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Common" title="Wandsworth Common">Wandsworth Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Common" title="Wimbledon Common">Wimbledon Common</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Squares_in_London" title="Squares in London">Squares</a> and<br />public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade" title="Horse Guards Parade">Horse Guards Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Square" title="Sloane Square">Sloane Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_London" title="Category:Streets in London">Streets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Street" title="Baker Street">Baker Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaby_Street" title="Carnaby Street">Carnaby Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Road" title="Charing Cross Road">Charing Cross Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornhill,_London" title="Cornhill, London">Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Street" title="Denmark Street">Denmark Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street" title="Fenchurch Street">Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_London" title="Haymarket, London">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermyn_Street" title="Jermyn Street">Jermyn Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_High_Street" title="Kensington High Street">Kensington High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Avenue,_Hounslow" title="Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow">Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane" title="Park Lane">Park Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_Road" title="Portobello Road">Portobello Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue" title="Shaftesbury Avenue">Shaftesbury Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Street" title="Sloane Street">Sloane Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road" title="Tottenham Court Road">Tottenham Court Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Embankment" title="Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Westminster_Assembly164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Westminster_Assembly" title="Template:Westminster Assembly"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Westminster_Assembly" title="Template talk:Westminster Assembly"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Westminster_Assembly" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Westminster Assembly"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Westminster_Assembly164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Documents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directory_for_Public_Worship" title="Directory for Public Worship">Directory for Public Worship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Form_of_Presbyterial_Church_Government" title="The Form of Presbyterial Church Government">Form of Presbyterial Church Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Westminster_Assembly" title="List of members of the Westminster Assembly">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Arrowsmith_(scholar)" title="John Arrowsmith (scholar)">John Arrowsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Ashe" title="Simeon Ashe">Simeon Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baillie" title="Robert Baillie">Robert Baillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baylie" title="Thomas Baylie">Thomas Baylie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blair_(moderator)" title="Robert Blair (moderator)">Robert Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bolton" title="Samuel Bolton">Samuel Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bond_(jurist)" title="John Bond (jurist)">John Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridge" title="William Bridge">William Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brownrigg" title="Ralph Brownrigg">Ralph Brownrigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burges" title="Anthony Burges">Anthony Burges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Burges" title="Cornelius Burges">Cornelius Burges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Burroughs" title="Jeremiah Burroughs">Jeremiah Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoniram_Byfield" title="Adoniram Byfield">Adoniram Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Byfield" title="Richard Byfield">Richard Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Calamy_the_Elder" title="Edmund Calamy the Elder">Edmund Calamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll">Archibald Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 1st Earl of Loudoun">John Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Capel" title="Richard Capel">Richard Capel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caryl" title="Joseph Caryl">Joseph Caryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Case" title="Thomas Case">Thomas Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cawdry" title="Daniel Cawdry">Daniel Cawdry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">William Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cheynell" title="Francis Cheynell">Francis Cheynell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clotworthy,_1st_Viscount_Massereene" title="John Clotworthy, 1st Viscount Massereene">John Clotworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coleman" title="Thomas Coleman">Thomas Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conant" title="John Conant">John Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Conway,_2nd_Viscount_Conway" title="Edward Conway, 2nd Viscount Conway">Edward Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cook_(regicide)" title="John Cook (regicide)">John Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Corbet" title="Edward Corbet">Edward Corbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crosse_(theologian)" title="Robert Crosse (theologian)">Robert Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Douglas_(minister)" title="Robert Douglas (minister)">Robert Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calybute_Downing" title="Calybute Downing">Calybute Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dury" title="John Dury">John Dury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(bishop)" title="John Earle (bishop)">John Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elphinstone,_2nd_Lord_Balmerino" title="John Elphinstone, 2nd Lord Balmerino">John Elphinstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Featley" title="Daniel Featley">Daniel Featley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Feilding,_2nd_Earl_of_Denbigh" title="Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh">Basil Feilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Fiennes" title="Nathaniel Fiennes">Nathaniel Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fiennes,_1st_Viscount_Saye_and_Sele" title="William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele">William Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(minister)" title="Thomas Ford (minister)">Thomas Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gataker" title="Thomas Gataker">Thomas Gataker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gillespie" title="George Gillespie">George Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glynne_(judge)" title="John Glynne (judge)">John Glynne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodwin" title="Thomas Goodwin">Thomas Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gouge" title="William Gouge">William Gouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greenhill" title="William Greenhill">William Greenhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey,_1st_Baron_Grey_of_Werke" title="William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke">William Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hacket" title="John Hacket">John Hacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hale_(jurist)" title="Matthew Hale (jurist)">Matthew Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hammond" title="Henry Hammond">Henry Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579%E2%80%931656)" title="Robert Harley (1579–1656)">Robert Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(Warden)" title="John Harris (Warden)">John Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(minister)" title="Robert Harris (minister)">Robert Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Haselrig" title="Arthur Haselrig">Arthur Haselrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henderson_(theologian)" title="Alexander Henderson (theologian)">Alexander Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herle" title="Charles Herle">Charles Herle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(Cambridge)" title="Thomas Hill (Cambridge)">Thomas Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holdsworth" title="Richard Holdsworth">Richard Holdsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Howard,_1st_Baron_Howard_of_Escrick" title="Edward Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Escrick">Edward Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Hoyle" title="Joshua Hoyle">Joshua Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Johnston" title="Archibald Johnston">Archibald Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ley" title="John Ley">John Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lightfoot" title="John Lightfoot">John Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Love" title="Richard Love">Richard Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyford" title="William Lyford">William Lyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maitland,_1st_Duke_of_Lauderdale" title="John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale">John Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Marshall_(minister)" title="Stephen Marshall (minister)">Stephen Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_(1604%E2%80%931690)" title="John Maynard (1604–1690)">John Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mew" title="William Mew">William Mew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">Edward Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Morley_(bishop)" title="George Morley (bishop)">George Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Newcomen" title="Matthew Newcomen">Matthew Newcomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(English_bishop)" title="William Nicholson (English bishop)">William Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nye" title="Philip Nye">Philip Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Palmer_(Puritan)" title="Herbert Palmer (Puritan)">Herbert Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_10th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland">Algernon Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Perne_(Puritan)" title="Andrew Perne (Puritan)">Andrew Perne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pierrepont_(politician)" title="William Pierrepont (politician)">William Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Reynolds" title="Edward Reynolds">Edward Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reynolds_(MP)" title="Robert Reynolds (MP)">Robert Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland" title="Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland">Henry Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rous" title="Francis Rous">Francis Rous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rudyerd" title="Benjamin Rudyerd">Benjamin Rudyerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanderson_(theologian)" title="Robert Sanderson (theologian)">Robert Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Scudder_(priest)" title="Henry Scudder (priest)">Henry Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Seaman" title="Lazarus Seaman">Lazarus Seaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Sedgwick" title="Obadiah Sedgwick">Obadiah Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias_Shute" title="Josias Shute">Josias Shute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrach_Simpson" title="Sidrach Simpson">Sidrach Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Spurstowe" title="William Spurstowe">William Spurstowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Staunton" title="Edmund Staunton">Edmund Staunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sterry" title="Peter Sterry">Peter Sterry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John,_1st_Earl_of_Bolingbroke" title="Oliver St John, 1st Earl of Bolingbroke">Oliver St John (1580–1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John (1598–1673)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strode" title="William Strode">William Strode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(priest,_died_1654)" title="William Strong (priest, died 1654)">William Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zouch_Tate" title="Zouch Tate">Zouch Tate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tozer_(priest)" title="Henry Tozer (priest)">Henry Tozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tuckney" title="Anthony Tuckney">Anthony Tuckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Twisse" title="William Twisse">William Twisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Elder" title="Henry Vane the Elder">Henry Vane the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vines_(minister)" title="Richard Vines (minister)">Richard Vines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walker_(Puritan)" title="George Walker (Puritan)">George Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(scholar)" title="Samuel Ward (scholar)">Samuel Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Westfield" title="Thomas Westfield">Thomas Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wharton,_4th_Baron_Wharton" title="Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton">Philip Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Whitaker" title="Jeremiah Whitaker">Jeremiah Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_priest)" title="John White (colonist priest)">John White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilde_(jurist)" title="John Wilde (jurist)">John Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilkinson_(1610%E2%80%931675)" title="Henry Wilkinson (1610–1675)">Henry Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Yonge_(died_1649)" title="Walter Yonge (died 1649)">Walter Yonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(theologian)" title="Thomas Young (theologian)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Chamber" title="Jerusalem Chamber">Jerusalem Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Churches_in_the_City_of_Westminster220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Churches_in_Westminster" title="Template:Churches in Westminster"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Churches_in_Westminster" title="Template talk:Churches in Westminster"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Churches_in_Westminster" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Churches in Westminster"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Churches_in_the_City_of_Westminster220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_City_of_Westminster" title="List of churches in the City of Westminster">Churches in the City of Westminster</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient parish<br />churches<br />(pre-1800)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Church,_Soho" title="St Anne's Church, Soho">St Anne, Soho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_Hanover_Square" title="St George's, Hanover Square">St George, Hanover Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Piccadilly" title="St James's Church, Piccadilly">St James, Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Marylebone_Parish_Church" title="St Marylebone Parish Church">St Marylebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_le_Strand" title="St Mary le Strand">St Mary le Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s,_Covent_Garden" title="St Paul's, Covent Garden">St Paul, Covent Garden</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="deconsecrated13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal">deconsecrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s,_Smith_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's, Smith Square">St John the Evangelist, Smith Square</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglican<br />daughter<br />churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints,_Margaret_Street" title="All Saints, Margaret Street">All Saints, Margaret Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls_Church,_Langham_Place" title="All Souls Church, Langham Place">All Souls, Langham Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Annunciation,_Marble_Arch" title="Church of the Annunciation, Marble Arch">Annunciation, Marble Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Chapel" title="Grosvenor Chapel">Grosvenor Chapel, Mayfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guards_Chapel,_Wellington_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks">Guards Chapel, Wellington Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_South_Kensington" title="Holy Trinity Church, South Kensington">Holy Trinity, South Kensington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s,_Kilburn" title="St Augustine's, Kilburn">St Augustine, Kilburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Cyprian%27s,_Clarence_Gate" title="St Cyprian's, Clarence Gate">St Cyprian, Clarence Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Gabriel%27s_Church,_Pimlico" title="St Gabriel's Church, Pimlico">St Gabriel, Pimlico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Paddington" title="St James's Church, Paddington">St James, Paddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James_the_Less,_Pimlico" title="St James the Less, Pimlico">St James the Less, Pimlico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood_Church" title="St John's Wood Church">St John's Wood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s,_Hamilton_Terrace" title="St Mark's, Hamilton Terrace">St Mark, Hamilton Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Bourne_Street" title="St Mary's, Bourne Street">St Mary, Bourne Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Bryanston_Square" title="St Mary's, Bryanston Square">St Mary, Bryanston Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_on_Paddington_Green_Church" title="St Mary on Paddington Green Church">St Mary, Paddington Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene,_Paddington" title="St Mary Magdalene, Paddington">St Mary Magdalene, Paddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew%27s,_Bayswater" title="St Matthew's, Bayswater">St Matthew, Bayswater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Westminster" title="St Matthew's Church, Westminster">St Matthew, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Knightsbridge" title="St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge">St Paul, Knightsbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Eaton_Square" title="St Peter's Church, Eaton Square">St Peter, Eaton Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Saviour%27s,_Pimlico" title="St Saviour's, Pimlico">St Saviour, Pimlico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Rochester_Row" title="St Stephen's Church, Rochester Row">St Stephen, Rochester Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Westbourne_Park" title="St Stephen's Church, Westbourne Park">St Stephen, Westbourne Park</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="deconsecrated13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal">deconsecrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Marylebone" title="Christ Church, Marylebone">Christ Church, Marylebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Marylebone" title="Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone">Holy Trinity, Marylebone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Vere_Street" title="St Peter, Vere Street">St Peter, Vere Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s,_Mayfair" title="St Mark's, Mayfair">St Mark's, Mayfair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal Peculiars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Chapel" title="Queen's Chapel">Queen's Chapel, St James's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Chapel" title="Savoy Chapel">Savoy Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Undercroft" title="St Mary Undercroft">St Mary Undercroft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Abbey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catholic<br />churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Roman5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Maiden_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi Roman Catholic Church, Maiden Lane">Corpus Christi, Maiden Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Farm_Street" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street">Immaculate Conception, Farm Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_France" title="Notre Dame de France">Notre Dame de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption_and_St_Gregory" title="Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory">Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory, Warwick Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Charles_Borromeo_Church,_Westminster" title="St Charles Borromeo Church, Westminster">St Charles Borromeo, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s,_Spanish_Place" title="St James's, Spanish Place">St James, Spanish Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_of_the_Angels,_Bayswater" title="St Mary of the Angels, Bayswater">St Mary of the Angels, Bayswater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Church,_Soho_Square" title="St Patrick's Church, Soho Square">St Patrick, Soho Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Family_in_Exile" title="Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family in Exile">Cathedral of the Holy Family in Exile, Mayfair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other<br />denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court_Church" title="Crown Court Church">Crown Court Church, Covent Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_London" title="Dormition Cathedral, London">Dormition Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Evangelical_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Evangelical Church (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enon_Chapel" title="Enon Chapel">Enon Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Protestant_Church_of_London" title="French Protestant Church of London">French Protestant Church, Soho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinde_Street_Methodist_Church" title="Hinde Street Methodist Church">Hinde Street Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Hall" title="Regent Hall">Regent Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood_Road_Baptist_Church" title="St John's Wood Road Baptist Church">St John's Wood Road Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_London" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, London">St Sophia's Cathedral, Bayswater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_churches_in_London#Swedish_Church" title="Nordic churches in London">Ulrika Eleonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_of_Central_London" title="Welsh Church of Central London">Welsh Church of Central London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_London_Methodist_Mission" title="West London Methodist Mission">West London Methodist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Street_Chapel" title="West Street Chapel">West Street Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster" title="Methodist Central Hall, Westminster">Methodist Central Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Chapel" title="Westminster Chapel">Westminster Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">see also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fitzrovia_Chapel" title="Fitzrovia Chapel">Fitzrovia Chapel</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5933#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1784" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5933#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1784" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5933#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4206437-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80008753">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12354524b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12354524b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Westminster Abbey"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20040209010&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500302052">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032533187">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&oldid=1282163797">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Abbey&oldid=1282163797</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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