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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Medi+ambient" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Medi+ambient" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història_del_concepte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història_del_concepte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història del concepte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història_del_concepte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoria_de_sistemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_de_sistemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teoria de sistemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_de_sistemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Epidemiologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medi_i_globalització" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medi_i_globalització"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medi i globalització</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medi_i_globalització-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medi ambient</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 107 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliyokan_no_pala" title="Taliyokan no pala - Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Taliyokan no pala" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambient" title="Medio ambient - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Medio ambient" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesceaftes_ymbhwyrft" title="Gesceaftes ymbhwyrft - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gesceaftes ymbhwyrft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بيئة طبيعية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيئة طبيعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ftraf_m%C3%BChit" title="Ətraf mühit - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ətraf mühit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="دوغال چئوره - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغال چئوره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99-%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тирә-яҡ мөхит - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тирә-яҡ мөхит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_na_kapalibotan" title="Natural na kapalibotan - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Natural na kapalibotan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Навакольнае асяроддзе - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навакольнае асяроддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Околна среда - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Околна среда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশ - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="རང་བྱུང་ཁོར་ཡུག - tibetà" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རང་བྱུང་ཁོར་ཡུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodno_okru%C5%BEenje" title="Prirodno okruženje - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prirodno okruženje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalikopan" title="Kalikopan - cebuà" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalikopan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ژینگەی سروشتی - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینگەی سروشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambienti" title="Ambienti - cors" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ambienti" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="cors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Тавралăх - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тавралăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgylchedd" title="Amgylchedd - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amgylchedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8" title="Miljø - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miljø" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BCrliche_Umwelt" title="Natürliche Umwelt - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natürliche Umwelt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandad_posorili" title="Sandad posorili - Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sandad posorili" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Φυσικό περιβάλλον - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικό περιβάλλον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Natural environment" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio" title="Medio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Medio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambiente_natural" title="Medio ambiente natural - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medio ambiente natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskkond_(%C3%B6koloogia)" title="Keskkond (ökoloogia) - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskkond (ökoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingurumen" title="Ingurumen - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingurumen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="محیط زیست - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محیط زیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonnonymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6" title="Luonnonympäristö - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonnonympäristö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environnement" title="Environnement - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Environnement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpeallacht" title="Timpeallacht - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Timpeallacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente" title="Ambiente - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ambiente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="زیویشر - gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زیویشر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoha_renda" title="Tekoha renda - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoha renda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_okoli%C5%A1" title="Prirodni okoliš - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prirodni okoliš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anviw%C3%B2nman" title="Anviwònman - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anviwònman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rnyezet_(term%C3%A9szet)" title="Környezet (természet) - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Környezet (természet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Շրջակա միջավայր - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շրջակա միջավայր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan_hidup" title="Lingkungan hidup - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lingkungan hidup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1tt%C3%BArulegt_umhverfi" title="Náttúrulegt umhverfi - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Náttúrulegt umhverfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente_(biologia)" title="Ambiente (biologia) - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ambiente (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="自然環境 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然環境" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupengan_alam" title="Kupengan alam - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kupengan alam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D" title="ბუნებრივი გარემო - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნებრივი გარემო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korogocho_ya_nd%C5%A9ire" title="Korogocho ya ndũire - kikuiu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Korogocho ya ndũire" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Қоршаған орта - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоршаған орта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD" title="자연 환경 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연 환경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%97%D9%84" title="ماحوٗل - caixmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماحوٗل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caixmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEngeha_xwezay%C3%AE" title="Jîngeha xwezayî - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jîngeha xwezayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumiecta_naturalia" title="Circumiecta naturalia - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circumiecta naturalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bmwelt" title="Ëmwelt - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ëmwelt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieu" title="Milieu - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Milieu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1" title="ສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ - laosià" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamtin%C4%97_aplinka" title="Gamtinė aplinka - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gamtinė aplinka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apleice" title="Apleice - Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Apleice" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabisk%C4%81_vide" title="Dabiskā vide - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dabiskā vide" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontolo_iainana" title="Tontolo iainana - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tontolo iainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Животна средина - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Животна средина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_sekitar" title="Alam sekitar - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam sekitar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambjent_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)" title="Ambjent (bijoloġija) - maltès" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ambjent (bijoloġija)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင် - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زیوشپیرا - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زیوشپیرا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurlijke_omgeving" title="Natuurlijke omgeving - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurlijke omgeving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8" title="Miljø - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Miljø" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturmilj%C3%B8" title="Naturmiljø - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturmiljø" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environament" title="Environament - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Environament" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambiente_natural" title="Medio ambiente natural - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Medio ambiente natural" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arodowisko_przyrodnicze" title="Środowisko przyrodnicze - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Środowisko przyrodnicze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%8A_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="طبیعي چاپېریال - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبیعي چاپېریال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meio_ambiente" title="Meio ambiente - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meio ambiente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyuriq_pacha" title="Muyuriq pacha - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muyuriq pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediu" title="Mediu - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mediu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Окружающая среда - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Окружающая среда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibidukikije" title="Ibidukikije - ruandès" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibidukikije" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiente" title="Ambiente - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ambiente" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambienti_(spazziu)" title="Ambienti (spazziu) - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ambienti (spazziu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="قدرتي ماحول - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قدرتي ماحول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_okoli%C5%A1" title="Prirodni okoliš - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prirodni okoliš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වභාවික පරිසරය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වභාවික පරිසරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Natural environment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%A9_prostredie" title="Životné prostredie - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Životné prostredie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naravno_okolje" title="Naravno okolje - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naravno okolje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjedisi_natyror" title="Mjedisi natyror - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjedisi natyror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Животна средина - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Животна средина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan_hirup" title="Lingkungan hirup - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lingkungan hirup" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B6_(omgivning)" title="Miljö (omgivning) - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miljö (omgivning)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazingira_ya_asili" title="Mazingira ya asili - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mazingira ya asili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="పర్యావరణం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పర్యావరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="สิ่งแวดล้อมทางธรรมชาติ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งแวดล้อมทางธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likas_na_kapaligiran" title="Likas na kapaligiran - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Likas na kapaligiran" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_%C3%A7evre" title="Doğal çevre - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğal çevre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99-%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%99_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Әйләнә-тирә мохит - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әйләнә-тирә мохит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C9%94de%C9%9B_Mu_Nno%C9%94ma_A_Atwa_Y%C9%9Bn_Ho_Ahyia_(Natural_Environment)" title="Abɔdeɛ Mu Nnoɔma A Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia (Natural Environment) - twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abɔdeɛ Mu Nnoɔma A Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia (Natural Environment)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Довкілля - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довкілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="قدرتی ماحول - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدرتی ماحول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrof_muhit" title="Atrof muhit - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atrof muhit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Môi trường tự nhiên - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Môi trường tự nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="自然环境 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然环境" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="סביבה - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סביבה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="自然环境 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自然环境" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-ji%C3%A2n_kho%C3%A2n-k%C3%A9ng" title="Chū-jiân khoân-kéng - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-jiân khoân-kéng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="自然環境 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自然環境" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43619#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Medi_ambient" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Medi_ambient" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Medi_ambient"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Medi_ambient" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Medi_ambient" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&oldid=33866007" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Medi_ambient&id=33866007&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMedi_ambient"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMedi_ambient"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Medi+ambient"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Medi_ambient&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environment" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikinews.org/wiki/Categoria:Medi_ambient" hreflang="ca"><span>Viquinotícies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43619" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Swamp_lake_Balarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Swamp_lake_Balarus.jpg/220px-Swamp_lake_Balarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Swamp_lake_Balarus.jpg/330px-Swamp_lake_Balarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Swamp_lake_Balarus.jpg/440px-Swamp_lake_Balarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Medi ambient natural</figcaption></figure> <p>El <b>medi ambient</b> o simplement el <b>medi</b> és l'entorn o suma total d'allò <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsic" title="Físic">físic</a> que es troba a la <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a> i que afecta i condiciona especialment tots els seus habitants, les seves circumstàncies de vida i la <a href="/wiki/Societat" title="Societat">societat</a> en el seu conjunt. </p><p>Comprèn el conjunt de valors <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">naturals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social" class="mw-redirect" title="Social">socials</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">culturals</a> existents en un <a href="/wiki/Espai" title="Espai">lloc</a> i un <a href="/wiki/Temps" title="Temps">moment</a> determinat, que influeixen en la <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vida</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Hum%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Humà">home</a> actual i en les generacions venidores. És a dir, no es tracta només de l'espai en què es desenvolupa la vida sinó que també comprèn <a href="/wiki/%C3%89sser_viu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ésser viu">éssers vius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objecte" title="Objecte">objectes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">aigua</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B2l" title="Sòl">sòl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aire" title="Aire">aire</a> i les relacions entre ells, així com elements tan intangibles com la <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">cultura</a>. Aquesta accepció és menys habitual, però de gran transcendència, ja que els materials reaccionen d'una manera o d'una altra, segons el medi en què es puguin trobar. A nivell global, l'<a href="/wiki/Oxidaci%C3%B3" title="Oxidació">oxidació</a> (l'acció de l'<a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">oxigen</a>) és la que s'aprecia com a <a href="/wiki/Quantitat" title="Quantitat">quantitativament</a> més important. Té també molt de ressò la combinació de determinats <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gasos</a> (components del <a href="/wiki/CFC" class="mw-redirect" title="CFC">CFCs</a>) amb l'oxigen, i n'ha propiciat el fenomen conegut com el "<a href="/wiki/Forat_a_la_capa_d%27oz%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Forat a la capa d'ozó">forat a la capa d'ozó</a>". </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia">ecologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a>, la defensa del medi va unida al <a href="/wiki/Desenvolupament_sostenible" title="Desenvolupament sostenible">desenvolupament sostenible</a>. Al <a href="/wiki/Segle_XXI" title="Segle XXI">segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xxi</span></a> el medi està fortament lligat a la <a href="/wiki/Capacitat_de_c%C3%A0rrega" title="Capacitat de càrrega">capacitat de càrrega</a> humana i a l'efecte de la <a href="/wiki/Globalitzaci%C3%B3" title="Globalització">globalització</a> que caracteritza aquesta època. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història_del_concepte"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria_del_concepte"></span>Història del concepte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història del concepte"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B2crates" title="Hipòcrates">Hipòcrates</a></b> (460-375 anys abans de Crist), a la seua obra <b>"aires, aigües i llocs"</b>, ressalta la importància del medi ambient com a causa de malaltia.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sydenham" title="Thomas Sydenham">Thomas Sydenham</a></b> (1624-1689) i <b><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Lancisi" title="Giovanni Maria Lancisi">Giovanni Maria Lancisi</a></b> (1654-1720), formulen la <b><a href="/wiki/Teoria_miasm%C3%A0tica" title="Teoria miasmàtica">teoria miasmàtica</a></b>, en la que el <b>miasma</b> és un conjunt d'emanacions fètides de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B2l" title="Sòl">sòls</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">aigües</a> impures que són causa de malaltia.</li> <li>En el segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span> amb <a href="/wiki/Chadwick" title="Chadwick">Chadwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Farr" title="William Farr">William Farr</a> (1807-1883) amb la mortalitat dels miners, <a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a> (1813-1858) amb "Sobre el mode de transmissió del <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2lera" title="Còlera">còlera</a>", es consolida la importància del medi en epidemiologia i la necessitat d'utilitzar mètodes numèrics.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teoria_de_sistemes">Teoria de sistemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Teoria de sistemes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_general_de_sistemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria general de sistemes">Teoria general de sistemes</a>, un medi és un <a href="/wiki/Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex">complex</a> de factors externs que actuen sobre un <a href="/wiki/Sistema" title="Sistema">sistema</a> i en determinen el seu curs i la seua forma d'existència. </p><p>Un medi podria considerar-se com un superconjunt, en el qual el sistema donat és un <a href="/wiki/Subconjunt" title="Subconjunt">subconjunt</a>. Un medi pot tenir un o més <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A0metre" title="Paràmetre">paràmetres</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsic" title="Físic">físics</a> o d'una altra naturalesa. El medi d'un sistema donat deu interaccionar necessàriament amb ell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Epidemiologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia">epidemiologia</a>, el medi és el conjunt de factors extrínsecs, que influeixen sobre l'<a href="/wiki/Exist%C3%A8ncia" title="Existència">existència</a>, l'exposició i la susceptibilitat de l'<a href="/wiki/Agent_infecci%C3%B3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent infecciós">agent</a> a provocar una <a href="/wiki/Malaltia" title="Malaltia">malaltia</a> a l'<a href="/wiki/Hoste_(biologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoste (biologia)">hoste</a>. Aquests factors extrínsecs són: </p> <ul><li><b>Ambient físic:</b> <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">Geologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clima" title="Clima">clima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3" title="Contaminació">contaminació</a>.</li> <li><b>Ambient biològic:</b> <ul><li><b>Població humana:</b> <a href="/wiki/Densitat_de_poblaci%C3%B3" title="Densitat de població">Densitat de població</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a>:</b> Font d'<a href="/wiki/Aliment" title="Aliment">aliments</a>, influeix sobre els <a href="/wiki/Vertebrats" title="Vertebrats">vertebrats</a> i <a href="/wiki/Artr%C3%B2podes" title="Artròpodes">artròpodes</a> com a font d'agents.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">Fauna</a>:</b> Font d'aliments, <a href="/wiki/Hoste_(biologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoste (biologia)">hostes</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrats" title="Vertebrats">vertebrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artr%C3%B2podes" title="Artròpodes">artròpodes</a> <a href="/wiki/Vector_(biologia)" title="Vector (biologia)">vectors</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B2l" title="Sòl">Sòl</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">Aigua</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ambient socioeconòmic:</b> <ul><li><b>Ocupació laboral o treball:</b> Exposició a agents <a href="/wiki/Radioactiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactiu">radioactius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmic" title="Químic">químics</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsic" title="Físic">físics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biol%C3%B2gic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biològic">biològics</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Urbanitzaci%C3%B3_(fenomen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanització (fenomen)">Urbanització</a> o entorn urbà i desenvolupament <a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">econòmic</a></b>.</li> <li><b>Desastres:</b> <a href="/wiki/Guerra" title="Guerra">Guerres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0strofe_natural" title="Catàstrofe natural">catàstrofes naturals</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medi_i_globalització"><span id="Medi_i_globalitzaci.C3.B3"></span>Medi i globalització</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Medi i globalització"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partir de la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Industrial" title="Revolució Industrial">Revolució Industrial</a> els efectes de l'acció dels éssers humans sobre el medi van adquirir la categoria de <i>globals</i>. Durant molt de temps aquests efectes van ser sempre negatius per a l'equilibri dels <a href="/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema">ecosistemes</a> però tampoc hi havia preocupació <a href="/wiki/Social" class="mw-redirect" title="Social">social</a> per aquests. Tanmateix, a partir de la darrera dècada del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span>, en el marc d'una <a href="/wiki/Societat" title="Societat">societat</a> progressivament més exigent amb la <a href="/wiki/Qualitat" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a> de l'entorn i a conseqüència de la <a href="/wiki/Globalitzaci%C3%B3" title="Globalització">globalització</a> <a href="/wiki/Econ%C3%B2mica" class="mw-redirect" title="Econòmica">econòmica</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mercat" title="Mercat">mercat</a>, el medi va començar a un dels factors claus de <a href="/wiki/Competitivitat" title="Competitivitat">competitivitat</a> a les <a href="/wiki/Empresa" title="Empresa">empreses</a> i van començar a desenvolupar-se els <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_de_Gesti%C3%B3_Mediambiental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema de Gestió Mediambiental (encara no existeix)">sistemes de gestió mediambientals</a> (SGMA).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>També cal destacar la problemàtica dels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_transaccional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cost transaccional (encara no existeix)">costos transaccionals</a> de les <a href="/wiki/Empresa" title="Empresa">empreses</a> lligats a la globalització de l'activitat comercial.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El concepte de globalització, sobretot pel que fa al seu caire mediambiental, està molt relacionat amb el de <a href="/wiki/Sostenibilitat" title="Sostenibilitat">sostenibilitat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:right; float:right; border:solid #aaaaaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table cellspacing="0" style="max-width:238px; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%; line-height:110%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:45px; height:45px; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fairytale_konqueror.png/36px-Fairytale_konqueror.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fairytale_konqueror.png/54px-Fairytale_konqueror.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Fairytale_konqueror.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span> </td> <td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecologia" title="Portal:Ecologia">Portal de l'ecologia i medi ambient</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servei_ambiental" class="mw-redirect" title="Servei ambiental">Servei ambiental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnologia_ambiental" title="Tecnologia ambiental">Tecnologia ambiental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3_ambiental" title="Educació ambiental">Educació ambiental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_mediambiental" class="mw-redirect" title="Art mediambiental">Art mediambiental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacte_ambiental" title="Impacte ambiental">Impacte ambiental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racisme_ambiental" title="Racisme ambiental">Racisme ambiental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deute_ambiental" class="mw-redirect" title="Deute ambiental">Deute ambiental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_mundial_del_medi_ambient" class="mw-redirect" title="Dia mundial del medi ambient">Dia mundial del medi ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografia_de_les_emocions" title="Geografia de les emocions">Geografia de les emocions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tecnología energética y medio ambiente</i> Volum 1, edicions <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Polit%C3%A8cnica_de_Catalunya" title="Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya">UPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-8301-848-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-8301-848-4">ISBN 978-84-8301-848-4</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En castellà">(castellà)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sostenible? Tecnologia, desenvolupament sostenible, desequilibris i canvi global.</i> Editorial Icària, Barcelona, 1997.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medi_ambient&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environment" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environment">Medi ambient</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33663753"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://ca.wikinews.org/wiki/Portada" class="extiw" title="n:Portada">Viquinotícies</a> conté notícies i pàgines d'actualitat relacionades: <i><b><a href="https://ca.wikinews.org/wiki/Categoria:Medi_ambient" class="extiw" title="n:Categoria:Medi ambient">Categoria:Medi ambient</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guiesbibtic.upf.edu/cpis/politica_medi_ambient">Política del medi ambient</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128004546/http://guiesbibtic.upf.edu/cpis/politica_medi_ambient">Arxivat</a> 2016-01-28 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Guia temàtica electrònica de la Biblioteca/CRAI de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra. [Darrera actualització: 22 gener 2016]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalsostenibilidad.upc.edu">Portal Sostenibilitat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203214/http://portalsostenibilidad.upc.edu/">Arxivat</a> 2016-03-03 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Càtedra <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> de Sostenibilitat de la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Polit%C3%A8cnica_de_Catalunya" title="Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya">UPC</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En castellà">(castellà)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmoz.org/World/Español/Ciencia_y_tecnolog%C3%ADa/Medio_ambiente/">Directori</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En castellà">(castellà)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mma.es/info_amb/ong/">Organitzacions de medi ambient</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025052313/http://www.mma.es/info_amb/ong/">Arxivat</a> 2005-10-25 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En castellà">(castellà)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lafactoria.eu/games/Jocs/JocdelReciclatge/index.html">El Joc del Reciclatge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111075831/http://www.lafactoria.eu/games/Jocs/JocdelReciclatge/index.html">Arxivat</a> 2012-01-11 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En català">(català)</span></li></ul> <p><span style="display: none;" class="interProject"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/medi_ambient" class="extiw" title="wikt:medi ambient">Viccionari</a></span> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135446&CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/environament">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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