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id="toc-Self_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Self coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Soft coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palace_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palace_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Palace coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palace_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Putsch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Putsch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Putsch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Putsch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciamiento_and_cuartelazo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciamiento_and_cuartelazo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Pronunciamiento and cuartelazo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciamiento_and_cuartelazo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution,_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution,_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Revolution, rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution,_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Prevalence and history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Outcomes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predictors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predictors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Predictors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predictors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Predictors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Predictors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coup_trap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_trap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Coup trap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_trap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regime_type_and_polarization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regime_type_and_polarization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Regime type and polarization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regime_type_and_polarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_disputes,_internal_conflicts,_and_armed_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_disputes,_internal_conflicts,_and_armed_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Territorial disputes, internal conflicts, and armed conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_disputes,_internal_conflicts,_and_armed_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_opposition_and_regional_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_opposition_and_regional_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Popular opposition and regional rebellions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_opposition_and_regional_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy,_development,_and_resource_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy,_development,_and_resource_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Economy, development, and resource factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy,_development,_and_resource_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup-proofing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup-proofing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Coup-proofing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup-proofing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression_and_counter-coups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression_and_counter-coups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Repression and counter-coups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression_and_counter-coups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 International response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_leaders_who_assumed_power_via_coups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_leaders_who_assumed_power_via_coups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Current leaders who assumed power via coups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_leaders_who_assumed_power_via_coups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Current leaders who assumed power via coups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Current_leaders_who_assumed_power_via_coups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Coup d'état</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > 110 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsgreep" title="Staatsgreep – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Staatsgreep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsch" title="Putsch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Putsch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABce-st%C4%ABp" title="Rīce-stīp – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rīce-stīp" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="انقلاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انقلاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_d%27estau" title="Golpe d'estau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Golpe d'estau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4p_d%27%C3%A8tat" title="Côp d'ètat – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Côp d'ètat" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_d%27Est%C3%A1u" title="Golpe d'Estáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Golpe d'Estáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado" title="Golpe de Estado – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Golpe de Estado" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_%C3%A7evrili%C5%9Fi" title="Dövlət çevrilişi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət çevrilişi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کودیتا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کودیتا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অভ্যুত্থান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভ্যুত্থান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-pi%C3%A0n" title="Chèng-piàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-piàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Дзяржаўны пераварот – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржаўны пераварот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Дзяржаўны пераварот – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзяржаўны пераварот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Държавен преврат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавен преврат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavni_udar" title="Državni udar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Državni udar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taol-stad" title="Taol-stad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Taol-stad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Түрын эрьелтэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түрын эрьелтэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop_d%27estat" title="Cop d'estat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cop d'estat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudeta" title="Kudeta – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kudeta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_p%C5%99evrat" title="Státní převrat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Státní převrat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coup d'état" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statskup" title="Statskup – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statskup" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsch" title="Putsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Putsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%A3%DE%A7%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ބަޣާވާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަޣާވާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigip%C3%B6%C3%B6re" title="Riigipööre – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riigipööre" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πραξικόπημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πραξικόπημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado" title="Golpe de Estado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Golpe de Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%89o" title="Puĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Puĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu-kolpe" title="Estatu-kolpe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu-kolpe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کودتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Coup d'État – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coup d'État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatsgreep" title="Steatsgreep – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steatsgreep" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coup d'état" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cur-fodha_st%C3%A0ite_(Coup_d%27%C3%89tat)" title="Cur-fodha stàite (Coup d'État) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cur-fodha stàite (Coup d'État)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado" title="Golpe de Estado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Golpe de Estado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%8D%B0%ED%83%80" title="쿠데타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠데타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պետական հեղաշրջում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետական հեղաշրջում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F" title="तख़्ता पलट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तख़्ता पलट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%8D" title="Puč – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Puč" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato-stroko" title="Stato-stroko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stato-stroko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudeta" title="Kudeta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kudeta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpo_de_stato" title="Colpo de stato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Colpo de stato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdar%C3%A1n" title="Valdarán – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Valdarán" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpo_di_Stato" title="Colpo di Stato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colpo di Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%94" title="הפיכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפיכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudh%C3%A9ta" title="Kudhéta – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kudhéta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="პუტჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პუტჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81" title="Мемлекеттік төңкеріс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемлекеттік төңкеріс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaura" title="Thaura – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thaura" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbeya_le%C5%9Fker%C3%AE" title="Derbeya leşkerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derbeya leşkerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ລັດຖະປະຫານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດຖະປະຫານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptio_regiminis" title="Interceptio regiminis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Interceptio regiminis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts_apv%C4%93rsums" title="Valsts apvērsums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts apvērsums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsch" title="Putsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Putsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstyb%C4%97s_perversmas" title="Valstybės perversmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybės perversmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staotsgreep" title="Staotsgreep – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staotsgreep" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colp_de_Stat" title="Colp de Stat – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Colp de Stat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llamcs%C3%ADny" title="Államcsíny – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Államcsíny" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Државен удар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Државен удар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanonganam-panjakana" title="Fanonganam-panjakana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanonganam-panjakana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C" title="പട്ടാള വിപ്ലവം‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പട്ടാള വിപ്ലവം‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="انقلاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انقلاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کودتا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کودتا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampasan_kuasa" title="Rampasan kuasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rampasan kuasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Путчсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Путчсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Төрийн эргэлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төрийн эргэлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsgreep" title="Staatsgreep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staatsgreep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5tsgreyp" title="Ståtsgreyp – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ståtsgreyp" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5" title="राज्यविप्लव – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राज्यविप्लव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="クーデター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クーデター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statskupp" title="Statskupp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statskupp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupp" title="Kupp – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kupp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co_d%27%C3%AAtat" title="Co d'êtat – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Co d'êtat" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2p_d%27estat" title="Còp d'estat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Còp d'estat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="مسلح بغاوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسلح بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کودتا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کودتا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A" title="រដ្ឋប្រហារ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រដ្ឋប្រហារ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamach_stanu" title="Zamach stanu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamach stanu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado" title="Golpe de Estado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Golpe de Estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovitur%C4%83_de_stat" title="Lovitură de stat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lovitură de stat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamink%27a_maqay" title="Wamink'a maqay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wamink'a maqay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Государственный переворот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственный переворот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpu_de_Istadu" title="Corpu de Istadu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Corpu de Istadu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Coup d'état" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grusht_shteti" title="Grusht shteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grusht shteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coup d'état" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%A1tny_prevrat" title="Štátny prevrat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štátny prevrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavni_udar" title="Državni udar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Državni udar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afganbi" title="Afganbi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Afganbi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="کوودەتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوودەتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Државни удар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државни удар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%8D" title="Puč – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Puč" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallankaappaus" title="Vallankaappaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vallankaappaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statskupp" title="Statskupp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statskupp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudeta" title="Kudeta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kudeta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐประหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbe" title="Darbe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Darbe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abantuguo_(Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat)" title="Abantuguo (Coup d'état) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abantuguo (Coup d'état)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Державний переворот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державний переворот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="مسلح بغاوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسلح بغاوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpo_de_stato" title="Colpo de stato – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Colpo de stato" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_ch%C3%ADnh" title="Đảo chính 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Counter-coup" and "Coup" redirect here. For the injury type, see <a href="/wiki/Coup_contrecoup_injury" title="Coup contrecoup injury">Coup contrecoup injury</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coup_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coup (disambiguation)">Coup (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coup d'état (disambiguation)">Coup d'état (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg/220px-Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg/330px-Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg/440px-Bouchot_-_Le_general_Bonaparte_au_Conseil_des_Cinq-Cents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> in Saint-Cloud, detail of painting by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bouchot" title="François Bouchot">François Bouchot</a>, 1840</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/250px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/375px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/500px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="4771" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A coup d'état (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkuːdeɪˈtɑː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton 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.IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ku deta]</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'stroke of state'),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a> is when a leader, having come to power through legal means, tries to stay in power through illegal means.<a href="#cite_note-:18-3">[3]</a> By one estimate, there were 457 coup attempts from 1950 to 2010, half of which were successful.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a> Most coup attempts occurred in the mid-1960s, but there were also large numbers of coup attempts in the mid-1970s and the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a> Coups occurring in the post-<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period have been more likely to result in democratic systems than Cold War coups,<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> though coups still mostly perpetuate <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brooks-7">[7]</a> Many factors may lead to the occurrence of a coup, as well as determine the success or failure of a coup. Once a coup is underway, coup success is driven by coup-makers' ability to get others to believe that the coup attempt will be successful.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The number of successful coups has decreased over time.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a> Failed coups in authoritarian systems are likely to strengthen the power of the authoritarian ruler.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The cumulative number of coups is a strong predictor of future coups, a phenomenon referred to as the "coup trap".<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Londregan-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-LehoucqPérez-Liñán-14">[14]</a> In what is referred to as "coup-proofing", regimes create structures that make it hard for any small group to seize power. These coup-proofing strategies may include the strategic placing of family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military and the fragmenting of military and security agencies.<a href="#cite_note-:10-15">[15]</a> However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness as loyalty is prioritized over experience when filling key positions within the military.<a href="#cite_note-:11-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The term comes from French coup d'État, literally meaning a 'stroke of state' or 'blow of state'.<a href="#cite_note-:03-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In French, the word État (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[eta]</a>) is capitalized when it denotes a sovereign political entity.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Although the concept of a coup d'état has featured in politics since antiquity, the phrase is of relatively recent coinage.<a href="#cite_note-ancient_coup-24">[24]</a> It did not appear within an English text before the 19th century except when used in the translation of a French source, there being no simple phrase in English to convey the contextualized idea of a 'knockout blow to the existing administration within a state'. One early use within text translated from French was in 1785 in a printed translation of a letter from a French merchant, commenting on an arbitrary decree, or arrêt, issued by the French king restricting the import of British wool.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> What may be its first published use within a text composed in English is an editor's note in the London <a href="/wiki/Morning_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Chronicle">Morning Chronicle</a>,1804, reporting the arrest by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in France, of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Moreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Berthier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">Masséna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Bernadotte</a>: "There was a report in circulation yesterday of a sort of coup d'état having taken place in France, in consequence of some formidable conspiracy against the existing government." In the <a href="/wiki/British_press" class="mw-redirect" title="British press">British press</a>, the phrase came to be used to describe the various murders by Napoleon's alleged <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gens d'Armes d'Elite</a>, who executed the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duke of Enghien</a>: "the actors in torture, the distributors of the poisoning draughts, and the secret executioners of those unfortunate individuals or families, whom Bonaparte's measures of safety require to remove. In what revolutionary tyrants call grand[s] coups d'état, as butchering, or poisoning, or drowning, en masse, they are exclusively employed."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related terms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self_coup">Self coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Self coup">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-coup&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a>, also called an autocoup (from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autogolpe#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:autogolpe">autogolpe</a>) or coup from the top, is a form of coup d'état in which a political leader, having come to power through legal means, stays in power through illegal means through the actions of themselves and/or their supporters.<a href="#cite_note-Self-coup_:18-27">[27]</a> The leader may dissolve or render powerless the national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> and unlawfully assume extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances. Other measures may include annulling the nation's <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, suspending civil courts, and having the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> assume <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictatorial</a> powers.<a href="#cite_note-Self-coup_UY72-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Self-coup_atlantic-2020-12-07-29">[29]</a> Between 1946 and the beginning of 2021, an estimated 148 self-coup attempts took place, 110 in <a href="/wiki/Autocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracies">autocracies</a> and 38 in <a href="/wiki/Democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Self-coup_Nakamura-30">[30]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_coup">Soft coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soft coup">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soft_coup" title="Soft coup">Soft coup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent revolution</a></div> A soft coup, sometimes referred to as a silent coup or a bloodless coup, is an illegal overthrow of a government, but unlike a regular coup d'état it is achieved without the use of force or violence.<a href="#cite_note-Leiv-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palace_coup">Palace coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palace coup">edit</a>]</div> A palace coup or palace revolution is a coup in which one faction within the ruling group displaces another faction within a ruling group.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Along with popular protests, palace coups are a major threat to dictators.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harem_conspiracy" title="Harem conspiracy">Harem conspiracy</a> of the 12th century BC was one of the earliest. Palace coups were common in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> They have also occurred among the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg dynasty">Habsburg dynasty</a> in Austria, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Al_Thani" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Al Thani">Al-Thani dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> in the 19th to early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russian tsars</a> between 1725 and 1801 were either overthrown or usurped power in palace coups.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Putsch">Putsch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Putsch">edit</a>]</div> The term putsch (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[pʊtʃ]</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> for 'knock'), denotes the political-military actions of an unsuccessful minority reactionary coup.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Etymology-39">[39]</a> The term was initially coined for the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCriputsch" title="Züriputsch">Züriputsch</a> of 6 September 1839 in Switzerland. It was also used for attempted coups in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a>, such as the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCstrin_Putsch" title="Küstrin Putsch">Küstrin Putsch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s 1923 <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The 1934 <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a> was Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purge</a> to eliminate opponents, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> faction led by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>, but Nazi propaganda justified it as preventing a supposed putsch planned or attempted by Röhm. The Nazi term Röhm-Putsch is still used by Germans to describe the event, often with quotation marks as the 'so-called Röhm Putsch'.<a href="#cite_note-Röhm-Putsch-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">1961 Algiers putsch</a> and the 1991 <a href="/wiki/August_Putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="August Putsch">August Putsch</a> also use the term. The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a> has also been described as a putsch.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciamiento_and_cuartelazo">Pronunciamiento and cuartelazo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pronunciamiento and cuartelazo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pronunciamiento" title="Pronunciamiento">Pronunciamiento</a></div> Pronunciamiento ('pronouncement') is a term of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> origin for a type of coup d'état. Specifically the pronunciamiento is the formal declaration deposing the previous government and justifying the installation of the new government by the golpe de estado. One author distinguishes a coup, in which a military or political faction takes power for itself, from a pronunciamiento, in which the military deposes the existing government and hands over power to a new, ostensibly civilian government.<a href="#cite_note-Luttwak-44">[44]</a> A "barracks revolt" or cuartelazo is another type of military revolt, from the Spanish term cuartel ('quarter' or 'barracks'), in which the mutiny of specific military garrisons sparks a larger military revolt against the government.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Other types of actual or attempted seizures of power are sometimes called "coups with adjectives". The appropriate term can be subjective and carries normative, analytical, and political implications.<a href="#cite_note-Leiv-31">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Civil society coup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_coup" title="Constitutional coup">Constitutional coup</a>, consistent with the constitution, often by exploiting loopholes or ambiguities</li> <li>Counter-coup, a coup to repeal the result of a previous coup</li> <li>Democratic coup</li> <li>Dissident coup, in which the culprits are nominally protestors without backing from any military or police units (e.g. sometimes used to describe the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>)<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClintCenterStmt-47">[47]</a></li> <li>Electoral coup</li> <li>Judicial coup, a "legal" coup, utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> as the main instrument.</li> <li>Market coup</li> <li>Medical coup, having a leader declared incapacitated by doctors, such as in <a href="/wiki/1987_Tunisian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Tunisian coup d'état">Tunisia in 1987</a></li> <li>Military coup</li> <li>Parliamentary coup</li> <li>Presidential coup</li> <li>Royal coup, in which a monarch dismisses democratically elected leaders and seizes all power (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Slow-motion (or slow-moving or slow-rolling) coup</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution,_rebellion">Revolution, rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revolution, rebellion">edit</a>]</div> While a coup is usually a conspiracy of a small group, a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> is usually started spontaneously by larger groups of uncoordinated people.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The distinction between a revolution and a coup is not always clear. Sometimes, a coup is labelled as a revolution by its plotters to feign democratic legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_and_history">Prevalence and history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevalence and history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts" title="List of coups and coup attempts">List of coups and coup attempts</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">List of coups and coup attempts by country</a></div> According to Clayton Thyne and Jonathan Powell's coup data set, there were 457 coup attempts from 1950 to 2010, of which 227 (49.7%) were successful and 230 (50.3%) were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a> They find that coups have "been most common in Africa and the Americas (36.5% and 31.9%, respectively). Asia and the Middle East have experienced 13.1% and 15.8% of total global coups, respectively. Europe has experienced by far the fewest coup attempts: 2.6%."<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a> Most coup attempts occurred in the mid-1960s, but there were also large numbers of coup attempts in the mid-1970s and the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a> From 1950 to 2010, a majority of coups failed in the Middle East and Latin America. They had a somewhat higher chance of success in Africa and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Brooks-7">[7]</a> Numbers of successful coups have decreased over time.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a> A number of political science datasets document coup attempts around the world and over time, generally starting in the post-World War II period. Major examples include the Global Instances of Coups dataset, the Coups & Political Instability dataset by the Center of Systemic Peace, the Coup d'etat Project by the Cline Center, the Colpus coup dataset, and the Coups and Agency Mechanism dataset. A 2023 study argued that major coup datasets tend to over-rely on international news sources to gather their information, potentially biasing the types of events included.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Its findings show that while such a strategy is sufficient for gathering information on successful and failed coups, attempts to gather data on coup plots and rumors require a greater consultation of regional and local-specific sources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Outcomes">edit</a>]</div> Successful coups are one method of regime change that thwarts the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PeacefulRare-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElectionHabit-54">[54]</a> A 2016 study categorizes four possible outcomes to coups in <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a>:<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> <ul><li>Failed coup</li> <li>No regime change, as when a leader is illegally shuffled out of power without changing the ruling group or the type of government</li> <li>Replacement of incumbent with another dictatorship</li> <li>Ousting of the dictatorship followed by democratization (also called "democratic coups")<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li></ul> The study found that about half of all coups in dictatorships—both during and after the Cold War—install new <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> regimes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> New dictatorships launched by coups engage in higher levels of repression in the year after the coup than existed in the year before the coup.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> One-third of coups in dictatorships during the Cold War and 10% of later ones reshuffled the regime leadership.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> Democracies were installed in the wake of 12% of Cold War coups in dictatorships and 40% of post-Cold War ones.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> Coups occurring in the post-<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period have been more likely to result in democratic systems than Cold War coups,<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> though coups still mostly perpetuate <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brooks-7">[7]</a> Coups that occur during civil wars shorten the war's duration.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predictors">Predictors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Predictors">edit</a>]</div> A 2003 review of the academic literature found that the following factors influenced coups: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>officers' personal grievances</li> <li>military organizational grievances</li> <li>military popularity</li> <li>military attitudinal cohesiveness</li> <li>economic decline</li> <li>domestic political crisis</li> <li>contagion from other regional coups</li> <li>external threat</li> <li>participation in war</li> <li>collusion with a foreign military power</li> <li>military's national security doctrine</li> <li>officers' political culture</li> <li>noninclusive institutions</li> <li>colonial legacy</li> <li>economic development</li> <li>undiversified exports</li> <li>officers' class composition</li> <li>military size</li> <li>strength of civil society</li> <li>regime legitimacy and past coups.<a href="#cite_note-Does_Oil_Promote_or_Prevent_Coups-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a></li></ul> </div> The literature review in a 2016 study includes mentions of ethnic factionalism, supportive foreign governments, leader inexperience, slow growth, commodity price shocks, and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Coups have been found to appear in environments that are heavily influenced by military powers. Multiple of the above factors are connected to military culture and power dynamics. These factors can be divided into multiple categories, with two of these categories being a threat to military interests and support for military interests. If interests go in either direction, the military will find itself either capitalizing off that power or attempting to gain it back. Oftentimes, military spending is an indicator of the likelihood of a coup taking place. Nordvik found that about 75% of coups that took place in many different countries rooted from military spending and oil windfalls.<a href="#cite_note-Does_Oil_Promote_or_Prevent_Coups-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_trap">Coup trap</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coup trap">edit</a>]</div> The accumulation of previous coups is a strong predictor of future coups,<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-12">[12]</a> a phenomenon called the coup trap.<a href="#cite_note-Londregan-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-LehoucqPérez-Liñán-14">[14]</a> A 2014 study of 18 Latin American countries found that the establishment of open political competition helps bring countries out of the coup trap and reduces cycles of political instability.<a href="#cite_note-LehoucqPérez-Liñán-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regime_type_and_polarization">Regime type and polarization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regime type and polarization">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regimes</a> are more vulnerable to coups than very authoritarian states or democratic states.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A 2021 study found that democratic regimes were not substantially more likely to experience coups.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A 2015 study finds that terrorism is strongly associated with re-shuffling coups.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A 2016 study finds that there is an ethnic component to coups: "When leaders attempt to build ethnic armies, or dismantle those created by their predecessors, they provoke violent resistance from military officers."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Another 2016 study shows that protests increase the risk of coups, presumably because they ease <a href="/wiki/Coordination_game" title="Coordination game">coordination obstacles</a> among coup plotters and make international actors less likely to punish coup leaders.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> A third 2016 study finds that coups become more likely in the wake of elections in autocracies when the results reveal electoral weakness for the incumbent autocrat.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A fourth 2016 study finds that inequality between social classes increases the likelihood of coups.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A fifth 2016 study finds no evidence that coups are contagious; one coup in a region does not make other coups in the region likely to follow.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> One study found that coups are more likely to occur in states with small populations, as there are smaller coordination problems for coup-plotters.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In autocracies, the frequency of coups seems to be affected by the succession rules in place, with monarchies with a fixed succession rule being much less plagued by instability than less institutionalized autocracies.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> A 2014 study of 18 Latin American countries in the 20th-century study found the legislative powers of the presidency does not influence coup frequency.<a href="#cite_note-LehoucqPérez-Liñán-14">[14]</a> A 2019 study found that when a country's politics is polarized and electoral competition is low, civilian-recruited coups become more likely.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A 2023 study found that civilian elites are more likely to be associated with instigating military coups while civilians embedded in social networks are more likely to be associated with consolidating military coups.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_disputes,_internal_conflicts,_and_armed_conflicts">Territorial disputes, internal conflicts, and armed conflicts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Territorial disputes, internal conflicts, and armed conflicts">edit</a>]</div> A 2017 study found that autocratic leaders whose states were involved in international rivalries over disputed territory were more likely to be overthrown in a coup. The authors of the study provide the following logic for why this is:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Autocratic incumbents invested in spatial rivalries need to strengthen the military in order to compete with a foreign adversary. The imperative of developing a strong army puts dictators in a paradoxical situation: to compete with a rival state, they must empower the very agency—the military—that is most likely to threaten their own survival in office.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></blockquote>However, two 2016 studies found that leaders who were involved in militarized confrontations and conflicts were less likely to face a coup.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A 2019 study found that states that had recently signed civil war peace agreements were much more likely to experience coups, in particular when those agreements contained provisions that jeopardized the interests of the military.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_opposition_and_regional_rebellions">Popular opposition and regional rebellions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Popular opposition and regional rebellions">edit</a>]</div> Research suggests that protests spur coups, as they help elites within the state apparatus to coordinate coups.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A 2019 study found that regional rebellions made coups by the military more likely.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy,_development,_and_resource_factors">Economy, development, and resource factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy, development, and resource factors">edit</a>]</div> A 2018 study found that "oil price shocks are seen to promote coups in onshore-intensive oil countries, while preventing them in offshore-intensive oil countries".<a href="#cite_note-:9-79">[79]</a> The study argues that states which have onshore oil wealth tend to build up their military to protect the oil, whereas states do not do that for offshore oil wealth.<a href="#cite_note-:9-79">[79]</a> A 2020 study found that elections had a two-sided impact on coup attempts, depending on the state of the economy. During periods of economic expansion, elections reduced the likelihood of coup attempts, whereas elections during economic crises increased the likelihood of coup attempts.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A 2021 study found that oil wealthy nations see a pronounced risk of coup attempts but these coups are unlikely to succeed.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> A 2014 study of 18 Latin American countries in the 20th century study found that coup frequency does not vary with development levels, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, or the rate of economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-LehoucqPérez-Liñán-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup-proofing">Coup-proofing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coup-proofing">edit</a>]</div> In what is referred to as "coup-proofing", regimes create structures that make it hard for any small group to seize power. These coup-proofing strategies may include the strategic placing of family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military; creation of an armed force parallel to the regular military; and development of multiple internal security agencies with overlapping jurisdiction that constantly monitor one another.<a href="#cite_note-:10-15">[15]</a> It may also involve frequent salary hikes and promotions for members of the military,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and the deliberate use of diverse bureaucrats.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Research shows that some coup-proofing strategies reduce the risk of coups occurring.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-18">[18]</a> and limits the <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rents that an incumbent can extract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> One reason why authoritarian governments tend to have incompetent militaries is that authoritarian regimes fear that their military will stage a coup or allow a domestic uprising to proceed uninterrupted – as a consequence, authoritarian rulers have incentives to place incompetent loyalists in key positions in the military.<a href="#cite_note-:17-19">[19]</a> A 2016 study shows that the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession rules</a> reduce the occurrence of coup attempts.<a href="#cite_note-:6-91">[91]</a> Succession rules are believed to hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters by assuaging elites who have more to gain by patience than by plotting.<a href="#cite_note-:6-91">[91]</a> According to political scientists Curtis Bell and Jonathan Powell, coup attempts in neighbouring countries lead to greater coup-proofing and coup-related repression in a region.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> A 2017 study finds that countries' coup-proofing strategies are heavily influenced by other countries with similar histories.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Coup-proofing is more likely in former French colonies.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A 2018 study in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Peace_Research" title="Journal of Peace Research">Journal of Peace Research</a> found that leaders who survive coup attempts and respond by purging known and potential rivals are likely to have longer tenures as leaders.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> A 2019 study in Conflict Management and Peace Science found that personalist dictatorships are more likely to take coup-proofing measures than other authoritarian regimes; the authors argue that this is because "personalists are characterized by weak institutions and narrow support bases, a lack of unifying ideologies and informal links to the ruler".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In their 2022 book Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism, political scientists <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Steven Levitsky</a> and Lucan Way found that political-military fusion, where the ruling party is highly interlinked with the military and created the administrative structures of the military from its inception, is extremely effective at preventing military coups. For example, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> was created by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, and never instigated a military coup even after large-scale policy failures (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>) or the extreme political instability of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy">Democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Democracy">edit</a>]</div> Research suggests that coups promoting <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> in staunchly authoritarian regimes have become less likely to end in democracy over time, and that the positive influence has strengthened since the end of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A 2014 study found that "coups promote democratization, particularly among states that are least likely to democratize otherwise".<a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[98]</a> The authors argue that coup attempts can have this consequence because leaders of successful coups have incentives to democratize quickly in order to establish political legitimacy and economic growth, while leaders who stay in power after failed coup attempts see it as a sign that they must enact meaningful reforms to remain in power.<a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[98]</a> A 2014 study found that 40% of post-Cold War coups were successful. The authors argue that this may be due to the incentives created by international pressure.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> A 2016 study found that democracies were installed in 12% of Cold War coups and 40% of the post-Cold War coups.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> A 2020 study found that coups tended to lead to increases in state repression, not reductions.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> According to a 2020 study, "external reactions to coups play important roles in whether coup leaders move toward authoritarianism or democratic governance. When supported by external democratic actors, coup leaders have an incentive to push for elections to retain external support and consolidate domestic legitimacy. When condemned, coup leaders are apt to trend toward authoritarianism to assure their survival."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> According to legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Ilya Somin</a> a coup to forcibly overthrow a democratic government might be sometimes justified. Commenting on the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt</a>, Somin opined, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There should be a strong presumption against forcibly removing a democratic regime. But that presumption might be overcome if the government in question poses a grave threat to human rights, or is likely to destroy democracy itself by shutting down future political competition.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repression_and_counter-coups">Repression and counter-coups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Repression and counter-coups">edit</a>]</div> According to Naunihal Singh, author of Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups (2014), it is "fairly rare" for the prevailing existing government to violently <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purge</a> the army after a coup has been foiled. If it starts the mass killing of elements of the army, including officers who were not involved in the coup, this may trigger a "counter-coup" by soldiers who are afraid they will be next. To prevent such a desperate counter-coup that may be more successful than the initial attempt, governments usually resort to firing prominent officers and replacing them with loyalists instead.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Some research suggests that increased repression and violence typically follow both successful and unsuccessful coup attempts.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> However, some tentative analysis by political scientist Jay Ulfelder finds no clear pattern of deterioration in human rights practices in wake of failed coups in post-Cold War era.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Notable counter-coups include the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">Ottoman countercoup of 1909</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1960_Laotian_coups" title="1960 Laotian coups">1960 Laotian counter-coup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="1966 Nigerian counter-coup">1966 Nigerian counter-coup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">1967 Greek counter-coup</a>, <a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_counter-coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Sudanese counter-coup">1971 Sudanese counter-coup</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_December_Twelfth" title="Coup d'état of December Twelfth">Coup d'état of December Twelfth</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. A 2017 study finds that the use of state broadcasting by the putschist regime after <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">Mali's 2012 coup</a> did not elevate explicit approval for the regime.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> According to a 2019 study, coup attempts lead to a reduction in physical integrity rights.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_response">International response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International response">edit</a>]</div> The international community tends to react adversely to coups by reducing aid and imposing sanctions. A 2015 study finds that "coups against democracies, coups after the Cold War, and coups in states heavily integrated into the international community are all more likely to elicit global reaction."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Another 2015 study shows that coups are the strongest predictor for the imposition of democratic sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-Soest_17–31-110">[110]</a> A third 2015 study finds that Western states react strongest against coups of possible democratic and human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-Soest_17–31-110">[110]</a> A 2016 study shows that the international donor community in the post-Cold War period penalizes coups by reducing foreign aid.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[111]</a> The US has been inconsistent in applying aid sanctions against coups both during the Cold War and post-Cold War periods, a likely consequence of its geopolitical interests.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[111]</a> Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) have adopted anti-coup frameworks. Through the threat of sanctions, the organizations actively try to curb coups. A 2016 study finds that the AU has played a meaningful role in reducing African coups.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> A 2017 study found that negative international responses, especially from powerful actors, have a significant effect in shortening the duration of regimes created in coups.<a href="#cite_note-:7-113">[113]</a> According to a 2020 study, coups increase the cost of borrowing and increase the likelihood of sovereign default.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_leaders_who_assumed_power_via_coups">Current leaders who assumed power via coups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Current leaders who assumed power via coups">edit</a>]</div> Leaders are arranged in chronological order by the dates they assumed power, and categorized by the continents their countries are in. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Post-coup leader </th> <th>Deposed leader </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Event </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rahmon_Nabiyev" title="Rahmon Nabiyev">Rahmon Nabiyev</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[n 1]</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></td> <td>19 November 1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yemen#Republic_of_Yemen_(post-unification,_1990–present)" title="List of heads of state of Yemen">President of the Supreme Political Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_al-Mashat" title="Mahdi al-Mashat">Mahdi al-Mashat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[n 2]</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></td> <td>6 February 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" title="Chairman of the State Administration Council">Chairman of the State Administration Council</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 Myanmar coup d'état</a></td> <td>2 February 2021 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coup_Belt" title="Coup Belt">Coup Belt</a></div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Post-coup leader </th> <th>Deposed leader </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Event </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of Equatorial Guinea">President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Francisco Macías Nguema</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea_%281973%E2%80%931979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea_%281973%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea_%281973%E2%80%931979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea_%281973%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea_%281973%E2%80%931979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea_%281973%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1979_Equatoguinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Equatoguinean coup d'état">1979 Equatoguinean coup d'état</a></td> <td>3 August 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Uganda">President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tito_Okello" title="Tito Okello">Tito Okello</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></td> <td>29 January 1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of the Republic of the Congo">President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba" title="Pascal Lissouba">Pascal Lissouba</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">Republic of the Congo Civil War</a></td> <td>25 October 1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 Egyptian coup d'état</a></td> <td>3 July 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">President</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[n 3]</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état</a></td> <td>24 November 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan#Republic_of_the_Sudan_(1985–present)" title="List of heads of state of Sudan">Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 Sudanese coup d'état</a></td> <td>21 August 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">Chairman of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People of Mali</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bah_Ndaw" title="Bah Ndaw">Bah Ndaw</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">2021 Malian coup d'état</a></td> <td>25 May 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Tunisia" title="President of Tunisia">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kais_Saied" title="Kais Saied">Kais Saied</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hichem_Mechichi" title="Hichem Mechichi">Hichem Mechichi</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[n 4]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">2021 Tunisian self-coup</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[n 5]</a> </td> <td>25 July 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Guinea">Chairman of the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya" title="Mamady Doumbouya">Mamady Doumbouya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Alpha Condé</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">2021 Guinean coup d'état</a> </td> <td>5 September 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of heads of state of Burkina Faso">President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Sandaogo_Damiba" title="Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba">Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba</a>  </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September 2022 Burkinabé coup d'état</a>  </td> <td>30 September 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Safeguard_of_the_Homeland" title="National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland">President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bazoum" title="Mohamed Bazoum">Mohamed Bazoum</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">2023 Nigerien coup d'état</a> </td> <td>26 July 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Transition_and_Restoration_of_Institutions" title="Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions">Head of the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brice_Clotaire_Oligui_Nguema" class="mw-redirect" title="Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema">Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bongo_Ondimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Bongo Ondimba">Ali Bongo Ondimba</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">2023 Gabonese coup d'état</a> </td> <td>30 August 2023 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Nabiyev was forced to resign by government militia on 7 September 1992, with Emomali Rahmon assumed interim power in November.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Emomali Rahmon was, at the time, known as Emomali Rahmonov (see <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon#Name_changes" title="Emomali Rahmon">Name changes</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Hadi was forced to resign by Houthi rebels on 22 January 2015, but later renounced his resignation. The coup culminated into a <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)">civil war</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Mugabe resigned on 21 November 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Prime Minister, Head of Government (under Tunisian Constitution, Shared Executive Power), Kais Saied Also Abolished the Parliament, which represents the Legislative Power in a representative Democracy) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> "Constitutional" Coup, By Activation of Article 80 (full Power Seizure in case of "Imminent Danger", which is not well-defined, as there is a conflict of interest if the president is the sole arbiter of defining "Danger", and there is no judicial reconciliation (Ex. Constitutional/Supreme Court), Kais Saied removed Head of Government and Parliament </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian-based_defense" title="Civilian-based defense">Civilian-based defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil-military_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil-military relations">Civil-military relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">Civilian control of the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat:_A_Practical_Handbook" title="Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook">Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_main" title="Coup de main">Coup de main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protective_service_agencies" title="List of protective service agencies">List of protective service agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_in_May" title="Seven Days in May">Seven Days in May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_coup" title="Soft coup">Soft coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Succession crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">List of coups and coup attempts by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts" title="List of coups and coup attempts">List of coups and coup attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_since_2010" title="List of coups and coup attempts since 2010">List of coups and coup attempts since 2010</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat">"coup d'état"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129220715/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=coup+d%27%C3%A9tat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcoup%2520d%2527%25C3%25A9tat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellThyne2011" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, Jonathan M.; Thyne, Clayton L. (1 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/~clthyn2/powell-thyne-JPR-2011.pdf">"Global instances of coups from 1950 to 2010: A new dataset"</a> (PDF). Journal of Peace Research (Preprint). 48 (2): 249–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343310397436">10.1177/0022343310397436</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9066792">9066792</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527051928/https://www.uky.edu/~clthyn2/powell-thyne-JPR-2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022. <q>To summarize, our definition of a coup attempt includes illegal and overt attempts by the military or other elites within the state apparatus to unseat the sitting executive... Coups may be undertaken by any elite who is part of the state apparatus. These can include non-civilian members of the military and security services, or civilian members of government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Global+instances+of+coups+from+1950+to+2010%3A+A+new+dataset&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-259&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9066792%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343310397436&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Thyne%2C+Clayton+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2F~clthyn2%2Fpowell-thyne-JPR-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinCarterWright2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chin, John J; Carter, David B; Wright, Joseph G (2021). 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Retrieved 21 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Rush+to+Personalize%3A+Power+Concentration+after+Failed+Coups+in+Dictatorships&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=878-901&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F57138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257479041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123422000655&rft.aulast=Timoneda&rft.aufirst=Joan+C.&rft.au=Escrib%C3%A0-Folch%2C+Abel&rft.au=Chin%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbritish-journal-of-political-science%2Farticle%2Frush-to-personalize-power-concentration-after-failed-coups-in-dictatorships%2FC0828C76D7C2EAE1EAC912F929E62EC3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabtom2023" class="citation web cs1">Habtom, Naman Karl-Thomas (21 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2023/07/when-failed-coups-strengthen-leaders/">"When Failed Coups Strengthen Leaders"</a>. War on the Rocks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729115031/https://warontherocks.com/2023/07/when-failed-coups-strengthen-leaders/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+on+the+Rocks&rft.atitle=When+Failed+Coups+Strengthen+Leaders&rft.date=2023-07-21&rft.aulast=Habtom&rft.aufirst=Naman+Karl-Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarontherocks.com%2F2023%2F07%2Fwhen-failed-coups-strengthen-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelkinSchofer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Belkin, Aaron; Schofer, Evan (2003). "Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup Risk". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 47 (5): 594–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002703258197">10.1177/0022002703258197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0027">0022-0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40848052">40848052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Structural+Understanding+of+Coup+Risk&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=594-620&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40848052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002703258197&rft.aulast=Belkin&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Schofer%2C+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrzeworskiAlvarezCheibubLimongi2000" class="citation book cs1">Przeworski, Adam; Alvarez, Michael E.; Cheibub, Jose Antonio; Limongi, Fernando (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/democracy-and-development-political-institutions-and-well-being-world-19501990">Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990</a>. Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79379-7"><bdi>978-0-521-79379-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924215833/https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/democracy-and-development-political-institutions-and-well-being-world-19501990">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Development%3A+Political+Institutions+and+Well-Being+in+the+World%2C+1950%E2%80%931990&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+the+Theory+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79379-7&rft.aulast=Przeworski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Cheibub%2C+Jose+Antonio&rft.au=Limongi%2C+Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fpolitics-international-relations%2Fcomparative-politics%2Fdemocracy-and-development-political-institutions-and-well-being-world-19501990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Londregan-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Londregan_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Londregan_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondreganPoole1990" class="citation journal cs1">Londregan, John B.; Poole, Keith T. (1990). "Poverty, the Coup Trap, and the Seizure of Executive Power". World Politics. 42 (2): 151–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010462">10.2307/2010462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338">1086-3338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010462">2010462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153454233">153454233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Poverty%2C+the+Coup+Trap%2C+and+the+Seizure+of+Executive+Power&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-183&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153454233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2010462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2010462&rft.aulast=Londregan&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Poole%2C+Keith+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LehoucqPérez-Liñán-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LehoucqPérez-Liñán_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LehoucqPérez-Liñán_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LehoucqPérez-Liñán_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LehoucqPérez-Liñán_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LehoucqPérez-Liñán_14-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehoucqPérez-Liñán2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lehoucq, Fabrice; Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0010414013488561">"Breaking Out of the Coup Trap"</a>. Comparative Political Studies. 47 (8): 1105–1129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414013488561">10.1177/0010414013488561</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154707430">154707430</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704195236/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0010414013488561">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Breaking+Out+of+the+Coup+Trap&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1105-1129&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414013488561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154707430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lehoucq&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Li%C3%B1%C3%A1n%2C+An%C3%ADbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0010414013488561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinlivan2000" class="citation journal cs1">Quinlivan, James T. (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP844.html">"Coup-Proofing"</a>. RAND Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021225444/https://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP844.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=Coup-Proofing&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.aulast=Quinlivan&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Freprints%2FRP844.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmadge2015" class="citation book cs1">Talmadge, Caitlin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRhJCgAAQBAJ">The Dictator's Army: Battlefield Effectiveness in Authoritarian Regimes</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0175-7"><bdi>978-1-5017-0175-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803203553/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRhJCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023. 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Journal of Strategic Studies. 19 (2): 171–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402399608437634">10.1080/01402399608437634</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-2390">0140-2390</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430002634/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/01402399608437634">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Technology%2C+civil-military+relations%2C+and+warfare+in+the+developing+world&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-212&rft.date=1996-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402399608437634&rft.issn=0140-2390&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Zirkle%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1080%2F01402399608437634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2022" class="citation journal cs1">Paine, Jack (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/reframing-the-guardianship-dilemma-how-the-militarys-dual-disloyalty-options-imperil-dictators/FAB035DCE1D5EA6CE383D3A7DFB48062">"Reframing The Guardianship Dilemma: How the Military's Dual Disloyalty Options Imperil Dictators"</a>. American Political Science Review. 116 (4): 1425–1442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055422000089">10.1017/S0003055422000089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247278896">247278896</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305000829/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/reframing-the-guardianship-dilemma-how-the-militarys-dual-disloyalty-options-imperil-dictators/FAB035DCE1D5EA6CE383D3A7DFB48062">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Reframing+The+Guardianship+Dilemma%3A+How+the+Military%27s+Dual+Disloyalty+Options+Imperil+Dictators&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1425-1442&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247278896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055422000089&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-political-science-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Freframing-the-guardianship-dilemma-how-the-militarys-dual-disloyalty-options-imperil-dictators%2FFAB035DCE1D5EA6CE383D3A7DFB48062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-20"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106083058/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coup-d%27%C3%A9tat">"Coup d'état"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coup-d'%C3%A9tat">the original</a> on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Coup+d%27%C3%A9tat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fcoup-d%27%25C3%25A9tat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coup+d%27%C3%A9tat">"Coup d'état"</a>. Merriam Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818174900/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coup+d%27%C3%A9tat">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Coup+d%27%C3%A9tat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcoup%2Bd%2527%25C3%25A9tat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/news-trend-watch/turkey-coup-20160715">"Turkey Coup"</a>. Merriam Webster. 15 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111113731/https://www.merriam-webster.com/news-trend-watch/turkey-coup-20160715">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Turkey+Coup&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fnews-trend-watch%2Fturkey-coup-20160715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120701102722/http://66.46.185.79/bdl/gabarit_bdl.asp?t1=1&id=1285&D=%C9tat">"Banque de dépannage linguistique – état"</a>. Office québécois de la langue française. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://66.46.185.79/bdl/gabarit_bdl.asp?t1=1&id=1285&D=%C9tat">the original</a> on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banque+de+d%C3%A9pannage+linguistique+%E2%80%93+%C3%A9tat&rft.pub=Office+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F66.46.185.79%2Fbdl%2Fgabarit_bdl.asp%3Ft1%3D1%26id%3D1285%26D%3D%25C9tat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancient_coup-24"><a href="#cite_ref-ancient_coup_24-0">^</a> Julius <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a>, 5 January 49 BC. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Norfolk Chronicle, 13 August 1785: "It is thought here by some, that it is a Coup d'Etat played off as a prelude to a disagreeable after-piece. But I can confidently assure you, that the above-mentioned arrêt was promulgated in consequence of innumerable complaints and murmurs which have found their way to the ears of the Sovereign. Our merchants contend, that they experience the greatest difficulties in trading with the English". </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"unk". <a href="/wiki/Kentish_Gazette" title="Kentish Gazette">Kentish Gazette</a>. Canterbury. 16 October 1804. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kentish+Gazette&rft.atitle=unk&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1804-10-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Self-coup_:18-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Self-coup_:18_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinCarterWright2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chin, John J; Carter, David B; Wright, Joseph G (2021). "The Varieties of Coups D'état: Introducing the Colpus Dataset". International Studies Quarterly. 65 (4): 1040–1051. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqab058">10.1093/isq/sqab058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Varieties+of+Coups+D%27%C3%A9tat%3A+Introducing+the+Colpus+Dataset&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1040-1051&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqab058&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=John+J&rft.au=Carter%2C+David+B&rft.au=Wright%2C+Joseph+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Self-coup_UY72-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Self-coup_UY72_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Edy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vMHNkmwKPuQC">Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4084-2"><bdi>978-1-4128-4084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uruguay+in+Transition%3A+From+Civilian+to+Military+Rule&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4084-2&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Edy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvMHNkmwKPuQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Self-coup_atlantic-2020-12-07-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Self-coup_atlantic-2020-12-07_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufekci2020" class="citation web cs1">Tufekci, Zeynep (7 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/trumps-farcical-inept-and-deadly-serious-coup-attempt/617309/">"This Must Be Your First"</a>. The Atlantic. <q>In political science, the term coup refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is self-coup or autocoup, sometimes autogolpe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=This+Must+Be+Your+First&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Tufekci&rft.aufirst=Zeynep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2020%2F12%2Ftrumps-farcical-inept-and-deadly-serious-coup-attempt%2F617309%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Self-coup_Nakamura-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Self-coup_Nakamura_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2021" class="citation news cs1">Nakamura, David (5 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-election-coup/2021/01/05/26afcfc0-4f6c-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html">"With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=With+brazen+assault+on+election%2C+Trump+prompts+critics+to+warn+of+a+coup&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-election-coup%2F2021%2F01%2F05%2F26afcfc0-4f6c-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leiv-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leiv_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leiv_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsteintredetMalamud2020" class="citation journal cs1">Marsteintredet, Leiv; Malamud, Andrés (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0032321719888857">"Coup with Adjectives: Conceptual Stretching or Innovation in Comparative Research?"</a>. Political Studies. 68 (4): 1014–1035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032321719888857">10.1177/0032321719888857</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10451%2F40441">10451/40441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217">0032-3217</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210147416">210147416</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213023750/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0032321719888857">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Coup+with+Adjectives%3A+Conceptual+Stretching+or+Innovation+in+Comparative+Research%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1014-1035&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10451%2F40441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210147416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0032-3217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032321719888857&rft.aulast=Marsteintredet&rft.aufirst=Leiv&rft.au=Malamud%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0032321719888857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2019" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, M.J. 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Routledge Handbook of State Recognition. pp. 205–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351131759-16">10.4324/9781351131759-16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-13175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-13175-9"><bdi>978-1-351-13175-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243704806">243704806</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704194027/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351131759-16/recognition-governments-peterson">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. 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Journal of the European Economic Association. 19 (3): 1782–1815. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjeea%2Fjvaa040">10.1093/jeea/jvaa040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+European+Economic+Association&rft.atitle=Media+Freedom+in+the+Shadow+of+a+Coup&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1782-1815&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjeea%2Fjvaa040&rft.au=Raphael+Boleslavsky&rft.au=Mehdi+Shadmehr&rft.au=Konstantin+Sonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Anita M. Andrew & John A. Rapp, Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), p. 324; Charles O. Hucker, China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture (Stanford University Press: 1975), p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Patrick Milton, Michael Axworthy & Brendan Simms, Towards A Westphalia for the Middle East (Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Mats Lundahl, Politics Or Markets? Essays on Haitian Underdevelopment (Routledge, 2002), p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErren2016" class="citation journal cs1">Erren, Lorenz (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/28/article/619459">"Feofan Prokopovich's Pravda voli monarshei as Fundamental Law of the Russian Empire"</a>. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 17 (2): 333–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2016.0027">10.1353/kri.2016.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-5000">1538-5000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159803557">159803557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=Feofan+Prokopovich%27s+Pravda+voli+monarshei+as+Fundamental+Law+of+the+Russian+Empire&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333-360&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159803557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1538-5000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2016.0027&rft.aulast=Erren&rft.aufirst=Lorenz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F28%2Farticle%2F619459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwds.de/wb/Putsch">"Putsch"</a>. DWDS – Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (in German). 31 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104050446/https://www.dwds.de/wb/Putsch">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2023. 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Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Akademie_Verlag" title="Akademie Verlag">Akademie Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-000626-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-000626-0"><bdi>978-3-05-000626-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Deutschen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-05-000626-0&rft.au=Pfeifer%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/putsch">"Definition of putsch: Did you know?"</a>. Merriam Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210192054/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/putsch">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+putsch%3A+Did+you+know%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fputsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Röhm-Putsch-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Röhm-Putsch_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/roehm/">"Röhm-Putsch"</a> (in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum (DHM), German Historical Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811150155/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/roehm/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6hm-Putsch&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum+%28DHM%29%2C+German+Historical+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fnazi%2Finnenpolitik%2Froehm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmanOgryzko2023" class="citation web cs1">Cashman, Richard; Ogryzko, Lesia (6 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/wagner-putsch-is-symptomatic-of-russias-ongoing-imperial-decline/">"Wagner putsch is symptomatic of Russia's ongoing imperial decline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Wagner+putsch+is+symptomatic+of+Russia%27s+ongoing+imperial+decline&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft.aulast=Cashman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ogryzko%2C+Lesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Fwagner-putsch-is-symptomatic-of-russias-ongoing-imperial-decline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/russias-aborted-wagner-putsch-how-it-evolved/">"Russia's aborted Wagner putsch: How it evolved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a>. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+aborted+Wagner+putsch%3A+How+it+evolved&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fglobal-europe%2Fnews%2Frussias-aborted-wagner-putsch-how-it-evolved%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luttwak-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Luttwak_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuttwak1979" class="citation book cs1">Luttwak, Edward (1979). Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17547-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17547-1"><bdi>978-0-674-17547-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coup+d%27%C3%89tat%3A+A+Practical+Handbook&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-674-17547-1&rft.aulast=Luttwak&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Little-Siebold, Todd. "Cuartelazo" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 305. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a> 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitzAlthaus2022" class="citation web cs1">Zeitz, Joshua; Althaus, Scott (19 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/08/19/jan-6-coup-authoritarianism-expert-roundtable-00052281">"Ask the 'Coupologists': Just What Was Jan. 6 Anyway?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved 28 December 2023. <q>We have a set of categories including military coup, dissident coup, rebel coup, palace coup, foreign-backed coup, auto coup and others. So an attempted dissident coup is a coup initiated by a small group of discontents to include ex-military leaders, religious leaders, former government leaders, members of legislatures, parliament and civilians, but does not include security forces or police as they're organized arms of the government. And certainly by using that label, I am not trying to categorize in any sense the politics of people who are involved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ask+the+%27Coupologists%27%3A+Just+What+Was+Jan.+6+Anyway%3F&rft.pub=Politico&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft.aulast=Zeitz&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Althaus%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2022%2F08%2F19%2Fjan-6-coup-authoritarianism-expert-roundtable-00052281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClintCenterStmt-47"><a href="#cite_ref-ClintCenterStmt_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clinecenter.illinois.edu/coup-detat-project-cdp/statement_jan.27.2021">"It Was an Attempted Coup: The Cline Center's Coup D'état Project Categorizes the January 6, 2021 Assault on the US Capitol"</a>. Cline Center for Advanced Social Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204105008/https://clinecenter.illinois.edu/coup-detat-project-cdp/statement_jan.27.2021">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It+Was+an+Attempted+Coup%3A+The+Cline+Center%27s+Coup+D%27%C3%A9tat+Project+Categorizes+the+January+6%2C+2021+Assault+on+the+US+Capitol&rft.pub=Cline+Center+for+Advanced+Social+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclinecenter.illinois.edu%2Fcoup-detat-project-cdp%2Fstatement_jan.27.2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_GeddesJoseph_George_WrightJoseph_WrightErica_Frantz2018" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Geddes; Joseph George Wright; Joseph Wright; Erica Frantz (2018). How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11582-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11582-8"><bdi>978-1-107-11582-8</bdi></a>. <q>where a monarch who had not been directly running the country (in the sense that there was a prime minister and responsible government...) decides to assume all power. Yugoslavia in 1929 was an example of this.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Dictatorships+Work%3A+Power%2C+Personalization%2C+and+Collapse&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11582-8&rft.au=Barbara+Geddes&rft.au=Joseph+George+Wright&rft.au=Joseph+Wright&rft.au=Erica+Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/coup-detat">"Coup D'etat"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108070731/https://www.britannica.com/topic/coup-detat">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Coup+D%27etat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcoup-detat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Newton" class="citation web cs1">Kevin Newton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/change-caused-by-of-revolutions-coups-wars.html">"Change Caused by Revolutions, Coups & Wars"</a>. study.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018191428/https://study.com/academy/lesson/change-caused-by-of-revolutions-coups-wars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=study.com&rft.atitle=Change+Caused+by+Revolutions%2C+Coups+%26+Wars&rft.au=Kevin+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fchange-caused-by-of-revolutions-coups-wars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> David Lane: 'The Orange Revolution: 'People's Revolution' or Revolutionary Coup?', The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (BJPIR): 2008 Vol. 10, 525–549 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/39746_174023.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221127042335/https://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/39746_174023.pdf">Archived</a> 27 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_HammouPowellSellers2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Hammou, Salah; Powell, Jonathan; Sellers, Bailey (2023). "Sourcing and Bias in the Study of Coups: Lessons from the Middle East". International Studies Review. 25 (3): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisr%2Fviad031">10.1093/isr/viad031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Sourcing+and+Bias+in+the+Study+of+Coups%3A+Lessons+from+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisr%2Fviad031&rft.aulast=Ben+Hammou&rft.aufirst=Salah&rft.au=Powell%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Sellers%2C+Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeacefulRare-53"><a href="#cite_ref-PeacefulRare_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/16/orderly-transfers-of-power-occur-less-often-than-you-might-think">"Orderly transfers of power occur less often than you might think"</a>. 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"Civil–Military Relations in Indonesia and the Philippines". Armed Forces & Society. 34 (3): 474–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X07303607">10.1177/0095327X07303607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144520194">144520194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Civil%E2%80%93Military+Relations+in+Indonesia+and+the+Philippines&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=474-490&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X07303607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144520194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beeson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnorHebditch2008" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Ken; Hebditch, David (2008). How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-503-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-503-6"><bdi>978-1-84832-503-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Stage+a+Military+Coup%3A+From+Planning+to+Execution&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-503-6&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Hebditch%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>De Bruin, Erica (2020) How to Prevent Coups d'État. Cornell University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiner1962" class="citation book cs1">Finer, S.E. (1962). The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics. London: Pall Mall Press. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+on+Horseback%3A+The+Role+of+the+Military+in+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Pall+Mall+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodspeed1962" class="citation book cs1">Goodspeed, D. J. (1962). Six Coups d'État. New-York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a> Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Coups+d%27%C3%89tat&rft.place=New-York&rft.pub=Viking+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Luttwak, Edward (1979) Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17547-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17547-1">978-0-674-17547-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2016" class="citation journal cs1">McGowan, Patrick J. (2016). "Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955–2004". Armed Forces & Society. 32: 5–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X05277885">10.1177/0095327X05277885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144318327">144318327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Coups+and+Conflict+in+West+Africa%2C+1955%E2%80%932004&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=5-23&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X05277885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144318327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2016" class="citation journal cs1">McGowan, Patrick J. (2016). "Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955–2004". Armed Forces & Society. 32 (2): 234–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X05277886">10.1177/0095327X05277886</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144602647">144602647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Coups+and+Conflict+in+West+Africa%2C+1955%E2%80%932004&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=234-253&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X05277886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144602647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalaparte1931" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte, Curzio</a> (1931). <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat:_The_Technique_of_Revolution" title="Coup d'État: The Technique of Revolution">Technique du Coup d'État</a> (in French). Paris: Éditions Grasset.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technique+du+Coup+d%27%C3%89tat&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Grasset&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Malaparte&rft.aufirst=Curzio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFn'Diaye2016" class="citation journal cs1">n'Diaye, Boubacar (2016). "How Not to Institutionalize Civilian Control: Kenya's Coup Prevention Strategies, 1964–1997". Armed Forces & Society. 28 (4): 619–640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X0202800406">10.1177/0095327X0202800406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145783304">145783304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=How+Not+to+Institutionalize+Civilian+Control%3A+Kenya%27s+Coup+Prevention+Strategies%2C+1964%E2%80%931997&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=619-640&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X0202800406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145783304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=n%27Diaye&rft.aufirst=Boubacar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li>Powell, Jonathan M., et al. "A Coup At the Capitol? Conceptualizing Coups and Other Antidemocratic Actions." International Studies Review 24.1 (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/156919961/ISR_Conceptualizing_Coups_Forum.pdf">online</a>; scholars say coup is the ouster of the current government.</li></ul> <ul><li>Schiel, R., Powell, J., & Faulkner, C. (2020). <a href="//doi.org/10.1177/0738894220934882" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1177/0738894220934882">"Mutiny in Africa, 1950–2018".</a> Conflict Management and Peace Science.</li> <li>Singh, Naunihal. (2014) Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups. Johns Hopkins University Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coups d'état">Coups d'état</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/coup d'état">coup d'état</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnjchin.com/colpus">John J. Chin, David B. Carter & Joseph G. Wright. Dataset on all military and non-military coup attempts in the world since 1946.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107034216/https://www.jonathanmpowell.com/coup-detat-dataset.html">Powell, Jonathan & Clayton Thyne. Global Instances of Coups from 1950–Present</a> via Archive.org.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coups</a>, and attempted coups since 1991</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts" title="List of coups and coup attempts">List of coups and coup attempts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_since_2010" title="List of coups and coup attempts since 2010">since 2010</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Soviet Union (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">Georgia (1991–1992)</a>c</li> <li>Venezuela (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">April</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1992 Peruvian coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1992)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1992)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1992 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis">Guatemala (1993)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">Azerbaijan (1993)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russia (1993)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1993 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_the_Volunteers" title="Coup of the Volunteers">Lithuania (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1993)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana (1994)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Gambian coup d'état">Gambia (1994)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1994)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1994 Cambodian coup d'état attempt">Cambodia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_attempt" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup attempt">Azerbaijan (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Qatari_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1995 Qatari coup d'état">Qatar (1995)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Guinean_coup_attempt" title="1996 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="1996 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Iraqi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Iraqi coup attempt">Iraq (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Qatari_coup_attempt" title="1996 Qatari coup attempt">Qatar (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">Cambodia (1997)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">Turkey (1997)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1997 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1999)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Pakistan (1999)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d'état">Côte d'Ivoire (1999)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (2000)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="2000 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2000)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Solomon_Islands_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Solomon Islands coup d'état">Solomon Islands (2000)</a> c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Venezuela (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2002 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2003 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (2003)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="2003 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Philippines (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2003)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2004 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2004 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (2004)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">Equatorial Guinea (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylas_uprising" title="Andahuaylas uprising">Peru (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">Nepal (2005)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (2005)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2005)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2006 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2006)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_attempt" title="2006 Malagasy coup attempt">Madagascar (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2006)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Peninsula_siege" title="Manila Peninsula siege">Philippines (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Omdurman_attack" title="2008 Omdurman attack">Sudan (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2008)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2008)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">Madagascar (2009)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (2009)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2010)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_attempt" title="2010 Madagascar coup attempt">Madagascar (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2011 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="2011 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (2011)</a></li> <li>Mali (2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">March</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">April</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2012)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2012 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Eritrean_Army_mutiny" title="2013 Eritrean Army mutiny">Eritrea (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Central African Republic (2013)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2013 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt (2013)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="2013 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_coup_attempts" title="2014 Libyan coup attempts">Libya (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2014)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2014 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Yemen (2014–15)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">Turkey (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_clashes_(2016%E2%80%932018)" title="Western Libya clashes (2016–2018)">Libya (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Zimbabwe (2017)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aden_(2018)" title="Battle of Aden (2018)">Yemen (2018)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gabonese_coup_attempt" title="2019 Gabonese coup attempt">Gabon (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (2019)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_attempt" title="Amhara Region coup attempt">Ethiopia (2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2020)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2021)" title="Battle of Bangui (2021)">Central African Republic (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2021 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Tunisia (2021)</a>‡c</li> <li>Sudan (2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October</a>c</li></ul></li> <li>Burkina Faso (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September</a>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">Peru (2022)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2022 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudan (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2023)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (2023)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leone_coup_attempt" title="2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt">Sierra Leone (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State_coup_attempt" title="Oyo State coup attempt">Nigeria (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_attempt" title="2024 Bolivian coup attempt">Bolivia (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>‡ <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a> or its attempt</li> <li>[no symbol] <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coup</a> attempt</li> <li>c Successful <a class="mw-selflink selflink">coup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a> See also: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Plots_and_conspiracies" title="Template:Plots and conspiracies">Plots and conspiracies</a></li></ul> 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