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乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生平-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生平子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-家族背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家族背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>家族背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-家族背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-早年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>早年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>中年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-晚年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晚年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>晚年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-晚年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-个人生活" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#个人生活"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>个人生活</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-个人生活-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要科学贡献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要科学贡献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>主要科学贡献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-主要科学贡献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关主要科学贡献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-主要科学贡献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-化学热力学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化学热力学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>化学热力学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化学热力学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-统计力学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#统计力学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>统计力学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-统计力学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-向量分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#向量分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>向量分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-向量分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-物理光学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理光学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>物理光学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理光学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科学界的认可" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科学界的认可"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>科学界的认可</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科学界的认可-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后世对於吉布斯的纪念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后世对於吉布斯的纪念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>后世对於吉布斯的纪念</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-后世对於吉布斯的纪念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关后世对於吉布斯的纪念子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-后世对於吉布斯的纪念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文学作品中" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学作品中"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>文学作品中</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文学作品中-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要研究领域概览" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要研究领域概览"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>主要研究领域概览</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要研究领域概览-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关条目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关条目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>相关条目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关条目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。65种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Gibbs" title="Willard Gibbs – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="جوزيه غيبس – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيه غيبس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="جوزيه جيبس – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوزيه جيبس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozayya_Uillard_Gibbs" title="Cozayya Uillard Gibbs – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cozayya Uillard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Джозая Уілард Гібс – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джозая Уілард Гібс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Уилард Гибс – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилард Гибс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8" title="জোসায়া উইলার্ড গিবস – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোসায়া উইলার্ড গিবস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%82" title="Τζοσάια Γουίλαρντ Γκιμπς – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζοσάια Γουίλαρντ Γκιμπς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="جوسایا ویلارد گیبس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوسایا ویلارد گیبس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Gibbs" title="Willard Gibbs – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A1" title="ג&#039;וסיה וילארד גיבס – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג&#039;וסיה וילארד גיבס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%BD" title="Ջոզայա Գիբս – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոզայա Գիբս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA" title="ウィラード・ギブズ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィラード・ギブズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Джозайя Уиллард Гиббс – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джозайя Уиллард Гиббс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೋಸಯಾ ವಿಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಗಿಬ್ಸ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೋಸಯಾ ವಿಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಗಿಬ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4_%EC%9C%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="조사이어 윌러드 기브스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조사이어 윌러드 기브스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEosija_Vil%C4%81rds_Gibss" title="Džosija Vilārds Gibss – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džosija Vilārds Gibss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Gibbs" title="Willard Gibbs – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Вилард Гибс – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилард Гибс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जोसियाह विलार्ड गिब्स – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जोसियाह विलार्ड गिब्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%AB%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="جوسیا ویلارد ګیبس – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوسیا ویلارد ګیبس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Гиббс, Джозайя Уиллард – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиббс, Джозайя Уиллард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Gibbs" title="Willard Gibbs – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEosaja_Vilard_Gibs" title="Džosaja Vilard Gibs – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Džosaja Vilard Gibs" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Willard_Gibbs" title="J. Willard Gibbs – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="J. Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="யோசையா வில்லர்டு கிப்சு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோசையா வில்லர்டு கிப்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Ҷозия Виллард Гиббс – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷозия Виллард Гиббс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Willard_Gibbs" title="J. Willard Gibbs – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="J. Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC.%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D9%89%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="ج.ۋىللارد گىببس – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ج.ۋىللارد گىببس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D2%90%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B7" title="Джозая Віллард Ґіббз – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джозая Віллард Ґіббз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯოზაია უილარდ გიბსი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯოზაია უილარდ გიბსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="約西亞·威拉德·吉布斯 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約西亞·威拉德·吉布斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q153243#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯<br />Josiah Willard Gibbs</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Josiah Willard Gibbs"><img alt="Portrait of Josiah Willard Gibbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/235px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/353px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg/470px-Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_-from_MMS-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1839-02-11</span>)</span>1839年2月11日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%B6%85%E7%8B%84%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="康涅狄克州">康涅狄克州</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E9%BB%91%E6%96%87" title="纽黑文">纽黑文</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1903年4月28日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1903歲—04—28</span>)</span>(64歲)<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>康涅狄克州纽黑文</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">居住地</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母校</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">耶鲁大学</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">知名于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计力学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%BC" title="系综">系综</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%86%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="吉布斯熵">吉布斯熵</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="相空间">相空间</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%83%BD" title="吉布斯能">吉布斯能</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%9B%B8%E5%BE%8B" title="吉布斯相律">吉布斯相律</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="吉布斯悖论">吉布斯悖论</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="向量分析">向量分析</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="向量积">向量积</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="吉布斯现象">吉布斯现象</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8D%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="吉布斯-亥姆霍茲方程">吉布斯-亥姆霍茲方程</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF-%E6%9D%9C%E5%AE%89%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="吉布斯-杜安方程">吉布斯-杜安方程</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉布斯算法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gibbs algorithm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布斯算法(页面不存在)">吉布斯算法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_algorithm" class="extiw" title="en:Gibbs algorithm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gibbs algorithm</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉布斯测度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gibbs measure"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布斯测度(页面不存在)">吉布斯测度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_measure" class="extiw" title="en:Gibbs measure"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gibbs measure</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉布斯态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gibbs state"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E6%80%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布斯态(页面不存在)">吉布斯态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_state" class="extiw" title="en:Gibbs state"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gibbs state</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉布斯-汤姆森效应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gibbs–Thomson effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF-%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布斯-汤姆森效应(页面不存在)">吉布斯-汤姆森效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%E2%80%93Thomson_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Gibbs–Thomson effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gibbs–Thomson effect</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉布斯等温面" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gibbs isotherm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%AD%89%E6%B8%A9%E9%9D%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布斯等温面(页面不存在)">吉布斯等温面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_isotherm" class="extiw" title="en:Gibbs isotherm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gibbs isotherm</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF-%E5%94%90%E5%8D%97%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="吉布斯-唐南效应">吉布斯-唐南效应</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF-%E9%A6%AC%E5%80%AB%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="吉布斯-馬倫哥尼效應">吉布斯-馬倫哥尼效應</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉布斯引理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gibbs lemma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BC%95%E7%90%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布斯引理(页面不存在)">吉布斯引理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_lemma" class="extiw" title="en:Gibbs lemma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gibbs lemma</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="吉布斯不等式">吉布斯不等式</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">奖项</th><td class="infobox-data note" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦福德奖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rumford Prize"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伦福德奖(页面不存在)">伦福德奖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford_Prize" class="extiw" title="en:Rumford Prize"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rumford Prize</span></a></span>)</span></span>(1880年)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利奖章</a>(1901年)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><b>科学生涯</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">研究领域</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="化学">化学</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="耶鲁大学">耶鲁大学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87" title="论文">论文</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">《论正传动装置中齿轮齿的样式》(<i>On the Form of the Teeth of Wheels in Spur Gearing</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%8E%E5%B8%AB" title="博士導師">博士導師</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="休伯特·安森·牛顿">休伯特·安森·牛顿</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">博士生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德温·比德韦尔·威尔逊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德温·比德韦尔·威尔逊(页面不存在)">埃德温·比德韦尔·威尔逊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" class="extiw" title="en:Edwin Bidwell Wilson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edwin Bidwell Wilson</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E9%9B%AA" title="欧文·费雪">欧文·费雪</a>,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·巴姆斯特德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Bumstead"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·巴姆斯特德(页面不存在)">亨利·巴姆斯特德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bumstead" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Bumstead"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Bumstead</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="林德·惠勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lynde Wheeler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="林德·惠勒(页面不存在)">林德·惠勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynde_Wheeler" class="extiw" title="en:Lynde Wheeler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lynde Wheeler</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%AF%8C%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="李·德富雷斯特">李·德富雷斯特</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">受影响自</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁道夫·克劳修斯">鲁道夫·克劳修斯</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="赫爾曼·格拉斯曼">赫爾曼·格拉斯曼</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="路德维希·玻尔兹曼">路德维希·玻尔兹曼</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">签名</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JWgibbs-signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gibbs&#39;s signature"><img alt="Gibbs&#39;s signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/JWgibbs-signature.jpg/150px-JWgibbs-signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/JWgibbs-signature.jpg/225px-JWgibbs-signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/JWgibbs-signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯</b>(英語:<span lang="en">Josiah Willard Gibbs</span>,<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:英語國際音標">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/:「guy」的「g」音">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/:「kit」的「i」音">ɪ</span><span title="「buy」的「b」音">b</span><span title="「zoom」的「z」音">z</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>;1839年2月11日—1903年4月28日),美国科学家。他在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="化学">化学</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>领域都做出了重大的理论贡献,其中在有关<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a>的实际应用的研究奠定了<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化學</a>的基础。<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan1910_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:344</sup>吉布斯还通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%BC" title="系综">系综</a>理论给出了<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學定律">热力学定律</a>的一种微观解释,由此成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计力学</a>的创建者之一。“统计力学”这个术语也是由他引入的。同时,吉布斯还将<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a>引入<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理光学</a>的研究,并与英国科学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E7%B6%AD%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="奧利弗·亥維賽">奥利弗·亥维赛</a>各自独立发展了现代<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="向量分析">向量分析</a>理论<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:473</sup>。 </p><p>1863年,吉布斯获得<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="耶鲁大学">耶鲁学院</a>所授予的美国国内首个<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程学</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士">博士</a>学位。1871年,他在旅居欧洲三年后被聘任为耶鲁学院的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學物理學">数学物理学</a>教授,并一直担任这一职位直到去世。吉布斯尽管相对孤立於当时科学蓬勃发展的欧洲,但还是成为了美国首位获得国际声誉的理论科学家,并被<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a>誉为“美国史上最为杰出的英才”<sup id="cite_ref-APS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1901年,他因在数学物理学领域的贡献而獲授当时国际科学界的最高奖项,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="英国皇家学会">英国皇家学会</a>颁发的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利奖章</a><sup id="cite_ref-Copley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>吉布斯一生的事迹受到众多作家以及评论家的传颂。他所做的研究尽管大多都是纯理论性的,但其实际应用价值在20世纪上半叶化工领域的蓬勃发展中得到了充分的體現。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾物理學獎">諾貝爾物理學獎</a>得主<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E7%AB%8B%E6%A0%B9" title="罗伯特·密立根">罗伯特·密立根</a>曾这样评价吉布斯:“[他]對于统计力学和热力学来说,就如同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="拉普拉斯">拉普拉斯</a>之于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="天体力学">天体力学</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦">麦克斯韦</a>之于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="电动力学">电动力学</a>。他为自己所研究的领域构造了几近完整的理论体系。”<sup id="cite_ref-Millikan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millikan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:121–146</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="家族背景"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E6.97.8F.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>家族背景</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:家族背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>吉布斯出身于一个英才辈出的美国北方家族。他的父亲是语言学家兼神学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="老乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs, Sr."><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="老乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯(页面不存在)">老乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs,_Sr." class="extiw" title="en:Josiah Willard Gibbs, Sr."><span lang="en" dir="auto">Josiah Willard Gibbs, Sr.</span></a></span>)</span></span>,母亲是玛丽·安娜·吉布斯<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他是他父母五个子女中的老四,也是他们唯一的儿子。他的父系血缘可追溯至曾于1701年至1707年担任<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E9%95%BF" title="哈佛大学校长">哈佛大学校长</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨缪尔·威拉德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Samuel Willard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="萨缪尔·威拉德(页面不存在)">萨缪尔·威拉德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Willard" class="extiw" title="en:Samuel Willard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Samuel Willard</span></a></span>)</span></span>,而其母系血缘则可追溯至新泽西州学院<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>的首任校长<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔纳森·迪金森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jonathan Dickinson (New Jersey)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乔纳森·迪金森(页面不存在)">乔纳森·迪金森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Dickinson_(New_Jersey)" class="extiw" title="en:Jonathan Dickinson (New Jersey)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jonathan Dickinson (New Jersey)</span></a></span>)</span></span>牧师。“乔赛亚·威拉德”这个名字则来源於吉布斯曾任<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%B8%E5%A1%9E%E6%B9%BE%E7%9C%81" title="马萨诸塞湾省">马萨诸塞湾省</a>布政司的祖先,乔赛亚·威拉德。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吉布斯的家人及同事一般把他父亲叫作“乔赛亚”,而称他为“威拉德”<sup id="cite_ref-Cropper2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cropper2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:121</sup>。老吉布斯自1824年至1861年其去世一直担任<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="耶鲁大学神学院">耶鲁大学神学院</a>的经学教授。他积极支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="废奴主义">废奴主义</a>,曾帮助<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="友谊号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="La Amistad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8B%E8%B0%8A%E5%8F%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="友谊号(页面不存在)">友谊号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Amistad" class="extiw" title="en:La Amistad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">La Amistad</span></a></span>)</span></span>(西班牙語:<span lang="es"><i>La Amistad</i></span>)帆船所载的非洲人寻找翻译,让他们能够为反抗行为作证辩护<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早年"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E5.B9.B4"></span>早年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:早年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWGibbs-student.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a young Willard Gibbs, circa 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JWGibbs-student.jpg/220px-JWGibbs-student.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JWGibbs-student.jpg/330px-JWGibbs-student.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/JWGibbs-student.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>学生时代的吉布斯(大约摄于1855年)</figcaption></figure> <p>吉布斯10歲時就读于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍普金斯学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hopkins School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="霍普金斯学校(页面不存在)">霍普金斯学校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_School" class="extiw" title="en:Hopkins School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hopkins School</span></a></span>)</span></span>,后于1854年进入耶鲁学院学习。在校期間,他曾因数学及拉丁语成绩优异而获奖。1858年,他以班级顶尖成绩毕业。<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕业后,他留校成为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="谢菲尔德科学学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sheffield Scientific School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%A2%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="谢菲尔德科学学校(页面不存在)">谢菲尔德科学学校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Scientific_School" class="extiw" title="en:Sheffield Scientific School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sheffield Scientific School</span></a></span>)</span></span>的研究生。19岁时,吉布斯当选康涅狄格艺术与科学学会会员。这个学会的会员大多是耶鲁学院的教员。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:104</sup>数学家和天文学家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="休伯特·安森·牛顿">休伯特·安森·牛顿</a>是吉布斯耶魯時期的導師。牛顿对吉布斯的未來發展产生了很大程度的影響。他是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%98%9F%E4%BD%93" title="流星体">流星体</a>方面研究的权威,并且是吉布斯一生的挚友。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:23–24</sup>1861年,吉布斯在其父去世后继承了一笔遗产。这笔遗产足以应付其日常开支<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:120, 142</sup>。 </p><p>吉布斯早年一直受多种健康问题困扰。他的医生曾怀疑他是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="结核">结核</a>易感者。他的母亲就是因结核丧命。同时他还患有<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%85%89" title="散光">散光</a>。由于当时的眼科大夫对如何矫正散光仍知之甚少,因此吉布斯不得不自行验光制作矫正镜片。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:29–31</sup>但他只在晚年阅读或做其他细致的工作时戴眼镜。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30–31</sup>健康状况不佳可能就是他没有在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南北战争">南北战争</a>期间自愿参军的原因之一<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30</sup>。战时,他也并没有受到征召,得以一直留在耶鲁<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:134</sup>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWGibbs-tutor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Willard Gibbs as a Yale College tutor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JWGibbs-tutor.jpg/170px-JWGibbs-tutor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/JWGibbs-tutor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>担任耶鲁学院助教时的吉布斯<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>1863年,耶鲁学院授予了吉布斯美国国内首个工程学哲学博士学位<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:32</sup>。他的学位论文题为《论直齿轮轮齿的样式》(<span lang="en"><i>On the Form of the Teeth of Wheels in Spur Gearing</i></span>)。在这篇文章中,他利用几何方法探讨了不同的齿轮设计样式。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:32</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>毕业后,吉布斯留校当了三年助教。他头两年讲授拉丁语,第三年讲授物理<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1866年,他申请了一项有关火车制动的专利<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:51–62</sup>。美國的火車因为此项专利不再需要配備制动员<sup id="cite_ref-Ioan_James_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ioan_James-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:159</sup>。同年,他在康涅狄格学会宣读了一篇题为《长度单位的确切大小》(<span lang="en"><i>The Proper Magnitude of the Units of Length</i></span>)的论文。他在文中提出了机械领域中计量单位系统的一个合理化方案。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:appendix II</sup> </p><p>在卸任助教后,吉布斯与兩個姐姐,安娜和茱莉亞,一起去欧洲旅行。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在那个时代,美國在自然科学方面特别是在<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理光學">物理光學</a>等领域的研究遠遠落後于歐洲。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:39</sup>1866年末至1867年初,姐弟三人都是在巴黎度过的。吉布斯在那里旁听了由著名数学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%88%98%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟夫·刘维尔">约瑟夫·刘维尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%92" title="米歇尔·沙勒">米歇尔·沙勒</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%82%A6%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="索邦學院">索邦学院</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="法兰西公学院">法兰西公学院</a>做的讲座。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:40</sup>而在废寝忘食的学习后,吉布斯患上了重感冒。为了防止病情加重为肺结核,医生建议他去法国<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%9A%E8%93%9D%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="蔚蓝海岸">蔚蓝海岸</a>养病。他与他的姐姐在那里度过数月直至完全康复。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:41</sup> </p><p>随后他们辗转来到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>。吉布斯旁听了数学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯">卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%86%85%E5%85%8B" title="利奥波德·克罗内克">利奥波德·克罗内克</a>以及化学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="海因里希·馬格努斯">海因里希·马格努斯</a>的讲課。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:42</sup>1867年8月,吉布斯的姐姐茱莉亞与艾迪森·范·内姆在柏林完婚。范·内姆曾是吉布斯在耶鲁的同学。这对新婚夫妇随后回到了纽黑文,而吉布斯和姐姐安娜则继续留在德国。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:151</sup>吉布斯在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="海德堡大学">海德堡大学</a>見習了物理学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="古斯塔夫·基尔霍夫">古斯塔夫·基尔霍夫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹</a>的科学工作。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:160</sup> </p><p>1869年6月,吉布斯回到耶鲁为工科学生教授法语。<sup id="cite_ref-Klein1990_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1990-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:40</sup>同时,他还致力于设计一种新型的蒸汽机<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="调速器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Governor (device)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%83%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="调速器(页面不存在)">调速器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)" class="extiw" title="en:Governor (device)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Governor (device)</span></a></span>)</span></span>。这也是他在机械工程领域最后的一项重要研究。<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:54–55</sup>1871年,他任職为耶鲁学院的数学物理学教授。这是美国国内首个同类教授席位。吉布斯当时尚未发表任何学术著作,只被指派了研究生的教学工作。吉布斯虽然此时没有任何薪酬,但仍能靠父母的遗产安稳度日。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:181–182</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中年"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.B9.B4"></span>中年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:中年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxwell%27s_letters_plate_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maxwell&#39;s handmade sketch of the thermodynamic surface for water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Maxwell%27s_letters_plate_IV.jpg/250px-Maxwell%27s_letters_plate_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Maxwell%27s_letters_plate_IV.jpg/375px-Maxwell%27s_letters_plate_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Maxwell%27s_letters_plate_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>麦克斯韦所作的恒温线和恒压线的草图,为他后来制作吉布斯定义的水的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="等温面" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maxwell&#39;s thermodynamic surface"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%B8%A9%E9%9D%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="等温面(页面不存在)">等温面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_thermodynamic_surface" class="extiw" title="en:Maxwell&#39;s thermodynamic surface"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maxwell's thermodynamic surface</span></a></span>)</span></span>的黏土模子而作。</figcaption></figure> <p>1873年,当时年已34岁的吉布斯才開始发表学术著作<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。该年,他在《康涅狄格学会学报》(<span lang="en"><i>Transactions of the Connecticut Academy</i></span>)上發表了兩篇论文,论述了如何利用几何方法表示热力学量。他在這兩篇論文主要探讨了相圖应怎樣使用。在作學術研究時,吉布斯很喜歡使用相圖來啟發自己的想像力,而不是使用機械模型的方法,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>因為機械模型可能不會完全地模擬對應的現象。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>雖然那部期刊的读者中没有多少人能理解吉布斯做的这项科学工作,但在给欧洲的同行传阅他的这篇论文后,他收到了来自<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦</a>的热情回应。麦克斯韦甚至亲手做了一个描绘吉布斯所提出的几何模型的黏土模子。随后,他利用这个模子制作了兩个石膏模型,并将其中一个寄给了吉布斯。那个模型如今就陈列在耶鲁大学物理系。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kriz1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kriz1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>麦克斯韦在1875年出版的《热学》(<span lang="en"><i>Theory of Heat</i></span>)的新修订本中用一章的篇幅叙述了吉布斯的这项工作。他在向<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="伦敦化学学会">伦敦化学学会</a>做的一次演讲中叙述了吉布斯所提出的图像方法的实用性,而且在为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全书</a>撰写的有关图解法的文章中也提及了这项工作。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:201</sup>然而,麦克斯韦与吉布斯之间的合作却因其英年早逝而在1879年戛然而止。而一个笑谈随后传遍了纽黑文:“只有一个活人能理解吉布斯的论文。那就是麦克斯韦,但他现在却死了。”<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:251</sup> </p><p>吉布斯随后将他的热力学分析方法拓展到複<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">相</a>系统,并考虑到了多种实际应用情况。他在一部题为《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%A4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="关于多相物质平衡">关于多相物质平衡</a>》的学术专著中叙述了这一工作。这部专著分为两个部分,由康涅狄格学会先后于1875年和1878年出版。这部300余页的专著包含了700个有标号的方程式。<sup id="cite_ref-Cropper2001_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cropper2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:109</sup>其以<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁道夫·克劳修斯">鲁道夫·克劳修斯</a>说的一段有关<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律">热力学第一定律</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第二定律">热力学第二定律</a>的话开篇:“整个世界的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>是守恒的。整个世界的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>趋向于一个最大值。”<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:233</sup> </p><p>吉布斯在这部专著中利用热力学分析技巧严谨而巧妙地阐释了物理化学现象,对大量原本孤立的实验事实和观测结果做出了解释并将它们联系起来。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:ch. V</sup>这部专著被后人称作是“热力学的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="自然哲学的数学原理">自然哲学的数学原理</a>》”,被认为是一部“无所不包”的专著<sup id="cite_ref-Cropper2001_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cropper2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:109</sup>,为<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化學</a>奠定了坚实的基礎。<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan1910_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:350</sup>将这部专著译为德语的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德">威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德</a>把吉布斯称作是“化学能量学的鼻祖”。<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-1911_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1911-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>約翰·奥康纳和艾德蒙·罗伯逊这样评述这部专著:“这部专著的出版被公认为是化学史上一等一的要事……但是人们在许多年后才认识到它的价值。这很大程度上是由于其中的数学表述和严谨的推导过程令人望而却步。特别是对于最需要它的实验化学学生来说更是如此。”<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吉布斯到了1880年才开始领到耶鲁的薪酬。那一年,新成立于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="巴尔的摩">巴尔的摩</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·霍普金斯大学">约翰·霍普金斯大学</a>为他提供了年薪为3000美元的教授职位。作为回应,耶鲁则为他开出了令他较为满意的2000美元的年薪。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:91</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="晚年"><span id=".E6.99.9A.E5.B9.B4"></span>晚年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:晚年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SloaneLab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yale University&#39;s old Sloane Physical Laboratory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SloaneLab.jpg/230px-SloaneLab.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SloaneLab.jpg/345px-SloaneLab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/SloaneLab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>耶鲁大学的斯隆物理实验室(1882-1931),位于现在的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%B9%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="乔纳森·爱德华兹学院">乔纳森·爱德华兹学院</a>。吉布斯的办公室位于二层,图中塔楼的右侧。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:86</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>自1880年至1884年,吉布斯致力于将<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔曼·格拉斯曼">赫尔曼·格拉斯曼</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="外代数">外代数</a>发展为符合物理学家需要的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="向量微積分">向量微积分</a>。为了实现这一目标,吉布斯分别定义了两个向量的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E7%A7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="数量积">数量积</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="向量积">向量积</a>,并引入了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E7%9F%A2%E5%BC%A0%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="并矢张量">并矢张量</a>的概念。而英国的数学家和工程师<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E7%B6%AD%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="奧利弗·亥維賽">奥利弗·亥维赛</a>也在同一时期独立地进行类似的工作。<sup id="cite_ref-Crowe1967_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowe1967-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:150, 155-157</sup>吉布斯一直尝试去让物理学家们认识到向量分析相对于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="四元数">四元数</a>分析的优越性。后者由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·哈密頓">威廉·哈密顿</a>引入,当时被英国科学家广泛应用。这引起了他和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·泰特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Tait (physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·泰特(页面不存在)">彼得·泰特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tait_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Tait (physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Tait (physicist)</span></a></span>)</span></span>等人在19世纪90年代初于《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="自然 (期刊)">自然</a>》杂志上的一场论战。论战的焦点之一是標記方法及其背後更为深层的问题。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs1906_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs1906-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:155</sup> </p><p>吉布斯有关向量分析的讲义《向量分析要素》(<span lang="en"><i>Elements of Vector Analysis</i></span>)起初并没有公开发行,仅在1881年和1884年为学生进行了小批量的印刷。這本讲义可称是現代向量分析的開端。<sup id="cite_ref-Crowe1967_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowe1967-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:150</sup>由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德温·比德韦尔·威尔逊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德温·比德韦尔·威尔逊(页面不存在)">埃德温·比德韦尔·威尔逊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" class="extiw" title="en:Edwin Bidwell Wilson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edwin Bidwell Wilson</span></a></span>)</span></span>依据这部讲义改编的教科书《向量分析》(<span lang="en"><i>Vector Analysis</i></span>)后于1901年出版。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这本书推广了后来在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="电动力学">电动力学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体力学">流体力学</a>领域受到广泛使用的<a href="/wiki/Nabla%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabla算子">&#8711;</a>標記。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:111</sup>他的另一项在数学领域的成就是“重新”发现了傅里叶级数的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="吉布斯现象">吉布斯现象</a>。这一现象在被吉布斯发现的50年前曾被一位并不出名的英国数学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·威尔布里厄姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Wilbraham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%8E%84%E5%A7%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·威尔布里厄姆(页面不存在)">亨利·威尔布里厄姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilbraham" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Wilbraham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Wilbraham</span></a></span>)</span></span>描述过,但吉布斯本人并不知道这一点。<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_1979_129–160_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt_1979_129–160-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sine_integral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plot of the sine integral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/220px-Sine_integral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/330px-Sine_integral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/440px-Sine_integral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86#正弦积分" title="三角积分">正弦積分</a>函數,它給出了實數線上<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E9%98%B6%E8%B7%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="单位阶跃函数">階躍函數</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%95%B0" title="傅里叶级数">傅里葉級數</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="吉布斯现象">吉布斯現象</a>相關的過衝。</figcaption></figure> <p>在學術生涯初期,吉布斯曾在物理光學領域付出一番心力。但他在研究时常有意规避对于物质的微观结构的推测,而去選擇基於宏观的一般原則與實驗事實的论题来进行研究。所以他在發覺到物理光學領域的進一步研究必須涉及到物質微觀結構之時毅然決然地改換至熱力學領域。後來,当他意識到馬克士威提出的電磁學理論有極大的發展空間而且不需要推測物質的微觀結構时,他又重啟了在物理光學領域的研究。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:121-122</sup>自1882年至1889年,吉布斯写了五篇有关<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理光学</a>的论文。在这些论文中,吉布斯运用麦克斯韦的电磁學理论研究了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="双折射">双折射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="色散">色散</a>及其它重要光学现象,并批驳了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" title="开尔文勋爵">开尔文勋爵</a>等人提出的光的机械波理论。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>延续着他在热力学的研究的习惯,吉布斯使用的方法簡單而直接。在物質的微觀結構方面,他只做了一个相當普通且合理的假設,即物質具有一种比光波波長小,但比基本組成粒子大的細粒結構。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>吉布斯所獲得的結果为馬克士威電磁理論提供了決定性证据。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:124-125</sup> </p><p>吉布斯创造了“统计力学”这一术语,并引入了用以描述物理系统的一些关键概念及它们相应的数学表述,包括1873年引入的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%83%BD" title="吉布斯能">吉布斯能</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、1876年引入的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" title="化学势">化学势</a><sup id="cite_ref-Klein1990_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1990-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:44</sup>、1902年引入的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%BC" title="系综">系综</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oppenheim_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheim-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:143-144</sup>。吉布斯通过多粒子系统的统计性质对于热力学的唯象定律进行了理论推导。这项工作在他去世的前一年发表于对后世具有很大影响力的教科书《统计力学基本原理》(<span lang="en"><i>Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics</i></span>)中。<sup id="cite_ref-Klein1990_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1990-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吉布斯乐于独处的性格以及对于工作过度沉迷令学生很难接近他。他最看重的学生埃德温·比德韦尔·威尔逊这样描述吉布斯: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">除了在课堂上,我们很少能看到吉布斯。在下午的工作完成后,他会在从舊斯隆实验室的办公室到他家的街上散步,作为工作与晚餐间的小锻炼。在那段时间,我们偶尔会遇到他。<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1931_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1931-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>有些數學較差的學生也多多少少由於他对于研究课题的沉迷而时常跟不上吉布斯的进度。每當學生總結對論題的表述之後,他还會習慣地問到:「是否已獲證明?」<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan1910_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:358</sup>尽管如此,不少其他领域的著名学者也曾与吉布斯有过师生之谊。1891年,吉布斯审读了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E9%9B%AA" title="欧文·费雪">欧文·费雪</a>的数理经济学的博士论文。<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:225–243</sup>吉布斯去世后,费雪资助了其著作全集的出版<sup id="cite_ref-Celebrating-Fisher_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celebrating-Fisher-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。吉布斯另一位著名的学生是无线电技术的先驱<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%AF%8C%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="李·德富雷斯特">李·德富雷斯特</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-DeForest_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeForest-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吉布斯1903年4月28日因急性肠梗阻在纽黑文去世,享年64岁<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1931_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1931-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他的葬礼两天后在他的家中举行。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:197</sup>他的遗体被安葬在邻近的格罗夫街公墓<sup id="cite_ref-grave_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grave-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。耶鲁大学同年五月在斯隆实验室举行了他的追悼会。英国物理学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E5%AD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·汤姆孙">约瑟夫·汤姆孙</a>出席了追悼会并做了一个简短演讲。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:197–199</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="个人生活"><span id=".E4.B8.AA.E4.BA.BA.E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB"></span>个人生活</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:个人生活"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWGibbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Willard Gibbs, circa 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/JWGibbs.jpg/220px-JWGibbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/JWGibbs.jpg/330px-JWGibbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/JWGibbs.jpg/440px-JWGibbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>1895年左右拍摄的肖像。依据吉布斯的学生林德·惠勒描述,这幅肖像是现存肖像中最能真实展现吉布斯平时和蔼面孔的一幅。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:179–180</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>吉布斯终身未婚,一生都与他的姐姐茱莉亚及当耶鲁大学图书馆员的姐夫在他所生所长的地方生活。除了暑假时会定期去纽约州的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BC%A6%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="阿第伦达克山脉">阿第伦达克</a>和新罕布什尔州的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88_(%E6%96%B0%E7%BD%95%E5%B8%83%E5%A4%8F%E5%B7%9E)" title="白山山脈 (新罕布夏州)">白山</a>度假<sup id="cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeger1974-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15–16</sup>以及旅居欧洲的几年外,他的一生几乎都是在纽黑文度过的。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他在大一末加入了耶鲁学院教会<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeger1974-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15–16</sup><sup id="cite_ref-obituary-church_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary-church-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:238</sup>并一以贯之地参与日常的活动。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:16</sup>他在耶魯以「無瑕君子」而闻名。<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan1910_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:357</sup>在总统选举中,吉布斯通常会支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%85%9A_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="共和党 (美国)">共和党</a>的候选人。但和其他<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超然派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mugwump"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E7%84%B6%E6%B4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="超然派(页面不存在)">超然派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugwump" class="extiw" title="en:Mugwump"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mugwump</span></a></span>)</span></span>人士一样,他对于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政治集团" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political machine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="政治集团(页面不存在)">政治集团</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_machine" class="extiw" title="en:Political machine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political machine</span></a></span>)</span></span>带来的日益严重的腐败问题十分关切。这令他在<a href="/wiki/1884%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="1884年美國總統選舉">1884年美国总统选举</a>中转而支持较为保守的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="民主党 (美国)">民主党</a>候选人,<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%B0" title="格罗弗·克利夫兰">格罗弗·克利夫兰</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Samuelson-politics_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuelson-politics-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:255</sup>他其他的宗教及政治观点就不再为人所知了。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:16</sup> </p><p>吉布斯个人信笺并不是很多,并且后来很多或佚失或损毁<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:254, 345, 430</sup>。在学术著作外,他只出版了两部作品:一个是热力学数学理论奠基者之一,鲁道夫·克劳修斯的讣告,另一个则是他在耶鲁的导师休伯特·安森·牛顿的传记回忆录。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:95</sup>在他的学生埃德温·比德韦尔·威尔逊看来: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">吉布斯并不会花心思宣传自己,也不会刻意地去传播科学。他是那种在科研变为一种时髦前来自书香门第的学者……吉布斯并不是一个背离社会习俗的人,并不会刻意地去引人注意。他是个慈祥庄重的绅士。<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1931_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1931-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>他另一个学生<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="林德·惠勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lynde Wheeler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="林德·惠勒(页面不存在)">林德·惠勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynde_Wheeler" class="extiw" title="en:Lynde Wheeler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lynde Wheeler</span></a></span>)</span></span>这样描述晚年的吉布斯: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">他的衣着总是整洁得体。在街上,他还会戴一頂毡帽,而且从不会展现出那种有时被认为是天才们与生俱来的怪异举止……他为人诚恳而又会不过分热情,顯示出他天性中的那份质朴与真诚。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:179–180</sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>他在投资方面非常谨慎,并小心翼翼地经营着自己的财产。在他1903年去世时,他的遗产被估值十万美元。<sup id="cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeger1974-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15–16</sup>他为母校霍普金斯学校当了多年的受托人、书记以及财务员。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:144</sup>他被美国总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F" title="切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟">切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟</a>任命为1884年9月在费城召开的国家电气工程师会议的委员,并曾主持过其中一次会议。<sup id="cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeger1974-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15–16</sup>吉布斯还是一名敏锐而熟练的马术师。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:191</sup>他常常被看到在閒暇時間驾着<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="马车">马车</a>在纽黑文市區逛街。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:224</sup>他的学生<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·巴姆斯特德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Bumstead"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·巴姆斯特德(页面不存在)">亨利·巴姆斯特德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bumstead" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Bumstead"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Bumstead</span></a></span>)</span></span>在发表在《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国科学杂志" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American Journal of Science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国科学杂志(页面不存在)">美国科学杂志</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Science" class="extiw" title="en:American Journal of Science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American Journal of Science</span></a></span>)</span></span>》的讣告中这样评价吉布斯的个性: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">他举止不事张扬,性情和蔼,与人为善,从不急躁恼怒,毫无个人野心以及权力欲望。他一直在朝着成为一名无私的基督教徒绅士的理想而努力。在了解他的人们的心目中,他美丽而又尊貴的人格从不逊色于他科学上的伟大成就。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要科学贡献"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6.E8.B4.A1.E7.8C.AE"></span>主要科学贡献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:主要科学贡献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化学热力学"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6.E7.83.AD.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.A6"></span>化学热力学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:化学热力学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wykres_Gibbsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram representing the free energy of a substance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wykres_Gibbsa.svg/200px-Wykres_Gibbsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wykres_Gibbsa.svg/300px-Wykres_Gibbsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wykres_Gibbsa.svg/400px-Wykres_Gibbsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>一個系統的可用能量(available energy),摘自吉布斯1873年發表的論文。這幅圖描繪的是恆容、絕熱條件下的系統狀態。A為初態點。曲線MN表示耗散能量曲線(最小能量曲線)。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:73</sup>AD和AE分別是系統初態的能量和熵。AB是系統的可用能量,即系統在恆容、絕熱條件下能夠給出的最大<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>。AC是系統的「熵容量」,即系統在恆容、絕熱條件下能夠給出的最大熵。</figcaption></figure> <p>吉布斯在他19世纪70年代发表的论文中提出了利用<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span>,体积<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span>,压强<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span>和温度<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span>等<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="熱力學狀態">状态量</a>来表征一个系统的内能<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}"></span>的方法。他还提出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" title="化学势">化学势</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span>的概念,将其定义为在恒熵恒容条件下,系统内能的增量与该种物质分子数<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span>的增量的比值。借助这些方法及概念,吉布斯首次通过描述系统内能增量的微分的方式,將熱力學領域加以開拓:從只是有关熱能與機械能之間关系的理论,擴展為研究處於平衡狀況時的物質性質的一門學問:<sup id="cite_ref-Klein1990_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1990-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\mathrm {d} S-p\,\mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo>+</mo> <munder> <mo>&#x2211;<!-- ∑ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\mathrm {d} S-p\,\mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d255a2d278c67c4a771655b40c78366b0ac33de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:31.208ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} U=T\mathrm {d} S-p\,\mathrm {d} V+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}}"></span>;</dd></dl> <p>其中,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="內能">內能</a>,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">壓強</a>,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="體積">體積</a>,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>&#x03BC;<!-- μ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dea0a0293841cce9eef98b55e53a92b82ae59ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.201ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}}"></span>、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fef58cebf23adff9199f17325aefb5515fdca99d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{i}}"></span>分別是第<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="化学物种">化學物種</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" title="化学势">化學勢</a>與粒子數(或<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="摩尔 (单位)">摩尔</a>數)。 </p><p>式中最后一项为系统中所有化学物種的化学势与粒子数增量微分的乘积之和。通过对该式进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E8%AE%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="勒让德变换">勒让德变换</a>,他还定义了系统的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%83%BD" title="吉布斯能">吉布斯能</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=U-TS+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=U-TS+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1100fc4a3e94cee1424da40187d5c3901e5dd51c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.481ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=U-TS+pV}"></span>。</dd></dl> <p>吉布斯能是一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="热力学势">热力学势</a>,对于化学家判断某个化学反应在一定的温度和压强下是否能自发进行非常有用。利用类似的方法,他还得到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF-%E6%9D%9C%E5%AE%89%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="吉布斯-杜安方程">吉布斯-杜安方程</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:213-214</sup> </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%A4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="关于多相物质平衡">关于多相物质平衡</a>》被认为是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a>发展史上的里程碑<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。这部专著標誌著化學平衡理論的誕生,開啟了現代溶液理論,并糾正了<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="电化学">电化学</a>的錯誤理論。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:77-80</sup> </p><p>此外,他还提出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%9B%B8%E5%BE%8B" title="吉布斯相律">吉布斯相律</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=C-P+2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=C-P+2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/223a97115f60477e71af4dfcef51b67ce833f6d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.194ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=C-P+2}"></span>;</dd></dl> <p>其中,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span>是系统的自由度,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span>为系统的独立组元数,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span>为相态数目。 </p><p>吉布斯相律被廣泛應用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="冶金學">冶金學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="礦物學">礦物學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="岩石学">岩石學</a>等等學術領域,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="理论化学">理論化學</a>裏更是妙用無窮。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:79</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="统计力学"><span id=".E7.BB.9F.E8.AE.A1.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.A6"></span>统计力学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:统计力学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>吉布斯与<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·麦克斯韦</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="路德维希·玻尔兹曼">路德维希·玻尔兹曼</a>共同创建了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计力学</a>理论。“统计力学”这个术语也是由他创造的。统计力学旨在利用统计方法从大量微观粒子的运动角度得到对于宏观的热力学现象的微观解释。他还引入了<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="相空间">機械系統的相</a>的概念,<sup id="cite_ref-Nolte2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolte2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>并在这一概念基础上引入了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%BC" title="系综">系综</a>的概念,并由此给出了对于由麦克斯韦和玻尔兹曼提出的粒子系统统计性质理论的更为普遍的表述。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:155-159</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%BA%9E%E5%8A%A0%E8%8E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="亨利·庞加莱">亨利·庞加莱</a>於1904年提出,尽管麦克斯韦和玻尔兹曼更早利用概率的概念去解释宏观物理过程的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E6%80%A7" title="不可逆性">不可逆性</a>,但在这一问题上看得更为透彻的人是吉布斯。他在《统计力学基本原理》所做出的理论解释更容易理解。<sup id="cite_ref-Poincare_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poincare-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:297–320</sup>吉布斯对于不可逆性的分析及他对<a href="/wiki/H%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="H定理">H定理</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遍历假设" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ergodic hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="遍历假设(页面不存在)">遍历假设</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ergodic_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:ergodic hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ergodic hypothesis</span></a></span>)</span></span>的阐释对于20世纪数学物理学的发展产生重大影响。<sup id="cite_ref-Wightman_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wightman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:23–38</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiener_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiener-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吉布斯充分意识到,对于一个由大量经典粒子组成的系统,无论这个系统是处于固态还是處於气态,利用<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E5%9D%87%E5%88%86%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="能均分定理">能均分定理</a>都不能解釋它们的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%83%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="比热">比热</a>。他認為,基于「物质组成假定」來論述熱力學理論會遭遇到困難。這一点從上面提及的比熱这一例子中也可得知。<sup id="cite_ref-Klein1990_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1990-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>吉布斯本人对于统计力学理论框架进行了严谨细致的构造。这使得这套理论框架在发现物质在微观遵循量子法则而非经典定律之后仍能被完整地沿用。<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:160-161</sup>他对于有关混合气体熵的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="吉布斯悖论">吉布斯悖论</a>的解释经常被认为是量子力学中<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%90%8C%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="全同粒子">粒子全同性原理</a>的前导之一。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:140–143</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="向量分析"><span id=".E5.90.91.E9.87.8F.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>向量分析</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:向量分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_product_parallelogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram representing the cross product of two vectors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cross_product_parallelogram.svg/180px-Cross_product_parallelogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cross_product_parallelogram.svg/270px-Cross_product_parallelogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cross_product_parallelogram.svg/360px-Cross_product_parallelogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>两个向量的向量积的大小和方向。这一概念由吉布斯引入。</figcaption></figure> <p>英国的科学家在描述物理量的动态变化时一度非常依赖<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·哈密頓">威廉·哈密顿</a>所提出的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%83%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="四元数">四元数</a>的概念,比如麦克斯韦对于三维空间中电场与磁場的大小及方向不相同的电磁场所做的描述。然而,吉布斯注意到四元数之间的积总是可以表示为一个标量与一个三维向量的和。这会在數學方面带来复杂性與冗餘性。因而为了数学表述上的简洁以及便于教学,他定义了两个向量的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E7%A7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="数量积">数量积</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="向量积">向量积</a>。他所运用的这两种积的表示方法至今仍被广泛运用。他还对<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="向量微積分">向量微积分</a>的发展做出了巨大贡献。他所运用的一些运算技巧至今在电动力学、流体力学等等领域仍被沿用。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:107–108</sup> </p><p>19世纪70年代后期,在研究向量分析时,吉布斯发现他所运用的方法与先前<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔曼·格拉斯曼">赫尔曼·格拉斯曼</a>在研究多元代数时所利用的一个方法类似。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:107–109</sup>随后,吉布斯试图宣传格拉斯曼的这项工作,并强调他的方法比哈密顿的四元数方法更具一般性,并且从歷史的角度来说,被引入的時間更早。为了确立格拉斯曼方法更早被引入,吉布斯劝说格拉斯曼的后人寻找格拉斯曼1840年向<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="柏林洪堡大學">柏林大学</a>的研究机构提交的一篇论述<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90" title="潮汐">潮汐</a>现象的论文。在这篇论文中,格拉斯曼首先引入了后来被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="向量空间">向量空间</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="线性空间">線性空間</a>)的概念。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:113–116</sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_Grassmann_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor_Grassmann-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>由於吉布斯在19世纪80年代到90年代的努力提倡,四元数最终被由他及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E7%B6%AD%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="奧利弗·亥維賽">奥利弗·亥维赛</a>分别独立发展的向量分析理论取代。吉布斯在确定行星及彗星的运行轨道时运用了这种向量方法。<sup id="cite_ref-Crowe1967_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowe1967-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:160</sup>他还发展了互为倒易的<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%92%E6%98%93%E7%82%B9%E9%98%B5" title="倒易点阵">三元向量</a>的概念。这项工作对于之后<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="晶体学">晶体学</a>的发展非常重要。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:2–9</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物理光学"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.85.89.E5.AD.A6"></span>物理光学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:物理光学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing birefrigence by a calcite crystal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite.jpg/280px-Calcite.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite.jpg/420px-Calcite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite.jpg/560px-Calcite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>一块发生了双折射的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石">方解石</a>晶体。吉布斯利用有关电磁现象的麦克斯韦方程对于这一现象进行了理论解释。</figcaption></figure> <p>尽管吉布斯在物理光学方面的研究并不如他的其它科学工作那样为人们熟知,但是他利用<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a>对于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="双折射">双折射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%9A%84%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="光的色散">色散</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF" title="偏振">偏振</a>现象做出理论解释,這是经典<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a>领域的一项重大工作。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:127-129</sup>在这项工作中,吉布斯展示了麦克斯韦方程组在不需要对于物质微观结构及电磁波传播介质,即所谓的“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA" title="以太">以太</a>”,进行任何複雜假设时,仍能对于这些现象进行充分的解释。同时,吉布斯强调,利用麦克斯韦方程,可以轻易证明纵波形式的光并不存在。光的许多性质是基于光的橫波形式。而如果利用<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="開爾文男爵">開爾文男爵</a>提議的机械波傳播於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA" title="以太">無窮可壓縮以太</a>的理论去分析光的话,则需要更多特定条件才能成立,而麦克斯韦電磁學不需要引入新的假設 。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:130-131</sup>在最后一篇有关物理光学的论文中,吉布斯总结: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">可以这样说,利用电学理论对于光进行解释,并不需要引入新的假设,只需要利用电学相关定律即可。而且如果不把光的传播视为电场的传播的话,就很难说清介质的电性质和光性质为何会存在巧合。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>之后不久,光的电磁性质被德国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">海因里希·赫兹</a>通过实验的方法加以证实。<sup id="cite_ref-Hertz_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hertz-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科学界的认可"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6.E7.95.8C.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.A4.E5.8F.AF"></span>科学界的认可</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:科学界的认可"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在吉布斯工作的时代,美国严谨的理论科学传统并不深厚。他所做的研究工作对于他的学生和同行而言并不易于理解。因而他竭力让他的工作成果尽可能的通俗,并简化它们的表示以令它们更容易被接受。<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他有关热力学的开创性的著作多数发表在《康涅狄格学会学报》上。这部期刊由他当图书馆员的姐夫担当主编,在美国读者甚少,而欧洲的读者则更为寥寥。当吉布斯向学会提交那部有关多相物质平衡态的专著时,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%B1%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%AF%86%E5%A3%AB" title="伊莱亚斯·罗密士">伊莱亚斯·罗密士</a>和休伯特·安森·牛顿都对它有些抵触,因为他们根本不理解吉布斯所做的工作,但他们仍然帮助筹集其中数学符号排字所需费用。耶鲁的一些教员以及纽黑文各行各业的人也参与协助筹集这笔资金。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:225–226</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burlington_House_ILN_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Burlington House, London, in 1873" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Burlington_House_ILN_1873.jpg/260px-Burlington_House_ILN_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Burlington_House_ILN_1873.jpg/390px-Burlington_House_ILN_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Burlington_House_ILN_1873.jpg/520px-Burlington_House_ILN_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>英国皇家学会所在地,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="伯林顿府">伯林顿府</a></figcaption></figure> <p>尽管吉布斯表述热力学定律的方法迅速被麦克斯韦接受,但其直到20世纪中叶才经过<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉斯洛·蒂萨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="László Tisza"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E8%92%82%E8%90%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉斯洛·蒂萨(页面不存在)">拉斯洛·蒂萨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Tisza" class="extiw" title="en:László Tisza"><span lang="en" dir="auto">László Tisza</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赫伯特·卡连" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Herbert Callen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="赫伯特·卡连(页面不存在)">赫伯特·卡连</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Callen" class="extiw" title="en:Herbert Callen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Herbert Callen</span></a></span>)</span></span>等人的努力获得真正广泛的应用。<sup id="cite_ref-Wightman1979_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wightman1979-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:ix–lxxxv</sup>詹姆斯·杰拉尔德·克劳瑟这样描述吉布斯与美国科学界同行的关系: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">晚年的吉布斯是个身材高大、举止庄重、步伐矫健而又面色红润的绅士。他每天做着他那份家务,为人友善,对于不能举一反三的学生也是和蔼可亲,非常受朋友尊敬。但当时的美国科学界太过重视实际问题的解决,以至于他影响深远的科学工作在其在世时毫无用武之地。他在耶鲁度过了宁静的一生,受到一些年轻有为的学生的仰慕。但是美国科学界的同行对他的才华的印象却不是那么深刻。<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>不过,吉布斯确实获得了当时美国科学家所能获得的重要荣誉。1879年,他获选<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国国家科学院">美国国家科学院</a>院士。1880年,他因有关化学热力学的工作获得由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国文理科学院">美国文理科学院</a>颁发的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦福德奖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rumford Prize"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伦福德奖(页面不存在)">伦福德奖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford_Prize" class="extiw" title="en:Rumford Prize"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rumford Prize</span></a></span>)</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-Ingo2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingo2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他还获得了由普林斯顿大学和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="威廉姆斯学院">威廉姆斯学院</a>颁发的名誉博士学位。<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吉布斯1892年就任<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="倫敦數學學會">伦敦数学学会</a>荣誉会员,1897年获选<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="英国皇家学会">英国皇家学会</a>外籍会员。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:180</sup>他还获选<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="普鲁士科学院">普鲁士科学院</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="法国科学院">法国科学院</a>院士,获得由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%B9-%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="埃尔朗根-纽伦堡大学">埃尔朗根-纽伦堡大学</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="奥斯陆大学">奥斯陆大学</a>授予的名誉博士学位<sup id="cite_ref-Bumstead_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1901年,英国皇家学会又颁发给吉布斯当时被认为是自然科学界地位最高的国际奖项,<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利奖章</a><sup id="cite_ref-APS_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,并称他“首次对热力学第二定律在化学、电学、外力做功转化的热能及热容量等方面的运用做了详尽的讨论”<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-1911_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1911-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。美国海军驻伦敦武官,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查森·科洛弗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richardson Clover"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%B4%9B%E5%BC%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="理查森·科洛弗(页面不存在)">理查森·科洛弗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Clover" class="extiw" title="en:Richardson Clover"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richardson Clover</span></a></span>)</span></span>中校代表当时身处纽黑文的吉布斯出席了颁奖仪式。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:345</sup> </p><p>数学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%AE%89-%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%A1%94" title="吉安-卡洛·羅塔">吉安-卡洛·罗塔</a>在他的自传中提到他一次在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特林纪念图书馆">斯特林纪念图书馆</a>数学书库翻阅资料时的经历。他误打误撞地发现了一个附在吉布斯课堂手记的手写的邮件清单。其中列有200多个吉布斯同时代的有名的科学家,包括庞加莱、玻尔兹曼、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="大卫·希尔伯特">大卫·希尔伯特</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB" title="恩斯特·马赫">恩斯特·马赫</a>等等。由此,罗塔认为吉布斯的科学工作可能比当时出版材料中所暗示的那样,更为他所处时代的科学界精英熟知。<sup id="cite_ref-Rota_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rota-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:25</sup>林德·惠勒复制了那个邮件清单,并把它附在了他为吉布斯所做的传记的附录中。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:appendix IV</sup>吉布斯的专著《关于多相物质平衡》1892年被威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德译为当时在化学的科学文献中占据主导地位的德文,1899年又被<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%A4%8F%E7%89%B9%E5%88%97" title="亨利·路易·勒夏特列">亨利·路易·勒夏特列</a>译为法语。这多少能反映出而他的科学工作受到欧洲同行的赏识。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102–104</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影响"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>吉布斯为物理化学和统计力学奠定了基础。吉布斯在世时,他提出的相律即被荷兰化学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨德里克·罗泽博姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%B3%BD%E5%8D%9A%E5%A7%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亨德里克·罗泽博姆(页面不存在)">亨德里克·罗泽博姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_Bakhuis_Roozeboom" class="extiw" title="en:Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom</span></a></span>)</span></span>利用实验方法验证。罗泽博姆同时还展示了这条规律在多种实际情况中的普遍适用性。<sup id="cite_ref-Roozeboom_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roozeboom-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:277–278</sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>而吉布斯提出的热力学理论则在20世纪初期即受到化工领域,从电化学到合成氨气的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%9F%8F%E6%B3%95" title="哈柏法">哈柏法</a><sup id="cite_ref-Haber_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haber-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:437–456</sup>,广泛应用。 </p><p>当荷兰物理学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%96%AF" title="约翰内斯·范德瓦耳斯">约翰内斯·范德瓦耳斯</a>1910年因他关于气体和液体的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="状态方程">状态方程</a>的研究获得诺贝尔物理学奖时,他在获奖感言中表示他受到了吉布斯相关工作的巨大影响<sup id="cite_ref-vanderWaals_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderWaals-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">马克斯·普朗克</a>因利用量子的概念解决<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BD%93%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="黑体辐射">黑体辐射</a>问题获得1918年的诺贝尔奖。这项工作很大程度上是基于基尔霍夫,玻尔兹曼以及吉布斯有关热力学的工作。他说,吉布斯将永远处于美国以至整个世界有史以来最为伟大的理论物理学家之列。<sup id="cite_ref-Planck_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planck-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:21</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibbs-Elementary_principles_in_statistical_mechanics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page of Gibbs&#39;s Statistical Mechanics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gibbs-Elementary_principles_in_statistical_mechanics.png/200px-Gibbs-Elementary_principles_in_statistical_mechanics.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gibbs-Elementary_principles_in_statistical_mechanics.png/300px-Gibbs-Elementary_principles_in_statistical_mechanics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gibbs-Elementary_principles_in_statistical_mechanics.png/400px-Gibbs-Elementary_principles_in_statistical_mechanics.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption>1902年出版的吉布斯的教科书《统计力学基本原理》的扉页。这部专著是奠定统计力学基础的文献之一。</figcaption></figure> <p>20世纪上半叶,两部<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学">化学热力学</a>奠基之作相继出版。它们都是基於吉布斯在该领域所做的工作。它们分别是1923年出版的由<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="吉尔伯特·路易斯">吉尔伯特·路易斯</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="梅尔·兰德尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Merle Randall"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="梅尔·兰德尔(页面不存在)">梅尔·兰德尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Randall" class="extiw" title="en:Merle Randall"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Merle Randall</span></a></span>)</span></span>合著的《化学过程中的热力学和自由能》(<span lang="en"><i>Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes</i></span>)和1933年出版的由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱德华·古根海姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward A. Guggenheim"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="爱德华·古根海姆(页面不存在)">爱德华·古根海姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Guggenheim" class="extiw" title="en:Edward A. Guggenheim"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward A. Guggenheim</span></a></span>)</span></span>编著的《利用威拉德·吉布斯方法的现代热力学》(<span lang="en"><i>Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs</i></span>)。<sup id="cite_ref-Ott_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ott-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:1</sup> </p><p>吉布斯所提出的系综这一概念在理论物理学界和纯粹数学界都产生了巨大的影响。数学物理学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿瑟·怀特曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Wightman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿瑟·怀特曼(页面不存在)">阿瑟·怀特曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wightman" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Wightman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Wightman</span></a></span>)</span></span>这样评价吉布斯:“每位曾经学习过热力学和统计力学的人都会注意到,吉布斯的科学工作最令人印象深刻的特点之一,就是他对于概念的表述非常贴切。这让它们在理论物理学和数学经过百年动荡洗礼后仍能幸存下来。”<sup id="cite_ref-Wightman_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wightman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a>1902至1904年曾写过三篇有关统计力学的论文。但他一开始并不知道吉布斯在该领域的工作。在阅读了吉布斯所著的教科书后<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,爱因斯坦承认吉布斯所采用的处理方法要优于自己的,并说如果早一些知道吉布斯的相关工作的话,他可能就不会写那三篇文章了。<sup id="cite_ref-Navarro-Einstein_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navarro-Einstein-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:147–180</sup>1954年,在被问到谁是其所认识的最为伟大的思考者,爱因斯坦给出的回答是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9" title="亨德里克·洛伦兹">亨德里克·洛伦兹</a>。但他后来又补充道:“我与威拉德·吉布斯素昧平生,否则我也许会将他与洛伦兹一同作为我的答案。”<sup id="cite_ref-Pais_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pais-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:73</sup> </p><p>吉布斯在其早期论文中论述的热力学的图像方法反映了后来被数学家称作是<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="凸分析">凸分析</a>的思想。<sup id="cite_ref-Wightman1979_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wightman1979-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:x–xxxiv</sup>数学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99" title="巴里·西蒙">巴里·西蒙</a>称这一思想蛰伏了近75年。<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:287</sup>基於吉布斯关于热力学以及统计力学的工作的数学概念还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a>中的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉布斯引理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="吉布斯引理"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BC%95%E7%90%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布斯引理(页面不存在)">吉布斯引理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BC%95%E7%90%86" class="extiw" title="en:吉布斯引理"><span lang="en" dir="auto">吉布斯引理</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Danskin2012_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danskin2012-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="吉布斯不等式">吉布斯不等式</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bremaud2012_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremaud2012-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:68</sup>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="计算统计学">计算统计学</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="吉布斯取样法">吉布斯取样法</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Bolstad2011_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolstad2011-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:149-150</sup> </p><p>吉布斯发展的向量分析是他对数学做出的另一项巨大贡献。1901年出版的基於吉布斯讲义的《矢量分析》促进了矢量方法及其表示方法在理论物理学和数学界的推广,并令其最终取代了在当时科学文献中占主导地位的四元数。<sup id="cite_ref-Marsden_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:60-61</sup> </p><p>吉布斯还是被誉为“无线电之父”的李·德富雷斯特的导师。其发明了三极管放大器。<sup id="cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeger1974-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:18</sup>德福雷斯特认为“电气领域的领导者会是那些不断寻求<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a>、电磁振荡理论突破并用自己的才智探寻这种形式的能量应如何传播的人”。而他承认这一想法是来源於吉布斯。<sup id="cite_ref-DeForest_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeForest-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吉布斯还对数理经济学产生了间接的影响。他曾审读1891年获得耶鲁首个经济学哲学博士学位的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E9%9B%AA" title="欧文·费雪">欧文·费雪</a>的学位论文。在1892年出版的《价值和价格理论的数学研究》中,费雪借用吉布斯所提出的物理和化学系统的平衡理论,提出了市场的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="一般均衡理论">一般均衡理论</a>,并使用了吉布斯的向量表述方法。<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Celebrating-Fisher_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celebrating-Fisher-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>吉布斯的门徒威尔逊也曾指导过美国著名经济学家,诺贝尔经济学奖获得者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE" title="保羅·薩繆爾森">保罗·萨缪尔森</a><sup id="cite_ref-Samuelson-lecture_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuelson-lecture-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在1947年出版的《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="经济分析基础" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Foundations of Economic Analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="经济分析基础(页面不存在)">经济分析基础</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Economic_Analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Foundations of Economic Analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Foundations of Economic Analysis</span></a></span>)</span></span>》一书中,他将吉布斯说的“数学是一种语言”作为该书的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="题词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epigraph (literature)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%98%E8%AF%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="题词(页面不存在)">题词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" class="extiw" title="en:Epigraph (literature)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epigraph (literature)</span></a></span>)</span></span>。他说他对于价格的理解的思想渊源并不是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%AF%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="帕累托">帕累托</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%9B%A7%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="尤金·斯盧茨基">斯卢茨基</a>,“而是伟大的热力学家,耶鲁大学的威拉德·吉布斯”。<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:863</sup> </p><p>数学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="诺伯特·维纳">诺伯特·维纳</a>将吉布斯利用概率论对于统计力学的表述称作是“20世纪物理的第一次重大变革”,并且认为他所提出的控制论受到其很大的影响。他在《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人有人的用处" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Human Use of Human Beings"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%94%A8%E5%A4%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="人有人的用处(页面不存在)">人有人的用处</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings" class="extiw" title="en:The Human Use of Human Beings"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Human Use of Human Beings</span></a></span>)</span></span>》的序言中说:“本书旨在通过吉布斯的观点对于发展中的科学的实质性改造及其对我们生活态度总体上的间接影响,来说明其对于现代生活的冲击。”<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10–11</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="后世对於吉布斯的纪念"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E4.B8.96.E5.AF.B9.E6.96.BC.E5.90.89.E5.B8.83.E6.96.AF.E7.9A.84.E7.BA.AA.E5.BF.B5"></span>后世对於吉布斯的纪念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:后世对於吉布斯的纪念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWGibbs-bronze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of bronze memorial tablet of Willard Gibbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JWGibbs-bronze.jpg/225px-JWGibbs-bronze.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/JWGibbs-bronze.jpg/338px-JWGibbs-bronze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/JWGibbs-bronze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>吉布斯的青铜纪念像,原于1912年安放在斯隆物理实验室,现搬遷至耶鲁大学耶鲁大学乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯实验室的入口处。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JWGibbsLabs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the J. W. Gibbs Laboratories, Yale University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/JWGibbsLabs.jpg/215px-JWGibbsLabs.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/JWGibbsLabs.jpg/323px-JWGibbsLabs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/JWGibbsLabs.jpg/430px-JWGibbsLabs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>位于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耶鲁大学科学山" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Science Hill (Yale University)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%B1%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="耶鲁大学科学山(页面不存在)">耶鲁大学科学山</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Hill_(Yale_University)" class="extiw" title="en:Science Hill (Yale University)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Science Hill (Yale University)</span></a></span>)</span></span>的乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯实验室</figcaption></figure> <p>当德国物理化学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%BD%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="瓦爾特·能斯特">瓦尔特·能斯特</a>1906年为做<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西利曼纪念讲座" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Silliman Memorial Lectures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E6%9B%BC%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E8%AE%B2%E5%BA%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西利曼纪念讲座(页面不存在)">西利曼纪念讲座</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silliman_Memorial_Lectures" class="extiw" title="en:Silliman Memorial Lectures"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Silliman Memorial Lectures</span></a></span>)</span></span>而拜访耶鲁时,他惊讶地发现当时竟然没有設立任何吉布斯的紀念碑。因此,他为资助校方树立一座纪念碑而将500美元的讲座费捐出。由雕刻家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="李·劳瑞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lee Lawrie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E7%91%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="李·劳瑞(页面不存在)">李·劳瑞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Lawrie" class="extiw" title="en:Lee Lawrie"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lee Lawrie</span></a></span>)</span></span>完成的一尊<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E6%B5%AE%E9%9B%95" title="浅浮雕">浅浮雕</a>纪念像最终在1912年揭幕,安放在斯隆实验室。<sup id="cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeger1974-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:21</sup>1910年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="美国化学学会">美国化学学会</a>创设了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威拉德·吉布斯奖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Willard Gibbs Award"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="威拉德·吉布斯奖(页面不存在)">威拉德·吉布斯奖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" class="extiw" title="en:Willard Gibbs Award"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Willard Gibbs Award</span></a></span>)</span></span>,以表彰对于纯化学或应用化学做出杰出工作的人<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1923年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="美国数学学会">美国数学学会</a>捐资设立了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯讲座" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%B2%E5%BA%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯讲座(页面不存在)">乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯讲座</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_Lectureship" class="extiw" title="en:Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship</span></a></span>)</span></span>,“以向公众展示一些数学思想及它们的应用”<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1945年,耶鲁大学设立了乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯理论化学教授席位。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="拉斯·昂萨格">拉斯·昂萨格</a>一直担任这一教职直到1973年。昂萨格像吉布斯一样专注于将新的数学理论引入到物理化学的研究中来。他1968年获得了诺贝尔化学奖。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:77</sup>除了创设乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯实验室以及乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯数学副教授席位外,耶鲁大学还在1989年以及吉布斯去世百年之际的2003年举办了两场有关吉布斯生活和工作的专题座谈会。<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="罗格斯大学">罗格斯大学</a>也捐资设立了乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯热力学教授席位。伯纳德·科尔曼自1988年起就担任这一教职。<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>吉布斯1950年被选入<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%A0%82" title="美国伟人名人堂">美国伟人名人堂</a><sup id="cite_ref-HallofFame_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallofFame-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。海洋考察船乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯号自1958年至1971年在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="美国海军">美国海军</a>中服役。<sup id="cite_ref-ship_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ship-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>而为纪念吉布斯,1964年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83%E4%B8%9C%E4%BE%A7%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98" class="mw-redirect" title="月球东侧边缘">月球东侧边缘</a>附近的一个陨石坑被命名為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3%E5%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="吉布斯隕石坑">吉布斯隕石坑</a>。 <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2005年,美國郵政署發行了一套紀念美國科學家的郵票,其中包含了<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%83%B5%E7%A5%A8" title="吉布斯紀念郵票">吉布斯紀念郵票</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文学作品中"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6.E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81.E4.B8.AD"></span>文学作品中</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:文学作品中"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortune_June_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/thumb/2/28/Fortune_June_1946.jpg/200px-Fortune_June_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/2/28/Fortune_June_1946.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>《财富》杂志1946年6月号的封面,由阿瑟·利多夫(Arthur Lidov)创作。其中展示了吉布斯的水的等温面以及他提出的相律方程式。</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> 1909年,美国历史学家和小说家<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="亨利·亚当斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Adams"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF" title="亨利·亚当斯">亨利·亚当斯</a></span></span>写了一篇题为《历史的相律》(<i>The Rule of Phase Applied to History</i>)的文章。文中,他试图将吉布斯的相律以及其他热力学概念运用于对于整个人类史的分析之中。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB" title="威廉·詹姆士">威廉·詹姆士</a>等人批评了亚当斯在对于一些科学概念理解不够充分情况下,而随意引用它们来隱喻人类的思想以及社会的变革的做法。<sup id="cite_ref-Mindel-Adams_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindel-Adams-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:89–102</sup>这篇文章直到1919年亚当斯去世后才被發表於他的弟弟<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布鲁克斯·亚当斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brooks Adams"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布鲁克斯·亚当斯(页面不存在)">布鲁克斯·亚当斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Adams" class="extiw" title="en:Brooks Adams"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brooks Adams</span></a></span>)</span></span>编辑整理的《民主教条的退化》(<i>The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma</i>)一书中<sup id="cite_ref-Degradation_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degradation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>20世纪30年代,诗人<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆里尔·鲁凯泽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Muriel Rukeyser"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E5%87%AF%E6%B3%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="穆里尔·鲁凯泽(页面不存在)">穆里尔·鲁凯泽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Rukeyser" class="extiw" title="en:Muriel Rukeyser"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Muriel Rukeyser</span></a></span>)</span></span>被吉布斯一生事迹所吸引,为他写了一首有关他生活和工作的长诗,《吉布斯》<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,并为他创作了一部传记。<sup id="cite_ref-Gander-Lives_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gander-Lives-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:73–120</sup>她这样评价吉布斯: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">威拉德·吉布斯是那种将对于世界的幻想作为职业的人。他的故事如同为我们的生活和思想打开了一扇门的钥匙。在我看来,它是純粹幻想的象徵,儘管抽象與不實際,它所發掘出的理念可以被任何对它感兴趣的人在任何领域使用。对于我来说,與任何其他美国思想家、任何诗人、政客或是宗教人士的幻想相比,这种幻想更能代表幻想的本质。<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser-PT_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser-PT-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:6–13, 27</sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>鲁凯泽所作的传记于1942年出版,受到了文学界的好评<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser-literal_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser-literal-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。科学界则对之毁誉参半。吉布斯的外甥,耶鲁大学物理化学教授,拉尔夫·范·内姆就对她所作的传记感到不满。这多少是由于她缺乏相关的科学训练。他因此決定不讓她閱讀家族的信笺,并劝说吉布斯以前的学生撰寫包含更多有关其科学工作的内容的传记。<sup id="cite_ref-family-papers_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-papers-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>吉布斯的门徒埃德温·威尔逊也嚴厲批評鲁凯泽描述吉布斯一生的方式。<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-rev1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-rev1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:386–389</sup>在范·内姆和威尔逊的支持下,物理学家林德·惠勒撰寫了一本描述吉布斯的传記,并于1951年出版。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:ix–xiii</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-rev2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-rev2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:287–289</sup> </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C_(%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97)" title="财富 (杂志)">财富</a>》杂志1946年的一期以麦克斯韦所做的基於吉布斯工作的水的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="等温面" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gibbs_isotherm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%B8%A9%E9%9D%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="等温面(页面不存在)">等温面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_isotherm" class="extiw" title="en:Gibbs isotherm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gibbs_isotherm</span></a></span>)</span></span>作为封面,并配以封面故事“基础科学”。鲁凯泽称这个面为“水的雕塑”<sup id="cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:203</sup>,而杂志称它“是一位伟大的美国科学家的抽象创作,以当代艺术中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="象征主义">象征主义</a>形式表现出来”。<sup id="cite_ref-Fortune_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortune-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:117</sup>这幅由阿瑟·利多夫创作的封面里还包含吉布斯相律的数学表达式,一个雷达屏幕,示波器中显示的波形,<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">牛顿</a>的苹果以及一个三维<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相图</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Fortune_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortune-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯蒂芬妮·斯特里克兰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stephanie Strickland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯蒂芬妮·斯特里克兰(页面不存在)">斯蒂芬妮·斯特里克兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Strickland" class="extiw" title="en:Stephanie Strickland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stephanie Strickland</span></a></span>)</span></span>在她1997年出版的诗集《正北》(<i>True North</i>)中顯著地提到了吉布斯和鲁凯泽所寫的传記<sup id="cite_ref-Strickland_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strickland-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%81%E9%92%A6" title="托马斯·品钦">托马斯·品钦</a>在他2006年的小说《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E7%99%BD%E6%98%BC" title="抵抗白昼">抵抗白昼</a>》中将吉布斯设定为其中一个人物的导师。他在这部小说中也用不少的篇幅描写了<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%B2%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="冰洲石">冰洲石</a>发生的吉布斯曾经研究过的双折射现象。<sup id="cite_ref-Pynchon_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pynchon-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要研究领域概览"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E9.A2.86.E5.9F.9F.E6.A6.82.E8.A7.88"></span>主要研究领域概览</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:主要研究领域概览"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a></b>:<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%83%BD" title="吉布斯能">吉布斯能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相图</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%9B%B8%E5%BE%8B" title="吉布斯相律">吉布斯相律</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%93%E8%BF%90%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="输运现象">输运现象</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计力学</a></b>:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B6%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="系綜">系綜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" title="化学势">化学势</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%86%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="吉布斯熵">吉布斯熵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="吉布斯悖论">吉布斯悖论</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a></b>:<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="矢量分析">矢量分析</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="凸分析">凸分析</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="吉布斯现象">吉布斯现象</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a></b>:<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a>的应用、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="双折射">双折射</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关条目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.9D.A1.E7.9B.AE"></span>相关条目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:相关条目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热力学发展时间线" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of thermodynamics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="热力学发展时间线(页面不存在)">热力学发展时间线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of thermodynamics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of thermodynamics</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E4%B9%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="统计力学重要教科书列表">统计力学重要教科书列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国科学发展时间线" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of United States discoveries"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="美国科学发展时间线(页面不存在)">美国科学发展时间线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of United States discoveries"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of United States discoveries</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="理论物理学家列表">理论物理学家列表</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D" title="女性人名">娘家姓</a>范克里夫(Van Cliff)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">即后来的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="普林斯顿大学">普林斯顿大学</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">二姐伊麗莎(Eliza)與妹妹埃米莉(Emily)皆早夭</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦</a>曾經使用機械模型來建構他的電磁學理論。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">按照光的机械波理论,光的傳播需要借助於介質的存在。假若光介質的性质也可用普通物質理论进行研究,那么由这种介質的彈性性质,光也有縱波分量。<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:122</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">这是一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E7%9C%BE%E5%88%B6" title="會眾制">会众制</a>教会。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">假設一個機械系統是由n個粒子組成,且2n維空間中的一點可以用來代表這個機械系統的相,他稱這2n維空間為"相延伸",其意義與當今術語相空間等價。但是,吉布斯並沒有給出術語"相空間"。<sup id="cite_ref-Nolte2010_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolte2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《统计力学基本原理》1905年由<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%AD%96%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B" title="恩斯特·策梅洛">恩斯特·策梅洛</a>译为德文</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">收于她1939年出版的一部诗集《回旋的风》(<i>A Turning Wind</i>)中</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/m_en_gb0334600">Gibbs, Josiah Willard</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要付费订阅"><img alt="需要付费订阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.). Oxford Reference. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2023-09-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403235330/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/m_en_gb0334600">存档</a>于2022-04-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Gibbs%2C+Josiah+Willard&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+%283+ed.%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199571123.001.0001%2Fm_en_gb0334600&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E8%A8%82%E9%96%B1%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan1910-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan1910_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan1910_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan1910_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan1910_2-3"><sup><b>2.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jordan, D. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadingamerican00jordgoog">Leading American Men of Science</a>. H. Holt. 1910. <q>for it laid the foundation of the new science of physical science</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Jordan&amp;rft.btitle=Leading+American+Men+of+Science&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=H.+Holt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadingamerican00jordgoog&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">The Popular Science Monthly. Popular Science Publishing Company. 1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.btitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&amp;rft.date=1909&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Popular+Science+Publishing+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APS_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APS_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APS_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417020608/http://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/gibbs.cfm">J. Willard Gibbs</a>. Physics History. American Physical Society. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/gibbs.cfm">原始内容</a>存档于2015-04-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=J.+Willard+Gibbs&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Foutreach%2Fhistory%2Fhistoricsites%2Fgibbs.cfm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copley_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/awards/copley-medal/">Copley Medal</a>. Premier Awards. Royal Society. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316122212/https://royalsociety.org/awards/copley-medal/">存档</a>于2015-03-16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Copley+Medal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Premier+Awards&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fawards%2Fcopley-medal%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millikan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millikan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Millikan, R. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/michelson-a-a.pdf">Biographical Memoir of Albert Abraham Michelson, 1852–1931</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1938, <b>19</b> (4) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630084737/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/michelson-a-a.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2014-06-30).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Biographical+Memoir+of+Albert+Abraham+Michelson%2C+1852%E2%80%931931&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Millikan&amp;rft.date=1938&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fmichelson-a-a.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bumstead-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-0"><sup><b>7.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-1"><sup><b>7.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-2"><sup><b>7.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-3"><sup><b>7.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-4"><sup><b>7.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-5"><sup><b>7.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-6"><sup><b>7.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-7"><sup><b>7.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-8"><sup><b>7.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-9"><sup><b>7.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-10"><sup><b>7.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bumstead_9-11"><sup><b>7.11</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bumstead, H. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427182622/http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/htmg/gibbs-bumstead.htm">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>. 1903 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/htmg/gibbs-bumstead.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014-04-27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Bumstead&amp;rft.btitle=Josiah+Willard+Gibbs&amp;rft.date=1903&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fhelios%2Ffachinfo%2Fwww%2Fmath%2Fhtmg%2Fgibbs-bumstead.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cropper2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cropper2001_10-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cropper2001_10-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cropper2001_10-2"><sup><b>8.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cropper, W. H. "The Greatest Simplicity: Willard Gibbs", in Great Physicists. Oxford University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-517324-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-517324-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-19-517324-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Cropper&amp;rft.btitle=%22The+Greatest+Simplicity%3A+Willard+Gibbs%22%2C+in+Great+Physicists&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-517324-4&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Linder, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104191333/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/amistad/AMI_BGIB.HTM">Biography of Prof. Josiah Gibbs</a>. Famous American Trials: Amistad Trial. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/amistad/AMI_BGIB.HTM">原始内容</a>存档于2013-01-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Biography+of+Prof.+Josiah+Gibbs&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.aulast=Linder&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Famous+American+Trials%3A+Amistad+Trial&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Famistad%2FAMI_BGIB.HTM&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacTutor-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_12-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_12-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_12-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_12-3"><sup><b>10.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_12-4"><sup><b>10.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_12-5"><sup><b>10.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_12-6"><sup><b>10.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_12-7"><sup><b>10.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030174241/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Gibbs.html">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews, Scotland. School of Mathematics and Statistics. 1997 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Gibbs.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-10-30).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Josiah+Willard+Gibbs&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2FBiographies%2FGibbs.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rukeyser1988-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-0"><sup><b>11.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-1"><sup><b>11.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-2"><sup><b>11.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-3"><sup><b>11.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-4"><sup><b>11.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-5"><sup><b>11.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-6"><sup><b>11.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-7"><sup><b>11.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-8"><sup><b>11.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-9"><sup><b>11.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-10"><sup><b>11.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-11"><sup><b>11.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-12"><sup><b>11.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-13"><sup><b>11.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser1988_13-14"><sup><b>11.14</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rukeyser, M. Willard Gibbs: American Genius. Ox Bow Press. 1988 [1942]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-918024-57-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-918024-57-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-918024-57-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Rukeyser&amp;rft.btitle=Willard+Gibbs%3A+American+Genius&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-918024-57-9&amp;rft.pub=Ox+Bow+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler1998-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-0"><sup><b>12.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-1"><sup><b>12.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-2"><sup><b>12.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-3"><sup><b>12.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-4"><sup><b>12.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-5"><sup><b>12.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-6"><sup><b>12.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-7"><sup><b>12.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-8"><sup><b>12.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-9"><sup><b>12.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-10"><sup><b>12.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-11"><sup><b>12.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-12"><sup><b>12.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-13"><sup><b>12.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-14"><sup><b>12.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-15"><sup><b>12.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-16"><sup><b>12.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-17"><sup><b>12.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-18"><sup><b>12.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-19"><sup><b>12.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-20"><sup><b>12.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-21"><sup><b>12.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-22"><sup><b>12.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-23"><sup><b>12.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-24"><sup><b>12.24</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-25"><sup><b>12.25</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-26"><sup><b>12.26</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-27"><sup><b>12.27</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-28"><sup><b>12.28</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-29"><sup><b>12.29</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-30"><sup><b>12.30</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-31"><sup><b>12.31</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-32"><sup><b>12.32</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-33"><sup><b>12.33</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-34"><sup><b>12.34</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-35"><sup><b>12.35</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-36"><sup><b>12.36</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-37"><sup><b>12.37</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-38"><sup><b>12.38</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-39"><sup><b>12.39</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-40"><sup><b>12.40</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler1998_14-41"><sup><b>12.41</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wheeler, L. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josiahwillardgib0000whee">Josiah Willard Gibbs, The History of a Great Mind</a>. Ox Bow Press. 1998 [1951]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-881987-11-6" title="Special:网络书源/1-881987-11-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;1-881987-11-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Wheeler&amp;rft.btitle=Josiah+Willard+Gibbs%2C+The+History+of+a+Great+Mind&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-881987-11-6&amp;rft.pub=Ox+Bow+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosiahwillardgib0000whee&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gibbs, J. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232324/http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3439123">On the form of the teeth of wheels in spur gearing</a>. Yale University Library. 1863 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-03-27</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3439123">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+form+of+the+teeth+of+wheels+in+spur+gearing&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Gibbs&amp;rft.date=1863&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Yale+University+Library&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrbl-dl.library.yale.edu%2Fvufind%2FRecord%2F3439123&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gibbs, =J. W. The Early Work of Willard Gibbs in Applied Mechanics. Henry Schuman, Inc., Publishers. 1947. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-881987-17-5" title="Special:网络书源/1-881987-17-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;1-881987-17-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=%3DJ.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Gibbs&amp;rft.btitle=The+Early+Work+of+Willard+Gibbs+in+Applied+Mechanics&amp;rft.date=1947&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-881987-17-5&amp;rft.pub=Henry+Schuman%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ioan_James-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ioan_James_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James, I. Remarkable Physicists From Galileo to Yukawa. Cambridge University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-81687-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-81687-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-521-81687-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.aulast=James&amp;rft.btitle=Remarkable+Physicists+From+Galileo+to+Yukawa&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-81687-4&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein1990-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein1990_19-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein1990_19-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein1990_19-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein1990_19-3"><sup><b>16.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein1990_19-4"><sup><b>16.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Klein, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/43/9/10.1063/1.881258">The Physics of J. Willard Gibbs in His Time</a>. Physics Today. 1990, <b>43</b> (9) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-04-07</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881258"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1063/1.881258</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522022907/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.881258?journalCode=pto">存档</a>于2020-05-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+Physics+of+J.+Willard+Gibbs+in+His+Time&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Klein&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscitation.aip.org%2Fcontent%2Faip%2Fmagazine%2Fphysicstoday%2Farticle%2F43%2F9%2F10.1063%2F1.881258&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.881258&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayr-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayr_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mayr, O. Victorian physicists and speed regulation: An encounter between science and technology. Notes and records of the Royal Society of London. 1971, <b>26</b> (2): 205–228. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/531164"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;531164</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F531164"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/531164</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Victorian+physicists+and+speed+regulation%3A+An+encounter+between+science+and+technology&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rft.aulast=Mayr&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Notes+and+records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.pages=205-228&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F531164&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F531164&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Boynton, W. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203003439/http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/ESM4714/methods/PhysRev10%2C228-233_1900_Boynton.pdf">Gibbs' Thermodynamic Model</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Physical Review Series 1. 1900, <b>10</b>: 228–233 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-05-11</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevSeriesI.10.228"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.10.228</span></a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/ESM4714/methods/PhysRev10,228-233_1900_Boynton.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2014-02-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Gibbs%27+Thermodynamic+Model&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+P.&amp;rft.aulast=Boynton&amp;rft.date=1900&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Series+1&amp;rft.pages=228-233&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sv.vt.edu%2Fclasses%2FESM4714%2Fmethods%2FPhysRev10%2C228-233_1900_Boynton.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevSeriesI.10.228&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kriz1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kriz1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kriz, R. D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201163858/http://www.sv.vt.edu/classes/ESM4714/methods/Gibbs.html">Thermodynamic Case Study: Gibbs' Thermodynamic Graphical Method</a>. Virginia Tech, Dept. of Engineering Science and Mechanics. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esm.rkriz.net//classes/ESM4714/methods/Gibbs.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Kriz&amp;rft.btitle=Thermodynamic+Case+Study%3A+Gibbs%27+Thermodynamic+Graphical+Method&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Virginia+Tech%2C+Dept.+of+Engineering+Science+and+Mechanics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesm.rkriz.net%2F%2Fclasses%2FESM4714%2Fmethods%2FGibbs.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1911-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-1911_24-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-1911_24-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chisholm, H. (编). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gibbs,_Josiah_Willard">Gibbs, Josiah Willard</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica 11th Edition. Cambridge University Press. 1911 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-07-20</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816091546/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gibbs,_Josiah_Willard">存档</a>于2016-08-16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Gibbs%2C+Josiah+Willard&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.aulast=Chisholm&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rft.edition=11th+Edition&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F1911_Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica%2FGibbs%2C_Josiah_Willard&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护:冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowe1967-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowe1967_25-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowe1967_25-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowe1967_25-2"><sup><b>21.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crowe, M. J. A History of Vector Analysis: The Evolution of the Idea of a Vectorial System. Courier Corporation. 1967. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-67910-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-67910-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-486-67910-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Crowe&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Vector+Analysis%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Idea+of+a+Vectorial+System&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-486-67910-5&amp;rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs1906-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs1906_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gibbs, J. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scientificpapers02gibbuoft#page">The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs, Volume 2</a>. 1906. <q>The criticism relates particularly to notations…[and] a deeper question of notions underlying that of notations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Gibbs&amp;rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Papers+of+J.+Willard+Gibbs%2C+Volume+2&amp;rft.date=1906&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fscientificpapers02gibbuoft%23page&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewitt_1979_129–160-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hewitt_1979_129–160_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hewitt, E.; Hewitt, R. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104811/http://ocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/fourier/supplement/hewitt-hewitt1979.pdf">The Gibbs-Wilbraham phenomenon: An episode in Fourier analysis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 1979, <b>21</b> (2): 129–160 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2011-09-16</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00330404"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/BF00330404</span></a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/fourier/supplement/hewitt-hewitt1979.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2016-03-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+Gibbs-Wilbraham+phenomenon%3A+An+episode+in+Fourier+analysis&amp;rft.au=Hewitt%2C+R.+E.&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.aulast=Hewitt&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Archive+for+History+of+Exact+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=129-160&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focw.nctu.edu.tw%2Fcourse%2Ffourier%2Fsupplement%2Fhewitt-hewitt1979.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00330404&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417020608/http://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/gibbs.cfm">J. Willard Gibbs</a>. American Physical Society. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2016-07-20</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/gibbs.cfm">原始内容</a>存档于2015-04-17). <q>Within this paper was perhaps his most outstanding contribution, now universally called Gibbs free energy in his honor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.btitle=J.+Willard+Gibbs&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=American+Physical+Society&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Foutreach%2Fhistory%2Fhistoricsites%2Fgibbs.cfm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oppenheim-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheim_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Oppenheim, I. Ensembles versus Assemblies and the Approach to equilibrium. Proceedings of the Gibbs Symposium. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Ensembles+versus+Assemblies+and+the+Approach+to+equilibrium&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.aulast=Oppenheim&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Gibbs+Symposium&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1931-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1931_31-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1931_31-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1931_31-2"><sup><b>26.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wilson, E. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201001130/http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183494779">Reminiscences of Gibbs by a student and colleague</a>. American Mathematical Society. 1931 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1931-37-06/S0002-9904-1931-05169-7/S0002-9904-1931-05169-7.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-02-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Wilson&amp;rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+Gibbs+by+a+student+and+colleague&amp;rft.date=1931&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1931-37-06%2FS0002-9904-1931-05169-7%2FS0002-9904-1931-05169-7.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_32-0"><sup><b>27.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_32-1"><sup><b>27.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fisher, I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6b3n5Hf2e?url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183493954">The application of mathematics to the social sciences</a>. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 1930, <b>36</b> (4) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1930-04919-8"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1930-04919-8</span></a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&amp;id=pdf_1&amp;handle=euclid.bams/1183493954">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+application+of+mathematics+to+the+social+sciences&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.aulast=Fisher&amp;rft.date=1930&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2FDPubS%2FRepository%2F1.0%2FDisseminate%3Fview%3Dbody%26id%3Dpdf_1%26handle%3Deuclid.bams%2F1183493954&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1930-04919-8&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celebrating-Fisher-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Celebrating-Fisher_33-0"><sup><b>28.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celebrating-Fisher_33-1"><sup><b>28.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fisher, G. W. Foreword. Celebrating Irving Fisher: The Legacy of a Great Economist. Wiley-Blackwell. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1405133074" title="Special:网络书源/978-1405133074"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1405133074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Foreword&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Fisher&amp;rft.btitle=Celebrating+Irving+Fisher%3A+The+Legacy+of+a+Great+Economist&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-1405133074&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeForest-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeForest_34-0"><sup><b>29.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeForest_34-1"><sup><b>29.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schiff, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030122405/http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/2285">The man who invented radio</a>. Yale Alumni Magazine. 2008, <b>72</b> (2) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/articles/2285">原始内容</a>存档于2014-10-30).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+man+who+invented+radio&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Schiff&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Yale+Alumni+Magazine&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalealumnimagazine.com%2Farticles%2F2285&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grave-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grave_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030145130/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=18663052">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>. Find A Grave. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=18663052">原始内容</a>存档于2014-10-30).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.btitle=Josiah+Willard+Gibbs&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Find+A+Grave&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Ffg.cgi%3Fpage%3Dgr%26GRid%3D18663052&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seeger1974-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-0"><sup><b>31.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-1"><sup><b>31.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-2"><sup><b>31.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-3"><sup><b>31.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-4"><sup><b>31.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seeger1974_36-5"><sup><b>31.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Seeger, R. J. American mathematical physicist par excellence. Pergamon Press. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-08-018013-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-08-018013-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-08-018013-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Seeger&amp;rft.btitle=American+mathematical+physicist+par+excellence&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-08-018013-2&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obituary-church-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obituary-church_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University, 1901–1910. Tuttle, Morehouse &amp; Taylor. 1910.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.btitle=Obituary+Record+of+Graduates+of+Yale+University%2C+1901%E2%80%931910&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Tuttle%2C+Morehouse+%26+Taylor&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuelson-politics-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samuelson-politics_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Samuelson, P. A. Gibbs in Economics. Proceedings of the Gibbs Symposium. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Gibbs+in+Economics&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Samuelson&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Gibbs+Symposium&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ott-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ott_40-0"><sup><b>34.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ott_40-1"><sup><b>34.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ott, Bevan J.; Boerio-Goates, Juliana. Chemical Thermodynamics – Principles and Applications. Academic Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-12-530990-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-12-530990-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-12-530990-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.au=Boerio-Goates%2C+Juliana&amp;rft.aufirst=Bevan+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Ott&amp;rft.btitle=Chemical+Thermodynamics+%E2%80%93+Principles+and+Applications&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-530990-2&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nolte2010-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nolte2010_41-0"><sup><b>35.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolte2010_41-1"><sup><b>35.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nolte, D. D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_physics-today_2010-04_63_4/page/33">The tangled tale of phase space</a>. Physics Today. 2010, <b>63</b> (4): 33–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhT....63d..33N"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2010PhT....63d..33N</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3397041"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1063/1.3397041</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+tangled+tale+of+phase+space&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=Nolte&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.pages=33-31&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_physics-today_2010-04_63_4%2Fpage%2F33&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PhT....63d..33N&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3397041&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poincare-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poincare_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Poincaré, Henri. The Principles of Mathematical Physics. The Foundations of Science (The Value of Science). Science Press. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+Principles+of+Mathematical+Physics&amp;rft.aufirst=Henri&amp;rft.aulast=Poincar%C3%A9&amp;rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Science+%28The+Value+of+Science%29&amp;rft.date=1904&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Science+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wightman-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wightman_44-0"><sup><b>37.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wightman_44-1"><sup><b>37.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wightman, A. S. On the Prescience of J. Willard Gibbs. Proceedings of the Gibbs Symposium. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Prescience+of+J.+Willard+Gibbs&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+S.&amp;rft.aulast=Wightman&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Gibbs+Symposium&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiener-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiener_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiener, N. II: Groups and Statistical Mechanics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyberneticsorcon00wien">Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine</a> 2nd ed. MIT Press. 1961. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-262-23007-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-262-23007-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-262-23007-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=II%3A+Groups+and+Statistical+Mechanics&amp;rft.aufirst=N.&amp;rft.aulast=Wiener&amp;rft.btitle=Cybernetics%3A+or+Control+and+Communication+in+the+Animal+and+the+Machine&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rft.edition=2nd+ed.&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-23007-0&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyberneticsorcon00wien&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护:冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Huang, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticalmecha0000huan_02ed">Statistical Mechanics</a> 2nd ed. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604055935/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Grassmann.html">存档</a>于2016-06-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Hermann+G%C3%BCnter+Grassmann&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGrassmann.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shmueli, U. Reciprocal Space in Crystallography. International Tables for Crystallography <b>B</b>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Reciprocal+Space+in+Crystallography&amp;rft.aufirst=U.&amp;rft.aulast=Shmueli&amp;rft.btitle=International+Tables+for+Crystallography&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hertz-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hertz_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Buchwald, Jed Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationofscient0000buch">The Creation of Scientific Effects: Heinrich Hertz and Electric Waves</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-07887-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-07887-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-226-07887-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Jed+Z.&amp;rft.aulast=Buchwald&amp;rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Scientific+Effects%3A+Heinrich+Hertz+and+Electric+Waves&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-07887-6&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationofscient0000buch&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wightman1979-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wightman1979_50-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wightman1979_50-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">A. 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-08209-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-08209-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-691-08209-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.au=A.+S.+Wightman&amp;rft.btitle=Convexity+and+the+notion+of+equilibrium+state+in+thermodynamics+and+statistical+mechanics&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-08209-X&amp;rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingo2007-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingo2007_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Müller, Ingo. A History of Thermodynamics - the Doctrine of Energy and Entropy. Springer. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-540-46226-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-540-46226-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-3-540-46226-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Ingo&amp;rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Thermodynamics+-+the+Doctrine+of+Energy+and+Entropy&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-46226-2&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rota-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rota_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rota, Gian-Carlo. Indiscrete Thoughts. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507000759/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/waals-lecture.html">存档</a>于2015-05-07).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Nobel+Lecture%3A+The+Equation+of+State+for+Gases+and+Liquids&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+D.&amp;rft.aulast=van+der+Waals&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Physics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1910%2Fwaals-lecture.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planck-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Planck_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Planck, Max. Second Lecture: Thermodynamic States of Equilibrium in Dilute Solutions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=53DnAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA21">Eight Lectures on Theoretical Physics</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. 1915 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150826023118/https://books.google.com/books?id=53DnAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA21&amp;hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">存档</a>于2015-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Second+Lecture%3A+Thermodynamic+States+of+Equilibrium+in+Dilute+Solutions&amp;rft.aufirst=Max&amp;rft.aulast=Planck&amp;rft.btitle=Eight+Lectures+on+Theoretical+Physics&amp;rft.date=1915&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53DnAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA21&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Navarro-Einstein-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Navarro-Einstein_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Navarro, Luis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226110432/http://www.ffn.ub.es/esallent/docweb/GibbsEinsteinweb1.pdf">Gibbs, Einstein and the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 1998, <b>53</b> (2) <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004070050025"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s004070050025</span></a>. 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Subtle is the Lord. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1982. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-280672-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-280672-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-280672-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Abraham&amp;rft.aulast=Pais&amp;rft.btitle=Subtle+is+the+Lord&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-280672-7&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Simon, Barry. Convexity: An Analytic Viewpoint. Cambridge University Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-107-00731-3" title="Special:网络书源/1-107-00731-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;1-107-00731-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry&amp;rft.aulast=Simon&amp;rft.btitle=Convexity%3A+An+Analytic+Viewpoint&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-107-00731-3&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danskin2012-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Danskin2012_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">J. M. Danskin. The Theory of Max-Min and its Application to Weapons Allocation Problems. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. 2012-12-06. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-642-46092-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-642-46092-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-3-642-46092-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.au=J.+M.+Danskin&amp;rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Max-Min+and+its+Application+to+Weapons+Allocation+Problems&amp;rft.date=2012-12-06&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-642-46092-0&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bremaud2012-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bremaud2012_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pierre Bremaud. An Introduction to Probabilistic Modeling. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. 2012-12-06. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4612-1046-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4612-1046-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-4612-1046-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.au=Pierre+Bremaud&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Probabilistic+Modeling&amp;rft.date=2012-12-06&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4612-1046-7&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolstad2011-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolstad2011_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">William M. Bolstad. Understanding Computational Bayesian Statistics. John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2011-09-20. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-118-20992-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-118-20992-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-118-20992-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.au=William+M.+Bolstad&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+Computational+Bayesian+Statistics&amp;rft.date=2011-09-20&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-118-20992-9&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marsden, Jerrold E.; Tromba, Anthony J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vectorcalculus0000mars_h5d5">Vector Calculus</a> 3. W. H. Freeman. 1988. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7167-1856-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-7167-1856-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-7167-1856-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.au=Tromba%2C+Anthony+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=Jerrold+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Marsden&amp;rft.btitle=Vector+Calculus&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7167-1856-1&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvectorcalculus0000mars_h5d5&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuelson-lecture-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samuelson-lecture_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Samuelson, Paul A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1970/samuelson-lecture.pdf">Maximum Principles in Analytical Economics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nobel Prize Lecture. Nobel Foundation. 1970 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. 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Kate Crowley , 编. The collected scientific papers of Paul A. Samuelson <b>5</b>. MIT Press. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-262-19251-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-262-19251-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-262-19251-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Samuelson&amp;rft.btitle=The+collected+scientific+papers+of+Paul+A.+Samuelson&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-19251-4&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiener, Norbert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanuseofhumanb00wien">The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society</a>. Houghton Mifflin. 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Norbert&amp;rft.aulast=Wiener&amp;rft.btitle=The+Human+Use+of+Human+Beings%3A+Cybernetics+and+Society&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanuseofhumanb00wien&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/acs-local-section-awards/awards-chicago-local-section/willard-gibbs-medal-award.html">Willard Gibbs Medal Award</a>. American Chemical Society. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. 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Special Lectures. American Mathematical Society. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901062458/http://www.ams.org/meetings/gibbs-lect.html">存档</a>于2009-09-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Josiah+Willard+Gibbs+Lectures&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Special+Lectures&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmeetings%2Fgibbs-lect.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Elliott W. Montroll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3037438">Lars Onsager</a>. Physics Today: 77–77. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2018-04-02</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3037438"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1063/1.3037438</span></a>. 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International Astronomical Union. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-09-30</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2155">原始内容</a>存档于2015-08-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Gibbs&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F2155&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mindel-Adams-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mindel-Adams_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mindel, Joseph. The Uses of Metaphor: Henry Adams and the Symbols of Science. Journal of the History of Ideas. 1965-01, <b>26</b> (1): 89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708401"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/2708401</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+Uses+of+Metaphor%3A+Henry+Adams+and+the+Symbols+of+Science&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft.aulast=Mindel&amp;rft.date=1965-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&amp;rft.pages=89&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708401&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Degradation-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Degradation_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Adams, Henry. Adams, Brooks , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/degradationofdem00adam">The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma</a>. New York: Macmillan. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.btitle=The+Degradation+of+the+Democratic+Dogma&amp;rft.date=1919&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdegradationofdem00adam&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gander-Lives-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gander-Lives_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gander, Catherine. The Lives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/murielrukeyserdo0000unse">Muriel Rukeyser and Documentary: The Poetics of Connection</a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7486-7053-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7486-7053-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-7486-7053-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+Lives&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft.aulast=Gander&amp;rft.btitle=Muriel+Rukeyser+and+Documentary%3A+The+Poetics+of+Connection&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7486-7053-6&amp;rft.place=Edinburgh&amp;rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmurielrukeyserdo0000unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rukeyser-PT-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser-PT_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rukeyser, M. Josiah Willard Gibbs. Physics Today. 1949, <b>2</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3066422"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1063/1.3066422</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Josiah+Willard+Gibbs&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.aulast=Rukeyser&amp;rft.date=1949&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3066422&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rukeyser-literal-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rukeyser-literal_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/muriel-rukeyser">Muriel Rukeyser</a>. 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Willard Gibbs. Science. 1944, <b>99</b> (2576). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1669456"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR&#160;1669456</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.99.2576.386"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.99.2576.386</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Willard+Gibbs&amp;rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Wilson&amp;rft.date=1944&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2576&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1669456&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.99.2576.386&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-rev2-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson-rev2_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">WILSON, EDWIN B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407182421/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826371">JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS</a>. American Scientist. 1951, <b>39</b> (2): 287–289 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-09-11</span>&#93;</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0996"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN&#160;0003-0996</span></a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826371">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-07).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=JOSIAH+WILLARD+GIBBS&amp;rft.aufirst=EDWIN+B.&amp;rft.aulast=WILSON&amp;rft.date=1951&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0003-0996&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&amp;rft.pages=287-289&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27826371&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortune-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortune_86-0"><sup><b>77.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortune_86-1"><sup><b>77.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">The Great Science Debate. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>. 1946, <b>33</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=The+Great+Science+Debate&amp;rft.date=1946&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Fortune&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strickland-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strickland_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Strickland, Stephanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truenorth0000stri_a3z3">True North</a>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-268-01899-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-268-01899-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-268-01899-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephanie&amp;rft.aulast=Strickland&amp;rft.btitle=True+North&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-268-01899-3&amp;rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruenorth0000stri_a3z3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pynchon-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pynchon_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pynchon, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againstday00pync">Against the Day</a>. New York: Penguin. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-59420-120-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-59420-120-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-1-59420-120-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.aulast=Pynchon&amp;rft.btitle=Against+the+Day&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59420-120-2&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagainstday00pync&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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.side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83112147">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯</b>在维基百科的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:维基媒体姊妹项目"><span id="sister-projects">姊妹项目</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Josiah Willard Gibbs">多媒体资源</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基语录上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" class="extiw" title="q:Josiah Willard Gibbs">名言</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基文库上的<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Josiah Willard Gibbs">原始文献</a></span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREF約翰·J·奧康納埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜" class="citation">約翰·J·奧康納; <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7F%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E9%81%9C" title="埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜">埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gibbs.html">Gibbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacTutor%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88" title="MacTutor数学史档案">MacTutor数学史档案</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B9%94%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&amp;rft.atitle=Gibbs&amp;rft.au=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7F%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E9%81%9C&amp;rft.au=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%8D&amp;rft.btitle=-%7Bzh-hans%3AMacTutor%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%3Bzh-hant%3AMacTutor%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%3B%7D-&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGibbs.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=132578">乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%AD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="數學譜系計畫">數學譜系計畫</a>的資料。</li> <li>美国物理联合会2003年编辑整理的《美国科学伟人论文选读》(<i>Selected Papers of Great American Scientists</i>)中有关<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Gibbs/Gibbs.html">乔赛亚·威拉德·吉布斯</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150501105303/http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Gibbs/Gibbs.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)的页面。</li> <li>列夫·卡达诺夫教授所作的《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2460">追忆吉布斯:从统计物理到友谊号</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160602080634/http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2460">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)》(<i>Reflections on Gibbs: From Statistical Physics to the Amistad</i>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" 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id="拉姆福德奖(英语:-&amp;#123;Rumford_Prize&amp;#125;-)获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉姆福德奖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rumford Prize"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉姆福德奖(页面不存在)">拉姆福德奖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford_Prize" class="extiw" title="en:Rumford Prize"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rumford Prize</span></a></span>)</span></span>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1830年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1839年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伯特·海尔 (化学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Hare (chemist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·海尔 (化学家)(页面不存在)">罗伯特·海尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hare_(chemist)" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Hare (chemist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Hare (chemist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1862年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·埃里克松" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Ericsson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·埃里克松(页面不存在)">约翰·埃里克松</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericsson" class="extiw" title="en:John Ericsson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Ericsson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1865年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹尼尔·特雷德韦尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Daniel Treadwell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="丹尼尔·特雷德韦尔(页面不存在)">丹尼尔·特雷德韦尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Treadwell" class="extiw" title="en:Daniel Treadwell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Daniel Treadwell</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1866年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="阿尔万·克拉克">阿尔万·克拉克</a></li> <li>1869年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔治·亨利·科利斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Henry Corliss"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·亨利·科利斯(页面不存在)">乔治·亨利·科利斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Corliss" class="extiw" title="en:George Henry Corliss"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Henry Corliss</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1871年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小约瑟夫·哈里森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph Harrison, Jr."><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="小约瑟夫·哈里森(页面不存在)">小约瑟夫·哈里森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Harrison,_Jr." class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Harrison, Jr."><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph Harrison, Jr.</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1873年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%91%9F%E5%BC%97%E5%BE%B7" title="刘易斯·拉瑟弗德">刘易斯·拉瑟弗德</a></li> <li>1875年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·威廉·德雷珀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John William Draper"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E7%8F%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·威廉·德雷珀(页面不存在)">约翰·威廉·德雷珀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Draper" class="extiw" title="en:John William Draper"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John William Draper</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1880年:<a class="mw-selflink selflink">约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯</a></li> <li>1883年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0" title="亨利·奥古斯塔斯·罗兰">亨利·奥古斯塔斯·罗兰</a></li> <li>1886年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%88%A9" title="塞缪尔·兰利">塞缪尔·兰利</a></li> <li>1888年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99" title="阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙">阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1891年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="爱德华·皮克林">爱德华·皮克林</a></li> <li>1895年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="托马斯·爱迪生">托马斯·爱迪生</a></li> <li>1898年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·爱德华·基勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James Edward Keeler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%8B%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·爱德华·基勒(页面不存在)">詹姆斯·爱德华·基勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Keeler" class="extiw" title="en:James Edward Keeler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James Edward Keeler</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1899年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Charles Francis Brush" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Francis Brush"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Francis_Brush&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Francis Brush(页面不存在)">Charles Francis Brush</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Francis Brush"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Francis Brush</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1900年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Carl Barus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carl Barus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Barus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Barus(页面不存在)">Carl Barus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Barus" class="extiw" title="en:Carl Barus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carl Barus</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1901年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊莱休·汤姆孙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elihu Thomson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%B1%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E5%AD%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊莱休·汤姆孙(页面不存在)">伊莱休·汤姆孙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" class="extiw" title="en:Elihu Thomson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elihu Thomson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1902年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E8%80%B3" title="喬治·海耳">乔治·埃勒里·海尔</a></li> <li>1904年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ernest Fox Nichols" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ernest Fox Nichols"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Fox_Nichols&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Fox Nichols(页面不存在)">Ernest Fox Nichols</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Fox_Nichols" class="extiw" title="en:Ernest Fox Nichols"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ernest Fox Nichols</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1907年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%A5%87%E9%80%8A" title="爱德华·古德里奇·艾奇逊">爱德华·古德里奇·艾奇逊</a></li> <li>1909年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伯特·威廉·伍德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Williams Wood"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·威廉·伍德(页面不存在)">罗伯特·威廉·伍德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Williams_Wood" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Williams Wood"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Williams Wood</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1910年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Charles Gordon Curtis" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Gordon Curtis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gordon_Curtis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gordon Curtis(页面不存在)">Charles Gordon Curtis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gordon_Curtis" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Gordon Curtis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Gordon Curtis</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1911年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%8C%A8" title="詹姆斯·克拉夫茨">詹姆斯·克拉夫茨</a></li> <li>1912年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Frederic Eugene Ives" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frederic Eugene Ives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Eugene_Ives&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederic Eugene Ives(页面不存在)">Frederic Eugene Ives</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives" class="extiw" title="en:Frederic Eugene Ives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frederic Eugene Ives</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1913年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%BE%E6%96%AF" title="乔尔·斯特宾斯">乔尔·斯特宾斯</a></li> <li>1914年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·戴维·柯立芝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William David Coolidge"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E7%AB%8B%E8%8A%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·戴维·柯立芝(页面不存在)">威廉·戴维·柯立芝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_David_Coolidge" class="extiw" title="en:William David Coolidge"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William David Coolidge</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1915年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9" title="查尔斯·格里利·阿博特">查理斯·艾博特</a></li> <li>1917年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%80%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E6%9B%BC" title="珀西·布里奇曼">珀西·布里奇曼</a></li> <li>1918年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%9B%BC" title="西奥多·莱曼">西奥多·莱曼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1920年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE" title="歐文·朗繆爾">歐文·朗繆爾</a></li> <li>1925年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="亨利·诺利斯·罗素">亨利·诺利斯·罗素</a></li> <li>1926年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" title="阿瑟·康普顿">阿瑟·康普顿</a></li> <li>1928年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Edward Leamington Nichols" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Leamington Nichols"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Leamington_Nichols&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Leamington Nichols(页面不存在)">Edward Leamington Nichols</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Leamington_Nichols" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Leamington Nichols"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Leamington Nichols</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1930年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="John Stanley Plaskett" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Stanley Plaskett"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stanley_Plaskett&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stanley Plaskett(页面不存在)">John Stanley Plaskett</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stanley_Plaskett" class="extiw" title="en:John Stanley Plaskett"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Stanley Plaskett</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1931年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" title="卡尔·泰勒·康普顿">卡尔·泰勒·康普顿</a></li> <li>1933年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9" title="哈罗·沙普利">哈洛·沙普利</a></li> <li>1937年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E8%8C%A8" title="威廉·韦伯·科布伦茨">威廉·韦伯·科布伦茨</a></li> <li>1939年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔治·拉塞尔·哈里森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Russell Harrison"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·拉塞尔·哈里森(页面不存在)">乔治·拉塞尔·哈里森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Russell_Harrison" class="extiw" title="en:George Russell Harrison"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Russell Harrison</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1941年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%83%E9%9B%B7%E9%87%91" title="弗拉基米尔·兹沃雷金">弗拉基米尔·佐利金</a></li> <li>1943年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·爱德华·米斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Edward Mees"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·爱德华·米斯(页面不存在)">查尔斯·爱德华·米斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Mees" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Edward Mees"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Edward Mees</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1945年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德温·赫伯特·兰德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edwin Herbert Land"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德温·赫伯特·兰德(页面不存在)">埃德温·赫伯特·兰德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Herbert_Land" class="extiw" title="en:Edwin Herbert Land"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edwin Herbert Land</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1947年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Edmund Newton Harvey" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edmund Newton Harvey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Newton_Harvey&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Newton Harvey(页面不存在)">Edmund Newton Harvey</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Newton_Harvey" class="extiw" title="en:Edmund Newton Harvey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edmund Newton Harvey</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1949年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E6%81%A9" title="艾拉·斯普拉格·鲍恩">艾拉·斯普拉格·鲍恩</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Herbert E. Ives" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Herbert E. Ives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_E._Ives&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert E. Ives(页面不存在)">Herbert E. Ives</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_E._Ives" class="extiw" title="en:Herbert E. Ives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Herbert E. Ives</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1953年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">恩里科·费米</a></li> <li>1953年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%A7%86" title="威利斯·兰姆">威利斯·兰姆</a></li> <li>1953年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="拉斯·昂萨格">拉斯·昂萨格</a></li> <li>1955年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·弗兰克">詹姆斯·弗兰克</a></li> <li>1957年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1" title="苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡">苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡</a></li> <li>1959年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="乔治·沃尔德">乔治·沃尔德</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1961年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·汤斯">查尔斯·汤斯</a></li> <li>1963年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·贝特">汉斯·贝特</a></li> <li>1965年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Samuel Cornette Collins" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Samuel Cornette Collins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Cornette_Collins&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Cornette Collins(页面不存在)">Samuel Cornette Collins</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cornette_Collins" class="extiw" title="en:Samuel Cornette Collins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Samuel Cornette Collins</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1965年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·戴维·麦克尔罗伊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William David McElroy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·戴维·麦克尔罗伊(页面不存在)">威廉·戴维·麦克尔罗伊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_David_McElroy" class="extiw" title="en:William David McElroy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William David McElroy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1967年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·H·迪克">罗伯特·H·迪克</a></li> <li>1967年:<a href="/wiki/C%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="C·B·凡尼尔">C·B·凡尼尔</a></li> <li>1968年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%95%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9" title="马尔滕·施密特">马尔滕·施密特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1971年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="麻省理工学院">麻省理工学院</a> Group</li> <li>Canadian Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%B0%84%E7%94%B5%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B0" title="美国国家射电天文台">NRAO</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="康奈尔大学">Cornell</a> Group</li> <li>1973年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="E. Bright Wilson" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="E. Bright Wilson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Bright_Wilson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Bright Wilson(页面不存在)">E. Bright Wilson</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Bright_Wilson" class="extiw" title="en:E. Bright Wilson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">E. Bright Wilson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1976年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E8%A5%BF" title="布鲁诺·罗西">布鲁诺·罗西</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格雷戈里奥·韦伯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gregorio Weber"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="格雷戈里奥·韦伯(页面不存在)">格雷戈里奥·韦伯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Weber" class="extiw" title="en:Gregorio Weber"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gregorio Weber</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%8C%AF%E5%AE%81" title="杨振宁">杨振宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="罗伯特·米尔斯">罗伯特·米尔斯</a></li> <li>1985年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·德默尔特">汉斯·德默尔特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Martin Deutsch" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Martin Deutsch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Deutsch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Deutsch(页面不存在)">Martin Deutsch</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Deutsch" class="extiw" title="en:Martin Deutsch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Martin Deutsch</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗农·威拉德·休斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vernon Willard Hughes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%86%9C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="弗农·威拉德·休斯(页面不存在)">弗农·威拉德·休斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Willard_Hughes" class="extiw" title="en:Vernon Willard Hughes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vernon Willard Hughes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90" title="诺曼·拉姆齐">诺曼·拉姆齐</a></li> <li>1986年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E9%A0%93" title="羅伯·雷頓">罗伯特·雷顿</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗兰克·洛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frank J. Low"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="弗兰克·洛(页面不存在)">弗兰克·洛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Low" class="extiw" title="en:Frank J. Low"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frank J. Low</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%8D%E5%B0%94" title="格里·诺伊格鲍尔">格里·诺伊格鲍尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1992年:<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_R._Norris_(chemist)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James R. Norris (chemist)(页面不存在)">James R. Norris (chemist)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约瑟夫·J·卡茨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph J. Katz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%8C%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="约瑟夫·J·卡茨(页面不存在)">约瑟夫·J·卡茨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_J._Katz" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph J. Katz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph J. Katz</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·费海尔">乔治·费海尔</a></li> <li>1996年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E7%91%9F" title="约翰·马瑟">约翰·马瑟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2008年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94" title="西德尼·德雷尔">西德尼·德雷尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sam Nunn" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sam Nunn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Nunn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Nunn(页面不存在)">Sam Nunn</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Nunn" class="extiw" title="en:Sam Nunn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sam Nunn</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·J·佩里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William J. Perry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%87%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·J·佩里(页面不存在)">威廉·J·佩里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Perry" class="extiw" title="en:William J. Perry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William J. Perry</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="乔治·普拉特·舒尔茨">乔治·舒尔茨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%A2" title="费德里科·卡帕索">费德里科·卡帕索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%93%E4%BB%A5%E5%92%8C" title="卓以和">卓以和</a></li> <li>2019年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="恩内斯特·邦伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ernst Bamberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="恩内斯特·邦伯格(页面不存在)">恩内斯特·邦伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Bamberg" class="extiw" title="en:Ernst Bamberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ernst Bamberg</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德·波登" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ed Boyden"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%99%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德·波登(页面不存在)">埃德·波登</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Boyden" class="extiw" title="en:Ed Boyden"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ed Boyden</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BB%A3%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%97%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·代塞尔罗思">卡尔·代塞尔罗思</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·黑格曼">彼得·黑格曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%A3%AE%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B" title="格罗·米森伯克">格罗·米森伯克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·纳格尔">格奥尔格·纳格尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2021年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7L%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9" title="查尔斯·L·本内特">查尔斯·L·本内特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Category:拉姆福德奖获得者">Category:拉姆福德奖获得者</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1901年至1950年科普利奖章获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1901%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31950%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%A5%96%E8%80%85" title="Template:1901年至1950年科普利奖章获奖者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:1901%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31950%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%A5%96%E8%80%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:1901年至1950年科普利奖章获奖者(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:1901%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31950%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%A5%96%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:1901年至1950年科普利奖章获奖者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1901年至1950年科普利奖章获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">1901年至1950年<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利奖章</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901年:<a class="mw-selflink selflink">约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯</a></li> <li>1902年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·李斯特">约瑟夫·李斯特</a></li> <li>1903年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="爱德华·修斯">爱德华·修斯</a></li> <li>1904年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·克鲁克斯">威廉·克鲁克斯</a></li> <li>1905年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%97%A8%E6%8D%B7%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB" title="德米特里·门捷列夫">德米特里·门捷列夫</a></li> <li>1906年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="伊利亞·梅契尼可夫">伊利亞·梅契尼可夫</a></li> <li>1907年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99" title="阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙">阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙</a></li> <li>1908年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E8%8E%B1%E5%A3%AB" title="阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士">阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士</a></li> <li>1909年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE_(%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="喬治·希爾 (天文學家)">乔治·希尔</a></li> <li>1910年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93" title="法蘭西斯·高爾頓">弗朗西斯·高尔顿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1911年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="喬治·達爾文">乔治·达尔文</a></li> <li>1912年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%A0" title="费利克斯·克莱因">菲利克斯·克莱因</a></li> <li>1913年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="雷·兰克斯特">雷·兰克斯特</a></li> <li>1914年:<a href="/wiki/J%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="J·J·湯姆森">约瑟夫·汤姆孙</a></li> <li>1915年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="伊萬·巴甫洛夫">伊万·彼得罗维奇·巴甫洛夫</a></li> <li>1916年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E7%93%A6" title="詹姆斯·杜瓦">詹姆斯·杜瓦</a></li> <li>1917年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皮埃尔·保罗·埃米尔·鲁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%B2%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="皮埃尔·保罗·埃米尔·鲁(页面不存在)">皮埃尔·保罗·埃米尔·鲁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="extiw" title="en:Pierre Paul Émile Roux"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1918年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9" title="亨德里克·洛伦兹">亨德里克·洛伦兹</a></li> <li>1919年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·贝利斯">威廉·贝利斯</a></li> <li>1920年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贺拉斯·布朗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Horace Tabberer Brown"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%BA%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="贺拉斯·布朗(页面不存在)">贺拉斯·布朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" class="extiw" title="en:Horace Tabberer Brown"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Horace Tabberer Brown</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1921年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟夫·拉莫尔">约瑟夫·拉莫尔</a></li> <li>1922年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">欧内斯特·卢瑟福</a></li> <li>1923年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BA%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%A7%86" title="贺拉斯·兰姆">贺拉斯·兰姆</a></li> <li>1924年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E4%BD%A9-%E8%B0%A2%E5%BC%97" title="爱德华·阿尔伯特·沙佩-谢弗">爱德华·阿尔伯特·沙佩-谢弗</a></li> <li>1925年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a></li> <li>1926年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="弗雷德里克·霍普金斯">弗雷德里克·霍普金斯</a></li> <li>1927年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%81%B5%E9%A1%BF" title="查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿">查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿</a></li> <li>1928年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%B0%E5%86%9C%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·阿尔杰农·帕尔森斯">查尔斯·阿尔杰农·帕尔森斯</a></li> <li>1929年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">马克斯·普朗克</a></li> <li>1930年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·亨利·布拉格">威廉·亨利·布拉格</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1931年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿瑟·舒斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Schuster"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿瑟·舒斯特(页面不存在)">阿瑟·舒斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Schuster"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Schuster</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1932年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E8%80%B3" title="喬治·海耳">喬治·海爾</a></li> <li>1933年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="西奥博尔德·史密斯">西奥博尔德·史密斯</a></li> <li>1934年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%B9" title="约翰·斯科特·霍尔丹">约翰·斯科特·霍尔丹</a></li> <li>1935年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="查爾斯·湯姆森·里斯·威爾遜">查尔斯·威耳逊</a></li> <li>1936年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF" title="阿瑟·埃文斯">阿瑟·埃文斯</a></li> <li>1937年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%B0%94" title="亨利·哈利特·戴尔">亨利·哈利特·戴尔</a></li> <li>1938年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">尼尔斯·玻尔</a></li> <li>1939年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9" title="托马斯·亨特·摩尔根">托马斯·亨特·摩尔根</a></li> <li>1940年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E4%B9%8B%E8%90%AC" title="保羅·朗之萬">保罗·朗之万</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1941年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF_(%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="托马斯·刘易斯 (心脏病学家)">托马斯·刘易斯</a></li> <li>1942年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E8%B3%93%E9%81%9C" title="羅伯特·魯賓遜">罗伯特·鲁宾逊</a></li> <li>1943年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·巴克罗夫特">约瑟夫·巴克罗夫特</a></li> <li>1944年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="傑弗里·泰勒">杰弗里·英格拉姆·泰勒</a></li> <li>1945年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C" title="奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里">奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里</a></li> <li>1946年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89" title="第一代阿德里安男爵埃德加·阿德里安">埃德加·阿德里安</a></li> <li>1947年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BB%A3" title="戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代">戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代</a></li> <li>1948年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE" title="阿奇博爾德·希爾">阿奇博尔德·希尔</a></li> <li>1949年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%B5%B7%E9%9F%A6%E8%A5%BF" title="乔治·德海韦西">乔治·德海韦西</a></li> <li>1950年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·查德威克">詹姆斯·查德威克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1731%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31750%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1731年至1750年科普利奖章获得者">1731–1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1751%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31800%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1751年至1800年科普利奖章获得者">1751–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1801%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31850%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1801年至1850年科普利奖章获得者">1801–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者">1851–1900</a></li> <li>1901–1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1951%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32000%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1951年至2000年科普利奖章获得者">1951–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2001%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32050%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:2001年至2050年科普利奖章获得者">2001年至今</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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aria-labelledby="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153243#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153243#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153243#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/45601/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109402215">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122317710">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRMR4WR9vVh3qFj8dG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90328085">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX1284035">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12549131v">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12549131v">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514297506706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118694642">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gibbs, Josiah Willard &lt;1839-1903&gt;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/NAPV106553">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007276500705171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79131126">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000179805&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001320832">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=skuk0002640&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36545410">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000776150&amp;local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069471959">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810682580505606">波兰</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04521388?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/73305">MathSciNet</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=132578">数学谱系计划</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:gibbs.josiah-willard">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118694642.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1284090">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67h1wsm">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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