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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Absolutism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikiquote.org/wiki/Absolutismo" title="Absolutismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Absolutismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G-Antitota.jpg/220px-G-Antitota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G-Antitota.jpg/330px-G-Antitota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G-Antitota.jpg/440px-G-Antitota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>It is possible that the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Moral" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral">moral</a> <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> and moral absolutism has sometimes been blurred because an excessively consistent <a href="/wiki/Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Practice">practice</a> of either leads to the same practical <a href="/wiki/Result" class="mw-redirect" title="Result">result</a> — ruthlessness in <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>. ~ <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutism" class="extiw" title="w:Absolutism">Absolutism</a></b> may refer to philosophical stances which promote notions of <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_truth" class="extiw" title="w:Absolute truth">absolute truth</a></b>, involving contentions that in particular realms of thought, all statements in that domain are either absolutely true or absolutely false; in <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> such can include forms of <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_absolutism" class="extiw" title="w:Moral absolutism">moral absolutism</a></b>, asserting that there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged, and that certain actions are either <a href="/wiki/Goodness" title="Goodness">good</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, regardless of the context of the act, or <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_absolutism" class="extiw" title="w:Graded absolutism">graded absolutism</a></b>, the view that a moral absolute, like "Do not kill," can be greater or lesser than another moral absolute, like "Do not lie." In social theories it can refer to <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy" class="extiw" title="w:Autocracy">autocracy</a></b> (also known as "political absolutism"), involving political theories which argue that one person should hold all power, thus including systems of <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" class="extiw" title="w:Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></b>, forms of government where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally organized direct opposition in force, and <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/enlightened_absolutism" class="extiw" title="w:enlightened absolutism">enlightened absolutism</a></b>, the policies of absolute rulers who were influenced by the Enlightenment of eighteenth and early nineteenth century Europe. It can also indicate ideas of <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_space" class="extiw" title="w:Absolute space">absolute space</a></b>, in theories holding that space exists absolutely, in contrast to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationalism" class="extiw" title="w:Relationalism">relationalism</a>, which holds that space exists only as relations between objects, as well as to the <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealism" class="extiw" title="w:Absolute idealism">absolute idealism</a></b> of ontologically <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism" class="extiw" title="w:Monism">monistic</a> philosophies, such as that attributed to <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> in his accounts of how being is ultimately comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. In rational and political contexts, many absolutist assumptions and stances are vigorously opposed by those of <b><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a></b> and assessments and arguments of <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurdism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> which can involve implicit or explicit acceptance of both absolute and relative aspects of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">values</a> within it. </p> <dl><dd><b>Alphabetized by author or source:</b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><small> <a href="#A">A</a> · <a href="#B">B</a> · <a href="#C">C</a> · <a href="#D">D</a> · <a href="#E">E</a> · <a href="#F">F</a> · <a href="#G">G</a> · <a href="#H">H</a> · <a href="#I">I</a> · <a href="#J">J</a> · <a href="#K">K</a> · <a href="#L">L</a> · <a href="#M">M</a> · <a href="#N">N</a> · <a href="#O">O</a> · <a href="#P">P</a> -<a href="#Q">Q</a> · <a href="#R">R</a> · <a href="#S">S</a> · <a href="#T">T</a> · <a href="#U">U</a> · <a href="#V">V</a> · <a href="#W">W</a> · <a href="#X">X</a> · <a href="#Y">Y</a> · <a href="#Z">Z</a> · <a href="#Anonymous">Anon</a> · <a href="#External_links">External links</a></small></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphaomega.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alphaomega.png/220px-Alphaomega.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Alphaomega.png 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption> There is absolute <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> and it is to be seen in its <a href="/wiki/Attitude" title="Attitude">attitude</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of the state and to every form of state absolutism. ~ <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>There is absolute <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> and it is to be seen in its attitude to the sovereignty of the state and to every form of state absolutism.</b> … The religious truth of anarchism consists in this, that <a href="/wiki/Power" title="Power">power</a> over man is bound up with <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, that a state of <a href="/wiki/Perfection" title="Perfection">perfection</a> is a state where there is no power of man over man, that is to say, anarchy. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> is <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and the absence of such power... the Kingdom of God is anarchy. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a>, in <i>Slavery and Freedom</i> (1939), p. 147</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>ABSOLUTE, adj. Independent, irresponsible. An absolute monarchy is one in which the sovereign does as he pleases so long as he pleases the assassins. Not many absolute monarchies are left, most of them having been replaced by limited monarchies, where the sovereign's power for evil (and for good) is greatly curtailed, and by republics, which are governed by chance. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</a>, <i>The Cynic's Dictionary</i> (1906); republished as <i>The Devil's Dictionary</i> (1911).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> is not indifference; on the contrary, passionate indifference is necessary in order for you not to hear the voices that oppose your absolute decrees</b> … Relativism is neither a method of fighting, nor a method of creating, for both of these are uncompromising and at times even ruthless; rather, it is a method of cognition. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a> "On Relativism" (1925)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_3D_Business_Men_Marching_Concept.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Free_3D_Business_Men_Marching_Concept.jpg/220px-Free_3D_Business_Men_Marching_Concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Free_3D_Business_Men_Marching_Concept.jpg/330px-Free_3D_Business_Men_Marching_Concept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Free_3D_Business_Men_Marching_Concept.jpg/440px-Free_3D_Business_Men_Marching_Concept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A principal characteristic of technique … is its refusal to <a href="/wiki/Tolerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerate">tolerate</a> <a href="/wiki/Moral" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral">moral</a> <a href="/wiki/Judgments" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgments">judgments</a>. It is absolutely independent of them and eliminates them from its domain. ~ <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The second type of screwball thinking is called absolutist thinking, another 10-dollar term. ... Some of us walk around all day long getting on our own cases: “I’ve got to do this. I’ve got to do that. I should have said this to that person. I need to be more that. I ought to be more organized. I should be more attractive, intelligent, witty, popular and personable. I ought to be more assertive. I need to be less aggressive. I’ve got to speak up more. I really need to keep my mouth shut.” ... Some of us “should on ourselves” all day long! <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ellis" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a> and Arthur J. Lange, <i>How to Keep People from Pushing Your Buttons</i>, (1994), p.30.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>A principal characteristic of technique … is its refusal to tolerate moral judgments. It is absolutely independent of them and eliminates them from its domain.</b> Technique never observes the distinction between moral and immoral use. <b>It tends on the contrary, to create a completely independent technical morality.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a>, in <i>The Technological Society</i> (1954), p. 97</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George Bush</a> made a mistake when he referred to the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> regime as "<a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>." Every liberal and leftist knows how to titter at such black-and-white moral absolutism.</b> What the president should have done, in the unlikely event that he wanted the support of America's peace-mongers, was to describe a confrontation with Saddam as the "lesser evil." This is a term the Left can appreciate. Indeed, "lesser evil" is part of the essential tactical rhetoric of today's Left, and has been deployed to excuse or overlook the sins of liberal Democrats, from President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a>'s bombing of Sudan to <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>'s veto of an international rescue for Rwanda when she was U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Among those longing for nuance, moral relativism — the willingness to use the term evil, when combined with a willingness to make accommodations with it — is the smart thing: so much more sophisticated than "cowboy" language. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, as quoted in <i>Christopher Hitchens and His Critics : Terror, Iraq, and the Left</i> (2008) edited by Thomas Cushman and Simon Cottee</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>It is possible that the distinction between moral relativism and moral absolutism has sometimes been blurred because an excessively consistent practice of either leads to the same practical result — ruthlessness in political life.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a>, in <i>The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.</i> (1955), Introduction, p. 16</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>In the light of absolute values (religious or ethical) man himself is judged to be limited or imperfect, while he can occasionally accomplish acts which partake of perfection, he, himself can never be perfect.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Hulme" title="T. E. Hulme">T. E. Hulme</a>, in <i>Speculations</i> (1924)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b> Every <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>—if it really is truth—presents itself as universal, even if it is not the whole truth.</b> If something is true, then it must be true for all people and at all times. <b>Beyond this universality, however, people seek an absolute which might give to all their searching a meaning and an answer—something ultimate, which might serve as the ground of <a href="/wiki/All" class="mw-redirect" title="All">all</a> things. In other words, they seek a final explanation, a supreme value, which refers to nothing beyond itself and which puts an end to all questioning.</b> Hypotheses may fascinate, but they do not satisfy. Whether we admit it or not, there comes for everyone the <a href="/wiki/Moment" title="Moment">moment</a> when personal existence must be anchored to a truth recognized as final, a truth which confers a certitude no longer open to <a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">doubt</a>.Through the centuries, philosophers have sought to discover and articulate such a truth, giving rise to various systems and schools of thought. But beyond philosophical systems, people seek in different ways to shape a “philosophy” of their own—in personal convictions and experiences, in traditions of family and culture, or in journeys in search of life's meaning under the guidance of a master. <b>What inspires all of these is the <a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">desire</a> to reach the certitude of truth and the certitude of its absolute value.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, in the encyclical <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_14091998_fides-et-ratio_en.html"><i>Fides et Ratio</i> (14 September 1998), Ch. 27</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_warm_minute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_warm_minute.jpg/220px-A_warm_minute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_warm_minute.jpg/330px-A_warm_minute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/A_warm_minute.jpg/440px-A_warm_minute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Some things are <a href="/wiki/Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Right">right</a> and some things are <a href="/wiki/Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrong">wrong</a>, no matter if everybody is doing the contrary. Some things in this <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> are absolute. The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> of the universe has made it so. And so long as we adopt this relative attitude toward right and wrong, we're revolting against the very <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">laws</a> of God himself. ~ <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Some <a href="/wiki/People" class="mw-redirect" title="People">people</a> talk as if meeting the gaze of absolute <a href="/wiki/Goodness" title="Goodness">goodness</a> would be <a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">fun</a>. They need to think again. They are still only playing with <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. <b>Goodness is either the great <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a> or the great <a href="/wiki/Danger" title="Danger">danger</a> — according to the way you react to it.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mere_Christianity" class="extiw" title="w:Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a></i> (1952).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" class="extiw" title="w:Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> now gives to all an awareness that even war and peace in Europe – its destiny – isn’t decided between the four walls of the European concert, but outside it, in the gigantic maelstrom of world and colonial politics. <br /> And its in this that the real meaning of the current war resides for social-democracy, even if we set aside its immediate effect: the collapse of Russian absolutism. This war brings the gaze of the international proletariat back to the great political and economic connectedness of the world, and violently dissipates in our ranks the particularism, the pettiness of ideas that form in any period of political calm. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1904/05/01.htm">"In the Storm" in <i>Le Socialiste</i> (1 - 8 May 1904), as translated by Mitch Abidor</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A modern theory of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> which takes account of the relational as distinct from the merely relative character of all historical knowledge must start with the assumption that there are spheres of <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a> in which it is impossible to conceive of absolute <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> existing independently of the values and position of the subject and unrelated to the social context. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a>, in <i>Ideology and Utopia</i> (1929)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle-A_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Circle-A_red.svg/220px-Circle-A_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Circle-A_red.svg/330px-Circle-A_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Circle-A_red.svg/440px-Circle-A_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>All parties without exception, when they seek for <a href="/wiki/Power" title="Power">power</a>, are varieties of absolutism. ~ <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> is not just expounding noble ideas in a vacuum. He is in the middle of a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> between those who think <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> is absolute and those who think truth is relative. He is fighting that war with everything he has.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Pirsig" title="Robert M. Pirsig">Robert M. Pirsig</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance" class="extiw" title="w:Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance">Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</a></i> (1974), Ch. 29</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>How are you going to teach <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> if you teach the relativity of all ethical ideas? Virtue, if it implies anything at all, implies an ethical absolute. A person whose idea of what is proper varies from day to day can be admired for his broadmindedness, but not for his virtue. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Pirsig" title="Robert M. Pirsig">Robert M. Pirsig</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance" class="extiw" title="w:Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance">Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</a></i> (1974), Ch. 29</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>All parties without exception, when they seek for <a href="/wiki/Power" title="Power">power</a>, are varieties of absolutism.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, as quoted in <i>Crown's Book of Political Quotations : Over 2500 Lively Quotes from Plato to Reagan</i> (1982) by Michael Jackman, p. 160</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Q">Q</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Q"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Not to be absolutely certain is, I think, one of the essential things in rationality.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell8.htm">"Am I An Atheist Or An Agnostic?"</a> <i>A Plea For Tolerance In The Face Of New Dogmas</i> (1947)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Dogmatism and skepticism are both, in a sense, absolute philosophies; one is certain of knowing, the other of not knowing.</b> What philosophy should dissipate is certainty, whether of knowledge or ignorance. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, in "Unpopular Essays" (1950), Ch. 2: Philosophy for Laymen, p. 43</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>He who dreamed of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, far back in a world of absolutism, was indeed <a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">heroic</a>, and we of today awaken to the <a href="/wiki/Wonder" title="Wonder">wonder</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Dream" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream">dream</a>.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a>, in "Education" an address to the Architectural League of America, Toronto (1902), later published in <i>Kindergarten Chats (revised 1918) and Other Writings</i> (1947)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>We designate by the term "State" institutions that embody absolutism in its extreme form and institutions that temper it with more or less liberality.</b> We apply the word alike to institutions that do nothing but <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggress</a> and to institutions that, besides aggressing, to some extent protect and defend. But which is the State's essential function, aggression or defence, few seem to know or care. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, Address to Unitarian Ministers (1890)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U">U</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: U"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="V">V</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501,_Berlin,_Reichstagssitzung,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>ONLY THE MADMAN IS ABSOLUTELY SURE. ~ <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>ONLY THE MADMAN IS ABSOLUTELY SURE.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illuminatus!_Trilogy" class="extiw" title="w:The Illuminatus! Trilogy">The Illuminatus! Trilogy</a></i> (1975) (co-written with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shea" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Shea">Robert Shea</a>), Part I : The Eye in the Pyramid p. 176 of 1988 edition</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Following <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski">Korzybski</a>, I put things in probabilities, not absolutes...</b> My only originality lies in applying this <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">zetetic</a> attitude outside the hardest of the hard sciences, physics, to softer sciences and then to non-sciences like politics, ideology, jury verdicts and, of course, conspiracy theory. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>, in an interview in <i>High Times</i> (2003)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="X">X</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y">Y</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Y"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Z">Z</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Z"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anonymous">Anonymous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Anonymous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Every country has its own constitution; ours is absolutism moderated by assassination.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous" title="Anonymous">Anonymous</a> Russian, as quoted in <i>Political Sketches of the State of Europe, from 1814-1867</i> (1868) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de:Georg_Herbert_zu_M%C3%BCnster" class="extiw" title="w:de:Georg Herbert zu Münster">Georg Herbert Münster-Ledenburg</a>, p. 19</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Relativity must replace absolutism in the realm of morals as well as in the spheres of physics and biology.</b> This of course does not involve the denial of the principle of continuity in human affairs. Nor does it mean that each generation must repudiate the system of values of its predecessors. It does mean, however, that no such system is permanent; that it will have to change and grow in response to experience. <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_School_Administrators" class="extiw" title="w:American Association of School Administrators">American Association of School Administrators</a></i>, Yearbook, Vol. X (1932), <i>Character Education</i>, Ch. 1 : Analysis of American Life from the Viewpoint of Character Education, p. 11</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article about: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutism" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Absolutism">Absolutism</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="noprint metadata" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/75px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/100px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Wiktionary</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Absolutism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Absolutism">Absolutism</a></b></i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="w:Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&oldid=3497501">https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Absolutism&oldid=3497501</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 April 2024, at 00:12.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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