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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>CT-based attenuation correction in the calculation of semi-quantitative indices of [18F]FDG uptake in PET | European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="CT-based attenuation correction in the calculation of semi-quantitative indices of [18F]FDG uptake in PET"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - The introduction of combined PET/CT systems has a number of advantages, including the utilisation of CT images for PET attenuation..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00259-002-1070-4/MediaObjects/s00259-002-1070-4fhb1.jpg"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="259"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="CT-based attenuation correction in the calculation of semi-quantitative indices of [18F]FDG uptake in PET"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2003 30:3"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2002-12-20"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2003 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2003 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The introduction of combined PET/CT systems has a number of advantages, including the utilisation of CT images for PET attenuation correction (AC). The potential advantage compared with existing methodology is less noisy transmission maps within shorter times of acquisition. The objective of our investigation was to assess the accuracy of CT attenuation correction (CTAC) and to study resulting bias and signal to noise ratio (SNR) in image-derived semi-quantitative uptake indices. A combined PET/CT system (GE Discovery LS) was used. Different size phantoms containing variable density components were used to assess the inherent accuracy of a bilinear transformation in the conversion of CT images to 511&nbsp;keV attenuation maps. This was followed by a phantom study simulating tumour imaging conditions, with a tumour to background ratio of 5:1. An additional variable was the inclusion of contrast agent at different concentration levels. A CT scan was carried out followed by 5&nbsp;min emission with 1-h and 3-min transmission frames. Clinical data were acquired in 50 patients, who had a CT scan under normal breathing conditions (CTACnb) or under breath-hold with inspiration (CTACinsp) or expiration (CTACexp), followed by a PET scan of 5 and 3&nbsp;min per bed position for the emission and transmission scans respectively. Phantom and patient studies were reconstructed using segmented AC (SAC) and CTAC. In addition, measured AC (MAC) was performed for the phantom study using the 1-h transmission frame. Comparing the attenuation coefficients obtained using the CT- and the rod source-based attenuation maps, differences of 3% and &lt;6% were recorded before and after segmentation of the measured transmission maps. Differences of up to 6% and 8% were found in the average count density (SUVavg) between the phantom images reconstructed with MAC and those reconstructed with CTAC and SAC respectively. In the case of CTAC, the difference increased up to 27% with the presence of contrast agent. The presence of metallic implants led to underestimation in the surrounding SUVavg and increasing non-uniformity in the proximity of the implant. The patient study revealed no statistically significant differences in the SUVavg between either CTACnb or CTACexp and SAC-reconstructed images. The larger differences were recorded in the lung. Both the phantom and the patient studies revealed an average increase of ~25% in the SNR for the CTAC-reconstructed emission images compared with the SAC-reconstructed images. In conclusion, CTACnb or CTACexp is a viable alternative to SAC for whole-body studies. With CTAC, careful consideration should be given to interpretation of images and use of SUVs in the presence of oral contrast and in the proximity of metallic implants."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1619-7089"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2002-12-20"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="30"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="3"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="344"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="353"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2003 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Eur J Nucl Med"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1619-7089"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="CT-based attenuation correction in the calculation of semi-quantitative indices of [18F]FDG uptake in PET"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="30"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2003/03"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2002/12/20"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="344"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="353"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4"/> <meta name="size" content="108600"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The introduction of combined PET/CT systems has a number of advantages, including the utilisation of CT images for PET attenuation correction (AC). The pot"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Visvikis, D."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Costa, D. C."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Croasdale, I."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lonn, A. H. R."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bomanji, J."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gacinovic, S."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ell, P. J."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Nuclear Medicine"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Imaging / Radiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Orthopedics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Cardiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Oncology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Lancet Oncol; citation_author=null Bomanji; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=157; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Gambhir; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1S; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Surg Oncol; citation_author=null Schiepers; citation_volume=21; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=517; citation_id=CR3"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=N Engl J Med; citation_author=null Pieterman; citation_volume=343; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=254; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Weber; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=1771; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Cancer; citation_author=null Young; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=1773; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Xu; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=161; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Meikle; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=143; citation_id=CR8"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=IEEE Trans Nucl Sci; citation_author=null Xu; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=331; citation_doi=10.1109/23.485974; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Bettinardi; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=447; citation_id=CR10"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Nuc Med; citation_author=null Visvikis; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1326; citation_doi=10.1007/s002590100566; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=IEEE Trans Nucl Sci; citation_author=null Guy; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1261; citation_doi=10.1109/23.682013; citation_id=CR12"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Med Phys; citation_author=null Kinahan; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=2046; citation_doi=10.1118/1.598392; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Burger; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=922; citation_doi=10.1007/s00259-002-0796-3; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Goerres; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=351; citation_doi=10.1007/s00259-001-0710-4; citation_id=CR15"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Nakamoto; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1137; citation_id=CR16"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Br J Radiol; citation_author=null White; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=1977; citation_pages=599; citation_id=CR17"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jordan K. 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RANDO® phantom. http://www.phantomlab.com/rando.html"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Nucl Med; citation_author=null Soret; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=13P; citation_id=CR20"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=IEEE Trans Med Imaging; citation_author=null Wang; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=657; citation_doi=10.1109/42.538943; citation_id=CR21"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Visvikis, D."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="d.visvikis@nucmed.ucl.ac.uk"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Costa, D. C."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Croasdale, I."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lonn, A. H. R."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="GE Medical Systems, , Slough, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bomanji, J."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gacinovic, S."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ell, P. J."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2003/03/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="CT-based attenuation correction in the calculation of semi-quantitative indices of [18F]FDG uptake in PET - European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The introduction of combined PET/CT systems has a number of advantages, including the utilisation of CT images for PET attenuation correction (AC). The potential advantage compared with existing methodology is less noisy transmission maps within shorter times of acquisition. The objective of our investigation was to assess the accuracy of CT attenuation correction (CTAC) and to study resulting bias and signal to noise ratio (SNR) in image-derived semi-quantitative uptake indices. A combined PET/CT system (GE Discovery LS) was used. Different size phantoms containing variable density components were used to assess the inherent accuracy of a bilinear transformation in the conversion of CT images to 511 keV attenuation maps. This was followed by a phantom study simulating tumour imaging conditions, with a tumour to background ratio of 5:1. An additional variable was the inclusion of contrast agent at different concentration levels. A CT scan was carried out followed by 5 min emission with 1-h and 3-min transmission frames. Clinical data were acquired in 50 patients, who had a CT scan under normal breathing conditions (CTACnb) or under breath-hold with inspiration (CTACinsp) or expiration (CTACexp), followed by a PET scan of 5 and 3 min per bed position for the emission and transmission scans respectively. Phantom and patient studies were reconstructed using segmented AC (SAC) and CTAC. In addition, measured AC (MAC) was performed for the phantom study using the 1-h transmission frame. Comparing the attenuation coefficients obtained using the CT- and the rod source-based attenuation maps, differences of 3% and <6% were recorded before and after segmentation of the measured transmission maps. Differences of up to 6% and 8% were found in the average count density (SUVavg) between the phantom images reconstructed with MAC and those reconstructed with CTAC and SAC respectively. In the case of CTAC, the difference increased up to 27% with the presence of contrast agent. The presence of metallic implants led to underestimation in the surrounding SUVavg and increasing non-uniformity in the proximity of the implant. The patient study revealed no statistically significant differences in the SUVavg between either CTACnb or CTACexp and SAC-reconstructed images. The larger differences were recorded in the lung. Both the phantom and the patient studies revealed an average increase of ~25% in the SNR for the CTAC-reconstructed emission images compared with the SAC-reconstructed images. In conclusion, CTACnb or CTACexp is a viable alternative to SAC for whole-body studies. With CTAC, careful consideration should be given to interpretation of images and use of SUVs in the presence of oral contrast and in the proximity of metallic implants."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00259-002-1070-4/MediaObjects/s00259-002-1070-4fhb1.jpg"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" 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The potential advantage compared with existing methodology is less noisy transmission maps within shorter times of acquisition. The objective of our investigation was to assess the accuracy of CT attenuation correction (CTAC) and to study resulting bias and signal to noise ratio (SNR) in image-derived semi-quantitative uptake indices. A combined PET/CT system (GE Discovery LS) was used. Different size phantoms containing variable density components were used to assess the inherent accuracy of a bilinear transformation in the conversion of CT images to 511 keV attenuation maps. This was followed by a phantom study simulating tumour imaging conditions, with a tumour to background ratio of 5:1. An additional variable was the inclusion of contrast agent at different concentration levels. A CT scan was carried out followed by 5 min emission with 1-h and 3-min transmission frames. Clinical data were acquired in 50 patients, who had a CT scan under normal breathing conditions (CTACnb) or under breath-hold with inspiration (CTACinsp) or expiration (CTACexp), followed by a PET scan of 5 and 3 min per bed position for the emission and transmission scans respectively. Phantom and patient studies were reconstructed using segmented AC (SAC) and CTAC. In addition, measured AC (MAC) was performed for the phantom study using the 1-h transmission frame. Comparing the attenuation coefficients obtained using the CT- and the rod source-based attenuation maps, differences of 3% and <6% were recorded before and after segmentation of the measured transmission maps. Differences of up to 6% and 8% were found in the average count density (SUVavg) between the phantom images reconstructed with MAC and those reconstructed with CTAC and SAC respectively. In the case of CTAC, the difference increased up to 27% with the presence of contrast agent. The presence of metallic implants led to underestimation in the surrounding SUVavg and increasing non-uniformity in the proximity of the implant. The patient study revealed no statistically significant differences in the SUVavg between either CTACnb or CTACexp and SAC-reconstructed images. The larger differences were recorded in the lung. Both the phantom and the patient studies revealed an average increase of ~25% in the SNR for the CTAC-reconstructed emission images compared with the SAC-reconstructed images. In conclusion, CTACnb or CTACexp is a viable alternative to SAC for whole-body studies. With CTAC, careful consideration should be given to interpretation of images and use of SUVs in the presence of oral contrast and in the proximity of metallic implants.","datePublished":"2002-12-20T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2002-12-20T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"344","pageEnd":"353","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4","keywords":["PET/CT","Attenuation correction","Standardised uptake values","Nuclear Medicine","Imaging / Radiology","Orthopedics","Cardiology","Oncology"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00259-002-1070-4/MediaObjects/s00259-002-1070-4fhb1.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00259-002-1070-4/MediaObjects/s00259-002-1070-4flb2.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00259-002-1070-4/MediaObjects/s00259-002-1070-4flb3a-b.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00259-002-1070-4/MediaObjects/s00259-002-1070-4fhb4a-d.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00259-002-1070-4/MediaObjects/s00259-002-1070-4fhb5a-c.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00259-002-1070-4/MediaObjects/s00259-002-1070-4flb6a-c.gif"],"isPartOf":{"name":"European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging","issn":["1619-7089","1619-7070"],"volumeNumber":"30","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer-Verlag","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"D. 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class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/259/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/ejnm/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" 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Visvikis<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#A1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-D__C_-Costa-A1" data-author-popup="auth-D__C_-Costa-A1" data-author-search="Costa, D. C.">D. C. Costa</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#A1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-I_-Croasdale-A1" data-author-popup="auth-I_-Croasdale-A1" data-author-search="Croasdale, I.">I. Croasdale</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#A1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A__H__R_-Lonn-A2" data-author-popup="auth-A__H__R_-Lonn-A2" data-author-search="Lonn, A. H. R.">A. H. R. Lonn</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#A2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J_-Bomanji-A1" data-author-popup="auth-J_-Bomanji-A1" data-author-search="Bomanji, J.">J. Bomanji</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#A1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Gacinovic-A1" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Gacinovic-A1" data-author-search="Gacinovic, S.">S. Gacinovic</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#A1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 7 authors for this article" title="Show all 7 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P__J_-Ell-A1" data-author-popup="auth-P__J_-Ell-A1" data-author-search="Ell, P. J.">P. J. Ell</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#A1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>803 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>102 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00259-002-1070-4/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The introduction of combined PET/CT systems has a number of advantages, including the utilisation of CT images for PET attenuation correction (AC). The potential advantage compared with existing methodology is less noisy transmission maps within shorter times of acquisition. The objective of our investigation was to assess the accuracy of CT attenuation correction (CTAC) and to study resulting bias and signal to noise ratio (SNR) in image-derived semi-quantitative uptake indices. A combined PET/CT system (GE Discovery LS) was used. Different size phantoms containing variable density components were used to assess the inherent accuracy of a bilinear transformation in the conversion of CT images to 511 keV attenuation maps. This was followed by a phantom study simulating tumour imaging conditions, with a tumour to background ratio of 5:1. An additional variable was the inclusion of contrast agent at different concentration levels. A CT scan was carried out followed by 5 min emission with 1-h and 3-min transmission frames. Clinical data were acquired in 50 patients, who had a CT scan under normal breathing conditions (CTAC<sub>nb</sub>) or under breath-hold with inspiration (CTAC<sub>insp</sub>) or expiration (CTAC<sub>exp</sub>), followed by a PET scan of 5 and 3 min per bed position for the emission and transmission scans respectively. Phantom and patient studies were reconstructed using segmented AC (SAC) and CTAC. In addition, measured AC (MAC) was performed for the phantom study using the 1-h transmission frame. Comparing the attenuation coefficients obtained using the CT- and the rod source-based attenuation maps, differences of 3% and <6% were recorded before and after segmentation of the measured transmission maps. Differences of up to 6% and 8% were found in the average count density (SUV<sub>avg</sub>) between the phantom images reconstructed with MAC and those reconstructed with CTAC and SAC respectively. In the case of CTAC, the difference increased up to 27% with the presence of contrast agent. The presence of metallic implants led to underestimation in the surrounding SUV<sub>avg</sub> and increasing non-uniformity in the proximity of the implant. The patient study revealed no statistically significant differences in the SUV<sub>avg</sub> between either CTAC<sub>nb</sub> or CTAC<sub>exp</sub> and SAC-reconstructed images. The larger differences were recorded in the lung. Both the phantom and the patient studies revealed an average increase of ~25% in the SNR for the CTAC-reconstructed emission images compared with the SAC-reconstructed images. In conclusion, CTAC<sub>nb</sub> or CTAC<sub>exp</sub> is a viable alternative to SAC for whole-body studies. 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We would also like to thank Dr. Tim Fryer and the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre in Cambridge for allowing the use of the IEC phantom during this study, as well as Daren Francis for the provision of the metal implants used in this study.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="A1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, Mortimer Street, London, W1T 3AA, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">D. Visvikis, D. C. Costa, I. Croasdale, J. Bomanji, S. Gacinovic & P. J. Ell</p></li><li id="A2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">GE Medical Systems, , Slough, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">A. H. R. Lonn</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-D_-Visvikis-A1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">D. 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class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=PET%2FCT&facet-discipline="Medicine%20%26%20Public%20Health"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">PET/CT</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Attenuation%20correction&facet-discipline="Medicine%20%26%20Public%20Health"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Attenuation correction</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Standardised%20uptake%20values&facet-discipline="Medicine%20%26%20Public%20Health"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Standardised uptake values</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" 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