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<div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kontroverze_u_sistematici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontroverze_u_sistematici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kontroverze u sistematici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontroverze_u_sistematici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Klasifikacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterni_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterni_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eksterni linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterni_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hrskavičnjače</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 88 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraakbeenvisse" title="Kraakbeenvisse — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kraakbeenvisse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorpelfische" title="Knorpelfische — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Knorpelfische" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أسماك غضروفية — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسماك غضروفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اسماك غضروفيه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسماك غضروفيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1rdaql%C4%B1_bal%C4%B1qlar" title="Qığırdaqlı balıqlar — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qığırdaqlı balıqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قیغیرداق‌لی بالیقلار — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیغیرداق‌لی بالیقلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кимерсәкле балыҡтар — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кимерсәкле балыҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Храстковыя рыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Храстковыя рыбы — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Храстковыя рыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Хрущялни риби — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хрущялни риби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondriktied" title="Kondriktied — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kondriktied" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1ljoribe" title="Rušljoribe — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rušljoribe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixos_cartilaginosos" title="Peixos cartilaginosos — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peixos cartilaginosos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryby" title="Paryby — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paryby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruskfisk" title="Bruskfisk — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bruskfisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorpelfische" title="Knorpelfische — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knorpelfische" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B8%CF%8D%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Χονδριχθύες — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χονδριχθύες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartilagaj_fi%C5%9Doj" title="Kartilagaj fiŝoj — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartilagaj fiŝoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5hrkalad" title="Kõhrkalad — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõhrkalad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondriktie" title="Kondriktie — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kondriktie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غضروف‌ماهیان — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غضروف‌ماهیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustokalat" title="Rustokalat — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rustokalat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graselfasker" title="Graselfasker — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Graselfasker" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreakbienfisken" title="Kreakbienfisken — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kreakbienfisken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasc_loinge%C3%A1nach" title="Iasc loingeánach — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iasc loingeánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condrictios" title="Condrictios — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Condrictios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pira_ikyr%C3%BDuva" title="Pira ikyrýuva — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pira ikyrýuva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1" title="דגי סחוס — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגי סחוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="कॉन्ड्रीइक्थीज़ — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉन्ड्रीइक्थीज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De" title="Hrskavičnjače — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hrskavičnjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcos_halak" title="Porcos halak — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Porcos halak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BC%D5%B3%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կռճիկային ձկներ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կռճիկային ձկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brj%C3%B3skfiskar" title="Brjóskfiskar — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brjóskfiskar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E7%B6%B1" title="軟骨魚綱 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軟骨魚綱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხრტილიანი თევზები — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხრტილიანი თევზები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шеміршекті балықтар — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шеміршекті балықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾಂಡ್ರಿಕ್ತೈಸ್ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಂಡ್ರಿಕ್ತೈಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B3%A8%EC%96%B4%EB%A5%98" title="연골어류 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연골어류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кемирчектүү балыктар — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кемирчектүү балыктар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knorpelf%C3%ABsch" title="Knorpelfësch — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Knorpelfësch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — ligurski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremzlin%C4%97s_%C5%BEuvys" title="Kremzlinės žuvys — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kremzlinės žuvys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrim%C5%A1%C4%BCzivis" title="Skrimšļzivis — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skrimšļzivis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%A0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="’Рскавични риби — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="’Рскавични риби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraakbeenvissen" title="Kraakbeenvissen — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kraakbeenvissen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruskfiskar" title="Bruskfiskar — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bruskfiskar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruskfisker" title="Bruskfisker — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bruskfisker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BC_ooshg%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99zhii" title="Łóóʼ ooshgę́ęzhii — Navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łóóʼ ooshgę́ęzhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%84%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æргъиуджын кæфтæ — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æргъиуджын кæфтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichons_cartiladjineus" title="Pichons cartiladjineus — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pichons cartiladjineus" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby_chrz%C4%99stnoszkieletowe" title="Ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowe — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%91%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="مڑکنی مچھیاں — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مڑکنی مچھیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غضروفی کبان — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غضروفی کبان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27apa_challwa" title="K'apa challwa — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'apa challwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Хрящевые рыбы — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хрящевые рыбы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%BF%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="ڪانڊرڪٿيز — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪانڊرڪٿيز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drsnoko%C5%BEce" title="Drsnokožce — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drsnokožce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrustan%C4%8Dnice" title="Hrustančnice — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hrustančnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88%D1%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Рушљорибе — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рушљорибе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broskfiskar" title="Broskfiskar — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Broskfiskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ปลากระดูกอ่อน — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลากระดูกอ่อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_niuniu" title="Ika niuniu — Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Ika niuniu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1k%C4%B1rdakl%C4%B1_bal%C4%B1klar" title="Kıkırdaklı balıklar — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıkırdaklı balıklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Хрящові риби — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хрящові риби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%CA%BBayli_baliqlar" title="Togʻayli baliqlar — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Togʻayli baliqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_C%C3%A1_s%E1%BB%A5n" title="Lớp Cá sụn — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Cá sụn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroakb%C3%AAenvisn" title="Kroakbêenvisn — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kroakbêenvisn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chondrichthyes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%AA%A8%E9%B1%BC%E7%BA%B2" title="软骨鱼纲 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="软骨鱼纲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E7%B6%B1" title="軟骨魚綱 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="軟骨魚綱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%84g-kut-h%C3%AE" title="Nńg-kut-hî — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nńg-kut-hî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E7%B6%B1" title="軟骨魚綱 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軟骨魚綱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25371#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chondrichthyes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25371" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: pink">Rušljoribe </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:White_shark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/White_shark.jpg/240px-White_shark.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/White_shark.jpg/360px-White_shark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/White_shark.jpg/480px-White_shark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="835" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Velika_bela_ajkula" class="mw-redirect" title="Velika bela ajkula">Velika bela ajkula</a>, <i>Carcharodon carcharias</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: pink"><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Naučna klasifikacija</a> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Carstvo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">Animalia</a><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Koljeno: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Svitkovci" title="Svitkovci">Chordata</a><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Potkoljeno: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kralje%C5%A1njaci" title="Kralješnjaci">Vertebrata</a><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Infrakoljeno: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celjustouste" title="Čeljustouste">Gnathostomata</a><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Razred: </td> <td><b>Chondrichthyes</b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Henri_Haksli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomas Henri Haksli">Haksli</a>, <a href="/wiki/1880" title="1880">1880</a>.</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Hrskavičnjače</b> ili <b>rušljoribe</b> (<i>Chondrichthyes</i> ili <i>Elasmobranchii</i>) su grupa, <a href="/wiki/Klasa" class="mw-disambig" title="Klasa">klasa</a>, morskih riba grabljivica sa hrskavičavim <a href="/wiki/Skelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Skelet">skeletom</a>. Ova klasa obuhvata oko 800 <a href="/wiki/Recentna_vrsta" title="Recentna vrsta">recentnih vrsta</a> od kojih su najpoznatije <a href="/wiki/Ajkule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajkule">ajkule</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%BEe" title="Raže">raže</a>. </p><p>Unutrašnji <a href="/wiki/Skelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Skelet">skelet</a> (<b>endoskelet</b>) im je potpuno izgrađen od <a href="/wiki/Hrskavica" title="Hrskavica">hrskavice</a>. Kod odraslih jedinki noto<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horda_(biologija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horda (biologija) (stranica ne postoji)">horda</a> je zamenjena kičmenim pršljenovima. Koštane pločice smeštene u koži nose <b>plakoidne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krlju%C5%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krljušt (stranica ne postoji)">krljušti</a></b> koje su u obliku zubolikog nastavka. </p><p><b>Glava</b> je napred izvučena šiljato u produžetak nazvan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rostrum (stranica ne postoji)">rostrum</a> pa zbog toga usni otvor leži sa trbušne strane i u vidu je poprečnog proreza. Prema toj osobini nazivaju se i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiostomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plagiostomi (stranica ne postoji)">plagiostomi</a> (Plagiostomi) jer na <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grč.</a> <i>plagios</i> je poprečan, a <i> stoma</i> su <a href="/wiki/Usta" class="mw-redirect" title="Usta">usta</a>. </p><p>Naziv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elazmobranhije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elazmobranhije (stranica ne postoji)">elazmobranhije</a> (Elasmobranchii) dobile su prema škržnim lukovima koji su u obliku ploča i nose <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krge" title="Škrge">škrge</a> (grč. elasmos = ploča). Imaju pet pari <b>škrga</b> (veoma retko šest ili sedam) koje su smeštene u odvojenim <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krge" title="Škrge">škržnim kesama</a> i imaju zasebne otvore ka spoljašnjoj sredini. Škržni otvori su bez poklopaca i razdvojeni su širokim pregradama.Može se, kod pojedinih vrsta naći, još jedan zakržljali škržni otvor nazvan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirakulum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirakulum (stranica ne postoji)">spirakulum</a> (spiraculum). Od njega se kod kopnenih, četveronožnih kičmenjaka (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrapode (stranica ne postoji)">tetrapode</a> ili Tetrapoda) <a href="/wiki/Eustahijeva_tuba" title="Eustahijeva tuba">Eustahijeva tuba</a> (tuba Eustachii). Ove ribe nemaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riblji_mehur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riblji mehur (stranica ne postoji)">riblji mehur</a>. </p><p>U unutrašnjosti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crevo (stranica ne postoji)"><b>creva</b></a><b> nalazi se spiralna pregrada koja povećava put hrane kroz njega. U završnom delu creva obrazuje se </b><a href="/wiki/Kloaka" title="Kloaka">kloaka</a><b> u koju se izlivaju izvodni kanali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polna_%C5%BElezda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polna žlezda (stranica ne postoji)">polnih žlezda</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokrovod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokrovod (stranica ne postoji)">mokrovod</a>. </b> </p><p>Rušljoribe su razdvojenih polova koji se razlikuju međusobno prema obliku trbušnih <a href="/wiki/Peraje" title="Peraje">peraja</a>. Trbušna peraja <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%BEjak" title="Mužjak">mužjaka</a> igraju ulogu spoljašnjeg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopulatorni_organ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopulatorni organ (stranica ne postoji)">kopulatornog organa</a>. </p><p><b>Ženski polni sistem</b> sastoji se od: </p> <ul><li>parnog ili neparnog <a href="/wiki/Jajnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jajnik">jajnika</a> iz koga zrela jaj padaju u telesnu duplju pa zatim dospevaju u jajovode;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajovod" class="mw-redirect" title="Jajovod">jajovoda</a> koji kod <a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">riba</a> koje polažu <a href="/wiki/Jaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaja">jaja</a> sadrži krupne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nidamentalna_%C5%BElezda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nidamentalna žlezda (stranica ne postoji)">nidamentalne žlezde</a>; ove žlezde luče <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekret (stranica ne postoji)">sekret</a> kojim se obrazuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokon (stranica ne postoji)">kokon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materica" title="Materica">uterusi</a> su proširenja jajovoda na zadnjoj strani koja se zajedničkim otvorom izlivaju u kloaku.</li></ul> <p>Mnoge <a href="/wiki/Ajkule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajkule">ajkule</a> su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viviparna_vrsta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viviparna vrsta (stranica ne postoji)">viviparne</a>, odnosno, rađaju žive mladunce pa su njihova jaja sa tankim omotačem. </p><p><b>Muški polni sistem</b> se sastoji od parnih <a href="/wiki/Semenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Semenik">semenika</a> iz koji se muške polne ćelije sprovode prednjim delom bubrega, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezonefros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezonefros (stranica ne postoji)">mezonefrosa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontroverze_u_sistematici">Kontroverze u sistematici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Kontroverze u sistematici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kontroverze u sistematici"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uobičajeno se smatra da su hrskavičnjače sestrinska skupina <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1tunja%C4%8De" class="mw-redirect" title="Koštunjače">koštunjača</a> u okviru <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celjustouste" title="Čeljustouste">čeljustoustih</a>. No u novije vrijeme usporedna <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genetička</a> istraživanja dovode ovu hipotezu u pitanje. Prema njima, hrskavičnjače su se razvile u okviru koštunjača, pa bi prema tome trebale biti sestrinska grupa <a href="/wiki/Zrakoperke" title="Zrakoperke">zrakoperki</a> (Actinopterygii) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0titono%C5%A1e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Štitonoše (stranica ne postoji)">štitonoše</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novozrakoperke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novozrakoperke (stranica ne postoji)">novozrakoperke</a>) kao jednom i <a href="/wiki/Mesoperke" title="Mesoperke">mesoperki</a> (Sarcopterygii) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnogoperke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnogoperke (stranica ne postoji)">mnogoperki</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvodihalice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvodihalice (stranica ne postoji)">dvodihalica</a>) kao drugom <a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">taksonu</a>. </p><p>To bi imalo značajne posljedice u odnosu na prihvaćeno vrednovanje njihovih mnogih vanjskih značajki. Tako bi na primjer zadnji zajednički predak sve tri skupine morao imati organ pluća odnosno ribljeg mjehura kao i <a href="/wiki/Kost" class="mw-redirect" title="Kost">koštani</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krge" title="Škrge">škržni</a> poklopac, koji su zatim hrskavičnjače ponovo reducirale, odnosno izgubile. </p><p>Sa stanovišta <a href="/wiki/Evolucija_(biologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolucija (biologija)">evolucije</a>, mnoge osobine hrskavičnjača mogu se interpretirati kao prilagodba načinu života i okolišu u dubinama otvorenog mora. Tako se reduciranje koštanog skeleta može tumačiti potrebom smanjivanja specifične težine, a razvoj električnih osjetila prilagodbom na nedostatak <a href="/wiki/Svjetlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Svjetlo">svjetla</a>. Unutrašnja oplodnja i relativno nizak broj potomaka se, pored drugih <a href="/wiki/Morfologija_(biologija)" title="Morfologija (biologija)">morfoloških</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fiziologija" title="Fiziologija">fizioloških</a> osobina, mogu se razumjeti kao prilagodba. Prema tom tumačenju, da danas <a href="/wiki/Recentna_vrsta" title="Recentna vrsta">recentni</a> morski psi nastanjuju i pliće obalne vode, može se smatrati sekundarnim osvajanjem novog okoliša. </p><p>Za pobližu podjelu: <a href="/wiki/Sistematika_hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8Da" title="Sistematika hrskavičnjača">Sistematika hrskavičnjača</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikacija">Klasifikacija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Klasifikacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Klasifikacija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potklasa rušljoriba obuhvata redove: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajkule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajkule">ajkule</a> (Selachii)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%BEe" title="Raže">raže</a> (Batoidei)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himere (stranica ne postoji)">himere</a> (Holocephales).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brem, A., E.: Život životinja, Prosvjeta, Zagreb, 1982.</li> <li>Kalezić,M.:Osnovi morfologije kičmenjaka, Savremena administracija, Beograd, 1995.</li> <li>Kalezić, M.: Hordati, Biološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, 2000.</li> <li>Marcon, E., Mongini, M: Sve životinje sveta, IRO <i>Vuk Karadžić</i>, Beograd, 1986.</li> <li>Radović, I., Petrov, Brigita: Raznovrsnost života 1 - struktura i funkcija, Biološki fakultet Beograd i Stylos Novi Sad, Beograd, 2001.</li> <li>Ratajac, Ružica: Zoologija za studente Poljoprivrednog fakulteta, PMF u Novom Sadu i MP <i>Stylos</i> Novi Sad, 1995.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterni_linkovi">Eksterni linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Eksterni linkovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrskavi%C4%8Dnja%C4%8De&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Eksterni linkovi"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Chondrichthyes/Chondrichthyes.htm#Elasmobranchii">Taksonomija hrskavičnjača</a> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bionet-skola.com/w/Rušljoribe">BioNet Škola</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423051520/http://www.bionet-skola.com/w/Ru%C5%A1ljoribe">Arhivirano</a> 2008-04-23 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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