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class="bm_c"> <div class="vw mbm"> <div class="h pbm"> <h1 class="ph"> “是什么造成了今天只有专家而无知识分子的局面？”漫说“四为”——横渠四句 <a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog.php?mod=recommend"><img src="./static/image/blog/recommendico.gif" width="22px" height="22px" /><font style="font-size:14px; color:#930;" face="宋体">精选</font></a> </h1> <p class="xg2"> <span class="xg1">已有 5612 次阅读</span> <span class="xg1">2024-6-11 07:26</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">个人分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=210844&do=blog&classid=178262&view=me">认知科学</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&do=blog&view=all&uid=210844&catid=10">人文社科</a></span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">吕乃基</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">近日，见到许倬云一文</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“是什么造成了今天只有专家而无知识分子的局面？”</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/n13x1YYng8BM5rjzb7Vbew" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span style="font-family: 华文楷体;color: #0000FF;font-size: 19px">https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/n13x1YYng8BM5rjzb7Vbew</span></span></a></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"> </span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">许先生在文中引用了</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">张载</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">广为人知的</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“横渠</span></span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">四句</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">”，可以简称“四为”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">：</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平。”</span></span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">虽然后人对此争论不休，或许可以在大体上回答许先生提出的问题。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“四为”，充分体现了中国传统知识分子的人生担当，以天下为己任。实际上内涵了两“不为”，不为名不为利，以及一“不畏”，不畏权势。否则就会扭曲与弱化“四为”。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">按知识论视野来看，</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“为天地立心，”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">可以认为是</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“四为”中唯一与自然界有所关联者；</span></span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“为生民立命，”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">属人文社会科学。这两句话是从内容的广度，也就是</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“空间”上论述。</span></span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“为往圣继绝学</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">，</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">说的是</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“传承”；最后</span></span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“为万世开太平。”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">则是面向未来。后两句话是从时间上论述，继往开来。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">四句话言简意赅，高度对称，读来琅琅上口，掷地有声。中国传统知识分子的担当，不可谓不高，不可谓不大，不可谓不上。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">张载之后，千载已逝，特别是近现代以来，社会分工已高度分化，从大的层面看分为经济、政治和文化，从小的层面分为各行各业。亚里士多德、达芬奇这样的文艺复兴式人物已成为历史。虽然还有极少数跨多个领域的巨人，但大多数传统的知识分子都已经转化为现代意义上各领域的专家，大多供职于各种社会组织，如大学、研究机构、智库和公司等，即使相对独立的知识分子也要在不同程度上与出版部门和形形色色的媒体打交道，名利与权势不可避免渗入其中。人是社会关系的总和，说的就是高度社会化。在这种情况下，由以天下为己任的知识分子，演化为各占一席之地的各行各业的专家是大势所趋。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">中国传统知识分子的</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“四为”本身也存在各种缺陷与问题。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“为天地立心</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">。</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">浸润了太多的主观因素，与康德</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“头顶的星空”形成鲜明对比，与科学方法和科学精神相去甚远，成为中国传统文化的一大缺陷。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“为生民立命</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">。</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">在</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“超稳定”的传统社会，“生民”之“命”亦超稳定；在复杂多变的现代社会，难以确定和构建普适且不变之“命”。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“为往圣继绝学</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">。</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">需</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“继”者不仅是“往圣”，且不论视孔孟为“往圣”之虞。当下，形形色色的大模型正在以几乎全部人类知识为基础，解难释疑，进而提供行动的方案，具身大模型比人做得更好。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“为万世开太平。”</span><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">这是</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“四为”的最后一句，于今日依然熠熠生辉，直至永恒。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px">“四为”最大的问题是，中国传统知识分子太把自己当回事，一是舍我其谁，视百姓为草芥，等待知识分子来“立”、“继”、“开”；二是往往偏向主观，偏离客观规律，甚至陷入乌托邦。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">然而，一旦意识到自身的问题，那么不仅最后一句，</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“四为”在千载之后依然有其价值。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">其一，正因为分工越来越</span><span style="font-family:华文楷体">“专”，需要有知识的综合与大局观。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric"><span style=";font-family:华文楷体;font-size:19px"><span style="font-family:华文楷体">其二，大模型越俎代庖，</span><span 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