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open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Mamlukoj</b> (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba lingvo">arabe</a> <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar">المماليك</span> [<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helpo:Prononcindiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helpo:Prononcindiko"><span title="IFA: [almamaː'liːk]">almama:LI:K</span></a>], difinita plurnombra formo de <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar">مملوك</span> [<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helpo:Prononcindiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helpo:Prononcindiko"><span title="IFA: [mam'luːk]">mamLU:K</span></a>], ankaŭ nomitaj <b><u>Gh</u>ulām</b>) origine estis armeaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sklavo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sklavo">sklavoj</a> en iuj islamaj regoregionoj. Dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1250?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1250">1250</a> la mamlukoj sukcesis en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egiptio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egiptio">Egiptio</a> akiri la regadon kaj dek jarojn pli poste disvastigi tiun regadon al la regiono <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levantenio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levantenio">Levantenio</a>, precize en la teritorioj de la hodiaŭaj ŝtatoj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israelo">Israelo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestino">Palestino</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jordanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jordanio">Jordanio</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libano">Libano</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sirio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sirio">Sirio</a> konstituante la sultanlandon nomita <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamluka_Sultanlando_(Kairo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamluka Sultanlando (Kairo)">Mamluka Sultanlando</a>. Poste la vorto uziĝis por pluraj dinastioj de regantoj, kiuj ne plu estis sklavoj. Dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1517?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1517">1517</a> armeo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmana_Imperio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmana Imperio">Osmana Imperio</a> venkis la armeon de la egiptaj mamlukoj, sed ili plu regis Egiption ĝis la malvenko kontraŭ la armeo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleono?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Napoleono">Napoleono</a> dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1798?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1798">1798</a>.</p> <table class="infobox" style="width:23em; <--Bv ne ŝanĝi tiun-ĉi larĝon, por ke estu la sama larĝeco ĉe ĉiuj ŝablonoj-informkesto, se aperas du ŝablonoj unu sub la alia. Dankon. !--> background:#ffffff; text-align:center; font-size:95%; -moz-box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC; -webkit-box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC; box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="background-color:#A8D3DD; text-align:center; font-size:larger;" class="kaplinio io">Mamlukoj</th> </tr> <tr> <th> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Mameluke-in-Full-Armour.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mameluke-in-Full-Armour.jpg/220px-Mameluke-in-Full-Armour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mameluke-in-Full-Armour.jpg/330px-Mameluke-in-Full-Armour.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mameluke-in-Full-Armour.jpg/440px-Mameluke-in-Full-Armour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1071"></a> <figcaption> <div style="text-align:center"></div> </figcaption> </figure> <div> <div style="text-align:center"></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Mamluk.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mamluk.jpg/220px-Mamluk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mamluk.jpg/330px-Mamluk.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Mamluk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="501"></a> <figcaption> </figcaption> </figure></th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e4dcf6; color:#000000;"><b>sklavo • <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soldato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soldato">soldato</a></b></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#E6F2FF; line-height:14pt;">Ŝtatoj kun signifa populacio</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="shangu-shablonon infoboximage" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em"> <div class="noprint toccolours" style="border:2px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;background-color:#A8D3DD;color:black;font-size:xx-small;font-weight:normal"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Informkestoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedio:Informkestoj"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/15px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/23px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure><span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cablono:Informkesto_etna_grupo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝablono:Informkesto etna grupo">v</a> • <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cablono-Diskuto:Informkesto_etna_grupo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝablono-Diskuto:Informkesto etna grupo">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25C5%259Cablono%253AInformkesto_etna_grupo%26action%3Dedit">r</a></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="eo" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Enhavo</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelukoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etimologio"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etimologio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelukoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historio"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Historio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelukoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_mamlukoj_en_Egiptio"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">La mamlukoj en Egiptio</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelukoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unua_regado"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Unua regado</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelukoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dua_regado"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dua regado</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelukoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tria_regado"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tria regado</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelukoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mamlukoj_en_Barato"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Mamlukoj en Barato</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelukoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eksteraj_ligiloj"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Eksteraj ligiloj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Etimologio">Etimologio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Etimologio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Araba_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Araba lingvo">araba</a> vorto <i>mamluk</i> devenas de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cemida_lingvaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝemida lingvaro">ŝemida</a> vortoradiko <i>mlk</i>, kiu signifas "regi" kaj ankaŭ "reganto" respektive "reĝo". "Mamluk" estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pasiva_participo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pasiva participo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">pasiva participo</a>, kio signifas "regato" aŭ "reĝa regato". Ne temis pri simplaj sklavoj, sed pri reĝaj sklavoj, kiuj ekskluzive estis armeaj militistoj kaj ofte mem vendis sin al la reganto.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Historio">Historio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Historio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Mamluke.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/200px-Mamluke.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="532"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/200px-Mamluke.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg/300px-Mamluke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Mamluke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <center> mamluko sur ĉevalo en bildo de la jaro 1810 </center> </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/200px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2359"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/200px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/300px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg/400px-El_dos_de_mayo_de_1808_en_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <center> mamlukoj transprenitaj de la armeo de Francio dum la jaro 1808 en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madrido?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madrido">Madrido</a> batalas kontraŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insurekcio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insurekcio">insurekciantoj</a> (pentraĵo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Goya">Goya</a>) </center> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Turkaj sklavoj, kiuj nomiĝis mamlukoj, en la armeoj de la islama <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abasida_Kaliflando?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abasida Kaliflando">Abasida Kaliflando</a> uziĝis ekde la 9-a jarcento. Precipe kalifo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Mu'tasim">Al-Mu'tasim</a> (833-842) starigis personan protektan soldataron.</p> <p>Ankaŭ la persona soldataro de la islama reganto <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saladino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saladino">Saladino</a> konsistis el mamlukoj - grandparte tiuj soldatoj aĉetiĝis en infana aĝo en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolio">Anatolio</a> aŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ka%C5%ADkazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaŭkazio">Kaŭkazio</a>, poste ricevis edukon je islamo kaj je rajdanta soldateco, kaj ĝenerale estis tre fidelaj al sia reganto. Ili povis liberiĝi kaj tiam mem aĉeti mamlukon por sia protekto. Kvankam ili konsistigis armean eliton, ili nek estis <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobelo">nobeloj</a> nek havis specialan familian benon pro deveno de familio <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohamedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohamedo">Mohamedo</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="La_mamlukoj_en_Egiptio">La mamlukoj en Egiptio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: La mamlukoj en Egiptio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Post la morto de sultano <i>as-Salih</i> dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1249?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1249">1249</a> kaj la murdo de lia filo <i>Turan Ŝah</i>, la mamluka generalo <i>Ajbak</i> transprenis la regadon super Egiptio - kune kun la vidvino de la sultano, kun kiu li edziĝis. Ajbak, kiu sub la nomo <i>al-Malik al-Muizz</i> regis inter la jaroj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1250?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1250">1250</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1257?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1257">1257</a>, fondis la egiptian mamlukan ŝtaton.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Unua_regado">Unua regado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Unua regado" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8860200">.mw-parser-output .cxefartikolo{background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.5em;font-style:italic}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cxefartikolo{background-color:#202122;color:white;border:1px solid #333333}html.skin-theme-clientpref-light .mw-parser-output .cxefartikolo{background-color:#F9F9F9;color:black;border:1px solid #AAAAAA}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cxefartikolo{background-color:#202122;color:white;border:1px solid #333333}}</style> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamluka_Sultanlando_(Kairo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamluka Sultanlando (Kairo)">Mamluka Sultanlando (Kairo)</a>. </div> <p>Post la morto de Ajbak la mamlukoj frontis minacon de konkero fare de la armeo de la mongolaj ĥanoj, kiu dum <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1258?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1258">1258</a> okupis <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bagdado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bagdado">Bagdadon</a>. Dum <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1260?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1260">1260</a> la mongola armeo konkeris <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sirio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sirio">Sirion</a>, sed la mamluka armeo povis venki ilin. Per tio la mamluka regno en Egiptio estis la sola tiuepoka ŝtato de okcidenta Azio, kiu ne malvenkis kontraŭ la mongoloj.</p> <p>La armea gvidanto <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bajbarso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bajbarso">Bajbars</a> (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1260?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1260">1260</a>-<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1277?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1277">1277</a>) eluzis la venkon por mem transpreni la regadon de Egiptio. Li fortigis sian regan pozicion en Egiptio kaj Sirio, komencis forpeli la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankoj">frankajn</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kruc-kavaliroj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruc-kavaliroj">kruc-kavalirajn</a> armeojn el okcidenta Azio, konkeris la urbon <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antio%C4%A5io?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioĥio">Antioĥio</a> dum <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1268?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1268">1268</a> kaj ankaŭ okupis <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nubio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nubio">Nubion</a>. Dum <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1261?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1261">1261</a> Bajbars en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kairo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kairo">Kairo</a> nomumis <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abasidoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abasidoj">abasidan</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalifo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalifo">kalifon</a>, kiu legitimigu la mamlukan regadon. Malgraŭ ĉiuj politikaj sukcesoj li tamen ne sukcesis garantii al sia filo la transprenon de la regado post la propra morto. Nur post du-jara regado la filo dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1279?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1279">1279</a> estis forpuĉita fare de mamluka gvidanto, kiu komencis la dinastion <i>Bakri</i> (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1279?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1279">1279</a>-<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1382?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1382">1382</a>).</p> <p>Ankaŭ la regantoj de la dinastio <i>Burgija</i> (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1382?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1382">1382</a>-<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1517?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1517">1517</a>) komence sukcesis defendigi la limojn de la granda mamluka regno. Sed pro la grandaj impostoj pro multaj militoj, pri misrikoltoj, amasa malsato kaj amasa morto pro la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pesto">pesto</a>-epidemioj la lando Egiptio ekhavis pli kaj pli severajn ekonomiajn problemojn. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-A%C5%9Draf_Kajtbaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Aŝraf Kajtbaj">Al-Aŝraf Kajtbaj</a>, Al-Aŝraf Saif ad-Din Kajtbaj, alilingve ankaŭ Qaitbay kaj Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Qa'it Bay (arabe السلطان أبو النصر سيف الدين الأشرف قايتباي, naskiĝis ĉ. 1416/1418 – mortis en 1496) estis la dekoka mamluka sultano de Egiptio de 8072 ĝis 901 laŭ la islama kalendaro (1468-1496 laŭ la okcidenta kalendaro).</p> <p>Ĉar la mamlukoj ankaŭ rifuzis transpreni la "maldignajn" modernajn pafilojn, kiuj intertempe estis tre ŝanĝintaj la militadon en Eŭropo, ilia regno fine inter <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1516?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1516">1516</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1517?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1517">1517</a> konkeriĝis fare de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmana_Imperio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmana Imperio">Osmana Imperio</a> dum la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otoman%E2%80%93Mamluka_Milito_(1516%E2%80%9317)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otoman–Mamluka Milito (1516–17)">Otoman–Mamluka Milito (1516–17)</a>. La reganta sistemo de armeaj sklavoj tamen ankaŭ sub osmana regado pluekzistis.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Dua_regado">Dua regado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Dua regado" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Ekde la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1630?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1630">1630</a> mamlukoj ene de la Osmana Imperio denove iom post iom transprenis regajn postenojn. Tamen du mamlukaj frakcioj kaj beduenoj de supra Egiptio tre interbatalis. La postvivintoj de tiuj bataloj nur dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1730?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1730">1730</a> unuiĝis, kaj dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1768?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1768">1768</a> la armea gvidanto <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ali_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ali Bey (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Ali Bey</a> alvokis al ribelo kontraŭ la imperio kaj de Egiptio eĉ konkeris Sirion. Li fine venkiĝis fare de armeo de la propra bofilo, kaj post ties morto diversaj mamlukaj frakcioj interbatalis pri la regado.</p> <p>Fine dum <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1790?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1790">1790</a> du alianciĝintaj mamlukaj emiroj fine venkis en tiu interna batalo kontraŭ alia frakcio alianciĝinta kun turka armeo.</p> <p>La armea "ekspedicio" de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleono?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Napoleono">Napoleono</a> al Egiptio dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1798?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1798">1798</a> kaj la regado de <i>Mehmed Ali</i>, kiu dum <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1811?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1811">1811</a> en masakro murdis proksimume 500 mamlukojn en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kairo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kairo">Kairo</a> kaj plurajn milojn en la resto de Egiptio, finigis la mamlukan regadon.</p> <p>Eta grupo da postvivintoj laŭdire sukcesis fuĝi al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudano">Sudano</a> kaj unue dungiĝis kiel soldatoj, por iom poste ankaŭ tie transpreni regajn poziciojn. Almenaŭ la nunaj regantoj de Egiptio uzis tiun aserton, por dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1820?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1820">1820</a> ataki kaj konkeri Sudanon.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tria_regado">Tria regado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Tria regado" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Malgraŭ ilia ŝajna pereo, post la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1867?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1867">1867</a> en Egiptio refortiĝis armeanoj de mamluka deveno. Revolto de egiptaj armeestroj de la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1881?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1881">1881</a>, kiun finigis la brita armeo, celis malfortigi tiun mamlukan armeestran konkurencon.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Mamlukoj_en_Barato">Mamlukoj en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barato">Barato</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Mamlukoj en Barato" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Armeo de mamlukaj soldatoj dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="962">962</a> okupis la urbon <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghazni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, igis ĝin ĉefurbo de nova regno en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transoksanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoksanio">Transoksanio</a>, kaj de tie pli poste ankaŭ konkeris <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afganio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afganio">Afganion</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan%C4%9Dabo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Panĝabo">Panĝabon</a>. Ili fondis mamlukan dinastion, kiu dum jarcentoj regis la regionon.</p> <p>Dum la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1206?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1206">1206</a> turkaj mamlukoj el tiu dinastio fondis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delhia_Sultanlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delhia Sultanlando">Delhian Sultanlandon</a> kaj starigis plian dinastion, kiu tie regis ĝis la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1526?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1526">1526</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Eksteraj_ligiloj">Eksteraj ligiloj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Eksteraj ligiloj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 250px; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <ul class="noarchive"> <li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mamluks?uselang%3Deo">Kategorio Mamlukoj en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/C8/COM-0658.html">artikolo pri la mamlukoj en la anglalingva "Enciklopedio pri Islamo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318091836/http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/C8/COM-0658.html">Arkivigite je</a> 2005-03-18 per la retarkivo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Elŝutita el "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMamlukoj%26oldid%3D8838338">https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&oldid=8838338</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mamlukoj&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Stefangrotz" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1724746262"> <span>Laste redaktita je 27 aŭg. 2024, 08:11</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Lingvoj</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluk" title="Mameluk — afrikansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mameluk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluken" title="Mameluken — svisgermana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mameluken" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svisgermana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2583_(%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE)" title="مملوك (تاريخ) — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملوك (تاريخ)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2583" title="مملوك — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucu" title="Mamelucu — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mamelucu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C9%2599ml%25C3%25BCkl%25C9%2599r" title="Məmlüklər — azerbajĝana" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məmlüklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajĝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9" title="مملوک — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مملوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D3%2599%25D1%2580" title="Мәмлүктәр — baŝkira" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәмлүктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baŝkira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Мамелюци — bulgara" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мамелюци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%2595" title="মামলুক — bengala" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মামলুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamlouked" title="Mamlouked — bretona" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mamlouked" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memluci" title="Memluci — bosna" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Memluci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucs" title="Mamelucs — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mamelucs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maml%25C3%25BAci" title="Mamlúci — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mamlúci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluk" title="Mameluk — dana" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mameluk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluken" title="Mamluken — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mamluken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259C%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9" title="Μαμελούκοι — greka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαμελούκοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mameluco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukid" title="Mamelukid — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mamelukid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluko" title="Mameluko — eŭska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mameluko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="eŭska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9" title="مملوک — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مملوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukit" title="Mamelukit — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mamelukit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelouk" title="Mamelouk — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mamelouk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamal%25C3%25BAcach" title="Mamalúcach — irlanda" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mamalúcach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco — galega" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mameluco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%259E%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="ממלוכים — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלוכים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluci" title="Mameluci — kroata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mameluci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maml%25C3%25BAk" title="Mamlúk — hungara" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mamlúk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B4%25D5%25AC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D6%2584%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Մամլուքներ — armena" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մամլուքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maml%25C3%25BAki" title="Mamlúki — islanda" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mamlúki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucchi" title="Mamelucchi — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mamelucchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2583%25A0%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25AF" title="マムルーク — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マムルーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="მამლუქები — kartvela" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მამლუქები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="kartvela" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Мәмлүктер — kazaĥa" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәмлүктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A7%2598%25EB%25A3%25A8%25ED%2581%25AC" title="맘루크 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맘루크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meml%25C3%25BBk" title="Memlûk — kurda" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Memlûk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Мамлюктар — kirgiza" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мамлюктар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluci" title="Mamluci — latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mamluci" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluc" title="Mamluc — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mamluc" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameliukai" title="Mameliukai — litova" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mameliukai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluks" title="Mameluks — latva" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mameluks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk — malaja" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2595" title="मम्लुक — nevara" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मम्लुक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammelukken" title="Mammelukken — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mammelukken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukk" title="Mamelukk — novnorvega" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mamelukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novnorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukk" title="Mamelukk — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mamelukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelocs" title="Mamelocs — okcitana" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mamelocs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%2582%25E0%25A8%2595" title="ਮਮਲੂਕ — panĝaba" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਮਲੂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panĝaba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucy" title="Mamelucy — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mamelucy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9" title="مملوک — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelucos" title="Mamelucos — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mamelucos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Mameluc%25C4%2583" title="Dinastia Mamelucă — rumana" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Mamelucă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Мамлюки — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мамлюки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammaluccu" title="Mammaluccu — sicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mammaluccu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk — skota" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skota" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluci" title="Mameluci — serbo-Kroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mameluci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-Kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameluki" title="Mameluki — slovena" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mameluki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawladii_Mamaaliikta" title="Dawladii Mamaaliikta — somala" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dawladii Mamaaliikta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk%25C3%25ABt" title="Mamlukët — albana" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mamlukët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2583%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Мамелуци — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мамелуци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluker" title="Mamluker — sveda" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mamluker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sveda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D" title="மம்லூக் — tamila" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மம்லூக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%2581" title="มัมลูก — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัมลูก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meml%25C3%25BBk" title="Memlûk — turka" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Memlûk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BB%25D3%2599%25D1%2580" title="Мәмлүкләр — tatara" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәмлүкләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Мамелюки — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мамелюки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9" title="مملوک — urduo" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملوک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urduo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluklar" title="Mamluklar — uzbeka" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mamluklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk — vjetnama" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mamluk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E7%25A9%2586%25E9%25B2%2581%25E5%2585%258B" title="马穆鲁克 — vua" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马穆鲁克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E7%25A9%2586%25E9%25B2%2581%25E5%2585%258B" title="马穆鲁克 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马穆鲁克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E6%259C%25A8%25E7%2595%2599%25E5%2585%258B" title="馬木留克 — kantona" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬木留克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-eo.svg" alt="Vikipedio" width="110" height="18" style="width: 6.875em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Ĉi tiu paĝo estis lastafoje redaktita je 08:11, 27 aŭg. 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">La enhavo estas disponebla laŭ <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eo">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, se ne estas alia indiko.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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