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environmental uniformity</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: environmental uniformity"> <meta name="keywords" content="environmental uniformity"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="environmental uniformity"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6965</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: environmental uniformity</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6965</span> Water Distribution Uniformity of Solid-Set Sprinkler Irrigation under Low Operating Pressure </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manal%20Osman">Manal Osman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sprinkler irrigation system became more popular to reduce water consumption and increase irrigation efficiency. The water distribution uniformity plays an important role in the performance of the sprinkler irrigation system. The use of low operating pressure instead of high operating pressure can be achieved many benefits including energy and water saving. An experimental study was performed to investigate the water distribution uniformity of the solid-set sprinkler irrigation system under low operating pressure. Different low operating pressures (62, 82, 102 and 122 kPa) were selected. The range of operating pressure was lower than the recommended in the previous studies to investigate the effect of low pressure on the water distribution uniformity. Different nozzle diameters (4, 5, 6 and 7 mm) were used. The outdoor single sprinkler test was performed. The water distribution of single sprinkler, the coefficients of uniformity such as coefficient of uniformity (CU), distribution uniformity of low quarter (DUlq), distribution uniformity of low half (DUlh), coefficient of variation (CV) and the distribution characteristics like rotation speed, throw radius and overlapping distance are presented in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20operating%20pressure" title="low operating pressure">low operating pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sprinkler%20irrigation%20system" title=" sprinkler irrigation system"> sprinkler irrigation system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20distribution%20uniformity" title=" water distribution uniformity"> water distribution uniformity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7412/water-distribution-uniformity-of-solid-set-sprinkler-irrigation-under-low-operating-pressure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">589</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6964</span> Evaluation of Uniformity for Gafchromic Sheets for Film Dosimetry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fayzan%20Ahmed">Fayzan Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Bin%20Saeed"> Saad Bin Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Qadir%20Jangda"> Abdul Qadir Jangda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gafchromic™ sheet are extensively used for the QA of intensity modulated radiation therapy and other in-vivo dosimetry. Intra-sheet Non-uniformity of scanner as well as film causes undesirable fluctuations which are reflected in dosimetry The aim of this study is to define a systematic and robust method to investigate the intra-sheet uniformity of the unexposed Gafchromic Sheets and the region of interest (ROI) of the scanner. Sheets of lot No#: A05151201 were scanned before and after the expiry period with the EPSON™ XL10000 scanner in the transmission mode, landscape orientation and 72 dpi resolution. ROI of (8’x 10’ inches) equal to the sheet dimension in the center of the scanner is used to acquire images with full transmission, block transmission and with sheets in place. 500 virtual grids, created in MATALB® are imported as a macros in ImageJ (1.49m Wayne Rasband) to analyze the images. In order to remove the edge effects, the outer 86 grids are excluded from the analysis. The standard deviation of the block transmission and full transmission are 0.38% and 0.66% confirming a higher uniformity of the scanner. Expired and non-expired sheets have standard deviations of 2.18% and 1.29%, show that uniformity decreases after expiry. The results are promising and indicates a good potential of this method to be used as a uniformity check for scanner and unexposed Gafchromic sheets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMRT" title="IMRT">IMRT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film%20dosimetry" title=" film dosimetry"> film dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20grids" title=" virtual grids"> virtual grids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniformity" title=" uniformity"> uniformity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24242/evaluation-of-uniformity-for-gafchromic-sheets-for-film-dosimetry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6963</span> A Simple Method for Evaluation of Uniformity for Gafchromic Sheets for Film Dosimetry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fayzan%20Ahmed">Fayzan Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Bin%20Saeed"> Saad Bin Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Qadir%20Jangda"> Abdul Qadir Jangda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gafchromic™ sheet are extensively used for the QA of intensity modulated radiation therapy and other in-vivo dosimetry. Intra-sheet Non-uniformity of scanner as well as film causes undesirable fluctuations which are reflected in dosimetry The aim of this study is to define a systematic and robust method to investigate the intra-sheet uniformity of the unexposed Gafchromic Sheets and the region of interest (ROI) of the scanner. Sheets of lot No#: A05151201 were scanned before and after the expiry period with the EPSON™ XL10000 scanner in the transmission mode, landscape orientation, and 72 dpi resolution. ROI of (8’x 10’ inches) equal to the sheet dimension in the center of the scanner is used to acquire images with full transmission, block transmission and with sheets in place. 500 virtual grids, created in MATALB® are imported as a macros in ImageJ (1.49m Wayne Rasband) to analyze the images. In order to remove the edge effects, the outer 86 grids are excluded from the analysis. The standard deviation of the block transmission and full transmission are 0.38% and 0.66% confirming a higher uniformity of the scanner. Expired and non-expired sheets have standard deviations of 2.18% and 1.29%, show that uniformity decreases after expiry. The results are promising and indicate a good potential of this method to be used as a uniformity check for scanner and unexposed Gafchromic sheets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMRT" title="IMRT">IMRT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film%20dosimetry" title=" film dosimetry"> film dosimetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20grids" title=" virtual grids"> virtual grids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniformity" title=" uniformity"> uniformity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24115/a-simple-method-for-evaluation-of-uniformity-for-gafchromic-sheets-for-film-dosimetry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6962</span> Structural Design and Environmental Analysis of Oyster Mushroom Cultivation House in Korea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lee%20Sunghyoun">Lee Sunghyoun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Byeongkee"> Yu Byeongkee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kim%20Hyuckjoo"> Kim Hyuckjoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun%20Namkyu"> Yun Namkyu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung%20Jongcheon"> Jung Jongcheon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of the recent on-sale oyster mushrooms are raised in a oyster mushroom house, in which the necessary adjustment of growing condition is feasible. The rationale for such artificial growing is the impossibility of successive cultivation in the case of a natural cultivation due to external weather conditions. A oyster mushroom house adopts an equipment called growing bed, laying one growing bed upon another in a multi-column fashion, growing and developing the mushrooms on the respective equipments. The indispensable environment management factors of mushroom cultivation are temperature, humidity, and CO2; on which an appropriate regulation of the three requisites is a necessitated condition for the sake of the total output’s increase. However, due to the multiple layers of growing bed’s disturbance on air circulation, a oyster mushroom house’s internal environmental uniformity meets with considerable instability. This research presents a technology which assures the facilitation of environment regulation over all the internal space of a oyster mushroom house, irrespective of its location. The research staff reinforced the oyster mushroom house’s insulation in order to minimize the external environment’s influence on the oyster mushroom house’s internal environment and installed circulation fan to improve the oyster mushroom house’s interior environmental uniformity. Also, the humidifier nozzle’s position was set to prevent dew condensation when humidifying. As a result, a highly sophisticated management over all the oyster mushroom house‘s internal space was realized with the temperature of 0.2~1.3℃, and the relative humidity of 2~7% at the cultivating stage of mushroom’s growth. Therefore, to maximize oyster mushroom house‘s internal environmental uniformity, it can be concluded that consideration of various factors such as insulation reinforcement, decision on the humidifier nozzle’s location, disposition of circulation fan’s installation and the direction of wind discharge is needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mushroom%20growing%20facility" title="mushroom growing facility">mushroom growing facility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20uniformity" title=" environmental uniformity"> environmental uniformity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20humidity" title=" relative humidity"> relative humidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20concentration" title=" CO2 concentration"> CO2 concentration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22169/structural-design-and-environmental-analysis-of-oyster-mushroom-cultivation-house-in-korea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">531</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6961</span> Exploiting Non-Uniform Utility of Computing: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnab%20Sarkar">Arnab Sarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Huang"> Michael Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuang%20Ren"> Chuang Ren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Li"> Jun Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The increasing importance of computing in modern society has brought substantial growth in the demand for more computational power. In some problem domains such as scientific simulations, available computational power still sets a limit on what can be practically explored in computation. For many types of code, there is non-uniformity in the utility of computation. That is not every piece of computation contributes equally to the quality of the result. If this non-uniformity is understood well and exploited effectively, we can much more effectively utilize available computing power. In this paper, we discuss a case study of exploring such non-uniformity in a particle-in-cell simulation platform. We find both the existence of significant non-uniformity and that it is generally straightforward to exploit it. We show the potential of order-of-magnitude effective performance gain while keeping the comparable quality of output. We also discuss some challenges in both the practical application of the idea and evaluation of its impact. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=approximate%20computing" title="approximate computing">approximate computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landau%20damping" title=" landau damping"> landau damping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20uniform%20utility%20computing" title=" non uniform utility computing"> non uniform utility computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle-in-cell" title=" particle-in-cell"> particle-in-cell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86032/exploiting-non-uniform-utility-of-computing-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86032.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6960</span> Hydraulic Performance of Three Types of Imported Drip Emitters Used in Gezira Clay Soils, Sudan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hisham%20Mousa%20Mohammed%20Ahmed">Hisham Mousa Mohammed Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Wali%20Mohamed%20Salad"> Ahmed Wali Mohamed Salad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousif%20Hamed%20Dldom%20Gomaa"> Yousif Hamed Dldom Gomaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A drip or Trickle irrigation system is designed to apply a precise amount of water near the plant with a certain degree of uniformity. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, in March 2018. The study aimed to design and evaluate the hydraulic performance of three drip emitter types using: average discharge (Qavg), discharge variation (Qvar %), coefficient of uniformity (CU %), coefficient of manufacturer variation (CV %), distribution uniformity (DU %), statistical uniformity (Us %), clogging (%) wetted diameter (cm) and wetted depth (cm). The emitter types used are regular gauges (RG), high compensating pressure (HCP) and low compensating pressure (LCP). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Results showed that there were significant differences (P≤0.05) in all tested parameters except clogging, wetted diameter and wetted depth. Discharge variation (Qvar %) values were 12.71, 15.57 and 19.17 for RG, LCP, and HCP, respectively. The variation is quite good and within the acceptable range. Results of coefficient of manufacture variation (CV %) were 10.9, 27.8 and 52.7 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively. It is considered within the unacceptable range except for RG type, which is excellent. Statistical uniformity (Us %) values were 89.1, 72.2 and 45.7 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively. It is considered good, acceptable and unacceptable, respectively. Results of the coefficient of uniformity (CU %) were 91.3, 77.7 and 56.7 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively. It is considered excellent, fair and unacceptable, respectively. Distribution uniformity (DU %) was 90.2, 67.9 and 36.5 for RG, LCP and HCP, respectively. It is considered excellent, poor and poor, respectively. The study recommended regular gauges (RG) type emitters under the heavy clay soil conditions of the Gezira State, Sudan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drip%20irrigation" title="drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniformity" title=" uniformity"> uniformity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clogging" title=" clogging"> clogging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coefficient" title=" coefficient"> coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159799/hydraulic-performance-of-three-types-of-imported-drip-emitters-used-in-gezira-clay-soils-sudan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6959</span> Hydrological Method to Evaluate Environmental Flow: Case Study of Gharasou River, Ardabil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Fuladipanah">Mehdi Fuladipanah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Jorabloo"> Mehdi Jorabloo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water flow management is one of the most important parts of river engineering. Non-uniformity distribution of rainfall and various flow demand with unreasonable flow management will be caused destroyed of the river ecosystem. Then, it is severe to determine ecosystem flow requirement. In this paper, Flow duration curve indices method which has hydrological based was used to evaluate environmental flow in Gharasou River, Ardabil, Iran. Using flow duration curve, Q90 and Q95 for different return periods were calculated. Their magnitude was determined as 1-day, 3-day, 7-day, and 30 days. According to the second method, hydraulic alteration indices often had low and medium range. To maintain river at an acceptable ecological condition, minimum daily discharge of index Q95 is 0.7 m^3.s^-1. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gharasou%20River" title="Gharasou River">Gharasou River</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20flow%20management" title=" water flow management"> water flow management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-uniformity%20distribution" title=" non-uniformity distribution"> non-uniformity distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecosystem%20flow%20requirement" title=" ecosystem flow requirement"> ecosystem flow requirement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20alteration" title=" hydraulic alteration"> hydraulic alteration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22677/hydrological-method-to-evaluate-environmental-flow-case-study-of-gharasou-river-ardabil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6958</span> The Impact of Financial Reporting on Sustainability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynn%20Ruggieri">Lynn Ruggieri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The worldwide pandemic has only increased sustainability awareness. The public is demanding that businesses be held accountable for their impact on the environment. While financial data enjoys uniformity in reporting requirements, there are no uniform reporting requirements for non-financial data. Europe is leading the way with some standards being implemented for reporting non-financial sustainability data; however, there is no uniformity globally. And without uniformity, there is not a clear understanding of what information to include and how to disclose it. Sustainability reporting will provide important information to stakeholders and will enable businesses to understand their impact on the environment. Therefore, there is a crucial need for this data. This paper looks at the history of sustainability reporting in the countries of the European Union and throughout the world and makes a case for worldwide reporting requirements for sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20reporting" title="financial reporting">financial reporting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-financial%20data" title=" non-financial data"> non-financial data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20financial%20reporting" title=" global financial reporting"> global financial reporting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144810/the-impact-of-financial-reporting-on-sustainability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144810.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6957</span> Study of Fork Marks on Sapphire Wafers in Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Tool</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiao%20Pei%20Wen">Qiao Pei Wen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ng%20Seng%20Lee"> Ng Seng Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sae%20Tae%20Veera"> Sae Tae Veera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiu%20Ah%20Fong"> Chiu Ah Fong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Loke%20Weng%20Onn"> Loke Weng Onn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thin film thickness uniformity is crucial to get consistent film etch rate and device yield across the wafer. In the capacitive-coupled parallel plate PECVD system; the film thickness uniformity can be affected by many factors such as the heater temperature uniformity, the spacing between top and bottom electrode, RF power, pressure, gas flows and etc. In this paper, we studied how the PECVD SiN film thickness uniformity is affected by the substrate electrical conductivity and the RF power coupling efficiency. PECVD SiN film was deposited on 150-mm sapphire wafers in 200-mm Lam Sequel tool, fork marks were observed on the wafers. On the fork marks area SiN film thickness is thinner than that on the non-fork area. The forks are the wafer handler inside the process chamber to move the wafers from one station to another. The sapphire wafers and the ceramic forks both are insulator. The high resistivity of the sapphire wafers and the forks inhibits the RF power coupling efficiency during PECVD deposition, thereby reducing the deposition rate. Comparing between the high frequency and low frequency RF power (HFRF and LFRF respectively), the LFRF power coupling effect on the sapphire wafers is more dominant than the HFRF power on the film thickness. This paper demonstrated that the SiN thickness uniformity on sapphire wafers can be improved by depositing a thin TiW layer on the wafer before the SiN deposition. The TiW layer can be on the wafer surface, bottom or any layer before SiN deposition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PECVD%20SiN%20deposition" title="PECVD SiN deposition">PECVD SiN deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sapphire%20wafer" title=" sapphire wafer"> sapphire wafer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substrate%20electrical%20conductivity" title=" substrate electrical conductivity"> substrate electrical conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RF%20power%20coupling" title=" RF power coupling"> RF power coupling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20frequency%20RF%20power" title=" high frequency RF power"> high frequency RF power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20frequency%20RF%20power" title=" low frequency RF power"> low frequency RF power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=film%20deposition%20rate" title=" film deposition rate"> film deposition rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thickness%20uniformity" title=" thickness uniformity"> thickness uniformity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36353/study-of-fork-marks-on-sapphire-wafers-in-plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor-deposition-tool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6956</span> Investigation of the Cooling and Uniformity Effectiveness in a Sinter Packed Bed</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uzu-Kuei%20Hsu">Uzu-Kuei Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Hsien%20Tai"> Chang-Hsien Tai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kai-Wun%20Jin"> Kai-Wun Jin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When sinters are filled into the cooler from the sintering machine, and the non-uniform distribution of the sinters leads to uneven cooling. This causes the temperature difference of the sinters leaving the cooler to be so large that it results in the conveyors being deformed by the heat. The present work applies CFD method to investigate the thermo flowfield phenomena in a sinter cooler by the Porous Media Model. Using the obtained experimental data to simulate porosity (Ε), permeability (κ), inertial coefficient (F), specific heat (Cp) and effective thermal conductivity (keff) of the sinter packed beds. The physical model is a similar geometry whose Darcy numbers (Da) are similar to the sinter cooler. Using the Cooling Index (CI) and Uniformity Index (UI) to analyze the thermo flowfield in the sinter packed bed obtains the cooling performance of the sinter cooler. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20media" title="porous media">porous media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sinter" title=" sinter"> sinter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling%20index%20%28CI%29" title=" cooling index (CI)"> cooling index (CI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniformity%20index%20%28UI%29" title=" uniformity index (UI)"> uniformity index (UI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49499/investigation-of-the-cooling-and-uniformity-effectiveness-in-a-sinter-packed-bed" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49499.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6955</span> Characterization of Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets Based on Transmission Holographic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Zare-Farsani">B. Zare-Farsani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Valieghbal"> M. Valieghbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Tarkashvand"> M. Tarkashvand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20H.%20Farahbod"> A. H. Farahbod</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To provide the conditions for nuclear fusion by high energy and powerful laser beams, it is required to have a high degree of symmetry and surface uniformity of the spherical capsules to reduce the Rayleigh-Taylor hydrodynamic instabilities. In this paper, we have used the digital microscopic holography based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer to study the quality of targets for inertial fusion. The interferometric pattern of the target has been registered by a CCD camera and analyzed by Holovision software. The uniformity of the surface and shell thickness are investigated and measured in reconstructed image. We measured shell thickness in different zone where obtained non uniformity 22.82 percent.   <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inertial%20confinement%20fusion" title="inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mach-zehnder%20interferometer" title=" mach-zehnder interferometer"> mach-zehnder interferometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20holographic%20microscopy" title=" digital holographic microscopy"> digital holographic microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20reconstruction" title=" image reconstruction"> image reconstruction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=holovision" title=" holovision"> holovision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45440/characterization-of-inertial-confinement-fusion-targets-based-on-transmission-holographic-mach-zehnder-interferometer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6954</span> Investigation of the Flow Characteristics in a Catalytic Muffler with Perforated Inlet Cone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyo%20Woo%20Lee">Gyo Woo Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man%20Young%20Kim"> Man Young Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Emission regulations for diesel engines are being strengthened and it is impossible to meet the standards without exhaust after-treatment systems. Lack of the space in many diesel vehicles, however, make it difficult to design and install stand-alone catalytic converters such as DOC, DPF, and SCR in the vehicle exhaust systems. Accordingly, those have been installed inside the muffler to save the space, and referred to the catalytic muffler. However, that has complex internal structure with perforated plate and pipe for noise and monolithic catalyst for emission reduction. For this reason, flow uniformity and pressure drop, which affect efficiency of catalyst and engine performance, respectively, should be examined when the catalytic muffler is designed. In this work, therefore, the flow uniformity and pressure drop to improve the performance of the catalytic converter and the engine have been numerically investigated by changing various design parameters such as inlet shape, porosity, and outlet shape of the muffler using the three-dimensional turbulent flow of the incompressible, non-reacting, and steady state inside the catalytic muffler. Finally, it can be found that the shape, in which the muffler has perforated pipe inside the inlet part, has higher uniformity index and lower pressure drop than others considered in this work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalytic%20muffler" title="catalytic muffler">catalytic muffler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perforated%20inlet%20cone" title=" perforated inlet cone"> perforated inlet cone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalysts" title=" catalysts"> catalysts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perforated%20pipe" title=" perforated pipe"> perforated pipe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20uniformity" title=" flow uniformity"> flow uniformity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20drop" title=" pressure drop"> pressure drop</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8517/investigation-of-the-flow-characteristics-in-a-catalytic-muffler-with-perforated-inlet-cone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8517.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6953</span> Optimization of Urea Water Solution Injector for NH3 Uniformity Improvement in Urea-SCR System </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyoungwoo%20Park">Kyoungwoo Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gil%20Dong%20Kim"> Gil Dong Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seong%20Joon%20Moon"> Seong Joon Moon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ho%20Kil%20Lee"> Ho Kil Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Urea-SCR is one of the most efficient technologies to reduce NOx emissions in diesel engines. In the present work, the computational prediction of internal flow and spray characteristics in the Urea-SCR system was carried out by using 3D-CFD simulation to evaluate NH3 uniformity index (NH3 UI) and its activation time according to the official New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The number of nozzle and its diameter, two types of injection directions, and penetration length were chosen as the design variables. The optimal solutions were obtained by coupling the CFD analysis with Taguchi method. The L16 orthogonal array and small-the-better characteristics of the Taguchi method were used, and the optimal values were confirmed to be valid with 95% confidence and 5% significance level through analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that the optimal solutions for the NH3 UI and activation time (NH3 UI 0.22) are obtained by 0.41 and 0,125 second, respectively, and their values are improved by 85.0% and 10.7%, respectively, compared with those of the base model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title="computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NH3%20uniformity%20index" title=" NH3 uniformity index"> NH3 uniformity index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taguchi%20method" title=" Taguchi method"> Taguchi method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urea-SCR%20system" title=" Urea-SCR system"> Urea-SCR system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UWS%20injector" title=" UWS injector"> UWS injector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53096/optimization-of-urea-water-solution-injector-for-nh3-uniformity-improvement-in-urea-scr-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53096.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6952</span> Measures for Daylight Quality and Classroom Design: Impacts on Visual Comfort and Performance in Hot Climates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Freewan">Ahmed A. Freewan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current research explored the quality of daylight and classroom visual environments and their impact on human performance and visual comfort in hot climates like Jordan. The research used multiple methods, including real experiments, simulation, focus groups and questionnaires. Therefore, seven different designs and visual environments have been implemented in south-facing classrooms with high WWR in recently constructed modern schools in Jordan. These visual environments have been created by applying various innovative shading systems in the seven classrooms to enable real interaction with the users of these spaces: students and teachers. The main aims of the research were to introduce distinct measures for daylight quality and to expand the scope of daylight studies in schools by connecting directly with students and teachers through focus groups or questionnaires. The main findings of this research showed the importance of studying uniformity not only across the entire classroom but also in different zones in relation to the windows and the front wall where the whiteboard is located, and the teacher stands. Moreover, it has been found that uniformity analysis in classrooms extends beyond just the horizontal plane, encompassing the relationship with the illuminance level on the front wall as well. Study the fenestration design impact on critical function requirements in addition to studying the dynamic of daylight over time, especially glare, uniformity and veiling reflection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=daylight" title="daylight">daylight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniformity" title=" uniformity"> uniformity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WWR" title=" WWR"> WWR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovative%20shading%20systems" title=" innovative shading systems"> innovative shading systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188988/measures-for-daylight-quality-and-classroom-design-impacts-on-visual-comfort-and-performance-in-hot-climates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188988.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">37</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6951</span> 3D Modelling of Fluid Flow in Tunnel Kilns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaber%20H.%20Almutairi">Jaber H. Almutairi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hosny%20Z.%20Abou-Ziyan"> Hosny Z. Abou-Ziyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Issa%20F.%20Almesri"> Issa F. Almesri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mosab%20A.%20Alrahmani"> Mosab A. Alrahmani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work investigates the behavior of fluid flow inside tunnel kilns using 3D-CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. The CFD simulations are carried out with the FLUENT software and validated against experimental results on fluid flow and heat transfer in tunnel kilns. A grid dependency study is conducted in the current work to improve the accuracy of the results. Three turbulence models k–ω, standard k–ε, and RNG k–ε are tested where k–ω model gives the best results in comparison with the experiment. The numerical results reveal an intriguing phenomenon where a long flow separation zone behind the setting is observed under different geometric and operation conditions. It was found that the uniformity of flow distribution can be substantially improved by rearranging the geometrical parameters of brick setting relative to kiln/setting. This improvement of flow distribution plays a critical role to enhance the quality and quantity of the production. It can be concluded that a better design and operation of tunnel kilns in terms of productivity and energy consumption can be obtained by taking into consideration the flow uniformity inside the tunnel kilns using CFD modelling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel%20kilns" title="tunnel kilns">tunnel kilns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20separation" title=" flow separation"> flow separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20uniformity" title=" flow uniformity"> flow uniformity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title=" computational fluid dynamics"> computational fluid dynamics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62902/3d-modelling-of-fluid-flow-in-tunnel-kilns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6950</span> Aerodynamic Design of Axisymmetric Supersonic Nozzle Used by an Optimization Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mojtahedpoor">Mohammad Mojtahedpoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, it has been studied the method of optimal design of the supersonic nozzle. It could make viscous axisymmetric nozzles that the quality of their outlet flow is quite desired. In this method, it is optimized the divergent nozzle, at first. The initial divergent nozzle contour is designed through the method of characteristics and adding a suitable boundary layer to the inviscid contour. After that, it is made a proper grid and then simulated flow by the numerical solution and AUSM+ method by using the operation boundary condition. At the end, solution outputs are investigated and optimized. The numerical method has been validated with experimental results. Also, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the present method, the nozzles compared with the previous studies. The comparisons show that the nozzles obtained through this method are sufficiently better in some conditions, such as the flow uniformity, size of the boundary layer, and obtained an axial length of the nozzle. Designing the convergent nozzle part affects by flow uniformity through changing its axial length and input diameter. The results show that increasing the length of the convergent part improves the output flow uniformity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nozzle" title="nozzle">nozzle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supersonic" title=" supersonic"> supersonic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characteristic%20method" title=" characteristic method"> characteristic method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143078/aerodynamic-design-of-axisymmetric-supersonic-nozzle-used-by-an-optimization-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143078.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6949</span> Numerical and Experimental Studies on the Characteristic of the Air Distribution in the Wind-Box of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaozhou%20Liu">Xiaozhou Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guangyu%20Zhu"> Guangyu Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Zhang"> Yu Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongwei%20Wu"> Hongwei Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wind-box is one of the important components of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler. The uniformity of air flow in the wind-box of is very important for highly efficient operation of the CFB boiler. Non-uniform air flow distribution within the wind-box can reduce the boiler's thermal efficiency, leading to higher energy consumptions. An effective measure to solve this problem is to install an air flow distributing device in the wind-box. In order to validate the effectiveness of the air flow distributing device, visual and velocity distribution uniformity experiments have been carried out under five different test conditions by using a 1:64 scale model of a 220t/hr CFB boiler. It has been shown that the z component of flow velocity remains almost the same at control cross-sections of the wind-box, with a maximum variation of less than 10%. Moreover, the same methodology has been carried out to a full-scale 220t/hr CFB boiler. The hot test results depict that the thermal efficiency of the boiler has increased from 85.71% to 88.34% when tested with an air flow distributing device in place, which is equivalent to a saving of 5,000 tons of coal per year. The economic benefits of this energy-saving technology have been shown to be very significant, which clearly demonstrates that the technology is worth applying and popularizing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circulating%20fluidized%20bed" title="circulating fluidized bed">circulating fluidized bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFB" title=" CFB"> CFB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind-box" title=" wind-box"> wind-box</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20flow%20distributing%20device" title=" air flow distributing device"> air flow distributing device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20experiment" title=" visual experiment"> visual experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=velocity%20distribution%20uniformity%20experiment" title=" velocity distribution uniformity experiment"> velocity distribution uniformity experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20test" title=" hot test"> hot test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100840/numerical-and-experimental-studies-on-the-characteristic-of-the-air-distribution-in-the-wind-box-of-a-circulating-fluidized-bed-boiler" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100840.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6948</span> Flow Duration Curve Method to Evaluate Environmental Flow: Case Study of Gharasou River, Ardabil, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Fuladipanah">Mehdi Fuladipanah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Jorabloo"> Mehdi Jorabloo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water flow management is one of the most important parts of river engineering. Non-uniformity distribution of rainfall and various flow demand with unreasonable flow management will be caused destroyed of river ecosystem. Then, it is very serious to determine ecosystem flow requirement. In this paper, flow duration curve indices method which has hydrological based was used to evaluate environmental flow in Gharasou River, Ardabil, Iran. Using flow duration curve, Q90 and Q95 for different return periods were calculated. Their magnitude were determined as 1-day, 3-day, 7-day, and 30 day. According the second method, hydraulic alteration indices often had low and medium range. In order to maintain river at an acceptable ecological condition, minimum daily discharge of index Q95 is 0.7 m3.s-1. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ardabil" title="ardabil">ardabil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20flow" title=" environmental flow"> environmental flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20duration%20curve" title=" flow duration curve"> flow duration curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gharasou%20river" title=" Gharasou river"> Gharasou river</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22653/flow-duration-curve-method-to-evaluate-environmental-flow-case-study-of-gharasou-river-ardabil-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">683</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6947</span> Anchorage Effect on Axial Strength of Fiber Reinforced Polymers Confined Rectangular Columns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yavuz%20Yardim">Yavuz Yardim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> FRP systems have been largely used to improve the performance of structural members, due to their high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance. Application of this strengthening procedure in circular columns has resulted quite beneficial in increasing their seismic and axial capacity. Whereas in the rectangular ones, strength enhancement was considerably less due to stress concentration in the corner. In this work three anchorage configurations are tested for their efficiency in increasing the uniformity of confinement pressure in the CFRP strengthened non-circular sections. There is a slight increase in the axial strength of specimens as a general trend. More specifically fan anchorage reached an increase of 17.5% compared to the unanchored specimens. The study shows that uniformity of confining pressure has increased by adding anchorage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rectangular%20columns" title="rectangular columns">rectangular columns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FRP" title=" FRP"> FRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confinement" title=" confinement"> confinement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anchorage" title=" anchorage"> anchorage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59719/anchorage-effect-on-axial-strength-of-fiber-reinforced-polymers-confined-rectangular-columns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59719.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6946</span> The Study on Enhanced Micro Climate of the Oyster Mushroom Cultivation House with Multi-Layered Shelves by Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis in Winter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunghyoun%20Lee">Sunghyoun Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byeongkee%20Yu"> Byeongkee Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chanjung%20Lee"> Chanjung Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeongtaek%20Lim"> Yeongtaek Lim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oyster mushrooms are one of the ingredients that Koreans prefer. The oyster mushroom cultivation house has multiple layers in order to increase the mushroom production per unit area. However, the growing shelves in the house act as obstacles and hinder the circulation of the interior air, which leads to the difference of cultivation environment between the upper part and lower part of the growing shelves. Due to this difference of environments, growth distinction occurs according to the area of the growing shelves. It is known that minute air circulation around the mushroom cap facilitates the metabolism of mushrooms and improves its quality. This study has utilized the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program, that is, FLUENT R16, in order to analyze the improvement of the internal environment uniformity of the oyster mushroom cultivation house. The analyzed factors are velocity distribution, temperature distribution, and humidity distribution. In order to maintain the internal environment uniformity of the oyster mushroom cultivation house, it appeared that installing circulation fan at the upper part of the working passage towards the ceiling is effective. When all the environmental control equipment – unit cooler, inlet fan, outlet fan, air circulation fan, and humidifier - operated simultaneously, the RMS figure on the growing shelves appeared as follows: velocity 28.23%, temperature 30.47%, humidity 7.88%. However, when only unit cooler and air circulation fan operated, the RMS figure on the growing shelves appeared as follows: velocity 22.28%, temperature 0.87%, humidity 0.82%. Therefore, in order to maintain the internal environment uniformity of the mushroom cultivation house, reducing the overall operating time of inlet fan, outlet fan, and humidifier is needed, and managing the internal environment with unit cooler and air circulation fan appropriately is essential. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20circulation%20fan" title="air circulation fan">air circulation fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title=" computational fluid dynamics"> computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-layered%20shelves%20cultivation" title=" multi-layered shelves cultivation"> multi-layered shelves cultivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oyster%20mushroom%20cultivation%20house" title=" oyster mushroom cultivation house"> oyster mushroom cultivation house</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86845/the-study-on-enhanced-micro-climate-of-the-oyster-mushroom-cultivation-house-with-multi-layered-shelves-by-using-computational-fluid-dynamics-analysis-in-winter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86845.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">206</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6945</span> Optimization of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Various Environmental Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoe%20Chang">Zoe Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Max%20Williams"> Max Williams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gautham%20Das"> Gautham Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incorporation of hemp fibers (HF) in concrete. Hemp fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) is becoming more popular as an alternative for regular mix designs. This study was done to evaluate the compressive strength of HFRC regarding mix procedure. Hemp fibers were obtained from the manufacturer and hand-processed to ensure uniformity in width and length. The fibers were added to the concrete as both wet and dry mixes to investigate and optimize the mix design process. Results indicated that the dry mix had a compressive strength of 1157 psi compared to the wet mix of 985 psi. This dry mix compressive strength was within range of the standard mix compressive strength of 1533 psi. The statistical analysis revealed that the mix design process needs further optimization and uniformity concerning the addition of HF. Regression analysis revealed the standard mix design had a coefficient of 0.9 as compared to the dry mix of 0.375, indicating a variation in the mixing process. While completing the dry mix, the addition of plain hemp fibers caused them to intertwine, creating lumps and inconsistency. However, during the wet mixing process, combining water and hemp fibers before incorporation allows the fibers to uniformly disperse within the mix; hence the regression analysis indicated a better coefficient of 0.55. This study concludes that HRFC is a viable alternative to regular mixes; however, more research surrounding its characteristics needs to be conducted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemp%20fibers" title="hemp fibers">hemp fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemp%20reinforced%20concrete" title=" hemp reinforced concrete"> hemp reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wet%20%26%20dry" title=" wet & dry"> wet & dry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeze%20thaw%20testing" title=" freeze thaw testing"> freeze thaw testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136604/optimization-of-hemp-fiber-reinforced-concrete-for-various-environmental-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136604.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6944</span> Optimization of Spatial Light Modulator to Generate Aberration Free Optical Traps</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepak%20K.%20Gupta">Deepak K. Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20R.%20Ravindran"> T. R. Ravindran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Holographic Optical Tweezers (HOTs) in general use iterative algorithms such as weighted Gerchberg-Saxton (WGS) to generate multiple traps, which produce traps with 99% uniformity theoretically. But in experiments, it is the phase response of the spatial light modulator (SLM) which ultimately determines the efficiency, uniformity, and quality of the trap spots. In general, SLMs show a nonlinear phase response behavior, and they may even have asymmetric phase modulation depth before and after π. This affects the resolution with which the gray levels are addressed before and after π, leading to a degraded trap performance. We present a method to optimize the SLM for a linear phase response behavior along with a symmetric phase modulation depth around π. Further, we optimize the SLM for its varying phase response over different spatial regions by optimizing the brightness/contrast and gamma of the hologram in different subsections. We show the effect of the optimization on an array of trap spots resulting in improved efficiency and uniformity. We also calculate the spot sharpness metric and trap performance metric and show a tightly focused spot with reduced aberration. The trap performance is compared by calculating the trap stiffness of a trapped particle in a given trap spot before and after aberration correction. The trap stiffness is found to improve by 200% after the optimization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20light%20modulator" title="spatial light modulator">spatial light modulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20trapping" title=" optical trapping"> optical trapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aberration" title=" aberration"> aberration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20modulation" title=" phase modulation"> phase modulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106122/optimization-of-spatial-light-modulator-to-generate-aberration-free-optical-traps" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106122.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6943</span> Study on the Relationship between the Emission Property of Barium-Tungsten Cathode and Micro-Area Activity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhen%20Qin">Zhen Qin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yufei%20Peng"> Yufei Peng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianbei%20Li"> Jianbei Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jidong%20Long"> Jidong Long</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to study the activity of the coated aluminate barium-tungsten cathodes during activation, aging, poisoning and long-term use. Through a set of hot-cathode micro-area emission uniformity study device, we tested the micro-area emission performance of the cathode under different conditions. The change of activity of cathode micro-area was obtained. The influence of micro-area activity on the performance of the cathode was explained by the ageing model of barium-tungsten cathode. This helps to improve the design and process of the cathode and can point the way in finding the factors that affect life in the cathode operation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barium-tungsten%20cathode" title="barium-tungsten cathode">barium-tungsten cathode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ageing%20model" title=" ageing model"> ageing model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-area%20emission" title=" micro-area emission"> micro-area emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission%20uniformity" title=" emission uniformity"> emission uniformity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64095/study-on-the-relationship-between-the-emission-property-of-barium-tungsten-cathode-and-micro-area-activity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6942</span> Teachers’ Involvement in their Designed Play Activities in a Chinese Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shu-Chen%20Wu">Shu-Chen Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper will present a study by the author which investigates Chinese teachers’ perspectives on learning at play and their teaching activities in the designed play activities. It asks the question of how Chinese teachers understand learning at play and how they design play activities in the classroom. Six kindergarten teachers in Hong Kong were invited to select and record exemplary play episodes which contain the largest amount of learning elements in their own classrooms. Applying video-stimulated interview, eight teachers in two focus groups were interviewed to elicit their perspectives on designing play activity and their teaching activities. The findings reveal that Chinese teachers have a very structured representation of learning at play, and the phenomenon of uniformity of teachers’ act was found. The contributions of which are important and useful for professional practices and curricular policies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20at%20play" title="learning at play">learning at play</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20involvement" title=" teacher involvement"> teacher involvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video-stimulated%20interview" title=" video-stimulated interview"> video-stimulated interview</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniformity" title=" uniformity"> uniformity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104965/teachers-involvement-in-their-designed-play-activities-in-a-chinese-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6941</span> The Effect of Inlet Baffle Position in Improving the Efficiency of Oil and Water Gravity Separator Tanks </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haitham%20A.%20Hussein">Haitham A. Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rozi%20Abdullah"> Rozi Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Issa%20Saket"> Issa Saket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Azlin"> Md. Azlin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The gravitational effect has been extensively applied to separate oil from water in water and wastewater treatment systems. The maximum oil globules removal efficiency is improved by obtaining the best flow uniformity in separator tanks. This study used 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the effect of different inlet baffle positions inside the separator tank. Laboratory experiment has been conducted, and the measured velocity fields which were by Nortek Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) are used to verify the CFD model. Computational investigation results indicated that the construction of an inlet baffle in a suitable location provides the minimum recirculation zone volume, creates the best flow uniformity, and dissipates kinetic energy in the oil and water separator tank. Useful formulas were predicted to design the oil and water separator tanks geometry based on an experimental model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%2Fwater%20separator%20tanks" title="oil/water separator tanks">oil/water separator tanks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inlet%20baffles" title=" inlet baffles"> inlet baffles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VOF" title=" VOF"> VOF</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52725/the-effect-of-inlet-baffle-position-in-improving-the-efficiency-of-oil-and-water-gravity-separator-tanks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6940</span> Evaluation of Sensor Pattern Noise Estimators for Source Camera Identification </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benjamin%20Anderson-Sackaney">Benjamin Anderson-Sackaney</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amr%20Abdel-Dayem"> Amr Abdel-Dayem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent source camera identification (SCI) systems. Then, the performance of various sensor pattern noise (SPN) estimators was experimentally assessed, under common photo response non-uniformity (PRNU) frameworks. The experiments used 1350 natural and 900 flat-field images, captured by 18 individual cameras. 12 different experiments, grouped into three sets, were conducted. The results were analyzed using the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. The experimental results demonstrated that combining the basic SPN estimator with a wavelet-based filtering scheme provides promising results. However, the phase SPN estimator fits better with both patch-based (BM3D) and anisotropic diffusion (AD) filtering schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensor%20pattern%20noise" title="sensor pattern noise">sensor pattern noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20camera%20identification" title=" source camera identification"> source camera identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photo%20response%20non-uniformity" title=" photo response non-uniformity"> photo response non-uniformity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropic%20diffusion" title=" anisotropic diffusion"> anisotropic diffusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peak%20to%20correlation%20energy%20ratio" title=" peak to correlation energy ratio"> peak to correlation energy ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63183/evaluation-of-sensor-pattern-noise-estimators-for-source-camera-identification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63183.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">441</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6939</span> Determining Water Quantity from Sprayer Nozzle Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Image Processing Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Nadeem">M. Nadeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20K.%20Chang"> Y. K. Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Diallo"> C. Diallo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Venkatadri"> U. Venkatadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Havard"> P. Havard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Nguyen-Quang"> T. Nguyen-Quang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Uniform distribution of agro-chemicals is highly important because there is a significant loss of agro-chemicals, for example from pesticide, during spraying due to non-uniformity of droplet and off-target drift. Improving the efficiency of spray pattern for different cropping systems would reduce energy, costs and to minimize environmental pollution. In this paper, we examine the water jet patterns in order to study the performance and uniformity of water distribution during the spraying process. We present a method to quantify the water amount from a sprayer jet by using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The results of the study will be used to optimize sprayer or nozzles design for chemical application. For this study, ten sets of images were acquired by using the following PIV system settings: double frame mode, trigger rate is 4 Hz, and time between pulsed signals is 500 µs. Each set of images contained different numbers of double-framed images: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 at eight different pressures 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kPa. The PIV images obtained were analysed using custom-made image processing software for droplets and volume calculations. The results showed good agreement of both manual and PIV measurements and suggested that the PIV technique coupled with image processing can be used for a precise quantification of flow through nozzles. The results also revealed that the method of measuring fluid flow through PIV is reliable and accurate for sprayer patterns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title="image processing">image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PIV" title=" PIV"> PIV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantifying%20the%20water%20volume%20from%20nozzle" title=" quantifying the water volume from nozzle"> quantifying the water volume from nozzle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spraying%20pattern" title=" spraying pattern"> spraying pattern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53254/determining-water-quantity-from-sprayer-nozzle-using-particle-image-velocimetry-piv-and-image-processing-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6938</span> An Open Loop Distribution Module for Precise and Uniform Drip Fertigation in Soilless Culture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20Ignacio%20Arango">Juan Ignacio Arango</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andres%20Diaz"> Andres Diaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giacomo%20Barbieri"> Giacomo Barbieri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In soilless culture, the definition of efficient fertigation strategies is fundamental for the growth of crops. Flexible test-benches able to independently manage groups of crops are key for investigating efficient fertigation practices through experimentation. These test-benches must be able to provide nutrient solution (NS) in a precise, uniform and repeatable way in order to effectively implement and compare different fertigation strategies. This article describes a distribution module for investigating fertigation practices able to control the fertigation dose and frequency. The proposed solution is characterized in terms of precision, uniformity and repeatability since these parameters are fundamental in the implementation of effective experiments for the investigation of fertigation practices. After a calibration process, the implemented system reaches a precision of 1mL, a uniformity of 98.5% at a total cost of 735USD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recision%20horticulture" title="recision horticulture">recision horticulture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=test-bench" title=" test-bench"> test-bench</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertigation%20strategy" title=" fertigation strategy"> fertigation strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation" title=" automation"> automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexibility" title=" flexibility"> flexibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113536/an-open-loop-distribution-module-for-precise-and-uniform-drip-fertigation-in-soilless-culture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113536.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6937</span> Effect of Swirling Mixer on the Exhaust Flow in a Diesel SCR Aftertreatment System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doo%20Ki%20Lee">Doo Ki Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumaresh%20Selvakumar"> Kumaresh Selvakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man%20Young%20Kim"> Man Young Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In%20Jae%20Song"> In Jae Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The widespread utilization of mixer in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system marks a remarkable advantage in diesel engines. In the automotive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, the de-NOX efficiency can be improved by highly uniform flow with effective turbulent mixing. In this paper, the exhaust pipe is complemented with the swirling mixers of three different vane angles installed at the upstream of the SCR reactor. The attributes of the mixer are established by the variation in flow behavior followed by the drawback owing to the absence of mixer. In particular, the information pertaining to the selection of proper static mixer is provided based on the correlation between the uniformity index (UI) and the pressure drop. The uniform distribution of the flow at the entrance of the SCR reactor aids to determine the configuration which gives high mixing performance and comprehend the function of the mixer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20drop" title="pressure drop">pressure drop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selective%20catalytic%20reduction" title=" selective catalytic reduction"> selective catalytic reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20mixer" title=" static mixer"> static mixer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20mixing" title=" turbulent mixing"> turbulent mixing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniformity%20index" title=" uniformity index"> uniformity index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64041/effect-of-swirling-mixer-on-the-exhaust-flow-in-a-diesel-scr-aftertreatment-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64041.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">935</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6936</span> Effect of the Mould Rotational Speed on the Quality of Centrifugal Castings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20El-Sayed">M. A. El-Sayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Aziz"> S. A. Aziz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Centrifugal casting is a standard casting technique for the manufacture of hollow, intricate and sound castings without the use of cores. The molten metal or alloy poured into the rotating mold forms a hollow casting as the centrifugal forces lift the liquid along the mold inner surface. The rotational speed of the die was suggested to greatly affect the manner in which the molten metal flows within the mould and consequently the probability of the formation of a uniform cylinder. In this work the flow of the liquid metal at various speeds and its effect during casting were studied. The results suggested that there was a critical range for the speed, within which the produced castings exhibited best uniformity and maximum mechanical properties. When a mould was rotated at speeds below or beyond the critical range defects were found in the final castings, which affected the uniformity and significantly lowered the mechanical properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=centrifugal%20casting" title="centrifugal casting">centrifugal casting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotational%20speed" title=" rotational speed"> rotational speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20speed%20range" title=" critical speed range"> critical speed range</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6659/effect-of-the-mould-rotational-speed-on-the-quality-of-centrifugal-castings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20uniformity&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20uniformity&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20uniformity&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20uniformity&page=5">5</a></li> 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