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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-部落名稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#部落名稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>部落名稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-部落名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-早年歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早年歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>早年歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-早年歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关早年歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-早年歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-口傳歷史和早期歷史記載" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#口傳歷史和早期歷史記載"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>口傳歷史和早期歷史記載</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-口傳歷史和早期歷史記載-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-皮草貿易" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#皮草貿易"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>皮草貿易</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-皮草貿易-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戰爭和難民" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戰爭和難民"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>戰爭和難民</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戰爭和難民-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-襲擊皮夸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#襲擊皮夸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>襲擊皮夸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-襲擊皮夸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-條約和遷走" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#條約和遷走"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>條約和遷走</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-條約和遷走-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>現代史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著名渥太華人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名渥太華人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>著名渥太華人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著名渥太華人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">渥太華人</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。34种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="أوتاوا (قبيلة هندية) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتاوا (قبيلة هندية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="اوتاوا (مجموعه عرقيه فى كندا) – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتاوا (مجموعه عرقيه فى كندا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavalar" title="Ottavalar – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ottavalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Атава (народ) – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атава (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Отава (племе) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отава (племе)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawes" title="Ottawes – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ottawes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawov%C3%A9" title="Ottawové – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ottawové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otavoj" title="Otavoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otavoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(tribu)" title="Ottawa (tribu) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ottawa (tribu)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawat" title="Ottawat – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ottawat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outaouais_(peuple)" title="Outaouais (peuple) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Outaouais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_ottawa" title="Pobo ottawa – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo ottawa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otav%C3%A1k" title="Otavák – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Otavák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Odawa" title="Suku Odawa – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Odawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E6%97%8F" title="オタワ族 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オタワ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%99%80%EC%A1%B1" title="오타와족 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오타와족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(folk)" title="Ottawa (folk) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ottawa (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawowie" title="Ottawowie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ottawowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F)" title="Оттава (племя) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оттава (племя)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Indijanci" title="Ottawa Indijanci – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ottawa Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Отава (народ) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отава (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(stam)" title="Ottawa (stam) – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ottawa (stam)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odavalar" title="Odavalar – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odavalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%27%D1%8F)" title="Оттава (плем'я) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оттава (плем'я)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q536116#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" 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mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a 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title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn"><span class="fn org">渥太華人<br />Odawa</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OdaawaaAreas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OdaawaaAreas.jpg/220px-OdaawaaAreas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OdaawaaAreas.jpg/330px-OdaawaaAreas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OdaawaaAreas.jpg/440px-OdaawaaAreas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">渥太華人族群的地區。</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;;">總人口</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">15,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;;">分佈地區</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%95%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄克拉何馬州">俄克拉何馬州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="密歇根州">密歇根州</a>）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%E7%9C%81" title="安大略省">安大略省</a>）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;;">語言</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9D%B0%E5%B8%83%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="奥杰布瓦语">奧傑布瓦語</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="渥太華語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ottawa dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渥太華語（页面不存在）">渥太華語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Ottawa dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ottawa dialect</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;;">宗教信仰</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="灵医社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Midewiwin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B5%E5%8C%BB%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灵医社（页面不存在）">灵医社</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midewiwin" class="extiw" title="en:Midewiwin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Midewiwin</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%88%E8%AB%96" title="泛靈論">泛靈論</a>、傳統宗教、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>、其他</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;;">相关族群</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%8F%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%A8%81%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧及布威族">歐及布威族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6%E6%89%98%E7%B1%B3%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="波塔瓦托米族">波塔瓦托米族</a>，和其他<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B2%A1%E6%98%86%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾岡昆人">阿爾岡昆人</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>渥太華人</b>（英語：Odawa、Ottawa或Odaawaa）<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，據說是指“商人”，是一個分佈在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>北部和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>南部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="美洲原住民">美洲原住民</a>。他們長期擁有現行美加邊界的土地，而他們亦得到了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="美國原住民">美</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="第一民族">加</a>兩國的承認。他們是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E4%BB%80%E9%82%A3%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="尼什那比">尼什那比</a>民族的民系，與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%8F%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%A8%81%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧及布威族">歐及布威族</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%83%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="波多沃米人">波多沃米人</a>有關但不同。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在古代離開美國東岸之後，他們定居於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E5%9C%96%E6%9E%97%E5%B3%B6" title="馬尼圖林島">馬尼圖林島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E5%80%AB%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="休倫湖">休倫湖</a>北岸附近、以及位於今日加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%E7%9C%81" title="安大略省">安大略省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="布魯斯半島">布魯斯半島</a>。他們把當地視為自己的發源地。17世紀以後，他們亦分佈到渥太華河沿岸，以及密歇根州和威斯康星州，還有後者大湖區南面的中西部地區。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在21世紀，有大約15,000渥太華人居住在安大略省，以及密歇根州和奧克拉荷馬州（前美國印第安領地）。 </p><p>渥太華方言是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%86%88%E6%98%86%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="阿尔冈昆语族">阿爾岡昆語族</a>的一個分支。這個龐大的家族有許多較小的部落或“派系”，通常在美國稱為“部落”和在加拿大稱為“第一民族”。渥太華人的語言被視為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%8F%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%A8%81%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧及布威族">歐及布威族</a>的一種發散方言，其特點是頻繁的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="音節省略">音節省略</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="部落名稱"><span id=".E9.83.A8.E8.90.BD.E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>部落名稱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：部落名稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>渥太華人之名<i>Odaawaa</i>（音節省略成<i>Daawaa</i>，相信是源於安尼席那貝詞語<i>adaawe</i>，指“去交易”或者“去做買賣”）；這詞語常見於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%97%8F" title="克里族">克里族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B2%A1%E6%98%86%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾岡昆人">阿爾岡昆人</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼皮辛人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nipissing First Nation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%9A%AE%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼皮辛人（页面不存在）">尼皮辛人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" class="extiw" title="en:Nipissing First Nation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nipissing First Nation</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="因努人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Innu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E5%8A%AA%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因努人（页面不存在）">蒙塔納人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innu" class="extiw" title="en:Innu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Innu</span></a></span>）</span></span>、渥太華人和歐及布威人。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波塔瓦托米語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Potawatomi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6%E6%89%98%E7%B1%B3%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波塔瓦托米語（页面不存在）">波塔瓦托米語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Potawatomi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Potawatomi language</span></a></span>）</span></span>的<i>Odawa</i>和英語的變體“Ottawa”都很普遍。安尼席那貝語在形容商人時使用<i>Wadaawewinini（wag）</i>一詞。密歇根州的天主教傳教士Frederic Baraga把它轉譯成<i>Watawawininiwok</i>，編入<i>A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language</i>，聲稱該詞指“蘆葦之人”，源於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="渥太華河">渥太華河</a>的大量蘆葦。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不過，這個解釋更恰當地與Matàwackariniwak相關，它是一個歷史上住在渥太華河的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B2%A1%E6%98%86%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾岡昆人">阿爾岡昆人</a>支派。唯一稱為Odawa的美洲原住民部落是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小特拉弗斯海灣支派的渥太華印第安人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E7%81%A3%E6%94%AF%E6%B4%BE%E7%9A%84%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小特拉弗斯海灣支派的渥太華印第安人（页面不存在）">小特拉弗斯海灣支派的渥太華印第安人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Band_of_Odawa_Indians" class="extiw" title="en:Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians</span></a></span>）</span></span>，其他則被視為Ottawa。 </p><p>他們的鄰族採用了“商人”之名稱呼渥太華人，因為傳統上和與歐洲人接觸早期他們是跨部落的商人。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Odawa被描述為主要交易“玉米粉、葵花籽油、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%9A%AE" title="毛皮">毛皮</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%8D%89" title="皮草">皮草</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%AF%AF" title="地毯">地毯</a>和地毡、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99%E8%8D%89" class="mw-redirect" title="煙草">煙草</a>、藥用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根">根</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%8D%89" title="香草">香草</a>。”<sup id="cite_ref-burton_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>渥太華人在英文的名稱是地名<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF" title="渥太華">渥太華</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="渥太華河">渥太華河</a>的名稱來源。與歐洲人接觸早期的渥太華人家園（不是貿易區）就正正位於以他們命名的城市和河流西面。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E5%8D%8E_(%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="渥太华 (俄亥俄州)">俄亥俄州渥太華</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97%E7%B8%A3_(%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="普特南縣 (俄亥俄州)">普特南縣</a>的縣治，從俄亥俄州最後一個渥太華人保留地發展而來。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語言"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>語言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>渥太華語被視為眾多<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9D%B0%E5%B8%83%E7%93%A6%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="奥杰布瓦语">奧傑布瓦語</a>的方言中其中一個，其特點是頻繁的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="音節省略">音節省略</a>。在渥太華語中，整個語族被稱為<i>Nishnabemwin</i>，而渥太華語則稱作<i>Daawaamwin</i>。在估計5,000名渥太華族和額外10,000名具有渥太華族血統的人當中，21世紀初的渥太華語用家有大約500人。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄克拉荷馬州渥太華部落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄克拉荷馬州渥太華部落（页面不存在）">俄克拉荷馬州渥太華部落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="extiw" title="en:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</span></a></span>）</span></span>就有三位流利的用家。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="早年歷史"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E5.B9.B4.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>早年歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：早年歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="口傳歷史和早期歷史記載"><span id=".E5.8F.A3.E5.82.B3.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E5.92.8C.E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E8.A8.98.E8.BC.89"></span>口傳歷史和早期歷史記載</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：口傳歷史和早期歷史記載"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend,_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg/220px-An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg/330px-An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg/440px-An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>18世紀中期一幅渥太華族家庭的素描。</figcaption></figure> <p>根據安尼席那貝民族的傳說，渥太華人來自北美洲東部地區，來自美國東岸（當地亦有無數阿爾岡昆民族）。在miigis（發光的）人帶領下，安尼席那貝人沿著<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%8B%9E%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="聖勞倫斯河">聖勞倫斯河</a>遷向內陸。到了“第三個暫停地”底特律附近，安尼席那貝人的南部派系分出了三個民族：歐及布威族、渥太華族和波塔瓦托米族。<sup id="cite_ref-hodge_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>有<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="考古學">考古</a>證據表明，位於中間林地時期位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="布魯斯半島">布魯斯半島</a>的受<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="霍普韦尔文化">霍普韋爾文化</a>影響的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="秀吉恩族群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Saugeen Complex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%80%E5%90%89%E6%81%A9%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秀吉恩族群（页面不存在）">秀吉恩族群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugeen_Complex" class="extiw" title="en:Saugeen Complex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Saugeen Complex</span></a></span>）</span></span>可能是演變成了渥太華人。霍普韋爾文化是一個分佈廣泛，從公元前200年至公元500年的貿易網絡。部分這些人建立為埋葬而設的土匹，該習俗結束於大約公元250年。<sup id="cite_ref-ONArch_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONArch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>秀吉恩族群的土匹尚未被挖掘。 </p><p>渥太華人，與歐及布威族和波塔瓦托米族，是長久的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三火議會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Council of Three Fires"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%81%AB%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三火議會（页面不存在）">三火議會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" class="extiw" title="en:Council of Three Fires"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Council of Three Fires</span></a></span>）</span></span>部落聯盟的一分子，<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E6%B4%9B%E9%AD%81%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="易洛魁聯盟">易洛魁聯盟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇族">達科他人</a>為敵。 </p><p>1667年的《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耶稣会报导" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jesuit Relations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A%E6%8A%A5%E5%AF%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耶稣会报导（页面不存在）">耶稣会报导</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_Relations" class="extiw" title="en:Jesuit Relations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jesuit Relations</span></a></span>）</span></span>》記錄了三個住在同一個城鎮的部落：渥太華人、基斯嘎賈渥太華人和辛那葛渥太華人。他們全部都用同一個語言。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="皮草貿易"><span id=".E7.9A.AE.E8.8D.89.E8.B2.BF.E6.98.93"></span>皮草貿易</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：皮草貿易"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由於渥太華人維持了龐大的貿易網絡，很多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>內部的民族以其所使用的貿易夥伴名稱而不是民族的自稱（內名）而稱謂。例如，那些外名包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聖語族" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ho-Chunk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖語族（页面不存在）">聖語族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk" class="extiw" title="en:Ho-Chunk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ho-Chunk</span></a></span>）</span></span>的<i>Winnebago</i>（來自<i>Wiinibiigoo</i>），和達科他人的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇族">Sioux</a>（來自<i>Naadawensiw</i>）。從<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF" title="新法蘭西">新法蘭西</a>殖民地開創之後，渥太華人在法國和加拿大人的皮草貿易重要到一個程度，在1670年之前，魁北克殖民者通常稱所有在大湖區的阿爾岡昆語族使用者為渥太華。在他們自己的語言中，渥太華人（類似歐及布威族）自稱“安尼席那貝”（Neshnabek），指“人”。 </p><p>價值最高的皮草是海狸。其他皮草包括鹿、貂、浣熊、狐狸、獺和麝鼠。作為交換，渥太華人會獲得“斧頭、刀、水壺、陷阱、針、魚鉤、布和毯子、珠寶和裝飾品，以及後來的槍械和酒。”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>渥太華人直到法國人的到來都是壟斷著全部經過<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E8%B4%9D_(%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E6%98%9F%E5%B7%9E)" title="格林贝 (威斯康星州)">威斯康星州格林貝</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%96%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97_(%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9E)" title="蘇聖瑪麗 (密西根州)">密歇根州蘇聖瑪麗</a>的皮草貿易。據稱他們“盡全力搜刮”那些“不使用獨木舟的當地部落，通過與他們交換一些鋼鐵和破舊的歐洲物品，以獲得大量的皮草。”例如，克里族給了渥太華人他們所有的海狸皮長袍，以交換舊刀、鈍錐、劣質的網和水壺，直到他們不可再用。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="戰爭和難民"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.E5.92.8C.E9.9B.A3.E6.B0.91"></span>戰爭和難民</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：戰爭和難民"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Pontiac_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chief_Pontiac_%281%29.jpg/220px-Chief_Pontiac_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Chief_Pontiac_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>持著<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="槍托戰棍" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="gunstock war club"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A7%8D%E6%89%98%E6%88%B0%E6%A3%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="槍托戰棍（页面不存在）">槍托戰棍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gunstock_war_club" class="extiw" title="en:gunstock war club"><span lang="en" dir="auto">gunstock war club</span></a></span>）</span></span>的渥太華<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%AB" title="戰士">戰士</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>渥太華人與其他民族存在著爭議和衝突，尤其是為了皮草貿易的豐富利潤。例如，該部落曾經與<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬斯古頓人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mascouten"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%A4%E9%A0%93%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬斯古頓人（页面不存在）">馬斯古頓人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascouten" class="extiw" title="en:Mascouten"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mascouten</span></a></span>）</span></span>開戰。到了17世紀中葉，渥太華人與五大湖其他阿爾岡昆民族在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E6%B4%9B%E9%AD%81%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F#河狸之戰" title="易洛魁聯盟">河狸之戰</a>中聯合對付強大的莫霍克人（在今日紐約州）和它的易洛魁盟友。傳統的勢力平衡就被歐洲人帶來的槍械等武器所破壞，改變了經濟風險和報酬。這種破壞產生了新的災難性的意外後果。雙方的所有土著人民都受到干擾或毀滅；一些團體，如易洛魁伊利人，被消滅為部落。到了17世紀中葉，部落們受到的疾病影響比戰爭更嚴重。缺乏歐洲人新帶來傳染病的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="免疫">免疫</a>，他們在瘟疫中遭到大量人口死亡。 </p><p>1701年法國殖民者建立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%8B" title="底特律">底特律</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%8B%E5%A0%A1" title="底特律堡">堡</a>並且設立貿易站。大量渥太華人從他們的馬尼圖林島祖地遷入來，<sup id="cite_ref-hodge_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E4%BC%A6%E6%97%8F" title="休伦族">休倫族</a>亦遷到當地附近。部分渥太華人早已定居在北密歇根州的下半島，亦有更多派系在底特律周圍和南面建立村莊。他們的範圍延伸到今日的俄亥俄州。 </p><p>因應戰爭和殖民地擴張所造成的部落遷移，部落們大概以以下模式定居：“夾在西北的法國和東南的英國之間，邁阿密人定居於今日印地安納州和俄亥俄州西部；渥太華人沿著莫米河、奧格萊塞河和布蘭查德河定居於俄亥俄州西北部；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E4%BC%A6%E6%97%8F" title="休伦族">休倫族</a>定居於俄亥俄州中部；<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%96%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%8F" title="肖尼族">肖尼族</a>就在俄亥俄州西南部；而<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E7%BA%B3%E4%BD%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="莱纳佩人">特拉華人</a>就在俄亥俄州東部和東南部。”<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在18世紀中期，渥太華人與他們的貿易夥伴<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>結盟，在有“<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="英法北美战争">英法北美戰爭</a>”之稱的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="七年戰爭">七年戰爭</a>期間對抗<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>。他們向英國美洲殖民者進行侵略。著名的渥太華酋長<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B_(%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96)" class="mw-redirect" title="龐蒂亞克 (渥太華人領袖)">龐蒂亞克</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>據歷史記載出生於莫米河和奧格萊茲河的交匯處，即後來的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF_(%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="迪法恩斯 (俄亥俄州)">俄亥俄州迪法恩斯</a>。1763年英國勝利後，龐蒂亞克發動了一場反英起義，但他不能阻止英國殖民者向當地的移民。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>十年後，酋長Egushawa（亦稱為Agushawa）帶領渥太華人作為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美國獨立戰爭">美國獨立戰爭</a>的英國盟友。他希望在他們的支持下，將歐美殖民者排除在他位於俄亥俄州西北部和密歇根州南部的領土之外。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated203_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated203-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>美國把英國人打敗對於與英國結盟的美洲原住民/第一民族部落產生了深遠的影響，因為許多部落被迫將土地割讓給美國。 </p><p>獨立戰爭之後，在1790年代，Egushawa與無數地區部落的成員，包括休倫族、三火議會、肖尼族、萊納佩人和明哥族，與美國爆發一連串戰役，是為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="西北印第安战争">西北印第安戰爭</a>。印第安人希望能驅逐西進的白人移民先導者，但最終被擊敗。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated203_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated203-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在1794年的一場戰役，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E6%81%A9" title="安东尼·韦恩">安東尼·韋恩</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E7%B1%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="莫米河">莫米河</a>上游築起了一連串碉堡，包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迪法恩斯堡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fort Defiance (Ohio)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迪法恩斯堡（页面不存在）">迪法恩斯堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Ohio)" class="extiw" title="en:Fort Defiance (Ohio)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fort Defiance (Ohio)</span></a></span>）</span></span>，遍及龐蒂亞克出生地的河流沿岸。雖然英國人鼓勵這種努力，但他們不希望再次與美國陷入公開衝突，並且不再向美洲原住民提供直接支持。韋恩的軍隊在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="墮落木材戰役" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Fallen Timbers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%AE%E8%90%BD%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%90%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="墮落木材戰役（页面不存在）">墮落木材戰役</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Fallen Timbers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Fallen Timbers</span></a></span>）</span></span>中擊敗了數百名印第安聯盟的成員，鄰近未來的俄亥俄州莫米，離<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E8%90%8A%E5%A4%9A_(%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="托萊多 (俄亥俄州)">托萊多</a>11英里。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="襲擊皮夸"><span id=".E8.A5.B2.E6.93.8A.E7.9A.AE.E5.A4.B8"></span>襲擊皮夸</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：襲擊皮夸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1751年與1752年之間的冬季，法國將軍<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查爾斯·米高·迪朗格拉德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Michel de Langlade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E9%AB%98%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查爾斯·米高·迪朗格拉德（页面不存在）">查爾斯·朗格拉德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel_de_Langlade" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Michel de Langlade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Michel de Langlade</span></a></span>）</span></span>開始集結渥太華人、波塔瓦托米人和歐及布威族的戰士，組成一支戰鬥隊伍，去懲治違反禁令與英貿易的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%86%E6%97%8F" title="邁阿密族">邁阿密族</a>。他們於1752年6月21日的清早攻擊Pickawillany（今<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皮夸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Piqua, Ohio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%A4%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮夸（页面不存在）">俄亥俄州皮夸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piqua,_Ohio" class="extiw" title="en:Piqua, Ohio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Piqua, Ohio</span></a></span>）</span></span>），殺了十三個邁阿密人，並捕捉了五個英國貿易者。只剩下二十個戰士的邁阿密人嘗試作出投降談判，朗格拉德承諾只要交出英國人就放走邁阿密人。邁阿密人只從五個英國人之中交出了三個。當這些英國人被帶到朗格拉德的陣線，朗格拉德的人殺了一個英國人，挖出了他的心臟並且在邁阿密人面前吃掉它。他們再抓住邁阿密人的酋長Memeskia，殺了他，煮了他然後食了他，在他的邁阿密人面前。事後渥太華人釋放了邁阿密族婦女，帶著那四位被俘的英國人和合共300000美元價值的貨品前往底特律。這事件加劇了英法在俄亥俄的緊張局勢，並引發後來的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="英法北美战争">英法北美戰爭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="七年戰爭">七年戰爭</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="條約和遷走"><span id=".E6.A2.9D.E7.B4.84.E5.92.8C.E9.81.B7.E8.B5.B0"></span>條約和遷走</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：條約和遷走"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1795年，在《格林維爾條約》下，渥太華人和其他西部聯盟的成員要割讓除了西北地區的俄亥俄州全境。該地區是由底特律渥太華人統治。 </p><p>1807年，底特律渥太華人與其他三個部落，歐及布威族、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E4%BC%A6%E6%97%8F" title="休伦族">休倫族</a>和波塔瓦托米族，因為美國的壓力而簽訂《底特律條約》。眾部落與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="密歇根領地">密歇根領地</a>的代表簽訂協議，給了美國一大幅今日東南密歇根和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E7%B1%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="莫米河">莫米河</a>附近的西北俄亥俄一部分的土地。有很多渥太華部落遷入了密歇根北部。部落保持在莫米河區域內相對小的土地的公共控制。<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>渥太華支派控制的土地叫做Roche de Boeuf，<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而莫米河上游則是Wolf Rapids。<sup id="cite_ref-sultzman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sultzman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1817年，在1812年戰爭後第一條牽涉土地割讓的條約中，俄亥俄渥太華人割讓了他們的土地，接受了在布蘭查德溪和小奧格萊塞河（34平方英里）的保留地。那些只是儲備，使他們獲得每十年的年金。渥太華人承受的壓力繼續增大，因為白人定居者進入了當地。 </p><p>在通過《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA%E8%BF%81%E7%A7%BB%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="印第安人迁移法案">印第安人遷移法案</a>》後，美國政府於1831年收回了渥太華人的保留地。最終有四個支派遷到堪薩斯州的土地：布蘭查德溪、小奧格萊塞、Roche de Boeuf，和Wolf Rapids支派。<sup id="cite_ref-sultzman_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sultzman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="現代史"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E5.8F.B2"></span>現代史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：現代史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不同渥太華人群體的人口都獲得了估計。在1906年，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E5%9C%96%E6%9E%97%E5%B3%B6" title="馬尼圖林島">馬尼圖林島</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科伯恩島" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cockburn Island (Ontario)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%B3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科伯恩島（页面不存在）">科伯恩島</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn_Island_(Ontario)" class="extiw" title="en:Cockburn Island (Ontario)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cockburn Island (Ontario)</span></a></span>）</span></span>的歐及布威族和渥太華人共有1,497人，渥太華人佔半。有197個渥太華人被列為與俄克拉荷馬州塞內卡學校有聯繫，其中一些渥太華人在美國內戰後定居於此。<sup id="cite_ref-hodge_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在21世紀初，聯邦政府認可的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄克拉荷馬州渥太華部落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄克拉荷馬州渥太華部落（页面不存在）">俄克拉荷馬州渥太華部落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="extiw" title="en:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</span></a></span>）</span></span>的登記成員總人數約為4,700人。美國有大約10,000位渥太華人，大多數是在密歇根州。另外有幾千人居住在加拿大安大略省。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著名渥太華人"><span id=".E8.91.97.E5.90.8D.E6.B8.A5.E5.A4.AA.E8.8F.AF.E4.BA.BA"></span>著名渥太華人</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：著名渥太華人"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B_(%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96)" class="mw-redirect" title="龐蒂亞克 (渥太華人領袖)">龐蒂亞克</a>（約1720年-1769年），酋長，對英國和美國人的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="龐蒂亞克戰爭">龐蒂亞克戰爭</a>的領導者。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; 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University of Nebraska Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8032-1330-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-8032-1330-1">0-8032-1330-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burton-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burton_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton, Clarence M. (ed.) (1922). <i>The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701–1922</i>, p. 49. The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wurm, Stephen A., et al. (eds.) (1996). <i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i>, p. 1118. Walter de Gruyter & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-11-013417-9" title="Special:网络书源/3-11-013417-9">3-11-013417-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderton, Alice, PhD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahalenia.com/iws/status.html">Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100917050404/http://www.ahalenia.com/iws/status.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>Intertribal Wordpath Society.</i> 2009 (16 Feb 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hodge_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hodge_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hodge_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=Ondatauauat&source=bl&ots=SDT4zb9xqc&sig=C4xUyqD1eZMIk32DPfawZh1mZNQ&hl=en&ei=fqzTSYjiL5PpnQeNiqHlBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA167,M1">Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210418011514/https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=Ondatauauat&source=bl&ots=SDT4zb9xqc&sig=C4xUyqD1eZMIk32DPfawZh1mZNQ&hl=en&ei=fqzTSYjiL5PpnQeNiqHlBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA167,M1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,</i> Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONArch-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONArch_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715213157/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/middlew.htm">The Archaeology of Ontario-The Middle Woodland Period</a>. Ontario Archaeology. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/middlew.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-07-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ontario-The+Middle+Woodland+Period&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ontario+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca%2Fsummary%2Fmiddlew.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williamson, Pamela, and Roberts, John (2nd ed. 2004). <i>First Nations Peoples</i>, p. 102. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-55239-144-2" title="Special:网络书源/1-55239-144-2">1-55239-144-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/OttawaIndians-CanadianHistory.htm">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418011527/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/OttawaIndians-CanadianHistory.htm">存档</a>于2021-04-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2Fquebechistory%2Fencyclopedia%2FOttawaIndians-CanadianHistory.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">The Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild. Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. 1998: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&rft.au=The+Wisconsin+Cartographers%27+Guild&rft.btitle=Wisconsin%27s+Past+and+Present%3A+A+Historical+Atlas&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=4&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brebner, John Bartlet. The Explorers of North America: 1492–1806. Cleveland, OH: The World Publishing Company. 1966: 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=John+Bartlet&rft.aulast=Brebner&rft.btitle=The+Explorers+of+North+America%3A+1492%E2%80%931806&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=188&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH&rft.pub=The+World+Publishing+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tanner-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tanner_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Hornbeck Tanner, ed., <i>Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History</i> (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 3, 58–59; and R. Douglas Hurt, <i>The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830</i> (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1998), pp. 8–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pontiac_3E.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418011519/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pontiac_3E.html">存档</a>于2021-04-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fpontiac_3E.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, Virgil J. (1986). <i>Indian Names in Michigan</i>, pp. 46–47. University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-472-06365-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-472-06365-0">0-472-06365-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated203-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated203_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated203_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Celia (2003). <i>Native American Power in the United States, 1783–1795</i>, p. 203. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8386-3958-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-8386-3958-5">0-8386-3958-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Treuer, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartbeatofwound0000treu">The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee</a>. New York: Riverhead Books. 2019: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartbeatofwound0000treu/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781594633157" title="Special:网络书源/9781594633157"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781594633157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Treuer&rft.btitle=The+Heartbeat+of+Wounded+Knee&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781594633157&rft.pages=50&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartbeatofwound0000treu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2746/">Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. 1807-11-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-08-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508212426/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2746/">存档</a>于2019-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=Treaty+Between+the+Ottawa%2C+Chippewa%2C+Wyandot%2C+and+Potawatomi+Indians&rft.date=1807-11-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2746%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329212923/http://waterville.org/gallery/rouch-de-bout/">Waterville, Ohio: Roche de Bout Metropark</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-03-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterville.org/gallery/rouch-de-bout/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=Waterville%2C+Ohio%3A+Roche+de+Bout+Metropark&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaterville.org%2Fgallery%2Frouch-de-bout%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sultzman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sultzman_23-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sultzman_23-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/otta.html">Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160406224057/http://www.tolatsga.org/otta.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, website</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Odawa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Odawa"><span style="font-weight:bold;">渥太華人</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/otta.html">"Ottawa History"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160406224057/http://www.tolatsga.org/otta.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Shultzman, L. (2000). <i>First Nations Histories</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=Ondatauauat&source=bl&ots=SDT4zb9xqc&sig=C4xUyqD1eZMIk32DPfawZh1mZNQ&hl=en&ei=fqzTSYjiL5PpnQeNiqHlBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA167,M1">Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210418011514/https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=Ondatauauat&source=bl&ots=SDT4zb9xqc&sig=C4xUyqD1eZMIk32DPfawZh1mZNQ&hl=en&ei=fqzTSYjiL5PpnQeNiqHlBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA167,M1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,</i> Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172, full text online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715213157/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/middlew.htm">"The Middle Woodland Period"</a>, The Archaeology of Ontario</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/odawa">Odawa — The Canadian Encyclopedia</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210418011546/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/odawa">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705183758/http://firstnationsseeker.ca/Ottawa.html">Odawa – <i>First Nations seeker</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findwords.info/term/odawa">Odawa – Word finder</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200616053050/https://findwords.info/term/odawa">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=渥太華人&oldid=80844353">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=渥太華人&oldid=80844353</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B8%A5%E5%A4%AA%E8%8F%AF%E6%97%8F" title="Category:渥太華族">渥太華族</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9E%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD" title="Category:密歇根州美洲原住民部落">密歇根州美洲原住民部落</a></li><li><a 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