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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Japanese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_use_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_use_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Japanese use of children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_use_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Naval battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Naval battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Ten-Go" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Ten-Go"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Operation Ten-Go </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Ten-Go-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Pacific_Fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Pacific_Fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 British Pacific Fleet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Pacific_Fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Land battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Land_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Land battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Land_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Okinawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Okinawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Northern Okinawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Okinawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Okinawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Okinawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Southern Okinawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Okinawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Military losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 American </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_naval_vessels_sunk_or_damaged_at_Okinawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_naval_vessels_sunk_or_damaged_at_Okinawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Allied naval vessels sunk or damaged at Okinawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_naval_vessels_sunk_or_damaged_at_Okinawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Japanese losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_losses,_suicides,_and_atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_losses,_suicides,_and_atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Civilian losses, suicides, and atrocities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_losses,_suicides,_and_atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MEXT_textbook_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MEXT_textbook_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 MEXT textbook controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MEXT_textbook_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_the_wider_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_the_wider_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Effect on the wider war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_the_wider_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Memorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_US_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_US_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Modern US base </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_US_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Okinawa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Okinawa" title="Slag van Okinawa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="معركة أوكيناوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة أوكيناوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinava_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Okinava döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Okinava döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="اوکیناوا دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوکیناوا دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Бітва за Акінаву – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва за Акінаву" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Битка за Окинава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка за Окинава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Okinawu" title="Bitka za Okinawu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka za Okinawu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Okinawa" title="Emgann Okinawa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_d%27Okinawa" title="Batalla d'Okinawa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla d'Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_o_Okinawu" title="Bitva o Okinawu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva o Okinawu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Okinawa" title="Slaget om Okinawa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget om Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_um_Okinawa" title="Schlacht um Okinawa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht um Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_lahing" title="Okinawa lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Okinawa lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Μάχη της Οκινάουα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Οκινάουα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Okinawa" title="Batalla de Okinawa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Okinavo" title="Batalo de Okinavo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Okinavo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawako_gudua" title="Okinawako gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Okinawako gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نبرد اوکیناوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد اوکیناوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Okinawa" title="Bataille d'Okinawa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille d'Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Okinawa" title="Batalla de Okinawa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%82%A4%EB%82%98%EC%99%80_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="오키나와 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오키나와 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Okinawu" title="Bitka za Okinawu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Okinawu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Okinawa" title="Batalio di Okinawa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Okinawa" title="Pertempuran Okinawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Okinawa" title="Battaglia di Okinawa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="קרב אוקינאווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב אוקינאווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ოკინავას ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოკინავას ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinavas_kauja" title="Okinavas kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Okinavas kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinavai_csata" title="Okinavai csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Okinavai csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ओकिनावाची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओकिनावाची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Okinawa" title="Pertempuran Okinawa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Okinawa" title="Slag om Okinawa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E6%88%A6" title="沖縄戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="沖縄戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Okinawa" title="Slaget om Okinawa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_d%27Okinawa" title="Batalha d'Okinawa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha d'Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د اوکیناوا جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوکیناوا جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_o_wysp%C4%99_Okinawa" title="Bitwa o wyspę Okinawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa o wyspę Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Okinawa" title="Batalha de Okinawa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Okinawa" title="Bătălia de la Okinawa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Битва за Окинаву – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва за Окинаву" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Okinawa" title="Batalla de Okinawa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Batalla de Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_o_Okinavu" title="Bitka o Okinavu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka o Okinavu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Okinavo" title="Bitka za Okinavo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka za Okinavo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="شەڕی ئۆکیناوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ئۆکیناوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Битка за Окинаву – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка за Окинаву" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Okinawu" title="Bitka za Okinawu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka za Okinawu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_taistelu" title="Okinawan taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Okinawan taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Okinawa" title="Slaget om Okinawa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget om Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="ஒகினவா சண்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒகினவா சண்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="ยุทธการที่โอกินาวะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่โอกินาวะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Muharebesi" title="Okinawa Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Okinawa Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Битва за Окінаву – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва за Окінаву" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Okinawa" title="Trận Okinawa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Okinawa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="沖繩島戰役 – 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Okinawa&params=26.5_N_128_E_type:isle_region:JP-46_source:dewiki">26°30′N 128°00′E / 26.5°N 128°E / 26.5; 128</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major 1945 battle of the Pacific War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa_(film)" title="Battle of Okinawa (film)">Battle of Okinawa (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Okinawa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theater</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ww2_158.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ww2_158.jpg/300px-Ww2_158.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ww2_158.jpg/450px-Ww2_158.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ww2_158.jpg/600px-Ww2_158.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="2344" /></a> 1st Marine Regiment during fighting at Wana Ridge during the Battle of Okinawa, May 1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 April – 22 June 1945<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (2 months and 3 weeks)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Okinawa&params=26.5_N_128_E_type:isle_region:JP-46_source:dewiki">26°30′N 128°00′E / 26.5°N 128°E / 26.5; 128</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Ground forces: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> Naval forces: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner_Jr." title="Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr.">Simon B. Buckner Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Geiger" title="Roy Geiger">Roy Geiger</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance" title="Raymond A. Spruance">Raymond A. Spruance</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William Halsey Jr.</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Bernard_Rawlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Bernard Rawlings">Sir Bernard Rawlings</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mitsuru_Ushijima" title="Mitsuru Ushijima">Mitsuru Ushijima</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Isamu Chō</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hiromichi_Yahara" title="Hiromichi Yahara">Hiromichi Yahara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Minoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Minoru Ōta">Minoru Ōta</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seiichi_It%C5%8D" title="Seiichi Itō">Seiichi Itō</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Ground units: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_United_States_Army" title="Tenth United States Army">Tenth Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/III_Amphibious_Corps_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Amphibious Corps (United States)">III Amphibious Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">1st Marine Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Marine Division (United States)">2nd Marine Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Marine_Division_(United_States)" title="6th Marine Division (United States)">6th Marine Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXIV_Corps_(United_States)" title="XXIV Corps (United States)">XXIV Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Division (United States)">7th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="27th Infantry Division (United States)">27th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/77th_Sustainment_Brigade" title="77th Sustainment Brigade">77th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="96th Infantry Division (United States)">96th Infantry Division</a></li></ul></li></ul> Naval units: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">Fifth Fleet</a> <ul><li>Task Force 50 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force" title="Fast Carrier Task Force">Task Force 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">Task Force 57</a></li></ul></li> <li>Joint Exp. Force</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Ground units: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Second_Army_(Japan)" title="Thirty-Second Army (Japan)">32nd Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="24th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">24th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="28th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">28th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="62nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">62nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li>44th <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Brigades_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="Mixed Brigades (Imperial Japanese Army)">Mixed Brigade</a></li> <li>45th Mixed Brigade</li> <li>59th Mixed Brigade</li> <li>60th Mixed Brigade</li> <li>27th Tank Regiment</li></ul> Naval units: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="2nd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">2nd Fleet</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <ul><li>7 <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a>,</li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Light_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Light carrier">light carriers</a>,</li> <li>18 <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a>,</li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">fast battleships</a>,</li> <li>10 old <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>,</li> <li>14 <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a>,</li> <li>17 <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a>,</li> <li>132 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>,</li> <li>45 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escorts</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li>5 <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a></li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">fast battleships</a></li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a></li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a></li> <li>251 <a href="/wiki/Carrier_based_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier based aircraft">carrier based aircraft</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> <ul><li>4 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyers</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a> <ul><li>2 <a href="/wiki/Light_Cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Cruiser">light Cruisers</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Light_Cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Cruiser">light Cruiser</a></li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-Blumberg-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> Ground Forces ~541,000 in Tenth Army ~183,000 combat troops<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> rising to ~250,000<a href="#cite_note-Keegan-5">[5]</a>: 567 </td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Yamato_class_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato class battleship">yamato class battleship</a></li> <li>1 <a href="/wiki/Light_Cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Cruiser">light Cruiser</a></li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a></li> <li>1815 Aircraft of which 1050 Kamikaze</li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="#cite_note-USNIok-7">[7]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a> 850 Kamikaze Aircraft <a href="#cite_note-USNIok-7">[7]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Ground Forces ~76,000+ Japanese soldiers ~40,000+ <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Okinawan</a> conscripts<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> American personnel: Battle casualties: ~50,000, including ~12,500 dead<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Army: 19,929<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> Navy: 10,007 at Okinawa,<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> 1,294 on USS Franklin<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> Marines: 19,460<a href="#cite_note-20">[d]</a> Non-battle casualties: 26,211 to 33,096 (all causes)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank199971-21">[17]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British personnel: Battle casualties: 119 Killed, 83 Wounded. 228 Aircraft Lost, 4 <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a> lightly damaged in Kamikaze strikes. <a href="#cite_note-Blumberg-3">[3]</a> Total casualties: ~76,000 to 84,000 <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a>: 375 tanks destroyed<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> 13 destroyers sunk 15 amphibious ships sunk 8 other ships sunk 386 ships damaged 763 aircraft lost<a href="#cite_note-Keegan-5">[5]</a>: 573 <a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 473 </td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> Japanese personnel: Battle & Non-battle casualties: 94,136 soldiers and sailors dead (all causes)<a href="#cite_note-25">[e]</a> 4,037 dead from Yamato task force<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> 7,401 captured (by 30 June)<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[f]</a> Total casualties: ~105,000 to 110,000 Materiel: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">1 battleship sunk</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yahagi_(1942)" title="Japanese cruiser Yahagi (1942)">1 light cruiser sunk</a> 5 destroyers sunk 9 other warships sunk 1,430 aircraft lost<a href="#cite_note-Giangreco-29">[23]</a> 27 tanks destroyed 743–1,712 artillery pieces, anti-tank guns, mortars and anti-aircraft guns lost<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 91–92 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 40,000–150,000 civilians dead<a href="#cite_note-mcg-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[g]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr 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Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX">PX</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Okinawa (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 沖縄戦, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Okinawa-sen), codenamed Operation Iceberg,<a href="#cite_note-Nichols-34">[27]</a>: 17  was a major battle of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> fought on the island of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> forces against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> The initial invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945 was the largest <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious assault</a> in the Pacific Theater of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kerama_Islands" title="Kerama Islands">Kerama Islands</a> surrounding Okinawa were preemptively captured on 26 March by the <a href="/wiki/77th_Sustainment_Brigade" title="77th Sustainment Brigade">77th Infantry Division</a>. The 82-day battle lasted from 1 April until 22 June 1945. After a long campaign of <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island hopping</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> were planning to use <a href="/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base" title="Kadena Air Base">Kadena Air Base</a> on the large island of Okinawa as a base for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Downfall</a>, the planned invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese home islands</a>, 340 mi (550 km) away. The United States created the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_United_States_Army" title="Tenth United States Army">Tenth Army</a>, a cross-branch force consisting of the U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Division (United States)">7th</a>, <a href="/wiki/27th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="27th Infantry Division (United States)">27th</a>, 77th and <a href="/wiki/96th_Sustainment_Brigade_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="96th Sustainment Brigade (United States)">96th Infantry Divisions</a> with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division" title="1st Marine Division">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/6th_Marine_Division_(United_States)" title="6th Marine Division (United States)">6th Marine Divisions</a>, to fight on the island. The Tenth Army was unique in that it had its own <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Air_Force,_Tenth_Army" title="Tactical Air Force, Tenth Army">Tactical Air Force</a> (joint Army-Marine command) and was supported by combined naval and amphibious forces. Opposing the Allied forces on the ground was the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Second_Army_(Japan)" title="Thirty-Second Army (Japan)">Thirty-Second Army</a>. The Battle of Okinawa was the single longest sustained carrier campaign of the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a> The battle has been referred to as the "typhoon of steel" in English, known in Japanese as "tetsu no bōfū".<a href="#cite_note-VeteransRH/R-40">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-anniversaryRH-41">[34]</a> The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting, the intensity of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze#Final_phase" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze attacks</a> and the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island. The battle was the bloodiest and fiercest of the Pacific War, with some 50,000 Allied and around 100,000 Japanese casualties,<a href="#cite_note-Huber-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 473–474  also including local <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Okinawans</a> conscripted into the Japanese Army.<a href="#cite_note-mcg-30">[24]</a> According to local authorities, at least 149,425 Okinawan people were killed, died by coerced suicide or went missing.<a href="#cite_note-Prefecture-43">[36]</a> In the naval operations surrounding the battle, both sides lost considerable numbers of ships and aircraft, including the Japanese battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a>. After the battle, Okinawa provided the victorious Allies a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan as they planned to invade the Japanese home islands. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Order of battle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_ground_order_of_battle" title="Okinawa ground order of battle">Okinawa ground order of battle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_naval_order_of_battle" title="Okinawa naval order of battle">Okinawa naval order of battle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied">Allied</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Allied">edit</a>]</div> In all, the US Army had over 103,000 soldiers (of these, 38,000+ were non-divisional <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, combat support and HQ troops, with another 9,000 service troops),<a href="#cite_note-Rottman-44">[37]</a>: 39  over 88,000 Marines and 18,000 Navy personnel (mostly <a href="/wiki/Seabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabees">Seabees</a> and medical personnel).<a href="#cite_note-Rottman-44">[37]</a>: 40  At the start of the Battle of Okinawa, the <a href="/wiki/US_Tenth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Tenth Army">US Tenth Army</a> had 182,821 personnel under its command.<a href="#cite_note-Rottman-44">[37]</a>: 40  It was planned that <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner_Jr." title="Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr.">Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr.</a> would report to <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral (United States)">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_K._Turner" title="Richmond K. Turner">Richmond K. Turner</a> until the amphibious phase was completed, after which he would report directly to <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Spruance" title="Raymond A. Spruance">Raymond A. Spruance</a>. Total aircraft in the US Navy, Marine and Army Air Force exceeded 3,000 over the course of the battle, including fighters, attack aircraft, scout planes, bombers and dive-bombers. The invasion was supported by a fleet consisting of 18 <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>, 27 <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, 177 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escorts</a>, 39 <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> (11 <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a>, 6 <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">light carriers</a> and 22 <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a>) and various support and troop <a href="/wiki/Transport_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport ship">transport ships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> The British naval contingent accompanied 251 British naval aircraft and included a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> fleet with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Canadian</a> ships and personnel.<a href="#cite_note-HobbsUNI-46">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Japanese">edit</a>]</div> The Japanese land campaign (mainly defensive) was conducted by the 67,000-strong (77,000 according to some sources) <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Second_Army_(Japan)" title="Thirty-Second Army (Japan)">32nd Army</a> and some 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> troops at Oroku Naval Base (only a few hundred of whom had been trained and equipped for ground combat), supported by 39,000 <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">drafted</a> local <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuan people</a> (including 24,000 hastily drafted <a href="/wiki/Rear_(military)" title="Rear (military)">rear</a> <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> called <a href="/wiki/Boeitai" title="Boeitai">Boeitai</a> and 15,000 non-uniformed laborers). The Japanese had used <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> tactics since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, but for the first time they became a major part of the defense. Between the American landing on 1 April and 25 May, seven major kamikaze attacks were attempted, involving more than 1,500 planes. The 32nd Army initially consisted of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="9th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/24th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="24th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">24th</a> and <a href="/wiki/62nd_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="62nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">62nd Divisions</a> and the 44th Independent Mixed Brigade. The 9th Division was moved to Taiwan before the invasion, resulting in shuffling of Japanese defensive plans. Primary resistance was to be led in the south by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Mitsuru_Ushijima" title="Mitsuru Ushijima">Mitsuru Ushijima</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a>, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Isamu Chō</a> and his chief of operations, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hiromichi_Yahara" title="Hiromichi Yahara">Hiromichi Yahara</a>. Yahara advocated a defensive <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">strategy</a>, whilst Chō advocated an <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> one. In the north, Colonel Takehido Udo was in command. The naval troops were led by <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Minoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Minoru Ōta">Minoru Ōta</a>. They expected the Americans to land 6–10 <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> against the Japanese garrison of two and a half divisions. The staff calculated that superior quality and numbers of weapons gave each US division five or six times the <a href="/wiki/Firepower" title="Firepower">firepower</a> of a Japanese division. To this, would be added the Americans' abundant naval and air firepower. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_use_of_children">Japanese use of children</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese use of children">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Childsoldier_In_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Childsoldier_In_Okinawa.jpg/170px-Childsoldier_In_Okinawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Childsoldier_In_Okinawa.jpg/255px-Childsoldier_In_Okinawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Childsoldier_In_Okinawa.jpg/340px-Childsoldier_In_Okinawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Tekketsu Kinnōtai child soldiers on Okinawa</figcaption></figure> On Okinawa, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> mobilized 1,780 schoolboys aged 14–17 years into <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> service as an Iron and Blood Imperial Corps (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E8%A1%80%E5%8B%A4%E7%9A%87%E9%9A%8A" class="extiw" title="ja:鉄血勤皇隊">鉄血勤皇隊</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: Tekketsu Kinnōtai), while female <a href="/wiki/Himeyuri_students" title="Himeyuri students">Himeyuri students</a> were organized into a nursing unit.<a href="#cite_note-Huber-42">[35]</a> This mobilization was conducted by an ordinance of the Ministry of the Army, not by law. The ordinances mobilized the students as volunteer soldiers for form's sake; in reality, the military authorities ordered schools to force almost all students to "volunteer" as soldiers; sometimes they counterfeited the necessary documents. About half of the Tekketsu Kinnōtai were killed, including in suicide bomb attacks against tanks and in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> operations. Among the 21 male and female secondary schools that made up these student corps, 2,000 students died on the battlefield. Even with the female students acting mainly as nurses to Japanese soldiers, they were still exposed to the harsh conditions of war.<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_battle">Naval battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naval battle">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There was a hypnotic fascination to the sight so alien to our Western philosophy. We watched each plunging kamikaze with the detached horror of one witnessing a terrible spectacle rather than as the intended victim. We forgot self for the moment as we groped hopelessly for the thought of that other man up there.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Brown" title="Charles R. Brown">C.R. Brown</a>, US Navy<a href="#cite_note-Toland-48">[41]</a>: 711 </cite></div></blockquote> The US Navy's <a href="/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force" title="Fast Carrier Task Force">Task Force 58</a>, deployed to the east of Okinawa with a picket group of 6 to 8 destroyers, kept 13 carriers (7 fleet carriers and 6 light carriers) on duty from 23 March to 27 April and a smaller number thereafter. Until 27 April, a minimum of 14 and up to 18 escort carriers were in the area at all times. Until 20 April, British Task Force 57, with 4 large and 6 escort carriers, remained off the <a href="/wiki/Sakishima_Islands" title="Sakishima Islands">Sakishima Islands</a> to protect the southern flank.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 97  The protracted length of the campaign under stressful conditions forced Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a> to take the unprecedented step of relieving the principal naval commanders to rest and recuperate. Following the practice of changing the fleet designation with the change of commanders, US naval forces began the campaign as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">US 5th Fleet</a> under Admiral Spruance, but ended it as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">3rd Fleet</a> under Admiral Halsey. Japanese air opposition had been relatively light during the first few days after the landings. However, on 6 April the expected air reaction began with an attack by 400 planes from <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>. Periodic heavy air attacks continued through April.<a href="#cite_note-af1953rpt-49">[42]</a> During the period of 26 March to 30 April, 20 American ships were sunk and 157 damaged by enemy action. By 30 April the Japanese had lost more than 1,100 planes to Allied naval forces alone.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 102  Between 6 April and 22 June, the Japanese flew 1,465 kamikaze aircraft in large-scale attacks from Kyushu, 185 individual kamikaze <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sorties</a> from Kyushu, and 250 individual kamikaze sorties from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, then called <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Formosa</a>. While US intelligence estimated there were 89 planes on Formosa, the Japanese actually had about 700, dismantled or well camouflaged and dispersed into scattered villages and towns; the US <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">Fifth Air Force</a> disputed Navy claims of kamikaze coming from Formosa.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The ships lost were smaller vessels, particularly the destroyers of the <a href="/wiki/Radar_picket" title="Radar picket">radar pickets</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escorts</a> and landing ships. While no major Allied warships were lost, several fleet carriers were severely damaged. Land-based <a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D-class_suicide_motorboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat">Shin'yō-class suicide motorboats</a> were also used in the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a>, although Ushijima had disbanded the majority of the suicide boat battalions before the battle because of expected low effectiveness against a superior enemy. The boat crews were re-formed into three additional infantry battalions.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 298.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 296.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_of_the_Japanese_battleship_Yamato_on_7_April_1945_(80-G-413914).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The super battleship Yamato explodes after persistent attacks from US aircraft."><img alt="The super battleship Yamato explodes after persistent attacks from US aircraft." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Explosion_of_the_Japanese_battleship_Yamato_on_7_April_1945_%2880-G-413914%29.jpg/445px-Explosion_of_the_Japanese_battleship_Yamato_on_7_April_1945_%2880-G-413914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Explosion_of_the_Japanese_battleship_Yamato_on_7_April_1945_%2880-G-413914%29.jpg/668px-Explosion_of_the_Japanese_battleship_Yamato_on_7_April_1945_%2880-G-413914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Explosion_of_the_Japanese_battleship_Yamato_on_7_April_1945_%2880-G-413914%29.jpg/890px-Explosion_of_the_Japanese_battleship_Yamato_on_7_April_1945_%2880-G-413914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5664" data-file-height="4290" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The super battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a> explodes after persistent attacks from US aircraft.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 327.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 325.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American aircraft carrier USS Bunker Hill burns after being hit by two kamikaze planes within 30 seconds."><img alt="American aircraft carrier USS Bunker Hill burns after being hit by two kamikaze planes within 30 seconds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/488px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg" decoding="async" width="326" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/732px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg/975px-USS_Bunker_Hill_hit_by_two_Kamikazes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">American aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Bunker_Hill_(CV-17)" title="USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)">USS Bunker Hill</a> burns after being hit by two <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> planes within 30 seconds.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Ten-Go">Operation Ten-Go</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation Ten-Go">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ten-Go" title="Operation Ten-Go">Operation Ten-Go</a> (Ten-gō sakusen) was the attempted attack by a strike force of ten Japanese surface vessels, led by Yamato and commanded by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_admirals" title="List of Imperial Japanese Navy admirals">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Seiichi_It%C5%8D" title="Seiichi Itō">Seiichi Itō</a>. This small task force had been ordered to fight through enemy naval forces, then beach Yamato and fight from shore, using her guns as <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a> and her crew as naval infantry. The Ten-Go force was spotted by submarines shortly after it left the Japanese home waters and was intercepted by US carrier aircraft. Under attack from more than 300 aircraft over a two-hour span, the world's largest battleship sank on 7 April 1945 after a one-sided battle, long before she could reach Okinawa. (US <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a> were instructed to aim for only one side to prevent effective counter flooding by the battleship's crew, and to aim for the bow or the stern where armor was believed to be the thinnest.) Of Yamato's screening force, the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yahagi_(1942)" title="Japanese cruiser Yahagi (1942)">Yahagi</a> and four of the eight destroyers were also sunk. The Imperial Japanese Navy lost some 3,700 sailors, including Admiral Itō, at the cost of ten US aircraft and twelve airmen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Pacific_Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British Pacific Fleet">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</a>, taking part as Task Force 57, was assigned the task of neutralizing the Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands, which it did successfully from March 26 to April 10. On April 10, its attention was shifted to airfields in northern Formosa. The force withdrew to <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_(Philippines)" title="San Pedro Bay (Philippines)">San Pedro Bay</a> on April 23. On May 1, the British Pacific Fleet returned to action, subduing the airfields as before, this time with <a href="/wiki/Naval_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval bombardment">naval bombardment</a> as well as aircraft. Several kamikaze attacks caused significant damage, but as the Royal Navy carriers had armored <a href="/wiki/Flight_deck" title="Flight deck">flight decks</a>, they experienced only a brief interruption to their force's operations.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Implacable_AWM_019037.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Avengers, Seafires and Fireflies on HMS Implacable warm up their engines before taking off."><img alt="Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Avengers, Seafires and Fireflies on HMS Implacable warm up their engines before taking off." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/HMS_Implacable_AWM_019037.jpg/454px-HMS_Implacable_AWM_019037.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/HMS_Implacable_AWM_019037.jpg/682px-HMS_Implacable_AWM_019037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/HMS_Implacable_AWM_019037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="568" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> Fleet Air Arm <a href="/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger" title="Grumman TBF Avenger">Avengers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire" title="Supermarine Seafire">Seafires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Firefly" title="Fairey Firefly">Fireflies</a> on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Implacable_(R86)" title="HMS Implacable (R86)">HMS Implacable</a> warm up their engines before taking off.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 292px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Formidable_(67)_on_fire_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HMS Formidable on fire after a kamikaze attack on May 4. The ship was out of action for fifty minutes."><img alt="HMS Formidable on fire after a kamikaze attack on May 4. The ship was out of action for fifty minutes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HMS_Formidable_%2867%29_on_fire_1945.jpg/435px-HMS_Formidable_%2867%29_on_fire_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HMS_Formidable_%2867%29_on_fire_1945.jpg/652px-HMS_Formidable_%2867%29_on_fire_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HMS_Formidable_%2867%29_on_fire_1945.jpg/869px-HMS_Formidable_%2867%29_on_fire_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="931" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(67)" title="HMS Formidable (67)">HMS Formidable</a> on fire after a <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> attack on May 4. The ship was out of action for fifty minutes.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_battle">Land battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Land battle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Mexico_class_battleship_bombarding_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/New_Mexico_class_battleship_bombarding_Okinawa.jpg/220px-New_Mexico_class_battleship_bombarding_Okinawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/New_Mexico_class_battleship_bombarding_Okinawa.jpg/330px-New_Mexico_class_battleship_bombarding_Okinawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/New_Mexico_class_battleship_bombarding_Okinawa.jpg/440px-New_Mexico_class_battleship_bombarding_Okinawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5730" data-file-height="4523" /></a><figcaption>The battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Idaho_(BB-42)" title="USS Idaho (BB-42)">USS Idaho</a> shelling Okinawa on 1 April 1945</figcaption></figure>The land battle took place over about 81 days beginning on 1 April 1945. The first Americans ashore were soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/77th_Sustainment_Brigade" title="77th Sustainment Brigade">77th Infantry Division</a> who landed in the <a href="/wiki/Kerama_Islands" title="Kerama Islands">Kerama Islands</a>, 15 mi (24 km) west of Okinawa on 26 March. Subsidiary landings followed, and the Kerama group was secured over the next five days. In these preliminary operations, the 77th Infantry Division suffered 27 dead and 81 wounded, while the Japanese dead and captured numbered over 650. On March 28, 1945, 394 civilians on <a href="/wiki/Tokashiki,_Okinawa" title="Tokashiki, Okinawa">Tokashiki island</a> were forced by Japanese soldiers to kill themselves after the landing of US troops.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> The operation provided a protected anchorage for the fleet and eliminated the threat from suicide boats.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 50–60  On 31 March, Marines of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Amphibious_Reconnaissance_Battalion" title="United States Marine Corps Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion">Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion</a> landed without opposition on Keise Shima, four islets just 8 mi (13 km) west of the Okinawan capital of <a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a>. A group of <a href="/wiki/155_mm_gun_M1" title="155 mm gun M1">155 mm (6.1 in) "Long Tom"</a> artillery pieces went ashore on the islets to cover operations on Okinawa.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 57  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Okinawa">Northern Okinawa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Northern Okinawa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines_land_on_Okinawa_shores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marines_land_on_Okinawa_shores.jpg/220px-Marines_land_on_Okinawa_shores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marines_land_on_Okinawa_shores.jpg/330px-Marines_land_on_Okinawa_shores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marines_land_on_Okinawa_shores.jpg/440px-Marines_land_on_Okinawa_shores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">US Marine</a> reinforcements wade ashore to support the <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachhead</a> on Okinawa, 1 April 1945.</figcaption></figure> The main landing was made by the <a href="/wiki/XXIV_Corps_(United_States)" title="XXIV Corps (United States)">XXIV Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/III_Amphibious_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="III Amphibious Corps">III Amphibious Corps</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hagushi" title="Hagushi">Hagushi</a> beaches on the western coast of Okinawa on 1 April. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd Marine Division</a> conducted a <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(military)" title="Demonstration (military)">demonstration</a> off the Minatoga beaches on the southeastern coast to deceive the Japanese about American intentions and delay movement of <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">reserves</a> from there.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 68–74  Tenth Army swept across the south-central part of the island with relative ease, capturing the <a href="/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base" title="Kadena Air Base">Kadena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yomitan" title="Yomitan">Yomitan</a> airbases within hours of the landing.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols-34">[27]</a>: 67–69 <a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 74–75  In light of the weak opposition, General Buckner decided to proceed immediately with Phase II of his plan, the seizure of northern Okinawa. The <a href="/wiki/6th_Marine_Division_(United_States)" title="6th Marine Division (United States)">6th Marine Division</a> headed up the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishikawa_Isthmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishikawa Isthmus (page does not exist)">Ishikawa Isthmus</a> and by 7 April had sealed off the <a href="/wiki/Motobu_Peninsula" title="Motobu Peninsula">Motobu Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 138–141  Six days later on 13 April, the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/22nd_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Marine Regiment (United States)">22nd Marine Regiment</a>, reached <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hedo" title="Cape Hedo">Hedo Point</a> at the northernmost tip of the island. By this point, the bulk of the Japanese forces in the north (codenamed Udo Force) were cornered on the Motobu Peninsula. The terrain was mountainous and wooded, with the Japanese defenses concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Yae" title="Mount Yae">Mount Yaedake</a>, a twisted mass of rocky ridges and ravines on the center of the peninsula. There was heavy fighting before the Marines finally cleared Yaedake on 18 April.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 141–148  However, this was not the end of ground combat in northern Okinawa. On 24 May, the Japanese mounted Operation Gi-gou: a company of <a href="/wiki/Giretsu_Kuteitai" title="Giretsu Kuteitai">Giretsu Kuteitai</a> commandos were airlifted in a suicide attack on Yomitan. They destroyed 70,000 US gallons (260,000 L) of fuel and nine planes before being killed by the defenders, who lost two men. Meanwhile, the 77th Infantry Division assaulted <a href="/wiki/Iejima" title="Iejima">Ie Shima</a>, a small island off the western end of the peninsula, on 16 April. In addition to conventional hazards, the 77th Infantry Division encountered kamikaze attacks and even local women armed with spears. There was heavy fighting before the area was declared secured on 21 April and became another airbase for operations against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 149–183  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Okinawa">Southern Okinawa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southern Okinawa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg/220px-OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg/330px-OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg/440px-OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>US Marines pass a dead Japanese soldier in a destroyed village, April 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_on_Okinawa_hear_of_victory_in_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Americans_on_Okinawa_hear_of_victory_in_Europe.jpg/220px-Americans_on_Okinawa_hear_of_victory_in_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Americans_on_Okinawa_hear_of_victory_in_Europe.jpg/330px-Americans_on_Okinawa_hear_of_victory_in_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Americans_on_Okinawa_hear_of_victory_in_Europe.jpg/440px-Americans_on_Okinawa_hear_of_victory_in_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>American soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/77th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="77th Infantry Division (United States)">77th Infantry Division</a> listen impassively to radio reports of <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a> on 8 May 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111-SC-337972_-_One_rifleman_reloads,_and_another_fires_in_the_96th_Infantry_Division%27s_advance_to_capture_Big_Apple_Hill,_scene_of_intense_fighting_on_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/111-SC-337972_-_One_rifleman_reloads%2C_and_another_fires_in_the_96th_Infantry_Division%27s_advance_to_capture_Big_Apple_Hill%2C_scene_of_intense_fighting_on_Okinawa.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/111-SC-337972_-_One_rifleman_reloads%2C_and_another_fires_in_the_96th_Infantry_Division%27s_advance_to_capture_Big_Apple_Hill%2C_scene_of_intense_fighting_on_Okinawa.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/111-SC-337972_-_One_rifleman_reloads%2C_and_another_fires_in_the_96th_Infantry_Division%27s_advance_to_capture_Big_Apple_Hill%2C_scene_of_intense_fighting_on_Okinawa.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="2747" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the 96th Infantry Division attack Japanese positions on Big Apple Ridge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasionof_okinawa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Invasionof_okinawa_2.jpg/220px-Invasionof_okinawa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Invasionof_okinawa_2.jpg/330px-Invasionof_okinawa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Invasionof_okinawa_2.jpg/440px-Invasionof_okinawa_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>US Operations in Southern Okinawa</figcaption></figure> While the 6th Marine Division cleared northern Okinawa, the US Army <a href="/wiki/96th_Sustainment_Brigade_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="96th Sustainment Brigade (United States)">96th</a> and <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Division (United States)">7th Infantry Divisions</a> wheeled south across the narrow isthmus of Okinawa. The 96th Infantry Division began to encounter fierce resistance in west-central Okinawa from Japanese troops holding fortified positions east of Highway No. 1 and about 5 mi (8 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Shuri,_Okinawa" title="Shuri, Okinawa">Shuri</a>, from what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Cactus_Ridge" title="Cactus Ridge">Cactus Ridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 104–105  The 7th Infantry Division encountered similarly fierce Japanese opposition from a rocky pinnacle located about 1,000 yd (910 m) southwest of Arakachi (later dubbed "<a href="/wiki/The_Pinnacle,_Battle_of_Okinawa" title="The Pinnacle, Battle of Okinawa">The Pinnacle</a>"). By the night of 8 April, American troops had cleared these and several other strongly fortified positions. They suffered over 1,500 battle casualties in the process while killing or capturing about 4,500 Japanese. Yet the battle had only begun, for it was realized that "these were merely outposts," guarding the Shuri Line.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 105–108  The next American objective was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakazu_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakazu Ridge (page does not exist)">Kakazu Ridge</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Okinawa&params=26.259_N_127.737_E_">26°15′32″N 127°44′13″E / 26.259°N 127.737°E / 26.259; 127.737</a>), two hills with a connecting saddle that formed part of Shuri's outer defenses. The Japanese had prepared their positions well and fought tenaciously. The Japanese soldiers hid in fortified caves. American forces often lost personnel before clearing the Japanese out from each cave or other hiding place. The Japanese sent out Okinawans at gunpoint to obtain water and supplies for them, which led to civilian casualties. The American advance was inexorable but resulted in a high number of casualties on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 110–125  As the American assault against Kakazu Ridge stalled, Lieutenant General Ushijima—influenced by General Chō—decided to take the offensive. On the evening of 12 April, the 32nd Army attacked American positions across the entire front. The Japanese attack was heavy, sustained, and well organized. After fierce <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close combat</a>, the attackers retreated, only to repeat their offensive the following night. A final assault on 14 April was again repulsed. The effort led the 32nd Army's staff to conclude that the Americans were vulnerable to night <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration tactics</a> but that their superior firepower made any offensive Japanese troop concentrations extremely dangerous, and they reverted to their defensive strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 130–137  The <a href="/wiki/27th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="27th Infantry Division (United States)">27th Infantry Division</a>, which had landed on 9 April, took over on the right, along the west coast of Okinawa. General <a href="/wiki/John_R._Hodge" title="John R. Hodge">John R. Hodge</a> now had three divisions in the line, with the 96th in the middle and the 7th to the east, with each division holding a front of only about 1.5 mi (2.4 km). Hodge launched a new offensive on 19 April with a barrage of 324 guns, the largest ever in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean Theater</a>. Battleships, cruisers, and destroyers joined the bombardment, which was followed by 650 Navy and Marine planes attacking the Japanese positions with <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a>, rockets, bombs, and machine guns. The Japanese defenses were sited on <a href="/wiki/Reverse_slope_defence" title="Reverse slope defence">reverse slopes</a>, where the defenders waited out the artillery barrage and aerial attack in relative safety, emerging from the caves to rain <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> rounds and grenades upon the Americans advancing up the forward slope.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 184–194  A tank assault to achieve <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_(military)" title="Breakthrough (military)">breakthrough</a> by <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">outflanking</a> Kakazu Ridge failed to link up with its infantry support attempting to cross the ridge and therefore failed with the loss of 22 tanks (see <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%95%B0%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" class="extiw" title="ja:嘉数の戦い">ja:嘉数の戦い</a>). Although <a href="/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">flame tanks</a> cleared many cave defenses, there was no breakthrough, and the XXIV Corps suffered 720 casualties. The losses might have been greater except for the fact that the Japanese had practically all of their infantry reserves tied up farther south, held there by another <a href="/wiki/Feint" title="Feint">feint</a> off the Minatoga beaches by the 2nd Marine Division that coincided with the attack.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 196–207  At the end of April, after Army forces had pushed through the Machinato defensive line,<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">1st Marine Division</a> relieved the 27th Infantry Division and the 77th Infantry Division relieved the 96th. When the 6th Marine Division arrived, the III Amphibious Corps took over the right flank and Tenth Army assumed control of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 265  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Flag_raised_over_Shuri_castle_on_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_Flag_raised_over_Shuri_castle_on_Okinawa.jpg/170px-US_Flag_raised_over_Shuri_castle_on_Okinawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_Flag_raised_over_Shuri_castle_on_Okinawa.jpg/255px-US_Flag_raised_over_Shuri_castle_on_Okinawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/US_Flag_raised_over_Shuri_castle_on_Okinawa.jpg/340px-US_Flag_raised_over_Shuri_castle_on_Okinawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Ross_Jr." title="Richard P. Ross Jr.">Richard P. Ross Jr.</a>, commander of <a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_1st_Marines" title="3rd Battalion, 1st Marines">3rd Battalion, 1st Marines</a> braves sniper fire to place the United States' colors over the parapets of <a href="/wiki/Shuri_Castle" title="Shuri Castle">Shuri Castle</a> on 30 May. This flag was first raised over <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Cape Gloucester</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu" title="Battle of Peleliu">Peleliu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg/170px-OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg/255px-OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg/340px-OkinawaJapanesePOW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2985" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese prisoner of war sits behind barbed wire after he and 306 others were captured within the last 24 hours of the battle by 6th Marine Division.</figcaption></figure> On 4 May, the 32nd Army launched another <a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">counter-offensive</a>. This time, Ushijima attempted to make amphibious assaults on the coasts behind American lines. To support his offensive, the Japanese artillery moved into the open. By doing so, they were able to fire 13,000 rounds in support, but effective American <a href="/wiki/Counter-battery_fire" title="Counter-battery fire">counter-battery fire</a> destroyed dozens of Japanese artillery pieces. The attack failed.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 283–302  Buckner launched another American attack on 11 May. Ten days of fierce fighting followed. On 13 May, troops of the 96th Infantry Division and <a href="/wiki/763rd_Tank_Battalion_(United_States)" title="763rd Tank Battalion (United States)">763rd Tank Battalion</a> captured Conical Hill (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Okinawa&params=26.21_N_127.75_E_">26°13′N 127°45′E / 26.21°N 127.75°E / 26.21; 127.75</a>). Rising 476 ft (145 m) above the <a href="/wiki/Yonabaru,_Okinawa" title="Yonabaru, Okinawa">Yonabaru</a> coastal plain, this feature was the eastern anchor of the main Japanese defenses and was defended by about 1,000 Japanese. Meanwhile, on the opposite coast, the 1st and 6th Marine Divisions fought for "Sugar Loaf Hill" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Okinawa&params=26.222_N_127.696_E_">26°13′19″N 127°41′46″E / 26.222°N 127.696°E / 26.222; 127.696</a>). The capture of these two key positions exposed the Japanese around Shuri on both sides. Buckner hoped to envelop Shuri and trap the main Japanese defending force.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 311–359  By the end of May, monsoon rains which had turned contested hills and roads into a morass exacerbated both the <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactical</a> and medical situations. The ground advance began to resemble a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> battlefield, as troops became mired in mud, and flooded roads greatly inhibited evacuation of wounded to the rear. Troops lived on a field sodden by rain, part garbage dump and part graveyard. Unburied Japanese and American bodies decayed, sank in the mud and became part of a noxious stew. Anyone sliding down the greasy slopes could easily find their pockets full of maggots at the end of the journey.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 364–370  From 24 to 27 May the 6th Marine Division cautiously occupied the ruins of Naha, the largest city on the island, finding it largely deserted.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 372–377  On 26 May aerial observers saw large troop movements just below Shuri. On 28 May Marine patrols found recently abandoned positions west of Shuri. By 30 May the consensus among Army and Marine intelligence was that the majority of Japanese forces had withdrawn from the Shuri Line.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 391–392  On 29 May the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion_5th_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Battalion 5th Marines">1st Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Marine Regiment (United States)">5th Marines</a> (1/5 Marines) occupied high ground 700 yards (640 m) east of <a href="/wiki/Shuri_Castle" title="Shuri Castle">Shuri Castle</a> and reported that the castle appeared undefended. At 10:15 Company A, 1/5 Marines occupied the castle.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 395–496  Shuri Castle had been shelled by the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(BB-41)" title="USS Mississippi (BB-41)">USS Mississippi</a> for three days before this advance.<a href="#cite_note-wonder-okinawa.jp-57">[50]</a> The 32nd Army withdrew to the south and thus the Marines had an easy task of securing Shuri Castle.<a href="#cite_note-wonder-okinawa.jp-57">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> The castle, however, was outside the 1st Marine Division's assigned zone, and only frantic efforts by the commander and staff of the 77th Infantry Division prevented an American <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrike</a> and artillery bombardment which would have resulted in many <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 396  On 29 May a <a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag#Military_use" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Confederate flag</a> was raised over Shuri Castle,<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> before being removed and replaced by a US flag three days later on orders of General Buckner.<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> The Japanese retreat, although harassed by artillery fire, was conducted with great skill at night and aided by the monsoon storms. The 32nd Army was able to move nearly 30,000 personnel into its last defense line on the Kiyan Peninsula, which ultimately led to the greatest slaughter on Okinawa in the latter stages of the battle, including the deaths of thousands of civilians. In addition, there were 9,000 IJN troops supported by 1,100 militia, with approximately 4,000 holed up at the underground headquarters on the hillside overlooking the Okinawa Naval Base in the Oroku Peninsula, east of the airfield.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 392–394  On 4 June, elements of the 6th Marine Division launched an amphibious assault on the peninsula. The 4,000 Japanese sailors, including Admiral Ōta, all committed suicide within the <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">hand-built tunnels</a> of the underground naval headquarters on 13 June.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 427–434  By 17 June, the remnants of Ushijima's shattered 32nd Army were pushed into a small pocket in the far south of the island to the southeast of <a href="/wiki/Itoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Itoman">Itoman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 455–4661  On 18 June, General Buckner was killed by Japanese artillery fire while monitoring the progress of his troops from a forward observation post. Buckner was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Geiger" title="Roy Geiger">Roy Geiger</a>. Upon assuming command, Geiger became the only US Marine to command a numbered army of the US Army in combat; he was relieved five days later by General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a>. On 19 June, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Miller_Easley" title="Claudius Miller Easley">Claudius Miller Easley</a>, the commander of the 96th Infantry Division, was killed by Japanese machine-gun fire, also while checking on the progress of his troops at the front.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 461  The last remnants of Japanese resistance ended on 21 June, although some Japanese continued hiding, including the future governor of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masahide_%C5%8Cta" title="Masahide Ōta">Masahide Ōta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> Ushijima and Chō committed suicide by <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> in their command headquarters on Hill 89 in the closing hours of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 468–471  Colonel Yahara had asked Ushijima for permission to commit suicide, but the general refused his request, saying: "If you die there will be no one left who knows the truth about the battle of Okinawa. Bear the temporary shame but endure it. This is an order from your army commander."<a href="#cite_note-Toland-48">[41]</a>: 723  Yahara was the most senior officer to have survived the battle on the island, and he later authored a book titled The Battle for Okinawa. On 22 June Tenth Army held a flag-raising ceremony to mark the end of organized resistance on Okinawa. On 23 June a mopping-up operation commenced, which concluded on 30 June.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 471–473  On 15 August 1945, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Matome_Ugaki" title="Matome Ugaki">Matome Ugaki</a> was killed while part of a kamikaze raid on <a href="/wiki/Iheya_Island" title="Iheya Island">Iheyajima</a> island. The official surrender ceremony was held on 7 September, near the Kadena Airfield. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_in_the_grassy_sod_bordering_row_upon_row_of_white_crosses_in_an_American_cemetery,_two_dungaree-clad_Coast..._-_NARA_-_513229.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Standing_in_the_grassy_sod_bordering_row_upon_row_of_white_crosses_in_an_American_cemetery%2C_two_dungaree-clad_Coast..._-_NARA_-_513229.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Standing_in_the_grassy_sod_bordering_row_upon_row_of_white_crosses_in_an_American_cemetery%2C_two_dungaree-clad_Coast..._-_NARA_-_513229.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Standing_in_the_grassy_sod_bordering_row_upon_row_of_white_crosses_in_an_American_cemetery%2C_two_dungaree-clad_Coast..._-_NARA_-_513229.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Standing_in_the_grassy_sod_bordering_row_upon_row_of_white_crosses_in_an_American_cemetery%2C_two_dungaree-clad_Coast..._-_NARA_-_513229.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Standing_in_the_grassy_sod_bordering_row_upon_row_of_white_crosses_in_an_American_cemetery%2C_two_dungaree-clad_Coast..._-_NARA_-_513229.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Standing_in_the_grassy_sod_bordering_row_upon_row_of_white_crosses_in_an_American_cemetery%2C_two_dungaree-clad_Coast..._-_NARA_-_513229.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">US Coast Guardsmen</a> pay homage to their comrade killed in the Ryukyu Islands.</figcaption></figure> The Battle of Okinawa was the bloodiest battle of the Pacific War.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> The most complete tally of deaths during the battle is at the <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_of_Peace" title="Cornerstone of Peace">Cornerstone of Peace</a> monument at the <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Peace_Memorial_Museum" title="Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum">Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum</a>, which identifies the names of each individual who died at Okinawa in World War II. As of 2023, the monument lists 242,046 names, including 149,634 Okinawans, 77,823 Imperial Japanese soldiers, 14,010 Americans,<a href="#cite_note-Prefecture-43">[36]</a> and smaller numbers of people from <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (381), the United Kingdom (82), North Korea (82) and Taiwan (34).<a href="#cite_note-Prefecture-43">[36]</a> The numbers correspond to recorded deaths during the Battle of Okinawa from the time of the American landings in the Kerama Islands on 26 March 1945 to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> on 2 September 1945, in addition to all Okinawan casualties in the Pacific War in the 15 years from the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchurian Incident">Manchurian Incident</a>, along with those who died in Okinawa from war-related events in the year before the battle and the year after the surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Inscription-64">[57]</a> 234,183 names were inscribed by the time of unveiling, and new names are added as necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Book-65">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ota-66">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> 40,000 of the Okinawan civilians killed had been drafted or impressed by the Japanese army and are often counted as combat deaths. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_losses">Military losses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military losses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American">American</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: American">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SC_207308_-_Two_wounded_men_make_their_way_to_a_medical_aid_station_on_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SC_207308_-_Two_wounded_men_make_their_way_to_a_medical_aid_station_on_Okinawa.jpg/220px-SC_207308_-_Two_wounded_men_make_their_way_to_a_medical_aid_station_on_Okinawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SC_207308_-_Two_wounded_men_make_their_way_to_a_medical_aid_station_on_Okinawa.jpg/330px-SC_207308_-_Two_wounded_men_make_their_way_to_a_medical_aid_station_on_Okinawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SC_207308_-_Two_wounded_men_make_their_way_to_a_medical_aid_station_on_Okinawa.jpg/440px-SC_207308_-_Two_wounded_men_make_their_way_to_a_medical_aid_station_on_Okinawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11271" data-file-height="9257" /></a><figcaption>Two wounded American soldiers make their way to a medical aid station on Okinawa, 20 April 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_on_bloody_ridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Attack_on_bloody_ridge.jpg/220px-Attack_on_bloody_ridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Attack_on_bloody_ridge.jpg/330px-Attack_on_bloody_ridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Attack_on_bloody_ridge.jpg/440px-Attack_on_bloody_ridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Two US <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tanks knocked out by Japanese artillery at Bloody Ridge, 20 April 1945</figcaption></figure> The Americans suffered some 48,000 casualties, not including some 33,000 non-battle casualties (psychiatric, injuries, illnesses), of whom over 12,000 were killed or missing. Killed in action were 4,907 Navy, 4,675 Army, and 2,938 Marine Corps personnel; when excluding naval losses at sea and losses on the surrounding islands (such as Ie Shima), 6,316 killed and over 30,000 wounded occurred on Okinawa proper. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank199971-21">[17]</a> Other authors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">John Keegan</a> have come up with higher numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Times-68">[61]</a> The battle caused more than twice the number of American casualties than both the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a> combined, with the Japanese kamikaze effort causing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">American Navy</a> to suffer more casualties than any previous engagement in the Atlantic or Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> The most famous American casualty was Lieutenant General Buckner, whose decision to attack the Japanese defenses head-on, although extremely costly in American lives, was ultimately successful. Four days from the closing of the campaign, Buckner was killed by Japanese artillery fire, which blew lethal slivers of coral into his body, while inspecting his troops at the front line. He was the highest-ranking US officer to be killed by enemy fire during the Second World War. The day after Buckner was killed, Brigadier General Easley was killed by Japanese machine-gun fire. War correspondent <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Pyle" title="Ernie Pyle">Ernie Pyle</a> was also killed by Japanese machine-gun fire on Ie Shima, a small island just off of northwestern Okinawa.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_picture_of_LtGen._Buckner_at_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Last_picture_of_LtGen._Buckner_at_Okinawa.jpg/220px-Last_picture_of_LtGen._Buckner_at_Okinawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Last_picture_of_LtGen._Buckner_at_Okinawa.jpg/330px-Last_picture_of_LtGen._Buckner_at_Okinawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Last_picture_of_LtGen._Buckner_at_Okinawa.jpg/440px-Last_picture_of_LtGen._Buckner_at_Okinawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4030" data-file-height="3105" /></a><figcaption>The last picture of US Army Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.">Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.</a> (right), taken on 18 June 1945. Later in the day, he was killed by Japanese artillery fire.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EasleysLastpicture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/EasleysLastpicture.jpg/170px-EasleysLastpicture.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/EasleysLastpicture.jpg/255px-EasleysLastpicture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/EasleysLastpicture.jpg/340px-EasleysLastpicture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>The last picture of US Army Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Miller_Easley" title="Claudius Miller Easley">Claudius Miller Easley</a>, taken on 19 June 1945. He was later killed by Japanese machine-gun fire.</figcaption></figure> Aircraft losses over the three-month period were 768 US planes, including those bombing the Kyushu airfields launching kamikazes. Combat losses were 458, and the other 310 were operational accidents. At sea, 368 Allied ships—including 120 amphibious craft—were damaged while another 36—including 15 amphibious ships and 12 destroyers—were sunk during the Okinawa campaign. The US Navy's dead exceeded its wounded, with 4,907 killed and 4,874 wounded, primarily from kamikaze attacks.<a href="#cite_note-ACtC-71">[64]</a> American personnel casualties included thousands of cases of mental breakdown. According to the account of the battle presented in <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Gazette" title="Marine Corps Gazette">Marine Corps Gazette</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">More mental health issues arose from the Battle of Okinawa than any other battle in the Pacific during World War II. The constant bombardment from artillery and mortars coupled with the high casualty rates led to a great deal of personnel coming down with <a href="/wiki/Combat_stress_reaction" title="Combat stress reaction">combat fatigue</a>. Additionally, the rains caused mud that prevented tanks from moving and tracks from pulling out the dead, forcing Marines (who pride themselves on burying their dead in a proper and honorable manner) to leave their comrades where they lay. This, coupled with thousands of bodies both friend and foe littering the entire island, created a scent you could nearly taste. <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a> was dangerously low by May and the state of discipline on a moral basis had a new low barometer for acceptable behavior. The ruthless atrocities by the Japanese throughout the war had already brought on an altered behavior (deemed so by traditional standards) by many Americans resulting in <a href="/wiki/American_mutilation_of_Japanese_war_dead" title="American mutilation of Japanese war dead">the desecration of Japanese remains</a>, but the Japanese tactic of using the Okinawan people as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a> brought about a new aspect of terror and torment to the psychological capacity of the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-mcg-30">[24]</a></blockquote> Medal of Honor recipients from Okinawa are: Marine Corps <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bush" title="Richard E. Bush">Richard E. Bush</a> – 16 April</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Courtney_Jr." title="Henry A. Courtney Jr.">Henry A. Courtney Jr.</a> – 14–15 May (<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award"><abbr title="Posthumous award">posth.</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Posthumous award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Fardy" title="John P. Fardy">John P. Fardy</a> – 7 May (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Foster" title="William A. Foster">William A. Foster</a> – 2 May (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Gonsalves" title="Harold Gonsalves">Harold Gonsalves</a> – 15 April (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_M._Hansen" title="Dale M. Hansen">Dale M. Hansen</a> – 7 May (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Hauge_Jr." title="Louis J. Hauge Jr.">Louis J. Hauge Jr.</a> – 14 May (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_L._Kinser" title="Elbert L. Kinser">Elbert L. Kinser</a> – 4 May (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._McTureous_Jr." title="Robert M. McTureous Jr.">Robert M. McTureous Jr.</a> – 7 June (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Schwab" title="Albert E. Schwab">Albert E. Schwab</a> – 7 May (posth.)</li></ul> Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauford_T._Anderson" title="Beauford T. Anderson">Beauford T. Anderson</a> – 13 April</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Craft" title="Clarence B. Craft">Clarence B. Craft</a> – 31 May</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Day" title="James L. Day">James L. Day</a> – 14–17 May</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Doss" title="Desmond Doss">Desmond Doss</a> – 29 April – 21 May</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O._May" title="Martin O. May">Martin O. May</a> – 19–21 April (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_W._Terry" title="Seymour W. Terry">Seymour W. Terry</a> – 11 May</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Meagher" title="John W. Meagher">John W. Meagher</a> – 19 June</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Moskala" title="Edward J. Moskala">Edward J. Moskala</a> – 9 April (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Muller" title="Joseph E. Muller">Joseph E. Muller</a> – 15–16 May (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_R._Ruiz" title="Alejandro R. Ruiz">Alejandro R. Ruiz</a> – 28 April</li></ul> Navy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eugene_Bush" title="Robert Eugene Bush">Robert Eugene Bush</a> – 2 May</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Halyburton_Jr." title="William D. Halyburton Jr.">William D. Halyburton Jr.</a> – 10 May (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_F._Lester" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred F. Lester">Fred F. Lester</a> – 8 June (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._McCool_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. McCool Jr.">Richard M. McCool Jr.</a> – 10–11 June</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allied_naval_vessels_sunk_or_damaged_at_Okinawa">Allied naval vessels sunk or damaged at Okinawa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allied naval vessels sunk or damaged at Okinawa">edit</a>]</div> The following table lists the Allied naval vessels that received damage or were sunk in the Battle of Okinawa between 19 March – 30 July 1945. The table lists a total of 147 damaged ships, five of which were damaged by enemy suicide boats and another five by mines. During the naval battle, which started before the amphibious landings on Okinawa on 1 April, <a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_(CV-13)" title="USS Franklin (CV-13)">USS Franklin</a> suffered over 800 killed and missing and <a href="/wiki/USS_Bunker_Hill_(CV-17)" title="USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)">USS Bunker Hill</a> suffered 396 killed and missing. These were the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sunken_aircraft_carriers#United_States" title="List of sunken aircraft carriers">first and third largest loss of life</a> on damaged or sunken American aircraft carriers during World War II. USS Franklin (hit by two bombs in a level bombing attack by a <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">D4Y Suisei (Judy)</a> on 19 March 1945) and USS Bunker Hill were the only two aircraft carriers that sustained very severe damage from Japanese attacks and as a result were the only aircraft carriers in the <a href="/wiki/Essex-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Essex-class aircraft carrier">Essex class</a> that did not experience any active service after the end of World War II. One source estimated that total Japanese sorties during the entire Okinawa campaign exceeded 3,700, with a large percentage being kamikaze attacks, and that the attackers damaged slightly more than 200 Allied vessels, with 4,900 naval officers and seamen killed and roughly 4,824 wounded or missing.<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> USS Thorton was damaged as the result of a collision with another US ship. The Japanese air attacks were so intense that Fifth Fleet commander Admiral Spruance's flagships were struck two separate times (<a href="/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)" title="USS Indianapolis (CA-35)">USS Indianapolis</a> was hit in March and had to retire for repairs which forced him to transfer to <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Mexico_(BB-40)" title="USS New Mexico (BB-40)">USS New Mexico</a> which was also hit in May). <a href="/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force" title="Fast Carrier Task Force">Fast Carrier Task Force</a> commander Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Marc_Mitscher" title="Marc Mitscher">Marc Mitscher</a> and his chief of staff Commodore <a href="/wiki/Arleigh_Burke" title="Arleigh Burke">Arleigh Burke</a> were yards away from getting killed or wounded by kamikazes on his flagship USS Bunker Hill, which killed three of Mitscher's staff officers and eleven of his enlisted staff members and also destroyed his flag cabin along with all of his uniforms, personal papers, and possessions. Just three days later Mitscher's new flagship <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a> was also struck by a kamikaze forcing him to have to change his flagship yet again. Both fleet carriers were knocked out for the rest of the war.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>*  sunk or had to be scuttled due to irreparable damage. Of those sunk, the majority were relatively smaller ships; these included destroyers of around 300–450 feet. A few small cargo ships were also sunk, several containing munitions which caught fire. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">#  scrapped or decommissioned as a result of damage. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Allied Naval vessels sunk or damaged by Japanese forces at Okinawa, primarily kamikazes, 19 March – 30 July 1945<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; width:55px;">Day </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Ship </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Type </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Cause </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Killed </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Wounded </th></tr> <tr> <td>19 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-18)" title="USS Wasp (CV-18)">USS Wasp</a> </td> <td>Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, bomb through flight, & hangar decks </td> <td>102 </td> <td>269 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_(CV-13)" title="USS Franklin (CV-13)">USS Franklin</a> </td> <td>Carrier </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>807 </td> <td>487 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> </td> <td>Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, two near misses from bombs, at the same time of near misses immediately hit by two 5-inch AA shells from U.S. ships </td> <td>9 </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Halsey_Powell" title="USS Halsey Powell">USS Hasley Powell</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>12 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">USS Nevada</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit and knocked out 14-inch guns in turret number 3 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 Mar 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Halligan_(DD-584)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Halligan (DD-584)">USS Haligan</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Mine, 3 miles SE of <a href="/wiki/Maye_Shima" class="mw-redirect" title="Maye Shima">Maye Shima</a>, exploded two forward magazines, bow blown off<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> </td> <td>153 </td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Kimberly_(DD-521)" title="USS Kimberly (DD-521)">USS Kimberly</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>4 </td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Murray_(DD-576)" title="USS Murray (DD-576)">USS Murray</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, bomb </td> <td>1 </td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_O%27Brien_(DD-725)" title="USS O'Brien (DD-725)">USS O'Brian</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, <a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Val</a> kamikaze with bomb </td> <td>50 </td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 Mar 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Skylark_(AM-63)" title="USS Skylark (AM-63)">USS Skylark</a> </td> <td>Small Minesweeper </td> <td>Mine, struck mines twice off <a href="/wiki/Hagushi" title="Hagushi">Hagushi</a> beaches </td> <td>5 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_LSM(R)-188" title="USS LSM(R)-188">USS LSM(R)-188</a> </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>15 </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Wyandot_(AKA-92)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Wyandot (AKA-92)">USS Wyandot</a> </td> <td>Attack Cargo Ship </td> <td>Mine, possibly bomb </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 Mar 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)" title="USS Indianapolis (CA-35)">USS Indianapolis</a> <a href="#cite_note-78">[h]</a> </td> <td>Cruiser </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze with bomb through fuel tanks and propeller shafts </td> <td>9 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Adams_(DM-27)" title="USS Adams (DM-27)">USS Adams</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minelayer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze with bombs to <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">fantail</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Alpine" title="USS Alpine">USS Alpine</a> </td> <td>Attack Transport </td> <td>Air attack, bomb and kamikaze </td> <td>16 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Hinsdale_(APA-120)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Hinsdale (APA-120)">USS Hinsdale</a> </td> <td>Attack Transport </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze with bombs at waterline </td> <td>16 </td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_LST-884" title="USS LST-884">USS LST-884</a> </td> <td>Tank Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze, scuttled 6 May </td> <td>24 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ulster_(R83)" title="HMS Ulster (R83)">HMS Ulster</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, near miss bomb, badly damaged </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">USS West Virginia</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>4 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(BB-34)" title="USS New York (BB-34)">USS New York</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze destroyed search plane on catapult </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Dickerson_(DD-157)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Dickerson (DD-157)">USS Dickerson</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Transport </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze Nick crashed bridge, towed, scuttled<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> </td> <td>54 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Goodhue_(APA-107)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Goodhue (APA-107)">USS Goodhue</a> </td> <td>Attack Transport </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze aimed at bridge glanced mainmast, hit cargo boom, gun tubs, over side<a href="#cite_note-Morison,_Victory,_pg._177-81">[73]</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td>119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Henrico_(APA-45)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Henrico (APA-45)">USS Henrico</a> </td> <td>Attack Transport </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze w/bombs hit bridge </td> <td>49 </td> <td>125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Achernar" title="USS Achernar">USS Achernar</a> </td> <td>Attack Cargo Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze w/bomb hit starboard </td> <td>5 </td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Wake_Island" title="USS Wake Island">USS Wake Island</a> </td> <td>Escort Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze blew below waterline </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Prichett_(DD-561)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Prichett (DD-561)">USS Pritchett</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, 500 lb bomb </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Foreman_(DE-633)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Foreman (DE-633)">USS Foreman</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, bomb passed through her bottom, exploded below </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Apr 45 </td> <td>USS LST-599 </td> <td>Tank Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze through main deck, fires<a href="#cite_note-Morison,_Victory,_pg._177-81">[73]</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># USS LCT-876 </td> <td>Landing Craft Tank </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* USS LCI(G)-82<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> </td> <td>Landing Craft, Infantry </td> <td>Suicide boat </td> <td>8 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">USS Nevada</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack 25 Mar and 5 April coastal battery </td> <td>2 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Bush_(DD-529)" title="USS Bush (DD-529)">USS Bush</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, three kamikaze hits, two between stacks, blew forward engine room, broke in half<a href="#cite_note-M186-91-83">[75]</a> </td> <td>94 </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Colhoun_(DD-801)" title="USS Colhoun (DD-801)">USS Colhoun</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, four kamikaze hits, bombs blew forward, & aft fire rooms at waterline<a href="#cite_note-M186-91-83">[75]</a> </td> <td>35 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Howorth_(DD-592)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Howorth (DD-592)">USS Howorth</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze struck superstructure, fires put out<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Hyman" title="USS Hyman">USS Hyman</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze Hampton hit torpedo tubes twixt stacks<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Leutze_(DD-481)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Leutze (DD-481)">USS Leutze</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze blew at fantail, bad flooding<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Morris_(DD-417)" title="USS Morris (DD-417)">USS Morris</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kate kamikaze portside </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Mullany_(DD-528)" title="USS Mullany (DD-528)">USS Mullany</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit depth charges </td> <td>13 </td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Newcomb_(DD-586)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Newcomb (DD-586)">USS Newcomb</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, multiple kamikazes </td> <td>40 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Haynsworth" title="USS Haynsworth">USS Haynsworth</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>7 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Witter_(DE-636)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Witter (DE-636)">USS Witter</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Starboard waterline kamikaze </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Fieberling" title="USS Fieberling">USS Fieberling</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze near miss </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Emmons_(DD-457)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Emmons (DD-457)">USS Emmons</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, five kamikaze hits, scuttled 7 April </td> <td>64 </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Rodman_(DD-456)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Rodman (DD-456)">USS Rodman</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, four kamikaze hits </td> <td>16 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Defense_(AM-317)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Defense (AM-317)">USS Defense</a> </td> <td>Small Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, two kamikaze strikes </td> <td>0 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_LST-447" title="USS LST-447">USS LST-447</a> </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit close above waterline, bomb blew </td> <td>5 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/SS_Hobbs_Victory" title="SS Hobbs Victory">SS Hobbs Victory</a> </td> <td>Cargo </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze struck port, flames ignited ammunition </td> <td>15 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/SS_Logan_Victory" title="SS Logan Victory">SS Logan Victory</a> </td> <td>Cargo </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze struck superstructure, flames ignited ammunition </td> <td>16 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Hancock_(CV-19)" title="USS Hancock (CV-19)">USS Hancock</a> </td> <td>Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, cartwheeling kamikaze </td> <td>72 </td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)">USS Maryland</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit starboard </td> <td>16 </td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Bennett" title="USS Bennett">USS Bennett</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit engine room </td> <td>3 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Wesson" title="USS Wesson">USS Wesson</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze starboard </td> <td>8 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_PGM-18" title="USS PGM-18">USS PGM-18</a> </td> <td>Small Gunboat </td> <td>Mine, powerful explosion </td> <td>14 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* YMS-103 </td> <td>Small <a href="/wiki/YMS-1-class_minesweeper" title="YMS-1-class minesweeper">Minesweeper</a> </td> <td>Mine, struck two mines, blowing off her bow and <a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">stem</a> rescuing PGM-18<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Gregory_(DD-802)" title="USS Gregory (DD-802)">USS Gregory</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, port kamikaze amidships near waterline </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 Apr 45 </td> <td>USS YMS-92 </td> <td>Small Sweeper </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Charles_J._Badger_(DD-657)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Charles J. Badger (DD-657)">USS Charles J. Badger</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Suicide boat threw depth charge or mine<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Sterett_(DD-407)" title="USS Sterett (DD-407)">USS Sterett</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit starboard at waterline </td> <td>0 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Hopping_(DE-155/APD-51)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Hopping (DE-155/APD-51)">USS Hopping</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Transport </td> <td>Coastal Battery, damaging hits off <a href="/wiki/Buckner_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckner Bay">Buckner Bay</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a> </td> <td>Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, two kamikazes hit at the waterline near her hull </td> <td>1 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Kidd_(DD-661)" title="USS Kidd (DD-661)">USS Kidd</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>38 </td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Idaho_(BB-42)" title="USS Idaho (BB-42)">USS Idaho</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit port side anti-torpedo bulge </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)">USS Tennessee</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit signal bridge </td> <td>25 </td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Mannert_L._Abele" title="USS Mannert L. Abele">USS Mannert L. Abele</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>79 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Purdy" title="USS Purdy">USS Purdy</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, splashed kamikaze bomb skidded in </td> <td>13 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Cassin_Young" title="USS Cassin Young">USS Cassin Young</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit foremast </td> <td>1 </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Zellars" title="USS Zellars">USS Zellars</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze crashed port, bomb blew </td> <td>29 </td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Rall" title="USS Rall">USS Rall</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze starboard aft, bomb blew </td> <td>21 </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Whitehurst_(DE-634)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Whitehurst (DE-634)">USS Whitehurst</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze with bomb crashed into pilot house </td> <td>37 </td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Lindsey" title="USS Lindsey">USS Lindsey</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minelayer </td> <td>Air attack, two kamikaze Val strikes </td> <td>56 </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_LSM(R)-189" title="USS LSM(R)-189">USS LSM(R)-189</a> </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* USS LCS(L)-33 </td> <td>Landing Craft </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze Val amidships </td> <td>4 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Apr 45 </td> <td>USS LCS(L)-57 </td> <td>Landing Craft </td> <td>Air attack, three kamikaze strikes </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Sigsbee" title="USS Sigsbee">USS Sigsbee</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze damaged port engine </td> <td>4 </td> <td>74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)" title="USS Intrepid (CV-11)">USS Intrepid</a> </td> <td>Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze crashed deck, fires put out </td> <td>10 </td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Bryant" title="USS Bryant">USS Bryant</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze to bridge, with explosion </td> <td>34 </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Laffey_(DD-724)" title="USS Laffey (DD-724)">USS Laffey</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, multiple kamikaze hits </td> <td>31 </td> <td>72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Pringle_(DD-477)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Pringle (DD-477)">USS Pringle</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze Val hit abaft stack No. 1, explosion, broke in half </td> <td>65 </td> <td>110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Bowers_(DE-637)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Bowers (DE-637)">USS Bowers</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze to bridge, bomb hit pilot house </td> <td>48 </td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Harding_(DD-625)" title="USS Harding (DD-625)">USS Harding</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze struck side near bridge </td> <td>22 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Hobson_(DD-464)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Hobson (DD-464)">USS Hobson</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, near miss kamikaze's bomb veered in </td> <td>4 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td>USS LCS(L)-116 </td> <td>Landing Craft </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit aft gun mount </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit stern crane </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 Apr 45 </td> <td>USS LSM-28 </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Isherwood_(DD-520)" title="USS Isherwood (DD-520)">USS Isherwood</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze w/bomb crashed gun mount </td> <td>42 </td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Swallow_(AM-65)" title="USS Swallow (AM-65)">USS Swallow</a> </td> <td>Small Sweeper </td> <td>Air attack, bad kamikaze hit flooded her, 3 mins sunk </td> <td>2 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Support#Operations" title="Landing Craft Support">USS LCS(L)-15</a> </td> <td>Landing Craft </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>15 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Hutchins_(DD-476)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Hutchins (DD-476)">USS Hutchins</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Suicide boat explosive blew close </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Rathburne_(DD-113)" title="USS Rathburne (DD-113)">USS Rathburne</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit port bow waterline </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/SS_Canada_Victory" title="SS Canada Victory">SS Canada Victory</a> </td> <td>Cargo </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit stern, lit ammo, sunk in ten minutes </td> <td>12 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Pinkney" title="USS Pinkney">USS Pinkney</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit aft of superstructure, lit ammo </td> <td>35 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Comfort_(AH-6)" title="USS Comfort (AH-6)">USS Comfort</a> </td> <td>Hospital Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze through three decks to surgery </td> <td>30 </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Haggard_(DD-555)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Haggard (DD-555)">USS Haggard</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze went through hull, blew engine room </td> <td>11 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Hazelwood_(DD-531)" title="USS Hazelwood (DD-531)">USS Hazelwood</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze zero hit port bridge </td> <td>46 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 Apr 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># USS LCS(L)-37 </td> <td>Landing Craft </td> <td>Suicide boat </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 Apr 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Terror_(CM-5)" title="USS Terror (CM-5)">USS Terror</a> </td> <td>Minelayer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze blew through main deck </td> <td>48 </td> <td>123 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Little_(DD-803)" title="USS Little (DD-803)">USS Little</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, five kamikaze strikes </td> <td>30 </td> <td>79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Aaron_Ward_(DM-34)" title="USS Aaron Ward (DM-34)">USS Aaron Ward</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minelayer </td> <td>Air attack; three kamikaze hits and bomb frags </td> <td>45 </td> <td>49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Macomb_(DD-458)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Macomb (DD-458)">USS Macomb</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minelayer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>7 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_LSM(R)-195" title="USS LSM(R)-195">USS LSM(R)-195</a> </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit rockets, sunk </td> <td>8 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Hopkins_(DD-249)" title="USS Hopkins (DD-249)">USS Hopkins</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, glancing blow by burning kamikaze </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Sangamon_(CVE-26)" title="USS Sangamon (CVE-26)">USS Sangamon</a> </td> <td>Escort Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze & bomb blew through flight deck </td> <td>46 </td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Birmingham_(CL-62)" title="USS Birmingham (CL-62)">USS Birmingham</a> </td> <td>Light Cruiser </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit forward </td> <td>51 </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Ingraham_(DD-694)" title="USS Ingraham (DD-694)">USS Ingraham</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze above port waterline, bomb blew </td> <td>14 </td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Luce_(DD-522)" title="USS Luce (DD-522)">USS Luce</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, first kamikaze bomb hit, second kamikaze struck aft </td> <td>149 </td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Morrison_(DD-560)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Morrison (DD-560)">USS Morrison</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, first kamikaze hit bridge, then three more hits </td> <td>159 </td> <td>102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Shea" title="USS Shea">USS Shea</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, <a href="/wiki/Ohka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohka">Ohka</a> kamikaze through starboard bridge </td> <td>27 </td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Carina_(AK-74)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Carina (AK-74)">USS Carina</a> </td> <td>Cargo Ship </td> <td>Suicide boat ramming caused explosion </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_LSM(R)-190" title="USS LSM(R)-190">USS LSM(R)-190</a> </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze set off her rockets </td> <td>13 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_LSM(R)-194" title="USS LSM(R)-194">USS LSM(R)-194</a> </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>13 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_England_(DE-635)" title="USS England (DE-635)">USS England</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze dive bomber </td> <td>35 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Oberrender" title="USS Oberrender">USS Oberrender</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit starboard gun mount, bomb through main deck </td> <td>8 </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Bunker_Hill_(CV-17)" title="USS Bunker Hill (CV-17)">USS Bunker Hill</a> <a href="#cite_note-90">[i]</a> </td> <td>Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, three kamikaze hits with bombs through flight deck </td> <td>396 </td> <td>264 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Hugh_W._Hadley" title="USS Hugh W. Hadley">USS Hugh W. Hadley</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, aft bomb, an <a href="/wiki/Ohka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohka">Ohka</a>, and two more kamikazes struck </td> <td>28 </td> <td>67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Evans_(DD-552)" title="USS Evans (DD-552)">USS Evans</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, struck by four kamikazes, fires put out </td> <td>30 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 May 45 </td> <td>USS LCS(L)-88 </td> <td>Landing Craft </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>7 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_New_Mexico_(BB-40)" title="USS New Mexico (BB-40)">USS New Mexico</a> <a href="#cite_note-91">[j]</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit, bomb </td> <td>54 </td> <td>119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Bache_(DD-470)" title="USS Bache (DD-470)">USS Bache</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit, bomb exploded amidships just above main deck </td> <td>41 </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Bright" title="USS Bright">USS Bright</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze zero hit fantail, bomb exploded </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a> <a href="#cite_note-92">[k]</a> </td> <td>Carrier </td> <td>Air attack, two kamikazes, struck port, & under starboard bow </td> <td>14 </td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Douglas_H._Fox" title="USS Douglas H. Fox">USS Douglas H. Fox</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Two kamikaze strikes, one to forward gun mounts, one to fantail </td> <td>9 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Longshaw_(DD-559)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Longshaw (DD-559)">USS Longshaw</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Coastal Battery, four hits, one ignited magazine, blew off bow back to bridge<a href="#cite_note-93">[82]</a> </td> <td>86 </td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* USS LST-808 </td> <td>Landing Ship Tank </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Chase_(DE-158)" title="USS Chase (DE-158)">USS Chase</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, splashed kamikaze skidded in, bombs opened hull, with flooding </td> <td>0 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Thatcher_(DD-514)" title="USS Thatcher (DD-514)">USS Thatcher</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze Oscar struck aft of bridge, large hole </td> <td>14 </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_John_C._Butler" title="USS John C. Butler">USS John C. Butler</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit to mast and antennas </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Stormes" title="USS Stormes">USS Stormes</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, crashed aft torpedo mount, bomb blew large hole, flooded aft </td> <td>21 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_O%27Neill" title="USS O'Neill">USS O'Neill</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>0 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Butler_(DD-636)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Butler (DD-636)">USS Butler</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze bombs exploded under keel </td> <td>0 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Spectacle_(AM-305)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Spectacle (AM-305)">USS Spectacle</a> </td> <td>Small Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze crashed port gun tub causing fires </td> <td>29 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Barry_(DD-248)" title="USS Barry (DD-248)">USS Barry</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Transport </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze badly crashed starboard side, fires, abandoned </td> <td>0 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Bates" title="USS Bates">USS Bates</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, two kamikaze hits, fires, abandoned, towed, later sank </td> <td>21 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Roper_(DD-147)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Roper (DD-147)">USS Roper</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit off Hanagushi, Okinawa </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* LSM-135 </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze caused fires, beached, abandoned </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Inca_(IX-229)" title="USS Inca (IX-229)">SS William B. Allison</a> (aka USS Inca) <a href="#cite_note-William_B._Allison-94">[83]</a> </td> <td>Cargo Ship, Liberty Ship </td> <td>Air attack, Aerial Torpedo off <a href="/wiki/Nakagusuku_Wan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakagusuku Wan">Nakagusuku Wan</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Braine_(DD-630)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Braine (DD-630)">USS Braine</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, two kamikazes, first hit bridge, and second hit amidships </td> <td>66 </td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 May 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_Forrest" title="USS Forrest">USS Forrest</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minesweeper </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze crashed starboard side waterline </td> <td>5 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Rednour_(APD-102)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Rednour (APD-102)">USS Rednour</a> </td> <td>Transport </td> <td>Air attack, two kamikazes hits, one made ten foot hole in main deck </td> <td>3 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Loy_(DE-160)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Loy (DE-160)">USS Loy</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze near miss sprayed fragments </td> <td>3 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 May 45 </td> <td>LCS(L)-119 </td> <td>Landing Craft </td> <td>Air attack </td> <td>12 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 May 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Drexler_(DD-741)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Drexler (DD-741)">USS Drexler</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, first kamikaze Frances hit topside, second Francis with bombs crashed into superstructure </td> <td>158 </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Loy_(DE-160)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Loy (DE-160)">USS Sandoval</a> </td> <td>Attack Transport </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit portside of wheelhouse </td> <td>8 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SS_Brown_Victory" title="SS Brown Victory">SS Brown Victory</a> </td> <td>Cargo </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit </td> <td>4 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Josiah_Snelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Josiah Snelling (page does not exist)">SS Josiah Snelling</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[84]</a> </td> <td>Cargo </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Mary_A._Livermore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Mary A. Livermore (page does not exist)">SS Mary A. Livermore</a> </td> <td>Cargo </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit on starboard </td> <td>10 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 May 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Shubrick_(DD-639)" title="USS Shubrick (DD-639)">USS Shubrick</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze bomb hit starboard causing hole, exploding depth charge </td> <td>32 </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 June 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_LCI-90" title="USS LCI-90">USS LCI-90</a> </td> <td>Landing Craft Infantry </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 Jun 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)" title="USS Louisville (CA-28)">USS Louisville</a> </td> <td>Cruiser </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit quad 40mm AA gun mount and number 1 smoke stack </td> <td>8 </td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 Jun 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(BB-41)" title="USS Mississippi (BB-41)">USS Mississippi</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[85]</a> </td> <td>Battleship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 June 45 </td> <td style="background:wheat;"># <a href="/wiki/USS_J._William_Ditter" title="USS J. William Ditter">USS J. William Ditter</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minelayer </td> <td>Air attack, first kamikaze glanced, second hit port near main deck </td> <td>10 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Jun 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Harry_F._Bauer" title="USS Harry F. Bauer">USS Harry F. Bauer</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Minelayer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit <a href="/wiki/Superstructure" title="Superstructure">superstructure</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 June 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Natoma_Bay" title="USS Natoma Bay">USS Natoma Bay</a> </td> <td>Escort carrier </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit flight deck </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 Jun 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_William_D._Porter_(DD-579)" title="USS William D. Porter (DD-579)">USS William D. Porter</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, splashed kamikaze Val's bomb exploded close underwater </td> <td>0 </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 Jun 45 </td> <td>USS LCS(L)-122 </td> <td>Landing Craft </td> <td>Air attack kamikaze hit conning tower base, bomb fragments caused fires<a href="#cite_note-97">[86]</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Jun 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Twiggs_(DD-591)" title="USS Twiggs (DD-591)">USS Twiggs</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, splashed kamikaze and bomb blew in hull plating, with structural damage </td> <td>126 </td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 Jun 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Halloran" title="USS Halloran">USS Halloran</a> </td> <td>Destroyer Escort </td> <td>Air attack, splashed kamikaze's bomb struck </td> <td>3 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 Jun 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Curtiss_(AV-4)" title="USS Curtiss (AV-4)">USS Curtiss</a> </td> <td>Seaplane Tender </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze and bomb ripped two holes in hull and blew </td> <td>41 </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 Jun 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* USS LSM-59 </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze strike while towing USS Barry, sank in four minutes </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 Jun 45 </td> <td>USS LSM-213 </td> <td>Landing Ship </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze strike at Kimmu Wan, hull damage <a href="#cite_note-M279-98">[87]</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 Jun 45 </td> <td>USS LST-534 </td> <td>Landing Ship Tank </td> <td>Air attack, while offloading on Nagagusuku Wan, kamikaze hit bow doors, tank deck<a href="#cite_note-M279-98">[87]</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 Jul 45 </td> <td style="background:lightpink">* <a href="/wiki/USS_Callaghan_(DD-792)" title="USS Callaghan (DD-792)">USS Callaghan</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, bi-plane kamikaze hit, its bomb blew aft engine room, sunk </td> <td>47 </td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 Jul 45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USS_Cassin_Young" title="USS Cassin Young">USS Cassin Young</a> </td> <td>Destroyer </td> <td>Air attack, kamikaze hit forward, earlier hit 12 April </td> <td>22 </td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row" colspan="4">Total </th> <td>4582 </td> <td>6043 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_losses">Japanese losses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japanese losses">edit</a>]</div> The US military estimates that 110,071 Japanese soldiers were killed during the battle. This total includes conscripted Okinawan civilians. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_POWs,_Okinawa_cph.3c32796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Japanese_POWs%2C_Okinawa_cph.3c32796.jpg/220px-Japanese_POWs%2C_Okinawa_cph.3c32796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Japanese_POWs%2C_Okinawa_cph.3c32796.jpg/330px-Japanese_POWs%2C_Okinawa_cph.3c32796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Japanese_POWs%2C_Okinawa_cph.3c32796.jpg/440px-Japanese_POWs%2C_Okinawa_cph.3c32796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3563" data-file-height="2825" /></a><figcaption>A group of Japanese prisoners taken on the island of Okuku in June 1945</figcaption></figure> A total of 7,401 Japanese regulars and 3,400 Okinawan conscripts surrendered or were captured during the battle of Okinawa. Additional Japanese and renegade Okinawans were captured or surrendered over the next few months, bringing the total to 16,346.<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 489  This was the first battle in the Pacific War in which thousands of Japanese soldiers surrendered or were captured. Many of the prisoners were native Okinawans who had been pressed into service shortly before the battle and were less imbued with the Imperial Japanese Army's no-surrender doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-Huber-42">[35]</a> When the American forces occupied the island, many Japanese soldiers put on Okinawan clothing to avoid capture, and some Okinawans would come to the Americans' aid by offering to identify these mainland Japanese. The Japanese lost 16 combat vessels, including the super battleship Yamato. Early claims of Japanese aircraft losses put the total at 7,800,<a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 474  however later examination of Japanese records revealed that Japanese aircraft losses at Okinawa were far below often-repeated US estimates for the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Giangreco-29">[23]</a> The number of conventional and kamikaze aircraft actually lost or expended by the 3rd, 5th, and 10th Air Fleets, combined with about 500 lost or expended by the Imperial Army at Okinawa, was roughly 1,430.<a href="#cite_note-Giangreco-29">[23]</a> The Allies destroyed 27 Japanese tanks and 743 artillery pieces (including mortars, anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns), some of them eliminated by the naval and air bombardments but most knocked out by American counter-battery fire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_losses,_suicides,_and_atrocities">Civilian losses, suicides, and atrocities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civilian losses, suicides, and atrocities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stinson_OY-1_flies_over_Naha,_Okinawa,_circa_in_May_1945_(532379).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stinson_OY-1_flies_over_Naha%2C_Okinawa%2C_circa_in_May_1945_%28532379%29.gif/220px-Stinson_OY-1_flies_over_Naha%2C_Okinawa%2C_circa_in_May_1945_%28532379%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stinson_OY-1_flies_over_Naha%2C_Okinawa%2C_circa_in_May_1945_%28532379%29.gif/330px-Stinson_OY-1_flies_over_Naha%2C_Okinawa%2C_circa_in_May_1945_%28532379%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stinson_OY-1_flies_over_Naha%2C_Okinawa%2C_circa_in_May_1945_%28532379%29.gif/440px-Stinson_OY-1_flies_over_Naha%2C_Okinawa%2C_circa_in_May_1945_%28532379%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>A US Marine Corps <a href="/wiki/Stinson_L-5_Sentinel" title="Stinson L-5 Sentinel">Stinson Sentinel</a> observation plane flies over the razed <a href="/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha, Okinawa">Naha</a>, capital of Okinawa, in May 1945.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minoru_%C5%8Cta#Telegraph_to_the_Navy_Vice_Admiral" title="Minoru Ōta">Minoru Ōta § Telegraph to the Navy Vice Admiral</a></div> Some of the other islands that saw major battles in World War II, such as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, were uninhabited or had been evacuated. Okinawa, by contrast, had a large indigenous civilian population; US Army records from the planning phase of the operation made the assumption that Okinawa was home to about 300,000 civilians. The official US Tenth Army count for the 82-day campaign is a total of 142,058 recovered enemy bodies (including those civilians <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">pressed into service</a> by the Imperial Japanese Army), with the deduction made that about 42,000 were non-uniformed civilians who had been killed in the crossfire. Okinawa Prefecture's estimate is over 100,000 losses.<a href="#cite_note-museum-99">[88]</a> During the battle, American forces found it difficult to distinguish civilians from soldiers. It became common for them to shoot at Okinawan houses, as one infantryman wrote: <blockquote> There was some return fire from a few of the houses, but the others were probably occupied by civilians—and we didn't care. It was a terrible thing not to distinguish between the enemy and women and children. Americans always had great compassion, especially for children. Now we fired indiscriminately.<a href="#cite_note-100">[89]</a> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Corporal_Earl_Brunitt_(left)_and_Private_Genare_Nuzzi_share_a_foxhole_and_a_couple_of_ponchos_on_Okinawa_with..._-_NARA_-_532551.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Marine_Corporal_Earl_Brunitt_%28left%29_and_Private_Genare_Nuzzi_share_a_foxhole_and_a_couple_of_ponchos_on_Okinawa_with..._-_NARA_-_532551.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Marine_Corporal_Earl_Brunitt_%28left%29_and_Private_Genare_Nuzzi_share_a_foxhole_and_a_couple_of_ponchos_on_Okinawa_with..._-_NARA_-_532551.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Marine_Corporal_Earl_Brunitt_%28left%29_and_Private_Genare_Nuzzi_share_a_foxhole_and_a_couple_of_ponchos_on_Okinawa_with..._-_NARA_-_532551.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Marine_Corporal_Earl_Brunitt_%28left%29_and_Private_Genare_Nuzzi_share_a_foxhole_and_a_couple_of_ponchos_on_Okinawa_with..._-_NARA_-_532551.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Marine_Corporal_Earl_Brunitt_%28left%29_and_Private_Genare_Nuzzi_share_a_foxhole_and_a_couple_of_ponchos_on_Okinawa_with..._-_NARA_-_532551.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Marine_Corporal_Earl_Brunitt_%28left%29_and_Private_Genare_Nuzzi_share_a_foxhole_and_a_couple_of_ponchos_on_Okinawa_with..._-_NARA_-_532551.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Two US Marines share a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">foxhole</a> with an Okinawan war orphan in April 1945.</figcaption></figure> In its history of the war, the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum<a href="#cite_note-museum-99">[88]</a> presents Okinawa as being caught between Japan and the United States. During the battle, the Imperial Japanese Army showed indifference to Okinawans' safety, and its soldiers used civilians as human shields or outright killed them. The Japanese military also confiscated food from the Okinawans and executed those who hid it, leading to mass starvation, and forced civilians out of their shelters. Japanese soldiers also killed about 1,000 people who spoke in the <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan language</a> to suppress spying.<a href="#cite_note-101">[90]</a> The museum writes that "some were blown apart by [artillery] shells, some finding themselves in a hopeless situation were driven to suicide, some died of starvation, some succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, while others fell victim to the retreating Japanese troops."<a href="#cite_note-museum-99">[88]</a> With the impending Japanese defeat, civilians often committed <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">mass suicide</a>, urged on by the Japanese soldiers who told locals that victorious American soldiers would go on a rampage of killing and raping. <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Shimp%C5%8D" title="Ryūkyū Shimpō">Ryūkyū Shimpō</a>, one of the two major Okinawan newspapers, wrote in 2007: "There are many Okinawans who have testified that the Japanese Army directed them to commit suicide. There are also people who have testified that they were handed grenades by Japanese soldiers" to blow themselves up.<a href="#cite_note-102">[91]</a> Thousands of civilians, having been induced by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_propaganda_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese propaganda during World War II">Japanese propaganda</a> to believe that American soldiers were <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a> who committed horrible atrocities, killed their families and themselves to avoid capture at the hands of the Americans. Some of them threw themselves and their family members from the southern cliffs where the Peace Museum now resides.<a href="#cite_note-103">[92]</a> Okinawans "were often surprised at the comparatively humane treatment they received from the American enemy".<a href="#cite_note-104">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[94]</a> Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Selden" title="Mark Selden">Mark Selden</a> states that the Americans "did not pursue a policy of torture, rape, and murder of civilians as Japanese military officials had warned".<a href="#cite_note-106">[95]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">Military Intelligence Corps</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[96]</a> combat translators such as <a href="/wiki/Teruto_Tsubota" title="Teruto Tsubota">Teruto Tsubota</a> managed to convince many civilians not to kill themselves.<a href="#cite_note-108">[97]</a> Survivors of the mass suicides blamed also the indoctrination of their education system of the time, in which the Okinawans were taught to become "more Japanese than the Japanese" and were expected to prove it.<a href="#cite_note-109">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overcoming_the_last_resistance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Overcoming_the_last_resistance.jpg/220px-Overcoming_the_last_resistance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Overcoming_the_last_resistance.jpg/330px-Overcoming_the_last_resistance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Overcoming_the_last_resistance.jpg/440px-Overcoming_the_last_resistance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Overcoming the civilian resistance on Okinawa was aided by US propaganda <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">leaflets</a>, one of which is being read by a prisoner awaiting transport.</figcaption></figure> Witnesses and historians claim that soldiers, mainly Japanese troops, raped Okinawan women during the battle. Rape by Japanese troops reportedly "became common" in June, after it became clear that the Imperial Japanese Army had been defeated.<a href="#cite_note-Huber-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Appleman-23">[19]</a>: 462  Marine Corps officials in Okinawa and Washington have said that they knew of no rapes by American personnel in Okinawa at the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-times-3dead-110">[99]</a> There are, however, numerous credible testimony accounts which note that a large number of <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan#Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">rapes were committed by American forces</a> during the battle. This includes stories of rape after trading sexual favors or even marrying Americans,<a href="#cite_note-111">[100]</a> such as the alleged incident in the village of Katsuyama, where civilians said they had formed a vigilante group to <a href="/wiki/1945_Katsuyama_killing_incident" title="1945 Katsuyama killing incident">ambush and kill three black American soldiers</a> who they claimed would frequently rape the local girls there.<a href="#cite_note-112">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MEXT_textbook_controversy">MEXT textbook controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: MEXT textbook controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbook controversies</a></div> There is ongoing disagreement between Okinawa's local government and Japan's national government over the role of the Japanese military in civilian mass suicides during the battle. In March 2007, the national <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a> (MEXT) advised textbook publishers to reword descriptions that the embattled Imperial Japanese Army forced civilians to kill themselves in the war to avoid being taken prisoner. MEXT preferred descriptions that just say that civilians received hand grenades from the Japanese military. This move sparked widespread protests among Okinawans. In June 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Assembly" title="Okinawa Prefectural Assembly">Okinawa Prefectural Assembly</a> adopted a resolution stating, "We strongly call on the (national) government to retract the instruction and to immediately restore the description in the textbooks so the truth of the Battle of Okinawa will be handed down correctly and a tragic war will never happen again."<a href="#cite_note-113">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[103]</a> On 29 September 2007, about 110,000 people held the biggest political rally in the history of Okinawa to demand that MEXT retract its order to textbook publishers regarding revising the account of the civilian suicides. The resolution states, "It is an undeniable fact that the 'multiple suicides' would not have occurred without the involvement of the Japanese military and any deletion of or <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revision</a> to (the descriptions) is a denial and distortion of the many testimonies by those people who survived the incidents."<a href="#cite_note-115">[104]</a> In December 2007, MEXT partially admitted the role of the Japanese military in civilian mass suicides.<a href="#cite_note-116">[105]</a> The ministry's Textbook Authorization Council allowed the publishers to reinstate the reference that civilians "were forced into mass suicides by the Japanese military", on condition it is placed in sufficient context. The council report states, "It can be said that from the viewpoint of the Okinawa residents, they were forced into the mass suicides."<a href="#cite_note-117">[106]</a> That was not enough for the survivors who said it is important for children today to know what really happened.<a href="#cite_note-118">[107]</a> The Nobel Prize-winning author <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a> wrote a booklet that states that the mass suicide order was given by the military during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-119">[108]</a> He was sued by revisionists, including a wartime commander during the battle, who disputed this and wanted to stop publication of the booklet. At a court hearing, Ōe testified "Mass suicides were forced on Okinawa islanders under Japan's hierarchical social structure that ran through the state of Japan, the Japanese armed forces and local garrisons."<a href="#cite_note-120">[109]</a> In March 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a> Court ruled in favor of Ōe, stating, "It can be said the military was deeply involved in the mass suicides." The court recognized the military's involvement in the mass suicides and <a href="/wiki/Murder-suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder-suicide">murder-suicides</a>, citing the testimony about the distribution of grenades for suicide by soldiers and the fact that mass suicides were not recorded on islands where the military was not stationed.<a href="#cite_note-121">[110]</a> In 2012, Korean-Japanese director Pak Su-nam announced her work on the documentary Nuchigafu (Okinawan for "only if one is alive") collecting living survivors' accounts to show "the truth of history to many people", alleging that "there were two types of orders for 'honorable deaths'—one for residents to kill each other and the other for the military to kill all residents".<a href="#cite_note-122">[111]</a> In March 2013, Japanese textbook publisher Shimizu Shoin was permitted by MEXT to publish the statements that "Orders from Japanese soldiers led to Okinawans committing group suicide" and "The [Japanese] army caused many tragedies in Okinawa, killing local civilians and forcing them to commit mass suicide."<a href="#cite_note-123">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenneth_Glueck_USMC-110629-M-IV598-032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kenneth_Glueck_USMC-110629-M-IV598-032.jpg/220px-Kenneth_Glueck_USMC-110629-M-IV598-032.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kenneth_Glueck_USMC-110629-M-IV598-032.jpg/330px-Kenneth_Glueck_USMC-110629-M-IV598-032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kenneth_Glueck_USMC-110629-M-IV598-032.jpg/440px-Kenneth_Glueck_USMC-110629-M-IV598-032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_of_Peace" title="Cornerstone of Peace">Cornerstone of Peace</a> Memorial with names of all military and civilians from all countries who died in the Battle of Okinawa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V-J_Day_Celebration,_Okinawa,_August_1945_(15900085425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/V-J_Day_Celebration%2C_Okinawa%2C_August_1945_%2815900085425%29.jpg/220px-V-J_Day_Celebration%2C_Okinawa%2C_August_1945_%2815900085425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/V-J_Day_Celebration%2C_Okinawa%2C_August_1945_%2815900085425%29.jpg/330px-V-J_Day_Celebration%2C_Okinawa%2C_August_1945_%2815900085425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/V-J_Day_Celebration%2C_Okinawa%2C_August_1945_%2815900085425%29.jpg/440px-V-J_Day_Celebration%2C_Okinawa%2C_August_1945_%2815900085425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Marines celebrate <a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">Victory over Japan Day</a> on Okinawa, August 1945</figcaption></figure> Military historian and journalist <a href="/wiki/Hanson_W._Baldwin" title="Hanson W. Baldwin">Hanson W. Baldwin</a> stated about scale and ferocity of the battle, especially for American forces, that:<a href="#cite_note-124">[113]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The battle for Okinawa can be described only in the grim superlatives of war. In size, scope and ferocity, it dwarfed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. Never before had there been, probably never again will there be, such a vicious sprawling struggle of planes against planes, of ships against planes. Never before, in so short a space, had the Navy lost so many ships; never before in land fighting had so much American blood been shed in so short a time in so small an area: probably never before in any three months of the war had the enemy suffered so hugely, and the final toll of American casualties was the highest experienced in any campaign against the Japanese. There have been larger land battles, more protracted air campaigns, but Okinawa was the largest combined operation, a “no quarter” struggle fought on, under and over the sea and land.</blockquote>According to historian <a href="/wiki/George_Feifer" title="George Feifer">George Feifer</a>, Okinawa was the "site of the largest land-sea-air battle in history" and that the battle was the "last major one before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">atomic age</a>".<a href="#cite_note-125">[114]</a> At least 90% of the buildings on the island were destroyed, along with countless historical documents, artifacts, and cultural treasures, and the tropical landscape was turned into "a vast field of mud, lead, decay and maggots".<a href="#cite_note-126">[115]</a> The military value of Okinawa was significant, as Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan. The US cleared the surrounding waters of mines in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Zebra" title="Operation Zebra">Operation Zebra</a>, occupied Okinawa, and set up the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands</a>, a form of military government, after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-127">[116]</a> In 2011, one official of the prefectural government told David Hearst of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You have the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, in which your airmen protected the British people. We had the Battle of Okinawa, in which the exact opposite happened. The Japanese army not only starved the Okinawans but used them as human shields. That dark history is still present today – and Japan and the US should study it before they decide what to do with next.<a href="#cite_note-128">[117]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_the_wider_war">Effect on the wider war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Effect on the wider war">edit</a>]</div> Because the next major event following the Battle of Okinawa was the total surrender of Japan, the effect of this battle is more difficult to consider. Because <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a> when it did, the anticipated series of battles and the invasion of the Japanese homeland never occurred, and all military strategies on both sides which presupposed this apparently-inevitable next development were immediately rendered moot. Some military historians believe that the Okinawa campaign led directly to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, as a means of avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">planned ground invasion of the Japanese mainland</a>. This view is explained by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a> in his book Ripples of Battle: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... because the Japanese on Okinawa ... were so fierce in their defense (even when cut off and without supplies), and because casualties were so appalling, many American strategists looked for an alternative means to subdue mainland Japan, other than a direct invasion. This means presented itself, with the advent of atomic bombs, which worked admirably in convincing the Japanese to sue for peace [unconditionally], without American casualties.</blockquote> Meanwhile, many parties continue to <a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">debate</a> the broader question of "why Japan surrendered", attributing the surrender to a number of possible reasons including: the atomic bombings,<a href="#cite_note-129">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999331-130">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[120]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[122]</a> and Japan's depleted resources.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-135">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial">Memorial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Memorial">edit</a>]</div> In 1995, the Okinawa government erected a memorial monument named the Cornerstone of Peace in Mabuni, the site of the last fighting in southeastern Okinawa.<a href="#cite_note-136">[125]</a> The memorial lists all the known names of those who died in the battle, civilian and military, Japanese and foreign. As of 2024, the monument lists 242,225 names.<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_US_base">Modern US base</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern US base">edit</a>]</div> Significant US forces remain garrisoned on Okinawa as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan" title="United States Forces Japan">United States Forces Japan</a>, which the Japanese government sees as an important guarantee of regional stability,<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> and Kadena remains the largest US air base in Asia. Local residents have long protested against the size and presence of the base.<a href="#cite_note-140">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himeyuri_students" title="Himeyuri students">Himeyuri students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiran_Peace_Museum_for_Kamikaze_Pilots" title="Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots">Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ryukyus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Ryukyus">History of the Ryukyus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_R._Sheetz" title="Josef R. Sheetz">Josef R. Sheetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Rape during the occupation of Japan</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Suicide in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Memorial_Day" title="Okinawa Memorial Day">Okinawa Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Okinawa" title="Naval Base Okinawa">Naval Base Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Futenma" title="Marine Corps Air Station Futenma">Marine Corps Air Station Futenma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Hansen" title="Camp Hansen">Camp Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torii_Station" title="Torii Station">Torii Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Schwab" title="Camp Schwab">Camp Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Foster" title="Camp Foster">Camp Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Kinser" title="Camp Kinser">Camp Kinser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giretsu_Kuteitai" title="Giretsu Kuteitai">Giretsu Kuteitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefectural_Peace_Memorial_Museum" title="Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum">Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> 3,672 killed in action, 16,027 wounded (of whom 995 died), 58 captured (of whom 37 died), 172 missing (of whom 14 were declared dead as of 31 December 1946).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The number for wounded only includes those who were hospitalized. Tenth Army's after action report lists a somewhat higher total of 22,564, including 4,549 killed or died of wounds, 18,010 wounded or injured, and 95 missing.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> 3,803 killed, 219 died of wounds, 5,985 surviving wounded.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> 807 killed, 487 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Richard B. Frank points out that the Navy's Medical History excludes losses suffered on Franklin from its total for Okinawa; they are instead recorded under "Bombardment of Kyushu Island and Japan." This largely accounts for the discrepancy with the more commonly cited total of 4,907.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> 2,846 killed, 530 died of wounds, 67 missing, presumed dead, and 16,017 wounded. Due to the methodology of casualty accounting practices in World War II, a significant number of those who died of wounds were double counted as wounded in action.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> 65,908 from outside Okinawa, 28,228 from Okinawa. Okinawa number includes civilians drafted into military units.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Excludes 3,339 laborers and 15 civilian combatants. By the end of November, this total increased to 16,346 across all categories. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Hayashi (cited above) lists, in addition to the 28,228 Okinawan military personnel - many of whom were poorly trained and equipped civilians - 55,246 other civilians who directly aided the military in some way and 38,754 others who died. Historian Masayasu Oshiro criticizes the last figure as low, writing that it excludes deaths from starvation and malaria. Oshiro believes 150,000 total Okinawan dead, including the 28,000 directly attached to the military, is a more accurate number.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> flagship of Admiral Raymond Spruance </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> flagship of Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> flagship of Admiral Raymond Spruance </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> flagship of Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/brochures/ryukyus/ryukyus.htm">"Ryukus"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ryukus&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fryukyus%2Fryukyus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> 26 March marked the first landing on the Kerama Islands around Okinawa in the Ryukus by the 77th Division. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blumberg-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blumberg_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blumberg_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-forgotten-fleet/">"The Forgotten Fleet - Warfare History Network"</a>. warfarehistorynetwork.com. 2017. 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Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okinawa%3A+Victory+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00071UAT8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcu.edu%2FPortals%2F218%2FOkinawaVictoryInThePacific.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Feifer 2001 pp. xi, 99–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/okinawa-costs-victory-last-battle">"Okinawa: The Costs of Victory in the Last Battle"</a>. 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Militaryhistoryonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031340/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/okinawa/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Navy+assembled+an+unprecedented+armada+in+March+and+April+1945&rft.pub=Militaryhistoryonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryhistoryonline.com%2Fwwii%2Fokinawa%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328064555/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3035101.html">"The American invasion of Okinawa was the largest amphibious invasion of all time"</a>. Historynet.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3035101.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+invasion+of+Okinawa+was+the+largest+amphibious+invasion+of+all+time&rft.pub=Historynet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmagazines%2Fworld_war_2%2F3035101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelan2020" class="citation book cs1">Wheelan, Joseph (2020). Bloody Okinawa: The Last Great Battle of World War II (1st ed.). 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Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Okinawa%3A+The+Typhoon+of+Steel&rft.pub=American+Veterans+Center&rft.date=1945-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanveteranscenter.org%2Fmagazine%2Fwwiichronicles%2Fwwii-chronicles-issue-xxxix%2Fokinawa-the-typhoon-of-steel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anniversaryRH-41"><a href="#cite_ref-anniversaryRH_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stripes.com/news/at-60th-anniversary-battle-of-okinawa-survivors-recall-typhoon-of-steel-1.31175">At 60th anniversary, Battle of Okinawa survivors recall 'Typhoon of Steel' – News – Stripes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405172705/http://www.stripes.com/news/at-60th-anniversary-battle-of-okinawa-survivors-recall-typhoon-of-steel-1.31175">Archived</a> 5 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Allen, David; Stars and Stripes; 1 April 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-Huber-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huber_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1990" class="citation web cs1">Huber, Thomas (May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041016045157/http://www.cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Huber/Huber.asp#118">"Japan's battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945"</a>. 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Professor Craig Symonds </li> <li id="cite_note-HobbsUNI-46"><a href="#cite_ref-HobbsUNI_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2013" class="citation web cs1">Hobbs, David (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2013-01/royal-navys-pacific-strike-force">"The Royal Navy's Pacific Strike Force"</a>. US Naval Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722131616/https://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2013-01/royal-navys-pacific-strike-force">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018. 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Peace-museum.pref.okinawa.jp. 1 April 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221174202/http://www.peace-museum.pref.okinawa.jp/english/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basic+Concept+of+the+Okinawa+Prefectural+Peace+Memorial+Museum&rft.pub=Peace-museum.pref.okinawa.jp&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peace-museum.pref.okinawa.jp%2Fenglish%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Feifer 2001 p. 374 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke" class="citation web cs1">Brooke, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114010134/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/20/news/oki.php">"1945 suicide order still a trauma on Okinawa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/06/20/news/oki.php">the original</a> on 14 January 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1945+suicide+order+still+a+trauma+on+Okinawa&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F06%2F20%2Fnews%2Foki.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnishi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Onishi, Norimitsu (1 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/world/asia/01japan.html">"Japan's Textbooks Reflect Revised History"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720140946/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/world/asia/01japan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Textbooks+Reflect+Revised+History&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft.aulast=Onishi&rft.aufirst=Norimitsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F04%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F01japan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/EDITORIAL-Cornerstone-of-Peace-A-Legacy-of-3029891.php">"Editorial – Cornerstone of Peace: A Legacy of Bloodshed"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. 24 June 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412141648/https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/EDITORIAL-Cornerstone-of-Peace-A-Legacy-of-3029891.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Editorial+%E2%80%93+Cornerstone+of+Peace%3A+A+Legacy+of+Bloodshed&rft.date=1995-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2FEDITORIAL-Cornerstone-of-Peace-A-Legacy-of-3029891.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolasky1999" class="citation book cs1">Molasky, Michael S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDt86cokDUC&pg=PA16">The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory</a>. Routledge. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415191944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415191944"><bdi>978-0415191944</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123145057/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDt86cokDUC&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Occupation+of+Japan+and+Okinawa%3A+Literature+and+Memory&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415191944&rft.aulast=Molasky&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMDt86cokDUC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolaskyRabson2000" class="citation book cs1">Molasky, Michael S.; Rabson, Steve (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xMuWmEsAcMC&pg=PA21">Southern Exposure: Modern Japanese Literature from Okinawa</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824823009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824823009"><bdi>978-0824823009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123145059/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xMuWmEsAcMC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Exposure%3A+Modern+Japanese+Literature+from+Okinawa&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0824823009&rft.aulast=Molasky&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Rabson%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xMuWmEsAcMC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehanHeinSelden2003" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, Susan D; Hein, Laura; Selden, Mark (9 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ec4dAAAAQBAJ">Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461637929" title="Special:BookSources/978-1461637929"><bdi>978-1461637929</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123150635/https://books.google.com/books?id=ec4dAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islands+of+Discontent%3A+Okinawan+Responses+to+Japanese+and+American+Power&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2003-04-09&rft.isbn=978-1461637929&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Susan+D&rft.au=Hein%2C+Laura&rft.au=Selden%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dec4dAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njahs.org/misnorcal/campaigns/campaigns_centralpacific.htm#okinawa">"Military Intelligence Service Research Center: Okinawa"</a>. Njahs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606174159/https://www.njahs.org/misnorcal/campaigns/campaigns_centralpacific.htm#okinawa">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Intelligence+Service+Research+Center%3A+Okinawa&rft.pub=Njahs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njahs.org%2Fmisnorcal%2Fcampaigns%2Fcampaigns_centralpacific.htm%23okinawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stripes.com/news/defiant-soldier-saved-lives-of-hundreds-of-civilians-during-okinawa-battle-1.31173">Defiant soldier saved lives of hundreds of civilians during Okinawa battle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127171750/http://www.stripes.com/news/defiant-soldier-saved-lives-of-hundreds-of-civilians-during-okinawa-battle-1.31173">Archived</a> 27 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(newspaper)" title="Stars and Stripes (newspaper)">Stars and Stripes</a>, 1 April 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaito" class="citation web cs1">Saito, Toru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213141737/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201306210078">"Pressure to prove loyalty paved way for mass suicides in Battle of Okinawa – AJW by The Asahi Shimbun"</a>. Asahi Shimbun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201306210078">the original</a> on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Pressure+to+prove+loyalty+paved+way+for+mass+suicides+in+Battle+of+Okinawa+%E2%80%93+AJW+by+The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.aulast=Saito&rft.aufirst=Toru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajw.asahi.com%2Farticle%2Fbehind_news%2Fsocial_affairs%2FAJ201306210078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-3dead-110"><a href="#cite_ref-times-3dead_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2000" class="citation news cs1">Sims, Calvin (1 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/01/world/3-dead-marines-and-a-secret-of-wartime-okinawa.html">"3 Dead Marines and a Secret of Wartime Okinawa"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126052635/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/01/world/3-dead-marines-and-a-secret-of-wartime-okinawa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=3+Dead+Marines+and+a+Secret+of+Wartime+Okinawa&rft.date=2000-06-01&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F01%2Fworld%2F3-dead-marines-and-a-secret-of-wartime-okinawa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanaka2003" class="citation book cs1">Tanaka, Yuki (2003). Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203302753" title="Special:BookSources/0203302753"><bdi>0203302753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Comfort+Women%3A+Sexual+Slavery+and+Prostitution+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0203302753&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Takeuchi_Cullen2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Lisa Takeuchi Cullen (13 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310173835/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C170085-2%2C00.html">"Okinawa Nights"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,170085-2,00.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Okinawa+Nights&rft.date=2001-08-13&rft.au=Lisa+Takeuchi+Cullen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C170085-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070623a1.html">Okinawa slams history text rewrite</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604185354/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070623a1.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Japan Times, 23 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGheddo" class="citation web cs1">Gheddo, Piero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Okinawa-against-Tokyo%E2%80%99s-attempts-to-rewrite-history-9666.html">"Japan: Okinawa against Tokyo's attempts to rewrite history – Asia News"</a>. Asianews.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620172535/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Okinawa-against-Tokyo%E2%80%99s-attempts-to-rewrite-history-9666.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+Okinawa+against+Tokyo%27s+attempts+to+rewrite+history+%E2%80%93+Asia+News&rft.pub=Asianews.it&rft.aulast=Gheddo&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FOkinawa-against-Tokyo%25E2%2580%2599s-attempts-to-rewrite-history-9666.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070930a2.html">"110,000 protest history text revision order"</a>. Search.japantimes.co.jp. 30 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629080542/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070930a2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=110%2C000+protest+history+text+revision+order&rft.pub=Search.japantimes.co.jp&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnn20070930a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/26/asia/japan.php">Japan to amend textbook accounts of Okinawa suicides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219115749/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/26/asia/japan.php">Archived</a> 19 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">Herald Tribune</a>, 26 December 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071227a1.html">Texts reinstate army's role in mass suicides: Okinawa prevails in history row</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629080541/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071227a1.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Times">Japan Times</a>, 27 December 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7098876.stm">Okinawa's war time wounds reopened</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606174252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7098876.stm">Archived</a> 6 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 17 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070912a3.html">Witness: Military ordered mass suicides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629080540/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070912a3.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Japan Times, 12 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071110a3.html">Oe testifies military behind Okinawa mass suicides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071112142909/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071110a3.html">Archived</a> 12 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Japan Times, 10 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080329a1.html">Court sides with Oe over mass suicides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629080540/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080329a1.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Japan Times, 29 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Nayoki Himeno, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201205240011">Director humanizes tragedy of Okinawan mass suicides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528075230/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201205240011">Archived</a> 28 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Asashi Shimbun, 24 May 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130413130816/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130327p2a00m0na014000c.html">New high school texts say Japanese Imperial Army ordered WWII Okinawa suicides</a>, The Mainichi, 29 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Feifer 2001 p. vii </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Feifer 2001 pp. xi </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819073836/http://www.nyc-shorinryu.com/okinawa.html">"Okinawan History and Karate-do"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc-shorinryu.com/okinawa.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Okinawan+History+and+Karate-do&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc-shorinryu.com%2Fokinawa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisch2004" class="citation book cs1">Fisch, Arnold G. (2004). Military Government in the Ryukyu Islands, 1945–1950. University Press of the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1410218791" title="Special:BookSources/1410218791"><bdi>1410218791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Government+in+the+Ryukyu+Islands%2C+1945%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1410218791&rft.aulast=Fisch&rft.aufirst=Arnold+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hearst_in_Okinawa2011" class="citation web cs1">David Hearst in Okinawa (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/07/okinawa-japan-military-tension">"Second battle of Okinawa looms as China's naval ambition grows"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801003102/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/07/okinawa-japan-military-tension">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Second+battle+of+Okinawa+looms+as+China%27s+naval+ambition+grows&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.au=David+Hearst+in+Okinawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmar%2F07%2Fokinawa-japan-military-tension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddox2004" class="citation book cs1">Maddox, Robert James (2004). Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision. University of Missouri Press. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826215628" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826215628"><bdi>978-0826215628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+for+Victory%3A+The+Hiroshima+Decision&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0826215628&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999331-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999331_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">Gaddis, John Lewis</a> (2005). The Cold War. Allen Lane. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713999129" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713999129"><bdi>978-0713999129</bdi></a>. <q>[Hiroshima and Nagasaki] brought about the Japanese surrender.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0713999129&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-declare-war-on-japan-invade-manchuria">"Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903175327/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-declare-war-on-japan-invade-manchuria">Archived</a> 3 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 6 July 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CSSexxwDzgs">"Did Nuclear Weapons Cause Japan to Surrender?".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924023841/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CSSexxwDzgs">Archived</a> 24 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ward_Wilson" title="Ward Wilson">Wilson, Ward</a>. YouTube. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 16 January 2013. 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Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674022416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674022416"><bdi>978-0674022416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racing+the+Enemy%3A+Stalin%2C+Truman%2C+and+the+Surrender+of+Japan&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0674022416&rft.aulast=Hasegawa&rft.aufirst=Tsuyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracingenemy00tsuy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2011/08/07/why_did_japan_surrender/">"Why did Japan surrender?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726154745/https://www.bostonglobe.com/">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Boston Globe. 7 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606184144/http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/summit/a_la/peace/ishiji/index2.htm">"The Cornerstone of Peace"</a> (in Japanese). Pref.okinawa.jp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/summit/a_la/peace/ishiji/index2.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cornerstone+of+Peace&rft.pub=Pref.okinawa.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.okinawa.jp%2Fsummit%2Fa_la%2Fpeace%2Fishiji%2Findex2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.jp/en/japan/article_124858/">"Activists in Tokyo call for 'liberation of Ryukyu' on the Okinawa anniversary"</a>. Arab News Japan. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News+Japan&rft.atitle=Activists+in+Tokyo+call+for+%27liberation+of+Ryukyu%27+on+the+Okinawa+anniversary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.jp%2Fen%2Fjapan%2Farticle_124858%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/06/23/japan/battle-of-okinawa-79-years/">"Okinawa marks 79 years since end of fierce ground battle"</a>. The Japan Times. 23 June 2024. 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Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Press+rewind%3A+Trump%2C+Tokyo+and+a+welcome+back+to+the+1980s&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-38891210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFackler2013" class="citation news cs1">Fackler, Martin (5 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/world/asia/in-okinawa-talk-of-break-from-japan-turns-serious.html">"In Okinawa, Talk of Break From Japan Turns Serious"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/world/asia/in-okinawa-talk-of-break-from-japan-turns-serious.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Okinawa%2C+Talk+of+Break+From+Japan+Turns+Serious&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft.aulast=Fackler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F06%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fin-okinawa-talk-of-break-from-japan-turns-serious.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/sec-priv.htm">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1995" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Joseph (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/The%20Final%20Campaign%20Marines%20in%20the%20Victory%20of%20Okinawa%20%20PCN%2019000313500.pdf?ver=2018-10-30-100555-327">The Final Campaign: Marines in the Victory on Okinawa</a> (PDF). U.S. Marine Corps History Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122232229/https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/The%20Final%20Campaign%20Marines%20in%20the%20Victory%20of%20Okinawa%20%20PCN%2019000313500.pdf?ver=2018-10-30-100555-327">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Campaign%3A+Marines+in+the+Victory+on+Okinawa&rft.pub=U.S.+Marine+Corps+History+Division&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcu.edu%2FPortals%2F218%2FThe%2520Final%2520Campaign%2520Marines%2520in%2520the%2520Victory%2520of%2520Okinawa%2520%2520PCN%252019000313500.pdf%3Fver%3D2018-10-30-100555-327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplemanBurnsGugelerStevens1948" class="citation book cs1">Appleman, Roy; Burns, James; Gugeler, Russel; Stevens, John (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108040706/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/okinawa/index.htm">Okinawa: The Last Battle</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1410222063" title="Special:BookSources/1410222063"><bdi>1410222063</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/okinawa/index.htm">the original</a> on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okinawa%3A+The+Last+Battle&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=1410222063&rft.aulast=Appleman&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Burns%2C+James&rft.au=Gugeler%2C+Russel&rft.au=Stevens%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2Fokinawa%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisch2004" class="citation book cs1">Fisch, Arnold G. Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105220527/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/ryukyus/ryukyus.htm">Ryukyus</a>. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160480329" title="Special:BookSources/0160480329"><bdi>0160480329</bdi></a>. CMH Pub 72-35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/ryukyus/ryukyus.htm">the original</a> on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ryukyus&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=World+War+II+Campaign+Brochures&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0160480329&rft.aulast=Fisch&rft.aufirst=Arnold+G.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fryukyus%2Fryukyus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2012" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, David (2012). The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy's Most Powerful Strike Force. Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783469222" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783469222"><bdi>978-1783469222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Pacific+Fleet%3A+The+Royal+Navy%27s+Most+Powerful+Strike+Force&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1783469222&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (2002) [1960]. Victory in the Pacific, 1945, vol. 14 of. <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a>. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252070658" title="Special:BookSources/0252070658"><bdi>0252070658</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036894412">1036894412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+Pacific%2C+1945%2C+vol.+14+of&rft.place=Champaign&rft.series=History+of+United+States+Naval+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036894412&rft.isbn=0252070658&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2015" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Douglas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Okinawa%20Staff%20Ride%20Pub%20Proof%205%20for%20Web.pdf?ver=2018-10-30-091114-553">Battle of Okinawa III MEF Staff Ride Battle Book</a> (PDF). U.S. Marine Corps History Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324234438/https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Okinawa%20Staff%20Ride%20Pub%20Proof%205%20for%20Web.pdf?ver=2018-10-30-091114-553">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Okinawa+III+MEF+Staff+Ride+Battle+Book&rft.pub=U.S.+Marine+Corps+History+Division&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcu.edu%2FPortals%2F218%2FOkinawa%2520Staff%2520Ride%2520Pub%2520Proof%25205%2520for%2520Web.pdf%3Fver%3D2018-10-30-091114-553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholsShaw1955" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Charles; Shaw, Henry (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/OkinawaVictoryInThePacific.pdf">Okinawa: Victory in the Pacific</a> (PDF). Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00071UAT8">B00071UAT8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324103755/https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/OkinawaVictoryInThePacific.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okinawa%3A+Victory+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00071UAT8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcu.edu%2FPortals%2F218%2FOkinawaVictoryInThePacific.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstor1996" class="citation book cs1">Astor, Gerald (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operationiceberg0000asto">Operation Iceberg: The Invasion and Conquest of Okinawa in World War II</a>. Dell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0440221781" title="Special:BookSources/0440221781"><bdi>0440221781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Iceberg%3A+The+Invasion+and+Conquest+of+Okinawa+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Dell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0440221781&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperationiceberg0000asto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucknerStilwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Buckner, Simon; Stilwell, Joseph (2004). Nicholas Evan Sarantakes (ed.). Seven Stars: The Okinawa Battle Diaries of Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. and Joseph Stilwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Stars%3A+The+Okinawa+Battle+Diaries+of+Simon+Bolivar+Buckner%2C+Jr.+and+Joseph+Stilwell&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Stilwell%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoski2005" class="citation book cs1">Coski, John M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA80">The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem</a>. United States of America: First Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674019830" title="Special:BookSources/0674019830"><bdi>0674019830</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Battle+Flag%3A+America%27s+Most+Embattled+Emblem&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=First+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0674019830&rft.aulast=Coski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs0VJTbNwfAC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeifer2001" class="citation book cs1">Feifer, George (2001). The Battle of Okinawa: The Blood and the Bomb. The Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1585742155" title="Special:BookSources/1585742155"><bdi>1585742155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Okinawa%3A+The+Blood+and+the+Bomb&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1585742155&rft.aulast=Feifer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Frank, Richard B.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJXtAAAAMAAJ">Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679414247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679414247"><bdi>978-0679414247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downfall%3A+The+End+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Empire&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0679414247&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJXtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallas2006" class="citation book cs1">Hallas, James H. (2006). Killing Ground on Okinawa: The Battle for Sugar Loaf Hill. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597970638" title="Special:BookSources/1597970638"><bdi>1597970638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Ground+on+Okinawa%3A+The+Battle+for+Sugar+Loaf+Hill&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1597970638&rft.aulast=Hallas&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2008" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2008) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/retributionbattl00hast">Retribution – The Battle for Japan, 1944–45</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307263513" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307263513"><bdi>978-0307263513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retribution+%E2%80%93+The+Battle+for+Japan%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0307263513&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fretributionbattl00hast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2005" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Laura Homan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stayoffskylinesi00lace">Stay Off The Skyline: The Sixth Marine Division on Okinawa – An Oral History</a>. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1574889524" title="Special:BookSources/1574889524"><bdi>1574889524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stay+Off+The+Skyline%3A+The+Sixth+Marine+Division+on+Okinawa+%E2%80%93+An+Oral+History&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1574889524&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Laura+Homan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstayoffskylinesi00lace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchester1980" class="citation book cs1">Manchester, William (1980). Goodbye, Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War. Boston; Toronto: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316545015" title="Special:BookSources/0316545015"><bdi>0316545015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodbye%2C+Darkness%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=Boston%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0316545015&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon (2002). Okinawa 1945: The last Battle. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841765465" title="Special:BookSources/1841765465"><bdi>1841765465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okinawa+1945%3A+The+last+Battle&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1841765465&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSledgeFussell1990" class="citation book cs1">Sledge, E. B.; Fussell, Paul (1990). <a href="/wiki/With_the_Old_Breed:_At_Peleliu_and_Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa">With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195067142" title="Special:BookSources/0195067142"><bdi>0195067142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+the+Old+Breed%3A+At+Peleliu+and+Okinawa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0195067142&rft.aulast=Sledge&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft.au=Fussell%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988">, famous Marine memoir</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloan2007" class="citation book cs1">Sloan, Bill (2007). The Ultimate Battle: Okinawa 1945 – The Last Epic Struggle of World War II. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743292467" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743292467"><bdi>978-0743292467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Battle%3A+Okinawa+1945+%E2%80%93+The+Last+Epic+Struggle+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0743292467&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToll2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Gods:_War_in_the_Western_Pacific,_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945">Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945</a>. New York: W.W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Gods%3A+War+in+the+Western+Pacific%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahara2001" class="citation book cs1">Yahara, Hiromichi (2001). The Battle for Okinawa. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471180807" title="Special:BookSources/0471180807"><bdi>0471180807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Okinawa&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0471180807&rft.aulast=Yahara&rft.aufirst=Hiromichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"> – Firsthand account of the battle by a surviving Japanese officer.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2007" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven (2007). Japanese Tanks 1939–45. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846030918" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846030918"><bdi>978-1846030918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Tanks+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1846030918&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Okinawa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Okinawa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1956" class="citation web cs1">Dyer, George Carroll (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ACTC/index.html">"The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner"</a>. United States Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521010748/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ACTC/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amphibians+Came+to+Conquer%3A+The+Story+of+Admiral+Richmond+Kelly+Turner&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=George+Carroll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSN%2FACTC%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1990" class="citation web cs1">Huber, Thomas M. (May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061216035903/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Huber/Huber.asp">"Japan's Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945"</a>. Leavenworth Papers. United States Army <a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Huber/Huber.asp">the original</a> on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leavenworth+Papers&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Battle+of+Okinawa%2C+April%E2%80%93June+1945&rft.date=1990-05&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2FHuber%2FHuber.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Okinawa" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.li.127-g-1930">"footage from the National Archives.By Sgt. Rhodes"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1945-04-09_Landings_On_Okinawa">"Landings On Okinawa, 1945/04/09 (1945)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1945-05-03_Argentine_Admitted_To_World_Parley">"Argentine Admitted To World Parley, 1945/05/03 (1945)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1945-07-05_Final_Days_of_Struggle_in_Okinawa">"Final Days of Struggle in Okinawa, 1945/07/05 (1945)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/okinawa/">US military on the Battle of Okinawa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926225835/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/okinawa/">Archived</a> 26 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Navy-c24.html">New Zealand account with reference to Operation Iceberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606184144/http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/summit/a_la/peace/ishiji/index2.htm">Cornerstone of Peace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peace-museum.pref.okinawa.jp/english/index.html">Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623222533/http://peacelearning.jp/">The Peace Learning Archive in OKINAWA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/WW2Memoir-Indomitable-Whiteing4.htm">A photographic record of aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable, 1944–45, including Operation Iceberg, the attack on the Sakashimas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/41302/wwii-battle-of-okinawa">WWII: Battle of Okinawa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510133143/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/41302/wwii-battle-of-okinawa">Archived</a> 10 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP4=all&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOBOX4=iceberg&c=all&CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll8">Operation Iceberg Operational Documents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826202539/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP4=all&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOBOX4=iceberg&c=all&CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll8">Archived</a> 26 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5460">Oral history interview with Mike Busha, a member of the 6th Marine Division during the Battle of Okinawa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214145238/http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5460">Archived</a> 14 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5592">Oral history interview with Albert D'Amico, a Navy Veteran who was aboard LST 278 during the landing at Okinawa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212050351/http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5592">Archived</a> 12 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?66766-1/book-discussion-okinawa-last-battle-world-war-ii">Booknotes interview with Robert Leckie on Okinawa: The Last Battle of World War II, September 3, 1995.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192660#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85148329">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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