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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spiritual doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_spiritual_centre_in_Meknes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_spiritual_centre_in_Meknes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The spiritual centre in Meknes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_spiritual_centre_in_Meknes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Issawa_trance_ritual:_origins_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Issawa_trance_ritual:_origins_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Issawa trance ritual: origins and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Issawa_trance_ritual:_origins_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professionalization_of_Aissawa_musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professionalization_of_Aissawa_musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Professionalization of Aissawa musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professionalization_of_Aissawa_musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries_on_the_Aissawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries_on_the_Aissawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Commentaries on the Aissawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries_on_the_Aissawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Contemporary scientific research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_approaches_and_prospects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_approaches_and_prospects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>New approaches and prospects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_approaches_and_prospects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic_language_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_language_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Arabic language bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_language_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_language_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_language_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>French language bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_language_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_language_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_language_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>English language bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_language_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="الطریقه العیساویه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الطریقه العیساویه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Ғайсауилыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғайсауилыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issawa" title="Issawa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Issawa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Is%C4%81w%C4%ABya" title="Al-Isāwīya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Isāwīya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFssawa" title="Aïssawa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aïssawa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الطريقه العيساويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الطريقه العيساويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFssawiyya" title="Aïssawiyya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aïssawiyya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiss%C3%A1uas" title="Aissáuas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aissáuas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Айссауа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айссауа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0seviyye_Tarikat%C4%B1" title="İseviyye Tarikatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İseviyye Tarikatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q410117#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Isawiyya" title="Special:EditPage/Isawiyya">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Isawiyya%22">"Isawiyya"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Isawiyya%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Isawiyya%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Isawiyya%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Isawiyya%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Isawiyya%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">'Isawiyya Sufi order</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Hadi_ben_Issa" title="Mohammed al-Hadi ben Issa">Mohammed al-Hadi ben Issa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani,_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a>, Baghdad, Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzil" title="Manzil">Manzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Anasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Darqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelveti" title="Jelveti">Jelveti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Maizbhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1lar" title="Süleymancılar">Sülaymaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihiyya" title="Salihiyya">Salihiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeemiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeemiyya">Azeemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubrawiya" title="Kubrawiya">Kubrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shattari">Shattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwaisi" title="Uwaisi">Uwaisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuqtavi" title="Nuqtavi">Nuqtavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahabiya" title="Zahabiya">Zahabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_Anjuman" title="Haqqani Anjuman">Haqqani Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayati_Order" title="Inayati Order">Inayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aissawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aissawa">Issawiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrahi" title="Jerrahi">Jerrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madariyya" title="Madariyya">Madari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorbakshia_Islam" title="Noorbakshia Islam">Noorbakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikri">Zikri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of sufis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Notable early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_singers" title="List of Sufi singers">Singers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics in Sufism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sufi_art" title="Category:Sufi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Sufism" title="Template:Sufism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism" title="Template talk:Sufism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islam" title="Category:Sunni Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Others</span></span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>:</span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Movements" title="Islamic schools and branches">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farahi">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Aissawa_Meknes_-_9_April_2023.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Aissawa_Meknes_-_9_April_2023.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Aissawa_Meknes_-_9_April_2023.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Aissawa_Meknes_-_9_April_2023.ogg/Aissawa_Meknes_-_9_April_2023.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Aissawa performance in <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a> during Ramadan 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musiciens_aisaoua_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Musiciens_aisaoua_%282%29.jpg/220px-Musiciens_aisaoua_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Musiciens_aisaoua_%282%29.jpg/330px-Musiciens_aisaoua_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Musiciens_aisaoua_%282%29.jpg/440px-Musiciens_aisaoua_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Aissaoua ceremony</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotografi_p%C3%A5_Aissawa_och_sabeldans,_Alger_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_107932.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fotografi_p%C3%A5_Aissawa_och_sabeldans%2C_Alger_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_107932.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Fotografi_p%C3%A5_Aissawa_och_sabeldans%2C_Alger_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_107932.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fotografi_p%C3%A5_Aissawa_och_sabeldans%2C_Alger_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_107932.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Fotografi_p%C3%A5_Aissawa_och_sabeldans%2C_Alger_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_107932.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fotografi_p%C3%A5_Aissawa_och_sabeldans%2C_Alger_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_107932.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Fotografi_p%C3%A5_Aissawa_och_sabeldans%2C_Alger_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_107932.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4338" data-file-height="3394" /></a><figcaption>Issawa sabre dance in Algeria</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Isawiyya</b> (also <b>Aissawa</b>, <b>Issawa</b>, <b>Aissaoua</b>, <b>Issaoua</b>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Arabic</a>: الطريقة العيساوية) is a religious Islamic mystical<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brotherhood founded in <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, by <i>Sheikh al-Kamil</i> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Hadi_ben_Issa" title="Mohammed al-Hadi ben Issa">Mohamed al-Hadi ben Issa</a> (or Aissa) (1465–1526), best known as the <i>Shaykh Al-Kamil</i>, or "Perfect <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> Master". The terms Aissawiyya (`Isawiyya) and Aissawa (`Isawa), derive from the name of the founder, and respectively designate the brotherhood (<a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a>, literally: "way") and its disciples (fuqara, sing. to <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakir</a>, literally: "poor"). </p><p>They are known for their <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spiritual</a> performances, which generally comprise group <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitation</a> of religious <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">psalms</a>, accompanied by the use of the <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a> <i>ghaita</i> (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(instrument)" title="Mizmar (instrument)">mizmar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythm</a>ic percussion. </p><p>Complex ceremonies, including symbolic dances to bring the participants to ecstatic <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a>, are held by the Aissawa in private during domestic ritual nights (<i>lîla</i>-s), and in public during celebrations of cultural festivals and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a>, called <i>moussem</i>-s. Other occasions are religious festivities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid holidays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">mawlid</a>, celebration of the birth of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founder_of_the_brotherhood:_Muhammad_Ben_Issa">Founder of the brotherhood: Muhammad Ben Issa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founder of the brotherhood: Muhammad Ben Issa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some details regarding Ben Issa remain unknown. He has a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> that projects the image of a Sufi master and legendary <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> of considerable <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> influence. Ben Issa built his own mausoleum in the monastery or <a href="/wiki/Zaouia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaouia">Zaouia</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>. This is now a destination for his modern followers to visit and pray while participating in individual or collective acts of <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a>. Ben Issa was initiated into Sufism by three masters of the <i>tariqa</i> <a href="/wiki/Shadhiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhiliyya">Shadhiliyya</a>/Jazuliyya: Abu al-Abbas Ahmad Al-Hariti (Meknes), <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_al-Tebaa" title="Abdelaziz al-Tebaa">Abdelaziz al-Tebaa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>) and Muhammad as-Saghir as-Sahli (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Fès">Fès</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spiritual_doctrine">Spiritual doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spiritual doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spiritual doctrine of the Issawa follows the earlier mystical tradition of the <i>tariqa</i> Shadhiliyya/Jazuliyya. This religious teaching first appeared in 15th century Marrakesh and is the most orthodox mystical method to appear in the western region of North Africa known as the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. </p><p>Issawa disciples are taught to follow the instruction of their founder by adhering to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and practising additional psalms including the long prayer known as "Glory to the Eternal" (<i>Al-hizb Subhan Al-Da `im</i>). </p><p>The original Issawa doctrine makes no mention of ecstatic or ritual exercises such as music and dance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_spiritual_centre_in_Meknes">The spiritual centre in Meknes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The spiritual centre in Meknes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Zaouia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaouia">Zaouia</a></i> or centre in Meknes is the main spiritual centre of the Issawa brotherhood. Founded by Muhammad Ben Issa at the end of the 15th century, construction resumed three centuries later under sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Mohammed ben Abdallah</a>. Often renovated by the Ministry of <a href="/wiki/Habous" class="mw-redirect" title="Habous">Habous</a> and Islamic Affairs and maintained by the municipal services, this is the center of the brotherhood's international network. The site is open to the public all year round and is the location of the tombs of founder <i>Shaykh al-Kamil</i>, his disciple Abu ar-Rawayil, and the alleged son of the founder, Issa Al-Mehdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_growth">International growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Issawa's international growth began in the 18th century. From Morocco it has spawned organizations in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Outside these countries, there is Issawiyya practice without immediate access to Issawa institutions, as in France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, the USA and Canada. There is a building movement in the United States, focused primarily in Chicago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretically, the brotherhood's network is led from the mother-monastery in Meknes by direct biological descendants of Muhammad Ben Issa. The leader is currently Sidi Allal al-Issawi, a teacher and member of the League of Oulemas of Morocco and Senegal, as well as a poet and historian. In Morocco, the brotherhood – the musicians together with their rituals and music – currently enjoy a particular vogue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The basic cell of the religious order in Morocco is the team (<i>ta `ifa</i>), which takes the form of a traditional musical orchestra with twenty to fifty disciples. </p><p>Since a decision taken in the 17th century by the mother-monastery, groups of musicians are placed under the authority of a delegate (<i>muqaddem</i>). There are currently orchestras of the brotherhood across Morocco, but they are especially numerous in the towns of Meknes Fes and Sale, under the authority of the master <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myspace.com/aissawa">Haj Azedine Bettahi</a>, who is a well-known Sufi musician. </p><p>As leader of the <i>muqaddem</i>-s, Haj Azedine Bettahi has under his authority the following individuals: </p> <ul><li>Haj Mohamed Ben Bouhama</li> <li>Haj Muhammad 'Azzam</li> <li>Haj Said El Guissy</li> <li>Haj Said Berrada</li> <li>Abdeljelil Al Aouam</li> <li>'Abdelatif Razini</li> <li>'Adnan Chouni</li> <li>'Omar 'Alawi</li> <li>'Abou Lhaz Muhammad</li> <li>'Abdallah Yaqoubi</li> <li>Muhammad Ben Hammou</li> <li>Haj Hussein Lbaghmi</li> <li>Idriss Boumaza</li> <li>Haj 'Abdelhak Khaldun</li> <li>Muhammad Ben Chabou</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almanar.be/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=175:mohcine-arafa-artiste-soufi-a-bruxelles-&catid=1:latest-news">Mohcine Arafa Bricha</a></li> <li>Moustafa Barakat</li> <li>Nabil Ben Slimane</li> <li>Hassan Amrani</li> <li>Youssef 'Alami</li> <li>Youssef Semlali</li> <li>'Abdellah al-Mrabet</li> <li>Benaissa Ghouali</li> <li>Djamel Sahli</li> <li>Nadjib Mekdia</li> <li>Lounis Ghazali</li> <li>Djamel Blidi</li> <li>Essaid Haddadou</li> <li>Mustapha Ben Ouahchia</li> <li>Hadj Ali Al Badawi</li> <li>Cheikhuna Hakim Meftah Al Bedri</li> <li>Abdelillah Berrahma</li></ul> <p>All Issawa groups lead ceremonies that mix mystical invocation with exorcisms and trance-inducing group dances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Issawa_trance_ritual:_origins_and_symbolism">The Issawa trance ritual: origins and symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Issawa trance ritual: origins and symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Morocco, the ceremonies of the Issawa brotherhood take the form of domestic nightly rituals (known as "night", <i>lila</i>), organized mainly by Imam Shaykh Boulila (Master of the night), at the request of female believers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the Aissawa are supposed to bring to people blessings ("<a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">barakah</a>"), reasons for organizing a ceremony are varied and include celebration of a Muslim festivity, wedding, birth, circumcision, or exorcism, the search for a cure for illness or to make contact with the divine through the <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy"><i>extase</i></a>. Rituals have standardized phases among all the Aissawa orchestras. These include mystical recitations of Sufi <a href="/wiki/Litanies" class="mw-redirect" title="Litanies">litanies</a> and the singing of spiritual poems along with exorcisms, and collective dances. </p><p>Ludic aspects of the ceremony are attested to by the participants' laughter, songs, and dances, alongside ecstatic emotional demonstrations, which may feature crying and tears. At the <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic system">symbolic system</a> level, the ceremony represents the initiatory advance of the Sufi on an ascending mystical voyage towards God and the Prophet, then the final return to Earth. This odyssey passes through the world of human beings and that of the <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> to culminate in the higher spheres, where the human meets the divine. </p><p>According to Aissawa lore, this ceremony was not established nor even practised at the time of <i>Chaykh Al-Kamil</i>. Some members of the brotherhood believe that it emerged in the 17th century at the instigation of Aissawî disciple Sîdî `Abderrahman Tarî Chentrî. Alternatively, it may have appeared in the 18th century under the influence of Moroccan Sufi masters Sîdî `Ali Ben Hamdûch or Sîdî Al-Darqawî, who were both well known for their ecstatic practices. </p><p>More broadly, the actual trance ritual of the Aissawa brotherhood seems to have been established progressively through the centuries under the three influences of Sufism, pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> beliefs and urban Arab melodic poetry such as the <a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">Malhun</a>. </p><p>Aissawa Moroccans generally avoid deep intellectual and philosophical speculations about Sufism, preferring to attach greater importance to the technical and aesthetic aspects of their music, litanies, poetry and ritual dances. They like to consider their ceremonial space as a safe haven for various artistic elements, for their symbolic system, as well as for the religious traditions of Moroccan culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professionalization_of_Aissawa_musicians">Professionalization of Aissawa musicians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Professionalization of Aissawa musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="fn org">Issawa ceremony</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aissawa_Fes_Morocco.event_traditional_folklore_DSC03881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aissawa_Fes_Morocco.event_traditional_folklore_DSC03881.jpg/300px-Aissawa_Fes_Morocco.event_traditional_folklore_DSC03881.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aissawa_Fes_Morocco.event_traditional_folklore_DSC03881.jpg/450px-Aissawa_Fes_Morocco.event_traditional_folklore_DSC03881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Aissawa_Fes_Morocco.event_traditional_folklore_DSC03881.jpg/600px-Aissawa_Fes_Morocco.event_traditional_folklore_DSC03881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data">Issawa Moussem at Moulay Idriss Zerhoun</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://confrerieaissawa.free.fr/">confrerieaissawa<wbr />.free<wbr />.fr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The early 1990s saw the professionalization of ritual music, which affected both the musicians and their market. This change was possible because the authorities looked on moonlighting and the underground economy favorably. In this context, the Aissawa orchestras exhibit trends that are otherwise difficult to spot in the Moroccan economy. The brotherhood orchestras' moonlighting created a network which makes it possible to define a collective interest, and to test new assumptions regarding economic and social responsibility. </p><p>Today, through the commercial diffusion of Sufi music, songs, psalms (including during weddings and festivals as well as commercials recordings) and the trade related to crowned <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and exorcism, the Aissawa members establish <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">social integration</a>. Although this phenomenon causes the appearance of new aesthetic standards through more commercial adaptations of mystical psalms, it also leads to the loss of original Sufi doctrines through severe competition between musicians which in turn degrades the social link between the disciples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries_on_the_Aissawa">Commentaries on the Aissawa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commentaries on the Aissawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many past and contemporary researchers have shown an interest in the Aissawa, particularly from the point of view of studying the religious contours of a Muslim society. Former commentaries on the brotherhood were written in French and Arabic with the first Arab examples being biographical and hagiographic collections compiled between the 14th and 16th century by Moroccan biographers such as Al-Ghazali, Ibn `Askar, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Al-Fassi</a>, Al-Mahdi and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jaafar_al-Kittani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jaafar al-Kittani">Al-Kettani</a>. These texts, which may be handwritten or printed, provide information on the genealogical and spiritual affiliations of the founder of the order, while at the same time enumerating the numerous wonders he realized for the benefit of his sympathizers. Contemporary Arab authors who have studied this topic include Daoui, Al-Malhouni and Aissawî, who are the current <i>mezwar</i> of the brotherhood in person. These endeavour to put in perspective the Sufi order in the cultural and religious tradition of Morocco through the study of the biography of the founder, and his spiritual doctrine alongside poetic and <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> texts. </p><p>The first French writings on the Aissawa appeared at the end of the 19th century following the installation of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> administration in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. The majority of the authors, who were also anthropologists and sociologists, were at that time French and included Pierre-Jacques André, Alfred Bel, René Brunel, Octave Depont and <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Coppolani" title="Xavier Coppolani">Xavier Coppolani</a>, Emile Dermenghem, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Doutt%C3%A9" title="Edmond Doutté">Edmond Doutté</a>, George Drague, Roger Tourneau, Louis Rinn (chief of the Central Service of the indigenous Affairs to the Government General in Algeria at the end of the 19th century), <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a> and Edouard Michaux-Bellaire. These last three authors were military officers with the scientific expedition of the Administration of Indigenous Affairs and their writings are published in the Moroccan Files and the Review of the Muslim World. Among all these French authors, there was also the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Westermarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Westermarck">Edward Westermarck</a>, whose various works are devoted to an analysis of the system of belief and ritual in Morocco. </p><p>Excepting those authors with a scientific approach, in Morocco and Algeria (to date there has been no study devoted to the Aissawa in Tunisia), the ritual practices of Aissawa drew the attention of and considerably disturbed western observers at the beginning of the 19th century. The brotherhood is evoked here and there in medical works, monographs, schoolbooks, paintings, tests or accounts of voyages. These various writings show a recurring passionate contempt for this type of religiosity. Spiritual dimensions of the brotherhood of Aissawa at that time were never examined, other than by Emile Dermenghem in his acclaimed <i>Le culte des saints dans l'Islam Maghrebin</i> (Paris, 1951). Other texts were only very seldom neutral. By attaching a non-<i>Muslim</i> and <i>archaic</i> label to some brotherhoods (such as the Aissawa but also the Hamadcha and <a href="/wiki/Gnaoua" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaoua">Gnaoua</a>), these writings served to legitimize French prerogatives in the Maghreb. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">The New Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i> reports that "the scholar of religions, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, guided by <a href="/wiki/Van_Gennep" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gennep">Van Gennep</a>, wrote the observation that the Aissawa are in fact a <i>Maennerbund</i>, that is, a <a href="/wiki/Lycanthropy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycanthropy">lycanthropic</a> secret society. In other words, <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolves</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_islam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc_islam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1882 <i>New York Times</i> article, reprinting an account from <i><a href="/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine" title="Blackwood's Magazine">Blackwood's Magazine</a></i>, reports lycanthropy and <a href="/wiki/Self-injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-injury">self-injury</a> during an Aissawa ritual in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>[O]ne of the Tunisian soldiers ... seized a sword and began to lacerate his stomach. The blood flowed freely, and he imitated all the time the cries and movements of the camel. We soon had a wolf, a bear, a hyena, a jackal, a leopard, and a lion.... A large bottle was broken up and eagerly devoured.... Twenty different tortures were going on in twenty different parts of the hall."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_1882-02-12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_1882-02-12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_scientific_research">Contemporary scientific research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some authors of religious history (Jeanmaire) and <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a> (Gilbert Mullet and Andre Boncourt) became interested in the Aissawa in the 1950s and remain so to this day. It was only after Moroccan and Algerian independence since the 1960s that contemporary social scientists began to consider the subject. Many articles (Belhaj, Daoui, Hanai, Nabti and Andezian) and theses (Al Malhouni, Boncourt, Lahlou, El Abar, Sagir Janjar and Nabti) as well as ethnographic movies have studied the ritual practices of Aissawa in Morocco. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_approaches_and_prospects">New approaches and prospects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New approaches and prospects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An analysis of the work by Sossie Andezian regarding the Aissawa brotherhood and Sufism in Algeria, is considered essential and impossible to circumvent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In her book <i>The Significance of Sufism in Algeria in the aftermath of Independence</i> (2001), Andezian analyzes the processes of reinvention of ritual acts in the context of sociopolitical movements in Algeria. Her reflection leads to a dynamic vision of the religious and mystical rites while highlighting the evolution of the links that people, marginalized in the religious sphere, maintain with the official and textual religious institutions. Continuing the reflexions of Andezian, Mehdi Nabti conducted an investigation inside the Aissawa brotherhood in Morocco in his doctoral thesis entitled <i>The Aissawa brotherhood in urban areas of Morocco: the social and ritual aspects of modern sufism</i>, which is considered a significant contribution to the socio-anthropology of the current Maghreb.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nabti shows the complex modalities of the inscription of the brotherhood in a Moroccan society led by an authoritative government (which try timidly to be liberalized), endemic unemployment, the development of tourism and the progress of political Islamism. While immersing himself as a ritual musician within the Aissawa orchestras, Mehdi Nabti casts new light on knowledge of Sufism and brings invaluable facts on the structure of the brotherhood and its rituals as well as the diverse logic behind affiliation to a traditional religious organization in a modern Muslim society. His work, which offers an iconographic description of musical scores pointing to esoteric symbolism and a DVD documentary, is the greatest sum of knowledge currently available on the subject.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2010)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> Mehdi Nabti is also the leader of the Aissawaniyya Orchestra, which brings together French jazzmen and Aissawa musicians. The band plays concerts all over the world and also conducts master classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Lings, <i>What is Sufism?</i> (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.12: "Mystics on the other hand-and Sufism is a kind of mysticism-are by definition concerned above all with 'the mysteries of the Kingdom of Heaven'".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc_islam-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyc_islam_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCyril2008" class="citation book cs1">Cyril, Glassé (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC&q=aissawa&pg=PA34"><i>The New Encyclopedita of Islam</i></a>. Lanhan, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6296-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedita+of+Islam&rft.place=Lanhan%2C+MD&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6296-7&rft.aulast=Cyril&rft.aufirst=Glass%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7tu12gt4JYC%26q%3Daissawa%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsawiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt_1882-02-12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_1882-02-12_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1882/02/12/106241608.pdf">"The Aissaouia--Their Horrible Rites; Kairwan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i>. New York. February 12, 1882. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Aissaouia--Their+Horrible+Rites%3B+Kairwan&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1882-02-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1882%2F02%2F12%2F106241608.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsawiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_language_bibliography">Arabic language bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arabic language bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Ghazzal" title="Ahmed al-Ghazzal">Ahmed al-Ghazzal</a>, <i>Al-Nur al-Khamil</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_ibn_Askar" title="Abu Abdallah ibn Askar">Abu Abdallah ibn Askar</a> : <i>Dawhat Al-nachir li mhassin man kana bi Al-maghrib min machaykh al-garn al'achir</i>, ed. : 2. Rabat. 1976. (On the excellent virtues of the sheikhs of the Maghreb in the 10th century, translated in French by A. Graulle, 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a> (1631–1685), <i>Ibtihaj al-qulub bi khabar al-Shaykh Abi al-Mahasin wa wa shaykhihi al-Majdhub</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Mahdi_al-Fasi" title="Mohammed al-Mahdi al-Fasi">Mohammed al-Mahdi al-Fasi</a>, <i>Mumatî’ al-asma</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jaafar_al-Kittani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jaafar al-Kittani">Al-Kettani</a>, <i>Salawat al-anfas</i> (1898)</li> <li>AISSAWI AL-CHAYKH AL-KAMIL, <i>Sîdî Muhammad ben Aissa. Tarîqa wa zawiya wa istimrariyya</i> (2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_language_bibliography">French language bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French language bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ANDEZIAN, <i>Expériences du divin dans l’Algérie contemporaine</i> (2001)</li> <li>ANDRE, <i>Contribution à l'étude des confréries religieuses musulmanes </i> (1956)</li> <li>BEL, <i> La religion musulmane en Berbérie : esquisse d'histoire et de sociologie religieuses</i> (1938)</li> <li>BELHAJ, <i>La possession et les aspects théatraux chez les Aissaouas d’Afrique du Nord</i> (1996)</li> <li>DERMENGHEM, <i>Le Culte des saints dans l’Islam maghrébin</i> (1954) <ul><li><i>Essai sur la Hadra des Aissaoua d’Algérie</i> (1951)</li></ul></li> <li>DOUTTE, <i>Magie et religion en Afrique du Nord</i> (1908)</li> <li>DRAGUE, <i>Esquisse d’histoire religieuse au Maroc. Confréries et Zaouias</i> (1950)</li> <li>ELABAR, <i> Musique, rituels et confrérie au Maroc : les ‘Issawa, les Hamadcha et les Gnawa</i> (2005)</li> <li>JEANMAIRE, <i>Dionysos</i> (1951)</li> <li>MASSIGNON, <i>Enquête sur les corporations musulmanes d’artisans et de commerçants au Maroc</i> (1925)</li> <li>MICHAUX-BELAIRE, <i>Les confréries religieuses au Maroc</i> (1927)</li> <li>NABTI, <i>La confrérie des Aissawa en milieu urbain. Les pratiques rituelles et sociales du mysticisme contemporain.</i> (2007) <ul><li><i>Soufisme, métissage culturel et commerce du sacré. Les Aissawa marocains dans la modernité</i> (2007)</li> <li><i>La lîla des Aissawa du Maroc, interprétation symbolique et contribution sociale</i> (2006)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_language_bibliography">English language bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: English language bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ANDEZIAN, <i>The Significance of Sufism in Algeria in the aftermath of Independence</i> (2001)</li> <li>ROUGET, <i>music and trance</i> (1951)</li> <li>TRIMINGHAM, <i>The Sufi orders in Islam</i> (1998)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isawiyya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Some of the research of Mehdi Nabti about the Aissawa in Morocco : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://confrerieaissawa.free.fr/">Aissawa Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elaissaouiarzew.org">Official website of the Aissawa brotherhood in Algeria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805164726/http://elaissaouiarzew.org/">Archived</a> 2020-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marocaudio.com/index.php?page=1&p=Aissawa">Aissawa Music Streaming Collection in Morocco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drumface.wordpress.com/chicago-aissawa/">Chicago Aissawa website with links to music, videos and articles</a></li></ul> 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufi" title="Template:Sufi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufi" title="Template talk:Sufi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqshbandiyya">Naqshbandiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Din_Naqshband" title="Baha' al-Din Naqshband">Baha' al-Din Naqshband</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chishtiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chishtiyya">Chishtiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Chishti" title="Mu'in al-Din Chishti">Mu'in al-Din Chishti</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Suhrawardi" title="Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi">Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27iyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'iyya">Rifa'iyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Badawi" title="Ahmad al-Badawi">Ahmad al-Badawi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Desuqi" title="Ibrahim al-Desuqi">Ibrahim al-Desuqi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shadhiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhiliyya">Shadhiliyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili">Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbariyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalwatiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalwatiyya">Khalwatiyya</a></b> <small>('Umar al-Khalwati)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmaniyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bayramiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayramiyya">Bayramiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bayram_Wali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayram Wali">Bayram Wali</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Faqih_al-Muqaddam" title="Muhammad al-Faqih al-Muqaddam">Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyya">Tijaniyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Idris_al-Fasi" title="Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi">Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghribi_Kufic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg/150px-Maghribi_Kufic.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg/225px-Maghribi_Kufic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Zuhd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">Tazkiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">Tabarruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">Wajd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya" title="Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya">Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilyat_al-Awliya%27" title="Hilyat al-Awliya'">Hilyat al-Awliya'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Mahjub" title="Kashf al-Mahjub">Kashf al-Mahjub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemy_of_Happiness" title="The Alchemy of Happiness">The Alchemy of Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revival_of_the_Religious_Sciences" title="The Revival of the Religious Sciences">The Revival of the Religious Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burda" title="Al-Burda">Al-Burda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dala%27il_al-Khayrat" title="Dala'il al-Khayrat">Dala'il al-Khayrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazail-e-Amaal" title="Fazail-e-Amaal">Fadha'il al-'Amal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable Sufis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd AH/8th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Al-Hasan al-Basri</a> (d. 110 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ibn Dinar">Malik ibn Dinar</a> (d. 128 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Adham" title="Ibrahim ibn Adham">Ibrahim ibn Adham</a> (d. 160 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a> (d. 161 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Ta%27i" title="Dawud al-Ta'i">Dawud al-Ta'i</a> (d. 165 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_ibn_Zaid" title="Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid">'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid</a> (d. 177 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabia of Basra">Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya</a> (d. 180 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Mubarak">Ibn al-Mubarak</a> (d. 181 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fudayl_ibn_%27Iyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad">Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad</a> (d. 188 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqiq_al-Balkhi" title="Shaqiq al-Balkhi">Shaqiq al-Balkhi</a> (d. 194 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf_al-Karkhi" title="Ma'ruf al-Karkhi">Ma'ruf al-Karkhi</a> (d. 200 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd AH/9th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darani" title="Al-Darani">Al-Darani</a> (d. 205 or 215 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishr_al-Hafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishr al-Hafi">Bishr al-Hafi</a> (d. 227 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_al-Muhasibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Harith al-Muhasibi">Al-Harith al-Muhasibi</a> (d. 243 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Nun_al-Misri" title="Dhul-Nun al-Misri">Dhul-Nun al-Misri</a> (d. 245 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari_al-Saqati" title="Sari al-Saqati">Sari al-Saqati</a> (d. 253 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mu%27adh_al-Razi" title="Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi">Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi</a> (d. 258 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Kharraz" title="Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz">Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz</a> (d. 277 or 286 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahl_al-Tustari" title="Sahl al-Tustari">Sahl al-Tustari</a> (d. 283 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi">Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi</a> (d. 295 or 320 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husain_al-Nuri" title="Abu al-Husain al-Nuri">Abu al-Husain al-Nuri</a> (d. 295 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th AH/10th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruwaym" title="Ruwaym">Ruwaym</a> (d. 303 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Shibli" title="Abu Bakr al-Shibli">Abu Bakr al-Shibli</a> (d. 334 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_al-Makki" title="Abu Talib al-Makki">Abu Talib al-Makki</a> (d. 386 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi" title="Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi">Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi</a> (d. 380 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE4E1">Sufi leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi</a> (d. 589 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri</a> (d. 630 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag" title="Yusuf Abu al-Haggag">Yusuf Abu al-Haggag</a> (d. 642 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Muhammad al-Fateh</a> (d. 886 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (d. 1118 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> (d. 1277 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> (d. 1278 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> (d. 1287 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdel-Kader</a> (d. 1300 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a> (d. 1302/1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a> (d. 1350 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">'Izz al-Din al-Qassam</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zawiyas_in_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zawiyas in Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Zawiyas_in_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zawiyas_in_Algeria" title="Zawiyas in Algeria">Zawiyas in Algeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Endowments_(Algeria)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments (Algeria)">Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments</a> - <a href="/wiki/Algerian_islamic_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian islamic reference">Algerian islamic reference</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiyas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_Thaalibia_(Algiers)" title="Zawiya Thaalibia (Algiers)">Zawiya Thaalibia</a><sub>(Algiers)</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_Thaalibia_(Issers)" title="Zawiya Thaalibia (Issers)">Zawiya Thaalibia</a><sub>(Issers)</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiyet_Sidi_Amar_Cherif" title="Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif">Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif</a><sub>(Sidi Daoud)</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiyet_Sidi_Boumerdassi" title="Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi">Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi</a><sub>(Tidjelabine)</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiyet_Sidi_Boushaki" title="Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki">Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki</a><sub>(Thenia)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine_(Algiers)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine (Algiers) (page does not exist)">Zawiyet Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:زاوية سيدي أمحمد بوقبرين">ar</a>]</span><sub>(Algiers)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine_(Bounouh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine (Bounouh) (page does not exist)">Zawiyet Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="ar:زاوية بونوح">ar</a>]</span><sub>(Bounouh)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_Sidi_Saadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet Sidi Saadi (page does not exist)">Zawiyet Sidi Saadi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:زاوية سي السعدي">ar</a>]</span><sub>(Algiers)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_Sidi_Amar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet Sidi Amar (page does not exist)">Zawiyet Sidi Amar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaou%C3%AFa_de_Sidi_Amar" class="extiw" title="fr:Zaouïa de Sidi Amar">fr</a>]</span><sub>(Algiers)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiya_Belka%C3%AFdia_(Algiers)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiya Belkaïdia (Algiers) (page does not exist)">Zawiya Belkaïdia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaou%C3%AFa_de_Sidi_Belka%C3%AFd" class="extiw" title="fr:Zaouïa de Sidi Belkaïd">fr</a>]</span><sub>(Algiers)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiya_Belka%C3%AFdia_(Oran)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiya Belkaïdia (Oran) (page does not exist)">Zawiya Belkaïdia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الزاوية البلقايدية">ar</a>]</span><sub>(Oran)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_El_Hamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet El Hamel (page does not exist)">Zawiyet El Hamel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:زاوية الهامل">ar</a>]</span><sub>(El Hamel)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_Sidi_M%27Hamed_Saadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet Sidi M'Hamed Saadi (page does not exist)">Zawiyet Sidi M'Hamed Saadi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:زاوية سيدي أمحمد السعدي">ar</a>]</span><sub>(Aafir)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_Sidi_Ali_Debbaghi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet Sidi Ali Debbaghi (page does not exist)">Zawiyet Sidi Ali Debbaghi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:زاوية سيدي علي الدباغي">ar</a>]</span><sub>(Beni Amrane)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_Sidi_Ghobrini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet Sidi Ghobrini (page does not exist)">Zawiyet Sidi Ghobrini</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:زاوية الغبارنة">ar</a>]</span><sub>(Khemis El-Khechna)</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawiyet_Sidi_Salem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawiyet Sidi Salem (page does not exist)">Zawiyet Sidi Salem</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:زاوية سيدي سالم">ar</a>]</span><sub>(Boudouaou)</sub></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_view_from_Sidi_Abder_Rahman_Mosque_on_the_bay_of_Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_view_from_Sidi_Abder_Rahman_Mosque_on_the_bay_of_Algiers.jpg/200px-The_view_from_Sidi_Abder_Rahman_Mosque_on_the_bay_of_Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_view_from_Sidi_Abder_Rahman_Mosque_on_the_bay_of_Algiers.jpg/300px-The_view_from_Sidi_Abder_Rahman_Mosque_on_the_bay_of_Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_view_from_Sidi_Abder_Rahman_Mosque_on_the_bay_of_Algiers.jpg/400px-The_view_from_Sidi_Abder_Rahman_Mosque_on_the_bay_of_Algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alawiyya_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alawiyya (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Alawiyya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:علاوية">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chabiyya (page does not exist)">Chabiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Darqawiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardouriyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dardouriyya (page does not exist)">Dardouriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Habibiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habibiyya (page does not exist)">Habibiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansaliyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hansaliyya (page does not exist)">Hansaliyya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:حنصالية">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isawiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karzaziyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karzaziyya (page does not exist)">Karzaziyya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الطريقة الكرزازية">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madyaniyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madyaniyya (page does not exist)">Madyaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omariyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omariyya (page does not exist)">Omariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouazzaniyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouazzaniyya (page does not exist)">Ouazzaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naciriyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naciriyya (page does not exist)">Naciriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senusiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhiliyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikhiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheikhiyya (page does not exist)">Sheikhiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%C3%AFbiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taïbiyya (page does not exist)">Taïbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyya">Tijaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youssoufiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youssoufiyya (page does not exist)">Youssoufiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Za%C3%AFaniyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaïaniyya (page does not exist)">Zaïaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarrouqiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarrouqiyya (page does not exist)">Zarrouqiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Islam in Algeria</a> - <a href="/wiki/Muftis_in_Algiers" title="Muftis in Algiers">Muftis in Algiers</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Algeria" title="List of mosques in Algeria">List of mosques in Algeria</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410117#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ʿĪsāwīya"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1216075077">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ʻĪsāwā"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94009628">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ʿĪsāwiyyā"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13339793n">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aïssaoua"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb156223687">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ʿĪsāwiyyā"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13339793n">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aïssaoua"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb156223687">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012431161405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ʿĪsāwiyyā"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050167928">IdRef</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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