CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>John 1:1 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6735dab2-ce03-4c51-b652-d681871d7692","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"John_1:1","wgTitle":"John 1:1","wgCurRevisionId":1258211165,"wgRevisionId":1258211165,"wgArticleId":7509546,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: others","CS1 maint: location","Webarchive template wayback links","Source attribution","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text","Articles containing Coptic-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Jesus in Christianity","Christology","John 1"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"John_1:1","wgRelevantArticleId":7509546,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2538046", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1638"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg/800px-BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1092"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg/640px-BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="874"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="John 1:1 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_1:1"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_1:1"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-John_1_1 rootpage-John_1_1 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+1%3A1" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+1%3A1" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+1%3A1" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+1%3A1" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Source_text_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_text_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Source text and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Source_text_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Source text and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Source_text_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_1:1_in_English_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_1:1_in_English_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>John 1:1 in English versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_1:1_in_English_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Difficulties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Greek_Article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Greek_Article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Greek Article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Greek_Article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colwell's_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colwell's_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Colwell's Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colwell's_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Word_was_divine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Word_was_divine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Word was divine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Word_was_divine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Word was divine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Word_was_divine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tertullian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertullian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tertullian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertullian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Origen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Word_as_a_god" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Word_as_a_god"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Word as a god</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Word_as_a_god-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Beginning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Beginning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In the Beginning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Beginning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_on_Article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_on_Article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Debate on Article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_on_Article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary_from_the_Church_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_from_the_Church_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commentary from the Church Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_from_the_Church_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John 1:1</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7_1:_1" title="يوحنا 1: 1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوحنا 1: 1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_1:1" title="Juan 1:1 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan 1:1" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD_1:1" title="Հովհաննես 1:1 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հովհաննես 1:1" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanes_1:1" title="Yohanes 1:1 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yohanes 1:1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_1,1" title="Jan 1,1 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan 1,1" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_princ%C3%ADpio_era_o_Verbo" title="No princípio era o Verbo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="No princípio era o Verbo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="В начале было Слово – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="В начале было Слово" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_1:1" title="ยอห์น 1:1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยอห์น 1:1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="На початку було Слово – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="На початку було Слово" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%AC1%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC1%E8%8A%82" title="约翰福音第1章第1节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰福音第1章第1节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2538046#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_1:1" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_1:1"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_1:1"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/John_1:1" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/John_1:1" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&oldid=1258211165" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=John_1%3A1&id=1258211165&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_1%3A1"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_1%3A1"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=John_1%3A1&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2538046" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Verse of the Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"In the beginning was the Word" redirects here. For the part of Catholic liturgy, see <a href="/wiki/Last_Gospel" title="Last Gospel">Last Gospel</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">John 1:1</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="float: left;">← <a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">Luke 24</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/John_1:2" title="John 1:2">1:2</a> →</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg/240px-BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg/360px-BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg/480px-BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 240px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">First page of John's Gospel from the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Gospels_(British_Library,_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_A.ii)" title="Coronation Gospels (British Library, Cotton MS Tiberius A.ii)">Coronation Gospels</a>, c. 10th century.</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Book</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Christian Bible part</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John 1:1</b> is the first <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">verse</a> in the <a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">opening chapter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The traditional and majority translation of this verse reads: </p> <blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a> was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>"The Word," a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">λόγος (logos)</a>, is widely interpreted as referring to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, as indicated in other verses later in the same chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "<i>the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us</i>" (John 1:14; cf. 1:15, 17). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostromirovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ostromirovo.jpg/200px-Ostromirovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ostromirovo.jpg/300px-Ostromirovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ostromirovo.jpg/400px-Ostromirovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>John 1:1 from the <a href="/wiki/Ostromir_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostromir Gospel">Ostromir Gospel</a>, with John's <a href="/wiki/Evangelist_portrait" title="Evangelist portrait">Evangelist portrait</a>, 1056 or 1057.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_text_and_translations">Source text and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Source text and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>John 1:1 text </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></td> <td><i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ Λόγος, καὶ ὁ Λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν Θεόν, καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος.</span></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek transliteration">Greek transliteration</a></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="grc-Latn">En arkhêi ên ho lógos, kaì ho lógos ên pròs tòn theón, kaì theòs ên ho lógos.</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></td> <td><b><span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܒ݁ܪܺܫܺܝܬ݂ ܐܺܝܬ݂ܰܘܗ݈ܝ ܗ݈ܘܳܐ ܡܶܠܬ݂ܳܐ ܘܗܽܘ ܡܶܠܬ݂ܳܐ ܐܺܝܬ݂ܰܘܗ݈ܝ ܗ݈ܘܳܐ ܠܘܳܬ݂ ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ ܘܰܐܠܳܗܳܐ ܐܺܝܬ݂ܰܘܗ݈ܝ ܗ݈ܘܳܐ ܗܽܘ ܡܶܠܬ݂ܳܐ ܀</span></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syriac transliteration</td> <td><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="syc-Latn">brīšīṯ ʾiṯauhi hwā milṯā, whu milṯā ʾiṯauhi hwā luaṯ ʾalāhā; wʾalāhā iṯauhi hwā hu milṯā</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_versions_of_the_Bible#Sahidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic versions of the Bible">Sahidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Sahidic" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></td> <td><i><span title="Coptic-language text"><span lang="cop">ϨΝ ΤЄϨΟΥЄΙΤЄ ΝЄϤϢΟΟΠ ΝϬΙΠϢΑϪЄ, ΑΥШ ΠϢΑϪЄ ΝЄϤϢΟΟΠ ΝΝΑϨΡΜ ΠΝΟΥΤЄ. ΑΥШ ΝЄΥΝΟΥΤЄ ΠЄ ΠϢΑϪЄ</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sahidic Coptic transliteration</td> <td><span title="Coptic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="cop-Latn">Hn teHoueite neFSoop nCi pSaJe auw pSaJe neFSoop nnaHrm pnoute auw neunoute pe pSaJe.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sahidic Coptic to English</td> <td>In the beginning existed the Word, and the Word existed with the God, and a God was the Word.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></td> <td><i><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum.</span></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a> example</td> <td><i><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">in principio erat uerbum et uerbu uel sermo erat ap(ud) dm et ds erat uerbu</span></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: man.27">: man.27 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> </td> <td>בְּרֵאשִׁית הָיָה הַדָּבָר, וְהַדָּבָר הָיָה עִם הָאֱלֹהִים, וֵאלֹהִים הָיָה הַדָּבָר.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_75a.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Papyrus 75 (175–225), the end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John (chapter 1:1–16*)"><img alt="Papyrus 75 (175–225), the end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John (chapter 1:1–16*)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Papyrus_75a.gif/65px-Papyrus_75a.gif" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Papyrus_75a.gif/98px-Papyrus_75a.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Papyrus_75a.gif/131px-Papyrus_75a.gif 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">Papyrus 75</a> (175–225), the end of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> and the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> (chapter 1:1–16*)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Vaticanus_end_or_Luke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Codex Vaticanus (300–325), The end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John"><img alt="Codex Vaticanus (300–325), The end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Codex_Vaticanus_end_or_Luke.jpg/120px-Codex_Vaticanus_end_or_Luke.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Codex_Vaticanus_end_or_Luke.jpg/180px-Codex_Vaticanus_end_or_Luke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Codex_Vaticanus_end_or_Luke.jpg/240px-Codex_Vaticanus_end_or_Luke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> (300–325), The end of Gospel of Luke and the beginning of Gospel of John</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Bezae_0202a.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Codex Bezae (c. 400), John 1:1–16"><img alt="Codex Bezae (c. 400), John 1:1–16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Codex_Bezae_0202a.JPG/82px-Codex_Bezae_0202a.JPG" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Codex_Bezae_0202a.JPG/123px-Codex_Bezae_0202a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Codex_Bezae_0202a.JPG/164px-Codex_Bezae_0202a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Bezae" title="Codex Bezae">Codex Bezae</a> (c. 400), John 1:1–16</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Alexandrinus_J_1,1-7.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Codex Alexandrinus (400-440), John 1:1–7."><img alt="Codex Alexandrinus (400-440), John 1:1–7." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Codex_Alexandrinus_J_1%2C1-7.PNG/120px-Codex_Alexandrinus_J_1%2C1-7.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Codex_Alexandrinus_J_1%2C1-7.PNG/180px-Codex_Alexandrinus_J_1%2C1-7.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Codex_Alexandrinus_J_1%2C1-7.PNG/240px-Codex_Alexandrinus_J_1%2C1-7.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (400-440), John 1:1–7.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_1:1_in_English_versions">John 1:1 in English versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: John 1:1 in English versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_1.jpg/200px-John_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_1.jpg/300px-John_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_1.jpg/400px-John_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>John 1:1 in the page showing the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional rendering in English is: </p> <blockquote><p>In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.</p></blockquote> <p>Other variations of rendering, both in translation or paraphrase, John 1:1c also exist: </p> <ul><li>14th century: "and God was the word" – <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe's Bible</a> (translated from the 4th-century Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>)</li> <li>1808: "and the Word was a god" – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Belsham" title="Thomas Belsham">Thomas Belsham</a> <i>The New Testament, in an Improved Version, Upon the Basis of <a href="/wiki/William_Newcome" title="William Newcome">Archbishop Newcome</a>'s New Translation: With a Corrected Text</i>, London.</li> <li>1822: "and the Word was a god" – <i>The New Testament in Greek and English</i> (A. Kneeland, 1822.)</li> <li>1829: "and the Word was a god" – <i>The Monotessaron; or, The Gospel History According to the Four Evangelists</i> (J. S. Thompson, 1829)</li> <li>1863: "and the Word was a god" – <i>A Literal Translation of the New Testament</i> (Herman Heinfetter [Pseudonym of Frederick Parker], 1863)</li> <li>1864: "the LOGOS was God" – <i>A New Emphatic Version</i> (right hand column)</li> <li>1864: "and a god was the Word" – <i>The <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_Diaglott" title="Emphatic Diaglott">Emphatic Diaglott</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(Biblical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Wilson (Biblical scholar)">Benjamin Wilson</a>, New York and London (left hand column interlinear reading)</li> <li>1867: "and the Son was of God" – The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></li> <li>1879: "and the Word was a god" – <i>Das Evangelium nach Johannes</i> (J. Becker, 1979)</li> <li>1885: "and the Word was a god" – <i>Concise Commentary on The Holy Bible</i> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Young_(Biblical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Young (Biblical scholar)">R. Young</a>, 1885)</li> <li>1911: "and [a] God was the word" – <i>The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Southern Dialect,</i> by <a href="/wiki/George_William_Horner" title="George William Horner">George William Horner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1924: "the Logos was divine" – <i>The Bible: James Moffatt Translation</i>, by <a href="/wiki/James_Moffatt" title="James Moffatt">James Moffatt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1935: "and the Word was divine" – <i>The Bible: An American Translation</i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_M._P._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. P. Smith">John M. P. Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_J._Goodspeed" title="Edgar J. Goodspeed">Edgar J. Goodspeed</a>, Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1955: "so the Word was divine" – <i>The Authentic New Testament</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a>, Aberdeen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1956: "And the Word was as to His essence absolute deity" – The <a href="/wiki/Wuest_Expanded_Translation" title="Wuest Expanded Translation">Wuest Expanded Translation</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1958: "and the Word was a god" – <i>The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Anointed</i> (J. L. Tomanec, 1958);</li> <li>1962, 1979: "'the word was God.' Or, more literally, 'God was the word.'" – <i>The Four Gospels and the Revelation</i> (R. Lattimore, 1979)</li> <li>1966, 2001: "and he was the same as God" – <i>The <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Bible" title="Good News Bible">Good News Bible</a>.</i></li> <li>1970, 1989: "and what God was, the Word was" – <i>The <a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English Bible</a></i> and <i>The <a href="/wiki/Revised_English_Bible" title="Revised English Bible">Revised English Bible</a>.</i></li> <li>1975 "and a god (or, of a divine kind) was the Word" – <i>Das Evangelium nach Johnnes</i>, by Siegfried Schulz, Göttingen, Germany</li> <li>1975: "and the Word was a god" – <i>Das Evangelium nach Johannes</i> (S. Schulz, 1975);</li> <li>1978: "and godlike sort was the Logos" – <i>Das Evangelium nach Johannes</i>, by Johannes Schneider, Berlin</li> <li>1985: "So the Word was divine" - <i>The Original New Testament</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993: "The Word was God, in readiness for God from day one." — <i><a href="/wiki/The_Message_(Bible)" title="The Message (Bible)">The Message</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_H._Peterson" title="Eugene H. Peterson">Eugene H. Peterson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998: "and what God was the Word also was" – This translation follows Professor Francis J. Moloney, <i>The Gospel of John</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Daniel J. Harrington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017: "and the Logos was god" - <i>The New Testament: A Translation</i>, by <a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">David Bentley Hart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties">Difficulties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The text of John 1:1 has a sordid past and a myriad of interpretations. With the Greek alone, we can create empathic, orthodox, creed-like statements, or we can commit pure and unadulterated heresy. From the point of view of early church history, heresy develops when a misunderstanding arises concerning Greek articles, the predicate nominative, and grammatical word order. The early church heresy of <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a> understood John 1:1c to read, "and the Word was <i>the</i> God." The early church heresy of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> understood it to read, "and the word was <i>a</i> God."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David A. Reed<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>There are two issues affecting the translating of the verse, 1) <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and 2) proper application of grammatical rules. The commonly held theology that Jesus is God naturally leads one to believe that the proper way to render the verse is the one which is most popular.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposing theology that Jesus is subordinate to God as his Chief agent leads to the conclusion that <i>"... a god"</i> or <i>"... divine"</i> is the proper rendering.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Greek_Article">The Greek Article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Greek Article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek article is often translated <i>the</i>, which is the English definite article, but it can have a range of meanings that can be quite different from those found in English, and require context to interpret.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek does not have an indefinite article like the English word <i>a</i>, and nominatives without articles also have a range of meanings that require context to interpret. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colwell's_Rule"><span id="Colwell.27s_Rule"></span>Colwell's Rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colwell's Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In interpreting this verse, <i><a href="/wiki/Colwell%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Colwell's rule">Colwell's rule</a></i> should be taken into consideration, which says that a definite predicate which is before the verb "to be" usually does not have the definite article. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Cadman_Colwell" title="Ernest Cadman Colwell">Ernest Cadman Colwell</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The opening verse of John's Gospel contains one of the many passages where this rule suggests the translation of a predicate as a definite noun. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος</span></span> [<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kaì theòs ên ho lógos</i></span>] looks much more like "And the Word was God" than "And the Word was divine" when viewed with reference to this rule. The absence of the article does not make the predicate indefinite or qualitative when it precedes the verb, it is indefinite in this position only when the context demands it. The context makes no such demand in the Gospel of John, for this statement cannot be regarded as strange in the prologue of the gospel which reaches its climax in the confession of Thomas [Footnote: John 20,28]."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jason_David_BeDuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason David BeDuhn">Jason David BeDuhn</a> (Professor of Religious Studies at <a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University" title="Northern Arizona University">Northern Arizona University</a>) criticizes Colwell's Rule as methodologically unsound and "not a valid rule of Greek grammar."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Word_was_divine">The Word was divine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Word was divine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main dispute with respect to this verse relates to John 1:1c ("the Word was God"). One minority translation is "the Word was divine." The following support this type of translation: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertullian">Tertullian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tertullian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> in the early third century wrote:</p><blockquote><p>Now if this one [the Word] is God according to John ("the Word was God"), then you have two: one who speaks that it may be, and another who carries it out. However, how you should accept this as "another" I have explained: as concerning person, not substance, and as distinction, not division. (Against Praxeus 12)<sup id="cite_ref-tertullian.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tertullian.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In other words, the Persons are distinct but the substance is undivided. As Tertullian states in Against Praxeus 9 and 26, He is "so far God as He is of the same substance as God Himself ... and as a portion of the Whole ... as He Himself acknowledges: "My Father is greater than I."<sup id="cite_ref-tertullian.org_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tertullian.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At the beginning of chapter 13 of against Praxeus, Tertullian uses various Scriptures to argue for "two Gods," including:<sup id="cite_ref-tertullian.org_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tertullian.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"One God spoke and another created" (cf. John 1:3). </p><p>"God, even Thy God, hath anointed Thee or made Thee His Christ" (cf. Psm 45). </p><p> "'In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.' There was One 'who was,' and there was another 'with whom'".</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origen">Origen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In John 1:1c, logos has the article but theos does not. Literally, "god was the word".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> of Alexandria, a teacher in Greek grammar of the third century, discusses the presence or absence of the article in Commentary on John, Book II, chap, 2.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states:</p><blockquote><p>He (John) uses the article, when the name of God refers to the uncreated cause of all things, and omits it when the Logos is named God. [...] God on the one hand is Very God (Autotheos, God of Himself); and so the Saviour says in His prayer to the Father, "That they may know Thee the only true God;" (cf. John 17:3) but that all beyond the Very God is made God by participation in His divinity, and is not to be called simply God (with the article), but rather God (without article). </p></blockquote><p>Origen then continues to explain that the Son - the first-born of all creation – was the first to be "with God" (cf. John 1:1), attracted to Himself divinity from God, and gave that divinity to the other "gods:"</p><blockquote><p>And thus the first-born of all creation, who is the first to be with God, and to attract to Himself divinity, is a being of more exalted rank than the other gods beside Him, of whom God is the God [...] It was by the offices of the first-born that they became gods, for He drew from God in generous measure that they should be made gods, and He communicated it to them according to His own bounty. </p></blockquote><p>As R.P.C. Hanson stated in discussing the Apologists, "There were many different types and grades of deity in popular thought and religion and even in philosophical thought."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Origen concludes that "the Word of God" is not "God ... of Himself" but because of "His being with the Father" (cf. John 1:1):</p><blockquote><p>The true God, then, is "The God," and those who are formed after Him are gods, images, as it were, of Him the prototype.  But the archetypal image, again, of all these images is the Word of God, who was in the beginning, and who by being with God is at all times God, not possessing that of Himself, but by His being with the Father, and not continuing to be God, if we should think of this, except by remaining always in uninterrupted contemplation of the depths of the Father.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Translations by <a href="/wiki/James_Moffatt" title="James Moffatt">James Moffatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_J._Goodspeed" title="Edgar J. Goodspeed">Edgar J. Goodspeed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> render part of the verse as "...the Word [Logos] was divine". </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Murray_J._Harris" title="Murray J. Harris">Murray J. Harris</a> writes,</p><blockquote><p>[It] is clear that in the translation "the Word was God", the term God is being used to denote his nature or essence, and not his person. But in normal English usage "God" is a proper noun, referring to the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">person of the Father</a> or corporately to the three persons of the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a>. Moreover, "the Word was God" suggests that "the Word" and "God" are convertible terms, that the proposition is reciprocating. But the Word is neither the Father nor the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> ... The rendering cannot stand without explanation."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An Eastern/Greek Orthodox Bible commentary notes: </p> <blockquote><p>This second <i>theos</i> could also be translated 'divine' as the construction indicates "a qualitative sense for theos". The Word is <i>not</i> God in the sense that he is the <i>same person</i> as the <i>theos</i> mentioned in 1:1a; he is not <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> (God absolutely as in common <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">NT</a> usage) or the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. The point being made is that the <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Logos" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ the Logos">Logos</a> is of the <i>same uncreated nature</i> or essence as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, with whom he eternally exists. This verse is echoed in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>: "<a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God</a> (qualitative or derivative) from <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God</a> (personal, the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>), Light from Light, True God from True God... <i><a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">homoousion</a></i> with the Father."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel B. Wallace</a> (Professor of New Testament at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Theological_Seminary" title="Dallas Theological Seminary">Dallas Theological Seminary</a>) argues that:</p><blockquote><p>The use of the anarthrous <i>theos</i> (the lack of the definite article before the second <i>theos</i>) is due to its use as a qualitative noun, describing the nature or essence of the Word, sharing the <i>essence</i> of the Father, though they differed in person: he stresses: "The construction the evangelist chose to express this idea was the most precise way he could have stated that the Word was God and yet was distinct from the Father".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He questions whether Colwell's rule helps in interpreting John 1:1. It has been said that Colwell's rule has been misapplied as its converse, as though it implied definiteness.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Murray_J._Harris" title="Murray J. Harris">Murray J. Harris</a> (Emeritus Professor of NT Exegesis and Theology at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School" title="Trinity Evangelical Divinity School">Trinity Evangelical Divinity School</a>) discusses "grammatical, theological, historical, literary and other issues that affect the interpretation of θεὸς" and conclude that, among other uses, "is a christological title that is primarily ontological in nature" and adds that "the application of θεὸς to Jesus Christ asserts that Jesus is ... God-by-nature.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_L._McKenzie" title="John L. McKenzie">John L. McKenzie</a> (Catholic Biblical scholar) wrote that <i>ho Theos</i> is God the Father, and adds that John 1:1 should be translated "the word was with the God [=the Father], and the word was a divine being."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In a 1973 <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a> article, Philip B. Harner, <a href="/wiki/Professor_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> of Religion at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg College">Heidelberg College</a>, claimed that the traditional translation of John 1:1c ("and the Word was God") is incorrect. He endorses the <a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English Bible</a> translation of John 1:1c, "and what God was, the Word was."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Harner's claim has been criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harner says:</p><blockquote><p>Perhaps the clause could be translated, 'the Word had the same nature as God." This would be one way of representing John's thought, which is, as I understand it, that ho logos, no less than ho theos, had the nature of theos.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/B._F._Westcott" class="mw-redirect" title="B. F. Westcott">B. F. Westcott</a> is quoted by <a href="/wiki/C._F._D._Moule" title="C. F. D. Moule">C. F. D. Moule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret%27s_Professor_of_Divinity" title="Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity">Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>):</p><blockquote><p>The predicate (God) stands emphatically first, as in 4:24. 'It is necessarily without the article (theós not ho theós) inasmuch as it describes the nature of the Word and does not identify His Person. It would be pure <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a> to say "the Word was ho theós". No idea of inferiority of nature is suggested by the form of expression, which simply affirms the true deity of the Word. Compare the converse statement of the true humanity of Christ five 27 (hóti huiòs anthrópou estín . . . ).'<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a> (Emeritus Lightfoot Professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">University of Durham</a>) states:</p><blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> demonstrates that a distinction between ho theos and theos such as we find in John 1.1b-c, would be deliberate by the author and significant for the Greek reader. Not only so, Philo shows that he could happily call the Logos 'God/god' without infringing his monotheism (or even 'the second God' – Qu.Gen. II.62). Bearing in mind our findings with regard to the Logos in Philo, this cannot but be significant: the Logos for Philo is 'God' not as a being independent of 'the God' but as 'the God' in his knowability – the Logos standing for that limited apprehension of the one God which is all that the rational man, even the mystic may attain to."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In summary, scholars and grammarians indicate that the grammatical structure of the Greek does not identify the Word as the Person of God but indicates a qualitative sense. The point being made is that the Logos is of the <i>same nature</i> or essence as God the Father. In that case, "the Word was God" may be misleading because, in normal English, "God" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Word_as_a_god">The Word as a god</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Word as a god"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars oppose the translation <i>...a god</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other scholars believe it is possible or even preferable.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The rendering as "a god" is justified by some non-Trinitarians by comparing it with Acts 28:6 which has a similar grammatical construction'<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>"The people expected him to swell up or suddenly fall dead; but after waiting a long time and seeing nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god.".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he <b>was a god</b> (<i>theón</i>)." (KJV)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> "But they were expecting that he was going to swell up or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited a long time and had seen nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he <b>was a god</b> (<i>theón</i>)." (NET)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>However, it was noted that the Hebrew words El, HaElohim and Yahweh (all referring to God) were rendered as anarthrous <i>theos</i> in the Septuagint at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1901.htm#2">Nahum 1:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1037.htm#16">Isaiah 37:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1041.htm#4">41:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1123.htm#23">Jeremiah 23:23</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1245.htm#9">Ezekiel 45:9</a> among many other locations. Moreover, in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> anarthrous <i>theos</i> was used to refer to God in locations including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:18&version=nrsv">John 1:18a</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%208:33&version=nrsv">Romans 8:33</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%205:19&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 5:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%206:16&version=nrsv">6:16</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2011:16&version=nrsv">Hebrews 11:16</a> (although the last two references do have an adjective aspect to them). Therefore, anarthrous or arthrous constructions by themselves, without context, cannot determine how to render it into a target language. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2031:27&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 31:27</a> the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">septuagint</a> text, "supported by all MSS... reads πρὸς τὸν θεόν for the Hebrew עִם־ יְהֹוָ֔ה",<sup id="cite_ref-KCorYHWH_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCorYHWH-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the oldest Greek text in <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Fouad_266" title="Papyrus Fouad 266">Papyrus Fouad 266</a> has written πρὸς יהוה τὸν θεόν.<sup id="cite_ref-KCorYHWH_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCorYHWH-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the October 2011 Journal of Theological Studies, Brian J. Wright and Tim Ricchuiti<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reason that the indefinite article in the Coptic translation, of John 1:1, has a qualitative meaning. Many such occurrences for qualitative nouns are identified in the Coptic New Testament, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%201:5&version=nrsv">1 John 1:5</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%204:8&version=nrsv">1 John 4:8</a>. Moreover, the indefinite article is used to refer to God in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0504.htm#31">Deuteronomy 4:31</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2402.htm#10">Malachi 2:10</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Beginning">In the Beginning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the Beginning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning (phrase)</a></div> <p>"In the beginning (<i>archē</i>) was the Word (<i>logos</i>)" may be compared with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">Genesis 1:1</a>: "In the beginning God created heaven, and earth."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening words of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> are also "In the beginning". Theologian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ellicott" title="Charles Ellicott">Charles Ellicott</a> wrote:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>"The reference to the opening words of the Old Testament is obvious, and is the more striking when we remember that a Jew would constantly speak of and quote from the book of Genesis as "<a href="/wiki/Bereishit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bereishit (disambiguation)">Berēshîth</a>" ("in the beginning"). It is quite in harmony with the Hebrew tone of this Gospel to do so, and it can hardly be that St. John wrote his Berēshîth without having that of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> present to his mind, and without being guided by its meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark 1:1">Mark 1:1</a>: "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_1:2" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke 1:2">Luke 1:2</a>: "According as they have delivered them unto us, who from the beginning (<i>archē</i>) were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word (<i>logos</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_John_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John 1:1">1 John 1:1</a>: "That which was from the beginning (<i>archē</i>), which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the word (<i>logos</i>) of life".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_on_Article">Debate on Article</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Debate on Article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verse has been a source of much debate among Bible scholars and translators. </p><p>This verse and other concepts in the <a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> set the stage for the Logos-Christology in which the Apologists of the second and third centuries connected the divine Word of John 1:1-5 to the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a> and to the divine <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a> of contemporary Greek philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the basis of John 1:1, Tertullian, early in the third century, argued for two Persons that are distinct but the substance is undivided, of the same substance. </p><p>In John 1:1c, logos has the article but theos does not. <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> of Alexandria, a teacher in Greek grammar of the third century, argued that John uses the article when theos refers to "the uncreated cause of all things." But the Logos is named theos without the article because He participates in the divinity of the Father because of "His being with the Father." Robert J. Wilkinson informs that Origen also "mentions the name Ιαω in his commentary on John 1:1, where in discussing divine names, he glosses <i>ieremias</i> as <i>meteorismos Ιαω</i> (exultation of Ιαω). This appears to be an entry from a list giving the meaning of Hebrew names in LXX".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201565_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201565-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main dispute with respect to this verse relates to John 1:1c ("the Word was God"). One minority translation is "the Word was divine." This is based on the argument that the grammatical structure of the Greek does not identify the Word as the Person of God but indicates a qualitative sense. The point being made is that the Logos is of the <i>same uncreated nature</i> or essence as God the Father. In that case, "the Word was God" may be misleading because, in normal English, "God" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead. </p><p> With respect to John 1:1, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Cadman_Colwell" title="Ernest Cadman Colwell">Ernest Cadman Colwell</a> writes:</p><blockquote><p>The absence of the article does not make the predicate indefinite or qualitative when it precedes the verb, it is indefinite in this position only when the context demands it. </p></blockquote><p>So, whether the predicate (theos) is definite, indefinite or qualitative depends on the context. Consequently, this article raises the concern that uncertainty with respect to the grammar may result in translations based on the theology of the translator. The commonly held theology that Jesus is God naturally leads to a corresponding translation. But a theology in which Jesus is subordinate to God leads to the conclusion that <i>"... a god"</i> or <i>"... divine"</i> is the proper rendering. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary_from_the_Church_Fathers">Commentary from the Church Fathers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commentary from the Church Fathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>: "While all the other <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a> begin with the Incarnation, John, passing over the Conception, Nativity, education, and growth, speaks immediately of the Eternal Generation, saying, In the beginning was the Word."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>: "The Greek word "logos" signifies both Word and Reason. But in this passage it is better to interpret it [as] Word; as referring not only to the Father, but to the creation of things by the operative power of the Word; whereas Reason, though it produce nothing, is still rightly called Reason."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>: "Words by their daily use, sound, and passage out of us, have become common things. But there is a word which remaineth inward, in the very man himself; distinct from the sound which proceedeth out of the mouth. There is a word, which is truly and spiritually that, which you understand by the sound, not being the actual sound. Now whoever can conceive the notion of word, as existing not only before its sound, but even before the idea of its sound is formed, may see enigmatically, and as it were in a glass, some similitude of that Word of Which it is said, In the beginning was the Word. For when we give expression to something which we know, the word used is necessarily derived from the knowledge thus retained in the memory, and must be of the same quality with that knowledge. For a word is a thought formed from a thing which we know; which word is spoken in the heart, being neither Greek nor Latin, nor of any language, though, when we want to communicate it to others, some sign is assumed by which to express it. [...] Wherefore the word which sounds externally, is a sign of the word which lies hid within, to which the name of word more truly appertains. For that which is uttered by the mouth of our flesh, is the voice of the word; and is in fact called word, with reference to that from which it is taken, when it is developed externally."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>: "This Word is not a human word. For how was there a human word in the beginning, when man received his being last of all? There was not then any word of man in the beginning, nor yet of Angels; for every creature is within the limits of time, having its beginning of existence from the Creator. But what says the Gospel? It calls the Only-Begotten Himself the Word."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>: "But why omitting the Father, does he proceed at once to speak of the Son? Because the Father was known to all; though not as the Father, yet as God; whereas the Only-Begotten was not known. As was meet then, he endeavours first of all to inculcate the knowledge of the Son on those who knew Him not; though neither in discoursing on Him, is he altogether silent on the Father. And inasmuch as he was about to teach that the Word was the Only-Begotten Son of God, that no one might think this a passible (παθητὴν) generation, he makes mention of the Word in the first place, in order to destroy the dangerous suspicion, and show that the Son was from God impassibly. And a second reason is, that He was to declare unto us the things of the Father. (John. 15:15) But he does not speak of the Word simply, but with the addition of the article, in order to distinguish It from other words. For Scripture calls God's laws and commandments words; but this Word is a certain Substance, or Person, an Essence, coming forth impassibly from the Father Himself."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>: "Wherefore then Word? Because born impassibly, the Image of Him that begat, manifesting all the Father in Himself; abstracting from Him nothing, but existing perfect in Himself."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>: "Yet has our outward word some similarity to the Divine Word. For our word declares the whole conception of the mind; since what we conceive in the mind we bring out in word. Indeed our heart is as it were the source, and the uttered word the stream which flows therefrom."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>: "Observe the spiritual wisdom of the Evangelist. He knew that men honoured most what was most ancient, and that honouring what is before everything else, they conceived of it as God. On this account he mentions first the beginning, saying, In the beginning was the Word."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>: "Or, In the beginning, as if it were said, before all things."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>: "The Holy Ghost foresaw that men would arise, who should envy the glory of the Only-Begotten, subverting their hearers by sophistry; as if because He were begotten, He was not; and before He was begotten, He was not. That none might presume then to babble such things, the Holy Ghost saith, In the beginning was the Word."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>: "Years, centuries, ages, are passed over, place what beginning thou wilt in thy imagining, thou graspest it not in time, for He, from Whom it is derived, still was."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>: "As then when our ship is near shore, cities and port pass in survey before us, which on the open sea vanish, and leave nothing whereon to fix the eye; so the Evangelist here, taking us with him in his flight above the created world, leaves the eye to gaze in vacancy on an illimitable expanse. For the words, was in the beginning, are significative of eternal and infinite essence."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>: "Wherefore in one place divine Scripture calls Him the Son, in another the Word, in another the Brightness of the Father; names severally meant to guard against blasphemy. For, forasmuch as thy son is of the same nature with thyself, the Scripture wishing to show that the Substance of the Father and the Son is one, sets forth the Son of the Father, born of the Father, the Only-Begotten. Next, since the terms birth and son, convey the idea of passibleness, therefore it calls the Son the Word, declaring by that name the impassibility of His Nativity. But inasmuch as a father with us is necessarily older than his son, lest thou shouldest think that this applied to the Divine nature as well, it calls the Only-Begotten the Brightness of the Father; for brightness, though arising from the sun, is not posterior to it. Understand then that Brightness, as revealing the coeternity of the Son with the Father; Word as proving the impassibility of His birth, and Son as conveying His consubstantiality."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>: "But they say that In the beginning does not absolutely express eternity: for that the same is said of the heaven and the earth: In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. (Gen. 1:1) But are not made and was, altogether different? For in like manner as the word is, when spoken of man, signifies the present only, but when applied to God, that which always and eternally is; so too was, predicated of our nature, signifies the past, but predicated of God, eternity."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>: "The verb to be, has a double signification, sometimes expressing the motions which take place in time, as other verbs do; sometimes the substance of that one thing of which it is predicated, without reference to time. Hence it is also called a substantive verb."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>: "Consider then the world, understand what is written of it. In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. Whatever therefore is created is made in the beginning, and thou wouldest contain in time, what, as being to be made, is contained in the beginning. But, lo, for me, an illiterate unlearned fisherman is independent of time, unconfined by ages, advanceth beyond all beginnings. For the Word was, what it is, and is not bounded by any time, nor commenced therein, seeing It was not made in the beginning, but was."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>: " To refute those who inferred from Christ's Birth in time, that He had not been from everlasting, the Evangelist begins with the eternity of the Word, saying, In the beginning was the Word."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>: "Because it is an especial attribute of God, to be eternal and without a beginning, he laid this down first: then, lest any one on hearing in the beginning was the Word, should suppose the Word Unbegotten, he instantly guarded against this; saying, And the Word was with God."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>: "From the beginning, He is with God: and though independent of time, is not independent of an Author."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>: "Again he repeats this, was, because of men blasphemously saying, that there was a time when He was not. Where then was the Word? Illimitable things are not contained in space. Where was He then? With God. For neither is the Father bounded by place, nor the Son by aught circumscribing."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>: "It is worth while noting, that, whereas the Word is said to come [be made] to some, as to Hosea, Isaiah, Jeremiah, with God it is not made, as though it were not with Him before. But, the Word having been always with Him, it is said, and the Word was with God: for from the beginning it was not separate from the Father."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>: "He has not said, was in God, but was with God: exhibiting to us that eternity which He had in accordance with His Person."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_of_Ohrid" title="Theophylact of Ohrid">Theophylact of Ohrid</a>: "Sabellius is overthrown by this text. For he asserts that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are one Person, Who sometimes appeared as the Father, sometimes as the Son, sometimes as the Holy Ghost. But he is manifestly confounded by this text, and the Word was with God; for here the Evangelist declares that the Son is one Person, God the Father another."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>: "But the title is absolute, and free from the offence of an extraneous subject. To Moses it is said, I have given thee for a god to Pharaoh: (Exod. 7:1) but is not the reason for the name added, when it is said, to Pharaoh? Moses is given for a god to Pharaoh, when he is feared, when he is entreated, when he punishes, when he heals. And it is one thing to be given for a God, another thing to be God. I remember too another application of the name in the Psalms, I have said, ye are gods. But there too it is implied that the title was but bestowed; and the introduction of, I said, makes it rather the phrase of the Speaker, than the name of the thing. But when I hear the Word was God, I not only hear the Word said to be, but perceive It proved to be, God."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>: "Thus cutting off the cavils of blasphemers, and those who ask what the Word is, he replies, and the Word was God."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_of_Ohrid" title="Theophylact of Ohrid">Theophylact of Ohrid</a>: " Or combine it thus. From the Word being with God, it follows plainly that there are two Persons. But these two are of one Nature; and therefore it proceeds, In the Word was God: to show that Father and Son are of One Nature, being of One Godhead."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>: "We must add too, that the Word illuminates the Prophets with Divine wisdom, in that He cometh to them; but that with God He ever is, because He is God. For which reason he placed and the Word was with God, before and the Word was God."<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>: "Not asserting, as Plato does, one to be intelligence, the other soul; for the Divine Nature is very different from this. [...] But you say, the Father is called God with the addition of the article, the Son without it. What say you then, when the Apostle. writes, The great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; (Tit. 2:13) and again, Who is over all, God; (Rom. 9:5) and Grace be unto you and peace from God our Father; (Rom. 1:7) without the article? Besides, too, it were superfluous here, to affix what had been affixed just before. So that it does not follow, though the article is not affixed to the Son, that He is therefore an inferior God.<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_69-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1:1&version=dra">John 1:1</a>, <i>Douay-Rheims</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#1:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 1:1</a>, <i>KJV</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1:1&version=rsv">John 1:1</a>, <i>RSV</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%201:1">John 1:1</a>, <i>NIV</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See verses 14-17: "And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. (John bore witness about him, and cried out, "This was he of whom I said, 'He who comes after me ranks before me, because he was before me.'")... For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greek English New Testament. Christianity Today. 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nestle-aland.com/en/read-na28-online/text/bibeltext/lesen/stelle/53/">Nestle Aland Novum Testamentum Graece Read NA28 online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sahidica 2.01. J. Warren Wells. 2007.January.28 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biblical-data.org/coptic/Sahidic_NT.pdf">http://www.biblical-data.org/coptic/Sahidic_NT.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Trustees_of_the_Chester_Beatty_Library" class="citation web cs1">The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin/CBL Cpt 813, ff. 147v-148r/www.cbl.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1001072114">"Sahidic Coptic Translation of John 1:1"</a>. <i>Republished by Watchtower</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Republished+by+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Sahidic+Coptic+Translation+of+John+1%3A1&rft.aulast=The+Trustees+of+the+Chester+Beatty+Library&rft.aufirst=Dublin%2FCBL+Cpt+813%2C+ff.+147v-148r%2Fwww.cbl.ie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1001072114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Coptic version of the New Testament in the southern dialect : otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic ; with critical apparatus, literal English translation, register of fragments and estimate of the version. 3, The gospel of S. John, register of fragments, etc., facsimiles</i>. Vol. 3. Horner, George, 1849-1930. [Raleigh, NC]: [Lulu Enterprises]. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557302406" title="Special:BookSources/9780557302406"><bdi>9780557302406</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881290216">881290216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+version+of+the+New+Testament+in+the+southern+dialect+%3A+otherwise+called+Sahidic+and+Thebaic+%3B+with+critical+apparatus%2C+literal+English+translation%2C+register+of+fragments+and+estimate+of+the+version.+3%2C+The+gospel+of+S.+John%2C+register+of+fragments%2C+etc.%2C+facsimiles&rft.place=%5BRaleigh%2C+NC%5D&rft.pub=%5BLulu+Enterprises%5D&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881290216&rft.isbn=9780557302406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/25496486/Translating-Sahidic-Coptic-John-1-1">"Translating Sahidic Coptic John 1:1 | Gospel Of John | Translations"</a>. <i>Scribd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Translating+Sahidic+Coptic+John+1%3A1+%7C+Gospel+Of+John+%7C+Translations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F25496486%2FTranslating-Sahidic-Coptic-John-1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itseeweb.cal.bham.ac.uk/iohannes/vetuslatina/edition/index.html">"Vetus Latina Iohannes Synopsis"</a>. <i>itseeweb.cal.bham.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itseeweb.cal.bham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Vetus+Latina+Iohannes+Synopsis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitseeweb.cal.bham.ac.uk%2Fiohannes%2Fvetuslatina%2Fedition%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirjasilta.net/hadash/Yoh.1.html">"הַבְּרִית הַחֲדָשָׁה: הַבְּשׂוֹרָה עַל־פִּי יוֹחָנָן פֶּרֶק א"</a>. <i>www.kirjasilta.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kirjasilta.net&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D6%B7%D7%91%D6%B0%D6%BC%D7%A8%D6%B4%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D6%B7%D7%97%D6%B2%D7%93%D6%B8%D7%A9%D6%B8%D7%81%D7%94%3A+%D7%94%D6%B7%D7%91%D6%B0%D6%BC%D7%A9%D7%82%D7%95%D6%B9%D7%A8%D6%B8%D7%94+%D7%A2%D6%B7%D7%9C%D6%BE%D7%A4%D6%B4%D6%BC%D7%99+%D7%99%D7%95%D6%B9%D7%97%D6%B8%D7%A0%D6%B8%D7%9F+%D7%A4%D6%B6%D6%BC%D7%A8%D6%B6%D7%A7+%D7%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasilta.net%2Fhadash%2FYoh.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner1911" class="citation book cs1">Horner, George William (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copticversionofn03hornuoft/page/n9"><i>The Coptic version of the New Testament in the Southern dialect : otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic ; with critical apparatus, literal English translation, register of fragments and estimate of the version</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Oxford : The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0557302406" title="Special:BookSources/978-0557302406"><bdi>978-0557302406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+version+of+the+New+Testament+in+the+Southern+dialect+%3A+otherwise+called+Sahidic+and+Thebaic+%3B+with+critical+apparatus%2C+literal+English+translation%2C+register+of+fragments+and+estimate+of+the+version&rft.pub=Oxford+%3A+The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-0557302406&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=George+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopticversionofn03hornuoft%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Bible : James Moffatt translation : with concordance</i>. Moffatt, James, 1870-1944. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Classics. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825432286" title="Special:BookSources/9780825432286"><bdi>9780825432286</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/149166602">149166602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+%3A+James+Moffatt+translation+%3A+with+concordance.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Kregel+Classics&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F149166602&rft.isbn=9780825432286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybible.info/Goodspeed/John%201">"John 1 In the beginning the Word existed. The Word was with God, and the Word was divine"</a>. <i>studybible.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studybible.info&rft.atitle=John+1+In+the+beginning+the+Word+existed.+The+Word+was+with+God%2C+and+the+Word+was+divine.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudybible.info%2FGoodspeed%2FJohn%25201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonfield1958" class="citation book cs1">Schonfield, Hugh J. (1958). <i>The Authentic New Testament</i>. UK (1955), USA (1958): Panther, Signet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780451602152" title="Special:BookSources/9780451602152"><bdi>9780451602152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Authentic+New+Testament&rft.place=UK+%281955%29%2C+USA+%281958%29&rft.pub=Panther%2C+Signet&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=9780451602152&rft.aulast=Schonfield&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Wuest1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wuest" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth S. Wuest">S. Wuest, Kenneth</a> (1956). <i>New Testament: An Expanded Translation</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1229-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-1229-5"><bdi>0-8028-1229-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament%3A+An+Expanded+Translation&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-8028-1229-5&rft.aulast=S.+Wuest&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulfiqar_Ali_Shah2012" class="citation book cs1">Zulfiqar Ali Shah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ySUUssvLdEC&pg=PA300"><i>Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian and Islamic Traditions : Representing the Unrepresentable</i></a>. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565645752" title="Special:BookSources/9781565645752"><bdi>9781565645752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropomorphic+Depictions+of+God%3A+The+Concept+of+God+in+Judaic%2C+Christian+and+Islamic+Traditions+%3A+Representing+the+Unrepresentable&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought+%28IIIT%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781565645752&rft.au=Zulfiqar+Ali+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ySUUssvLdEC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a complete list of 70 non traditional translations of John 1:1, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://simplebibletruths.net/70-John-1-1-Truths.htm">http://simplebibletruths.net/70-John-1-1-Truths.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517051805/https://simplebibletruths.net/70-John-1-1-Truths.htm">Archived</a> 2022-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_L._Coloe2013" class="citation book cs1">Mary L. Coloe, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCV-5gNltUAC&pg=PA92"><i>Creation is Groaning: Biblical and Theological Perspectives</i></a> (Reprinted ed.). Liturgical Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814680650" title="Special:BookSources/9780814680650"><bdi>9780814680650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+is+Groaning%3A+Biblical+and+Theological+Perspectives&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780814680650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCV-5gNltUAC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">Hart, David</a> (2017). <i>The New Testament: A Translation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Translation&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Reed. "How Semitic Was John? Rethinking the Hellenistic Background to John 1:1." <i>Anglican Theological Review,</i> Fall 2003, Vol. 85 Issue 4, p709</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Arnold III, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apostolic.net/biblicalstudies/colwell.htm">Colwell's Rule and John 1:1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404191849/http://www.apostolic.net/biblicalstudies/colwell.htm">Archived</a> 2007-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at apostolic.net: "You could only derive a Trinitarian interpretation from John 1:1 if you come to this passage with an already developed Trinitarian theology. If you approached it with a strict <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> (which is what I believe John held to) then this passage would definitely support such a view."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beduhn in <i>Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament</i> chapter 11 states: "Translators of the <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">NAB</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard Bible</a>, AB, <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Bible" title="Good News Bible">Good News Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">LB</a> all approached the text at John 1:1 already believing certain things about the Word...and made sure that the translations came out in accordance with their beliefs.... Ironically, some of these same scholars are quick to charge the NW translation with "doctrinal bias" for translating the verse literally, free of KJV influence, following the sense of the Greek. It may very well be that the NW translators came to the task of translating John 1:1 with as much bias as the other translators did. It just so happens that their bias corresponds in this case to a more accurate translation of the Greek."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/bgreek/project/funk-grammar/pre-alpha/lesson-49.html">"The Article"</a>. A section heading in Robert W. Funk, <i>A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek.</i> Volume I. Second Corrected Edition. <i>Scholars Press</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Cadman_Colwell1933" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Cadman_Colwell" title="Ernest Cadman Colwell">Ernest Cadman Colwell</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.areopage.net/ColwellRule.pdf">"A definite rule for the use of the article in the Greek New Testament"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 12–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3259477">10.2307/3259477</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3259477">3259477</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221235141/http://www.areopage.net/ColwellRule.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=A+definite+rule+for+the+use+of+the+article+in+the+Greek+New+Testament&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-21&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3259477&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3259477%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ernest+Cadman+Colwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.areopage.net%2FColwellRule.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_BeDuhn2003" class="citation book cs1">Jason BeDuhn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgnIp2Bzdi8C"><i>Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament</i></a>. University Press of America. pp. 117–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761825562" title="Special:BookSources/9780761825562"><bdi>9780761825562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+in+Translation%3A+Accuracy+and+Bias+in+English+Translations+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=117-120&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780761825562&rft.au=Jason+BeDuhn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgnIp2Bzdi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tertullian.org-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tertullian.org_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tertullian.org_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tertullian.org_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/anf/anf03/anf03-43.htm#P10539_2956772">"Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. III : Against Praxeas"</a>. <i>www.tertullian.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tertullian.org&rft.atitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Vol.+III+%3A+Against+Praxeas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Fanf%2Fanf03%2Fanf03-43.htm%23P10539_2956772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/interlinear/john/1-1.htm">"John 1:1 Interlinear: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God;"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=John+1%3A1+Interlinear%3A+In+the+beginning+was+the+Word%2C+and+the+Word+was+with+God%2C+and+the+Word+was+God%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Finterlinear%2Fjohn%2F1-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf09/anf09.xv.iii.ii.ii.html">"Philip Schaff: ANF09. The Gospel of Peter, The Diatessaron of Tatian, The Apocalypse of Peter, the Vision of Paul, The Apocalypse of the Virgin and Sedrach, The Testament of Abraham, The Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena, The Narrative of Zosimus, The Apology of Aristid - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+ANF09.+The+Gospel+of+Peter%2C+The+Diatessaron+of+Tatian%2C+The+Apocalypse+of+Peter%2C+the+Vision+of+Paul%2C+The+Apocalypse+of+the+Virgin+and+Sedrach%2C+The+Testament+of+Abraham%2C+The+Acts+of+Xanthippe+and+Polyxena%2C+The+Narrative+of+Zosimus%2C+The+Apology+of+Aristid+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf09%2Fanf09.xv.iii.ii.ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revelationbyjesuschrist.com/hanson/">"RPC Hanson - A lecture on the Arian Controversy"</a>. <i>From Daniel to Revelation</i>. 2021-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=From+Daniel+to+Revelation&rft.atitle=RPC+Hanson+-+A+lecture+on+the+Arian+Controversy&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevelationbyjesuschrist.com%2Fhanson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Murray J., <i>Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus</i>, 1992, Baker Books, pub. SBN 0801021952, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_/_Greek_Orthodox_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern / Greek Orthodox Bible (page does not exist)">Eastern / Greek Orthodox Bible</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206004221/http://www.orthodox-church.info/eob/download/nt6x9.pdf">New Testament</a>, 2009, p231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_B._Wallace1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel B. Wallace</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlqoTVsk2wcC&pg=PA269"><i>Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics</i></a>. Harper Collins. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310218951" title="Special:BookSources/9780310218951"><bdi>9780310218951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Grammar+Beyond+the+Basics&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780310218951&rft.au=Daniel+B.+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlqoTVsk2wcC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlqoTVsk2wcC&pg=PA269&lpg=PA257">Wallace, ibid., p. 257</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panayotis Coutsoumpos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2174&context=auss">Book Reviews Murray J. Harris. <i>Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books House, 1992</i></a>. Berrier Springs. MI 49103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray J. Harris. (1992). <i>Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_J._Harris2008" class="citation book cs1">Murray J. Harris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U9VLAwAAQBAJ"><i>Jesus as God: The New Testament Use of Theos in Reference to Jesus</i></a> (Reprinted ed.). Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606081082" title="Special:BookSources/9781606081082"><bdi>9781606081082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+God%3A+The+New+Testament+Use+of+Theos+in+Reference+to+Jesus&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781606081082&rft.au=Murray+J.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU9VLAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie,_John_L.1965" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, John L. (1965). <i>Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Milwaukee, WI: Bruce.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Milwaukee%2C+WI%3A+Bruce&rft.date=1965&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Mckenzie1995" class="citation book cs1">John L. Mckenzie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA317"><i>The Dictionary Of The Bible</i></a> (reprinted ed.). Touchstone, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684819136" title="Special:BookSources/9780684819136"><bdi>9780684819136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+Of+The+Bible&rft.place=Touchstone%2C+New+York&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=reprinted&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780684819136&rft.au=John+L.+Mckenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaE7EyQ_HQAMC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip B. Harner, "Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1," <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a> 92, 1 (March 1973),</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartley" class="citation web cs1">Hartley, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.org/article/revisiting-colwell-construction-light-masscount-nouns">"Revisiting the Colwell Construction in Light of Mass/Count Nouns"</a>. <i>bible.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.org&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Colwell+Construction+in+Light+of+Mass%2FCount+Nouns&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.org%2Farticle%2Frevisiting-colwell-construction-light-masscount-nouns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_B._Harner1973" class="citation journal cs1">Philip B. Harner (March 1973). "Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>92</b> (1). The Society of Biblical Literature: 75–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262756">10.2307/3262756</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262756">3262756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Qualitative+Anarthrous+Predicate+Nouns%3A+Mark+15%3A39+and+John+1%3A1&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-87&rft.date=1973-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3262756&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262756%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Philip+B.+Harner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._F._D._Moule1953" class="citation book cs1">C. F. D. Moule (1953). <i>An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek</i>. Cambridge: University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521057745" title="Special:BookSources/9780521057745"><bdi>9780521057745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Idiom-Book+of+New+Testament+Greek&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9780521057745&rft.au=C.+F.+D.+Moule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._G._Dunn1989" class="citation book cs1">James D. G. Dunn (1989). <i>Christology in the Making: A New Testament Inquiry Into the Origins of the Doctrine of the Incarnation</i> (Second ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology+in+the+Making%3A+A+New+Testament+Inquiry+Into+the+Origins+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Incarnation&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Grand+Rapids%3A+Eerdmans&rft.date=1989&rft.au=James+D.+G.+Dunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. J. R. Mantey: "It is neither scholarly nor reasonable to translate John 1:1 'The Word was a god.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Bruce M. Metzger of Princeton (Professor of New Testament Language and Literature): "As a matter of solid fact, however, such a rendering is a frightful mistranslation. It overlooks entirely an established rule of Greek grammar which necessitates the rendering "...and the Word was God." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/metzger.jw.html—see">http://www.bible-researcher.com/metzger.jw.html—see</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802173132/http://www.bible-researcher.com/metzger.jw.html%E2%80%94see">Archived</a> 2020-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> chapter IV point 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Samuel J. Mikolaski of Zurich, Switzerland: "It is monstrous to translate the phrase 'the Word was a god.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherington2007" class="citation book cs1">Witherington, Ben (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEvXKTG9Mf4C&q=new+world+translation&pg=PA211"><i>The Living Word of God: Rethinking the Theology of the Bible</i></a>. Baylor University Press. pp. 211–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-017-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60258-017-6"><bdi>978-1-60258-017-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Word+of+God%3A+Rethinking+the+Theology+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=211-213&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60258-017-6&rft.aulast=Witherington&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEvXKTG9Mf4C%26q%3Dnew%2Bworld%2Btranslation%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jason_BeDuhn" title="Jason BeDuhn">Jason BeDuhn</a> (of Northern Arizona University) in regard to the Kingdom Interlinear's appendix that gives the reason why the NWT favoured a translation of John 1:1 as saying the Word was not "God" but "a god" said: "In fact the KIT [Appendix 2A, p.1139] explanation is perfectly correct according to the best scholarship done on this subject.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray J. Harris has written: "Accordingly, from the point of view of grammar alone, [QEOS HN hO LOGOS] could be rendered "the Word was a god,...." -<i>Jesus As God</i>, 1992, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. H. Dodd says: "If a translation were a matter of substituting words, a possible translation of [QEOS EN hO LOGOS]; would be, "The Word was a god". As a word-for-word translation it cannot be faulted."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">David Barron (an anti-Trinitarian <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a>) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501105745/http://www.thethirdangelsmessage.com/John_1-1.php"><i><span></span></i>John 1:1 Non-Trinitarian - The Nature and Deity of Christ<i><span></span></i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thethirdangelsmessage.com/John_1-1.php">the original</a> on 2012-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+1%3A1+Non-Trinitarian+-+The+Nature+and+Deity+of+Christ&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thethirdangelsmessage.com%2FJohn_1-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2028:6">Ac. 28:6 NIV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#28:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 28:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+28:6&version=net">Acts 28:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCorYHWH-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KCorYHWH_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KCorYHWH_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Pietersma1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pietersma" title="Albert Pietersma">Albert Pietersma</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilander.libero.it/domingo7/Kyrios%20tetra.pdf">"KYRIOS OR TETRAGRAM: A RENEWED QUEST FOR THE ORIGINAL LXX"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Albert Pietersma and Claude Cox (ed.). <i>DE SEPTUAGINTA. Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on his sixty-fifth birthday</i>. Mississauga: Benben Publications. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KYRIOS+OR+TETRAGRAM%3A+A+RENEWED+QUEST+FOR+THE+ORIGINAL+LXX&rft.btitle=DE+SEPTUAGINTA.+Studies+in+Honour+of+John+William+Wevers+on+his+sixty-fifth+birthday&rft.place=Mississauga&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Benben+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Albert+Pietersma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigilander.libero.it%2Fdomingo7%2FKyrios%2520tetra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightRicchuiti2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, B. J.; Ricchuiti, T. (2011-10-01). "From 'God' (θεός) to 'God' (Noute): A New Discussion and Proposal Regarding John 1:1C and the Sahidic Coptic Version of the New Testament". <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 494–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflr080">10.1093/jts/flr080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185">0022-5185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=From+%27God%27+%28%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82%29+to+%27God%27+%28Noute%29%3A+A+New+Discussion+and+Proposal+Regarding+John+1%3A1C+and+the+Sahidic+Coptic+Version+of+the+New+Testament&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=494-512&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflr080&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rft.au=Ricchuiti%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+1:1&version=dra">Genesis 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/john/1.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</a> on John 1, accessed 22 January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1:1&version=dra">Mark 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1:2&version=dra">Luke 1:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David L. Jeffrey <i>A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature</i> 1992 Page 460 "...in his reference to 'eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word' (Luke 1:2) he is certainly speaking of the person as well as the words and actions of Jesus"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+John+1:1&version=dra">1 John 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight Moody Smith <i>First, Second, and Third John</i> 1991 Page 48 "Of course, were it not for the Gospel, it would not be so obvious to us that "the word of life" in 1 John 1:1 is Jesus Christ. Strikingly, only in the prologue of each is the logos to be identified with Jesus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennerson2012" class="citation web cs1">Kennerson, Robert (2012-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilmingtonfavs.com/philosophical-theology/logos-christology.html">"Logos Christology - Philosophical Theology"</a>. <i>Wilmington For Christ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wilmington+For+Christ&rft.atitle=Logos+Christology+-+Philosophical+Theology&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.aulast=Kennerson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilmingtonfavs.com%2Fphilosophical-theology%2Flogos-christology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201565-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201565_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2015">Wilkinson 2015</a>, pp. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commentary-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_69-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CatenaAureaNewEdV6/page/n9/mode/2up">"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas"</a>. 1874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catena+aurea%3A+commentary+on+the+four+Gospels%2C+collected+out+of+the+works+of+the+Fathers%3A+Volume+6%2C+St.+John.+Oxford%3A+Parker%2C+1874.+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCatenaAureaNewEdV6%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Robert J. (4 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"><i>Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 179. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004288171">10.1163/9789004288171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28817-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28817-1"><bdi>978-90-04-28817-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161026434">161026434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tetragrammaton%3A+Western+Christians+and+the+Hebrew+Name+of+God%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+Seventeenth+Century.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Christian+Traditions&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161026434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004288171&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28817-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xyoBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+1%3A1" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/hbth/44/2/article-p141_2.xml">Another God in the Gospel of John? A Linguistic Analysis of John 1:1 and 1:18</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_John_chapter_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_1" title="Template:John 1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_1" title="Template talk:John 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John 1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_John_chapter_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a><a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1"> chapter 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_verses" title="Category:Gospel of John verses">Verse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John 1:1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:2" title="John 1:2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:3" title="John 1:3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:4" title="John 1:4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:5" title="John 1:5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:6" title="John 1:6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:7" title="John 1:7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:8" title="John 1:8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:9" title="John 1:9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:10" title="John 1:10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:11" title="John 1:11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:12" title="John 1:12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:13" title="John 1:13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:14" title="John 1:14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:15" title="John 1:15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:16" title="John 1:16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:17" title="John 1:17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:18" title="John 1:18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:19" title="John 1:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:20" title="John 1:20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:21" title="John 1:21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:22" class="mw-redirect" title="John 1:22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:23" title="John 1:23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:24" class="mw-redirect" title="John 1:24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:25" title="John 1:25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:26" title="John 1:26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:27" title="John 1:27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:28" title="John 1:28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:29" title="John 1:29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:30" title="John 1:30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:31" title="John 1:31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:32" title="John 1:32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:33" title="John 1:33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:34" class="mw-redirect" title="John 1:34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:35" title="John 1:35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:36" title="John 1:36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:37" title="John 1:37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:38" title="John 1:38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:39" title="John 1:39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:40" title="John 1:40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:41" title="John 1:41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:42" title="John 1:42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:43" title="John 1:43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:44" class="mw-redirect" title="John 1:44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:45" title="John 1:45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:46" title="John 1:46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:47" title="John 1:47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:48" title="John 1:48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:49" title="John 1:49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:50" class="mw-redirect" title="John 1:50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_1:51" title="John 1:51">51</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> (<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">unnamed disciple</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levites</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Priests</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Israel">King of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:45%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">Luke 24</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:45%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">chapter 2</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_John" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_John" title="Template talk:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_John" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of John chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">John 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Signs" title="Book of Signs">Book of Signs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_4" title="John 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_5" title="John 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_8" title="John 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_9" title="John 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_12" title="John 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Glory">Book of Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_13" title="John 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_14" title="John 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_15" title="John 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_16" title="John 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_17" title="John 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18" title="John 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_20" title="John 20">20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">Epilogue: 21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_verses" title="Category:Gospel of John verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John 1:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:20" title="John 1:20">20</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:23" title="John 1:23">23</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:25" title="John 1:25">25</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:33" title="John 1:33">33</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:35" title="John 1:35">35</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:42" title="John 1:42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">3:16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">14:6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18:38" title="John 18:38">18:38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_20" title="Category:John 20">20:1–31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />(chronological)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_man_blind_from_birth" title="Healing the man blind from birth">Healing a blind man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_paralytic_at_Bethesda" title="Healing the paralytic at Bethesda">Healing a paralytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_royal_official%27s_son" title="Healing the royal official's son">Healing a sick son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">Jesus and the woman taken in adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Raising of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration of Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Feast of Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Commandment" title="New Commandment">"Love one another"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_wept" title="Jesus wept">Jesus wept</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quod_scripsi,_scripsi" title="Quod scripsi, scripsi">Quod scripsi, scripsi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_they_all_may_be_one" title="That they all may be one">That they all may be one</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_truth_will_set_you_free" title="The truth will set you free">The truth will set you free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Ænon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well" title="Jacob's Well">Jacob's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Sychar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Ego_eimi" title="Ego eimi">I AM</a>" sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_(biblical_term)" title="I am (biblical term)">I am (biblical term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">Gate for the Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">Resurrectio et Vita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Vine" title="True Vine">True Vine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_John" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of John">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">Second Apocalypse of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_John_(Pillar_New_Testament_Commentary)" title="The Gospel According to John (Pillar New Testament Commentary)">Pillar New Testament Commentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i> (J. S. Bach, 1724) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_structure" title="St John Passion structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_discography" title="St John Passion discography">Discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passio_(P%C3%A4rt)" title="Passio (Pärt)">Passio</a></i> (Pärt, 1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2003 film)">The Gospel of John</a></i> (2003 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2014_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2014 film)">The Gospel of John</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_6" title="Papyrus 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_22" title="Papyrus 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_28" title="Papyrus 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_36" title="Papyrus 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_39" title="Papyrus 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_55" title="Papyrus 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_59" title="Papyrus 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_60" title="Papyrus 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_63" title="Papyrus 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_66" title="Papyrus 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_76" title="Papyrus 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_80" title="Papyrus 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_93" title="Papyrus 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_95" title="Papyrus 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_106" title="Papyrus 106">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_107" title="Papyrus 107">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_108" title="Papyrus 108">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_109" title="Papyrus 109">109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_119" title="Papyrus 119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_120" title="Papyrus 120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_121" title="Papyrus 121">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_122" title="Papyrus 122">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_128" title="Papyrus 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ιωάννην">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/John">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/John">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/John">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&oldid=1258211165">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&oldid=1258211165</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Category:Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christology" title="Category:Christology">Christology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_1" title="Category:John 1">John 1</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Classical_Syriac-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text">Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Coptic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Coptic-language text">Articles containing Coptic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 19:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_1:1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-ldvxr","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.775","walltime":"0.947","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3781,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":126592,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2954,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":166985,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 797.067 1 -total"," 33.03% 263.249 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.56% 116.050 6 Template:Lang"," 13.40% 106.831 12 Template:Cite_web"," 11.78% 93.873 1 Template:John_1"," 11.35% 90.491 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.97% 79.462 18 Template:Cite_book"," 9.07% 72.262 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.03% 48.070 1 Template:Sfn"," 5.68% 45.297 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.460","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15884125,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlbert_Pietersma1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._F._D._Moule1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_B._Wallace1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnest_Cadman_Colwell1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorner1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_D._G._Dunn1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_BeDuhn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_L._Mckenzie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennerson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_L._Coloe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie,_John_L.1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray_J._Harris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_B._Harner1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Wuest1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchonfield1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Trustees_of_the_Chester_Beatty_Library\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitherington2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightRicchuiti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZulfiqar_Ali_Shah2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Bible chapter\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 10,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 14,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"John 1\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7bc9588894-phjf8","timestamp":"20241202173153","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John 1:1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_1:1","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2538046","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2538046","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-10-19T01:07:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T19:21:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/07\/BL_Coronation_Gospels.jpg","headline":"verse of the Bible"}</script> </body> </html>