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searchaux" style="display:none">American Presbyterian minister, educator and abolitionist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John Rankin, see <a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Rankin (disambiguation)">John Rankin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rankin_(American_abolitionist).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/John_Rankin_%28American_abolitionist%29.jpg/220px-John_Rankin_%28American_abolitionist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/John_Rankin_%28American_abolitionist%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of 1870's <i>The Soldier, the Battle, and the Victory</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>John Rankin</b> (February 5, 1793 – March 18, 1886) was an American <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minister">minister</a>, educator and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>. Upon moving to <a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio" title="Ripley, Ohio">Ripley, Ohio</a>, in 1822, he became known as one of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>'s first and most active "conductors" on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>. Prominent pre-Civil War abolitionists <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Weld">Theodore Weld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> were influenced by Rankin's writings and work in the anti-slavery movement. </p><p>When Henry Ward Beecher was asked after the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, "Who abolished slavery?," he answered, "Reverend John Rankin and his sons did."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168">: 168 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rankin_house_looking_up_path_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rankin_house_looking_up_path_2005.jpg/220px-Rankin_house_looking_up_path_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rankin_house_looking_up_path_2005.jpg/330px-Rankin_house_looking_up_path_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rankin_house_looking_up_path_2005.jpg/440px-Rankin_house_looking_up_path_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_House_(Ripley,_Ohio)" title="John Rankin House (Ripley, Ohio)">Rankin House</a>, on Liberty Hill in <a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio" title="Ripley, Ohio">Ripley, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rankin was born at <a href="/wiki/Dandridge,_Tennessee" title="Dandridge, Tennessee">Dandridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Tennessee" title="Jefferson County, Tennessee">Jefferson County, Tennessee</a>, to Richard and Jane (Steele) Rankin, and raised in a strict <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> home. His parents were literate, which was unusual in a remote area.<sup id="cite_ref-Borderlander_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borderlander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were staunch Presbyterians, and their children had a religious upbringing. Jane was an unyielding opponent of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Borderlander_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borderlander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning at the age of eighteen, John's view of the world and his religious faith were deeply affected by two things — the revivals of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> that were sweeping through the <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachian region</a>, and the incipient <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_(rebel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel (rebel)">Gabriel Prosser</a> in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagedorn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagedorn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–23">: 22–23 </span></sup> </p><p>John's school had log walls and an earthen floor. He was able to enroll in <a href="/wiki/Washington_College_Academy" title="Washington College Academy">Washington College Academy</a>, under the direction of Rev. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Doak" title="Samuel Doak">Samuel Doak</a>, an avowed abolitionist; he graduated in 1816. After graduation he was minister of the Abingdon Presbytery, but because his anti-slavery views were not welcome he left Tennessee in 1817, never to return.<sup id="cite_ref-Borderlander_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borderlander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not a natural public speaker, Rankin worked hard while at Jefferson County Presbyterian Church simply to deliver an effective sermon. Within a few months, however, despite Tennessee's status as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state</a>, he summoned the courage to speak against "all forms of oppression" and then, specifically, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. He was one of the founders of the Tennessee <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a> Society, in 1815. He was shocked when his elders responded by telling him that he should consider leaving Tennessee if he intended ever to oppose slavery from the pulpit again. He knew that his faith would not allow him to keep his views to himself, so he decided in 1817 to move his family to the town of <a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio" title="Ripley, Ohio">Ripley</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> in the free state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, where he had heard from family members that a number of anti-slavery Virginians had settled. </p><p>On the way north, Rankin stopped to preach at <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Kentucky" title="Paris, Kentucky">Paris, Kentucky</a>, and learned about the need for a minister at Concord Presbyterian Church in <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Kentucky" title="Carlisle, Kentucky">Carlisle, Kentucky</a>. The congregation had been involved in anti-slavery activities as far back as 1807, when they and twelve other churches formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Abolition_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentucky Abolition Society (page does not exist)">Kentucky Abolition Society</a>, and Rankin's deepening anti-slavery views were nurtured there by his listeners. He remained for four years and started a school for slaves; within a year, however, they were driven first from a schoolhouse to an empty house, and then to his friend's kitchen by club-carrying mobs, and the students finally stopped coming. Spurred by a financial crisis in the area, Rankin decided to complete his family's journey to Ripley. On the night of December 31, 1821 – January 1, 1822, he rowed his family across the icy river. In Ripley he founded a Presbyterian academy for boys, which <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> attended in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ripley_and_the_Underground_Railroad">Ripley and the Underground Railroad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ripley and the Underground Railroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rankin_house_window.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rankin_house_window.JPG/220px-Rankin_house_window.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rankin_house_window.JPG/330px-Rankin_house_window.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rankin_house_window.JPG/440px-Rankin_house_window.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>View from a window in the Rankin house. The <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> shoreline is visible on the far side of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1822, Ripley was a town of frequent street fights and shootouts, where the most common type of business was a saloon. During the Rankins' first few months there, hecklers and protesters often followed the new preacher through town and gathered outside his cabin while their first permanent home was being built, just yards from the river at 220 Front Street. When the local newspaper began publishing his letters to his brother on the topic of slavery (see <a href="#Letters_on_Slavery">next section</a>), Rankin's reputation grew among both supporters and opponents of the anti-slavery movement. Slave owners and hunters often viewed him as their prime suspect and appeared at his door at all hours demanding information about fugitives. Soon, Rankin realized that the home was too accessible a place for him to properly raise his family. </p><p>In 1829, Rankin moved his wife and nine children (of an eventual total of thirteen) to a house at the top of a 540 feet (160 m)-high hill that provided a wide view of the village, the River, and the Kentucky shore,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as farmland and fruit groves that could provide sources of income. One of the sons was Adam Lowry Rankin, who founded the Tulare Congregational church in California in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folklore associated with the Rankin home suggested that a lantern or candle was placed in the front window to guide♆ runaway slaves from across the Ohio River, in <a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Kentucky" title="Mason County, Kentucky">Mason County, Kentucky</a>. However, ex-slave narrative<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2020)">whose?</span></a></i>]</sup> recalls a pole with a light. This is a more plausible means of being seen based on the proximity of the house to the river. From there the family could raise a lantern on a flagpole to signal fleeing slaves in Kentucky when it was safe for them to cross into the free state of Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rankin also constructed a staircase leading up the hill to the house for slaves to climb up to safety on their way further north.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For over forty years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, many of the slaves who escaped to freedom through Ripley stayed at the family's home.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to him, "I have had under my roof as many as twelve fugitive slaves at a time, all of whom made good their way to Victoria's dominions [Canada]," sometimes entire families.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> It became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_House_(Ripley,_Ohio)" title="John Rankin House (Ripley, Ohio)">Rankin House</a></i> and is now a US <a href="/wiki/National_historic_landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="National historic landmark">National historic landmark</a> (see photos). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_real_Eliza">The real Eliza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The real Eliza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During a visit by Rankin to <a href="/wiki/Lane_Seminary" title="Lane Seminary">Lane Seminary</a> in Cincinnati to see one of his sons, he told <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Professor Calvin Stowe</a> the story of a woman the Rankins had housed in 1838 after she escaped by crossing the frozen Ohio River with her child in her arms. Stowe's wife (<a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>) also heard the account and later modeled the character Eliza in her book <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> after the woman.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_depiction">Film depiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Film depiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Brothers of the Borderland,</i> a film that depicts Rankin's work in the Underground Railroad in Ripley, is a permanent feature of the <a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters_on_Slavery"><i>Letters on Slavery</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Letters on Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rankin_letters_on_slavery_book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rankin_letters_on_slavery_book.jpg/220px-Rankin_letters_on_slavery_book.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rankin_letters_on_slavery_book.jpg/330px-Rankin_letters_on_slavery_book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rankin_letters_on_slavery_book.jpg/440px-Rankin_letters_on_slavery_book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>A copy of John Rankin's book, <i>Letters On Slavery</i>, published in 1826</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in his time in Ripley, Rankin learned that his brother Thomas, a merchant in <a href="/wiki/Augusta_County,_Virginia" title="Augusta County, Virginia">Augusta County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, had purchased slaves. He was provoked to write a series of anti-slavery letters to his brother that were published by the editor of the local Ripley newspaper <i>The Castigator</i>. When the letters were published in book form in 1826 as <i>Letters on Slavery</i>, they provided one of the first clearly articulated anti-slavery views printed west of the Appalachians. Thomas Rankin, convinced by his brother's words, moved to Ohio in 1827 and freed his slaves. By the 1830s, <i>Letters on Slavery</i> had become standard reading for abolitionists all over the United States. In 1832, <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> printed the letters in his anti-slavery newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>. Garrison later called Rankin his "anti-slavery father," saying that "his book on slavery was the cause of my entering the anti-slavery conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_the_pulpit">Beyond the pulpit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Beyond the pulpit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rankin_abolitionist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/John_Rankin_abolitionist.jpg/220px-John_Rankin_abolitionist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/John_Rankin_abolitionist.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Reverend John Rankin made by his granddaughter, the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Rankin_Copp" title="Ellen Rankin Copp">Ellen Rankin Copp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1833 Rankin came to know <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld" title="Theodore Dwight Weld">Theodore Weld</a> through their involvement in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>. Weld had come from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, by way of <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida County, New York</a>, to attend <a href="/wiki/Lane_Seminary" title="Lane Seminary">Lane Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>. Rankin attended the debates on slavery organized by Weld at Lane in February 1834, and published a pamphlet on its consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1834, at Rankin's Ripley church, Weld began a year-long series of speeches throughout Ohio that raised the profile of the abolitionist movement in the state; at his urging Rankin did likewise. Many local anti-slavery societies were founded. </p><p>in April 1835 an Ohio Anti-slavery Society was formed, at whose initial meeting in <a href="/wiki/Putnam,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Putnam, Ohio">Putnam, Ohio</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville</a>), both Rankin and Weld played key roles.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his way home, Rankin had his first real experience with mob opposition to his efforts, as he was showered with rotten eggs. When he stopped in <a href="/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a> to speak at a church, stones were thrown through a window.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1836, Weld invited Rankin to join a group called "the Seventy", who were selected by the American Anti-Slavery Society to travel to churches throughout the Northern states preaching immediate emancipation ("immediatism") and forming local anti-slavery societies. Released by his congregation for one year to participate in the effort, Rankin's passion for the cause grew with the opposition to his "dangerous" views, even among many who opposed slavery but feared provoking a slave uprising. A bounty of up to $3,000 was placed on his life, and in 1841 he and his sons had to fight off attackers who came to burn his house and barn in the middle of the night.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> was a student at Rankin's Presbyterian Academy in Ripley in the fall of 1838. Grant entered the <a href="/wiki/U._S._Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="U. S. Military Academy">U. S. Military Academy</a> in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</a> heightened the danger and profile of their assistance to runaways as it was now illegal to do so, even in free states. At an anti-slavery society meeting in <a href="/wiki/Highland_County,_Ohio" title="Highland County, Ohio">Highland County, Ohio</a>, held by Rankin and <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, however, Rankin declared that "Disobedience to the enactment is obedience to God."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposition within his own congregation, spurred by Rankin's attempts to expel slave-owners from the church, finally led him to resign in 1846 after 24 years as minister of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripley_Presbyterian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ripley Presbyterian Church (page does not exist)">Ripley Presbyterian Church</a>. Over one-third of the church's members left with him and helped Rankin establish what eventually came to be the <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_Synod_of_the_United_States" title="Free Presbyterian Church Synod of the United States">Free Presbyterian Church</a>, which may have had as many as 72 congregations before the coming of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Rankin welcomed the reunion of the Presbyterian churches in Ripley.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Freedom's_Heroes""><span id=".22Freedom.27s_Heroes.22"></span>"Freedom's Heroes"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Freedom's Heroes""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnRankinGrave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/JohnRankinGrave.JPG/220px-JohnRankinGrave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/JohnRankinGrave.JPG/330px-JohnRankinGrave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/JohnRankinGrave.JPG/440px-JohnRankinGrave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Rankin's grave at Maplewood Cemetery in Ripley</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1892, six years after John Rankin's death, a monument aptly named "Freedom's Heroes", was dedicated to Rankin and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lowry_Rankin" title="Jean Lowry Rankin">Jean Lowry Rankin</a>, on the grounds of the Maplewood Cemetery in Ripley, Ohio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Abolition_Hall_of_Fame">National Abolition Hall of Fame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Abolition Hall of Fame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rankin was a 2013 Inductee into the <a href="/wiki/National_Abolition_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum">National Abolition Hall of Fame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRankin1811" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1811). <i>A remedy for universalism : a comprehensive defence of the doctrine of future and endless punishment</i>. Cincinnati. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936386232">936386232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+remedy+for+universalism+%3A+a+comprehensive+defence+of+the+doctrine+of+future+and+endless+punishment&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.date=1811&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936386232&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1826" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1826). <i>Letters on slavery, addressed to Mr. Thomas Rankin, merchant at Middlebrook, Augusta County, Virginia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio" title="Ripley, Ohio">Ripley, Ohio</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13221793">13221793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+on+slavery%2C+addressed+to+Mr.+Thomas+Rankin%2C+merchant+at+Middlebrook%2C+Augusta+County%2C+Virginia&rft.place=Ripley%2C+Ohio&rft.date=1826&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13221793&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1833" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersonamerica00rank_0/page/n5"><i>Letters on American Slavery, addressed to Mr. Thomas Rankin, merchant at Middlebrook, Augusta Co., Va</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/List_of_publications_of_William_Garrison_and_Isaac_Knapp" title="List of publications of William Garrison and Isaac Knapp">Garrison and Knapp</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+on+American+Slavery%2C+addressed+to+Mr.+Thomas+Rankin%2C+merchant+at+Middlebrook%2C+Augusta+Co.%2C+Va.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Garrison+and+Knapp&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersonamerica00rank_0%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1836" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDg9AAAAYAAJ&q=Letters+on+american+slavery"><i>Letters on American Slavery, addressed to Mr. Thomas Rankin, merchant at Middlebrook, Augusta Co., Va</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport, Massachusetts</a>: Charles Whipple.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+on+American+Slavery%2C+addressed+to+Mr.+Thomas+Rankin%2C+merchant+at+Middlebrook%2C+Augusta+Co.%2C+Va.&rft.place=Newburyport%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Charles+Whipple&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDg9AAAAYAAJ%26q%3DLetters%2Bon%2Bamerican%2Bslavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1838" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersonamerica00rank_0/page/n5"><i>Letters on American Slavery, addressed to Mr. Thomas Rankin, merchant at Middlebrook, Augusta Co., Va</i></a> (5th ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+on+American+Slavery%2C+addressed+to+Mr.+Thomas+Rankin%2C+merchant+at+Middlebrook%2C+Augusta+Co.%2C+Va.&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Isaac+Knapp&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersonamerica00rank_0%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1830" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1830). <i>A sermon on the divinity of the Savior</i>. <a href="/wiki/West_Union,_Ohio" title="West Union, Ohio">West Union, Ohio</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47153765">47153765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+sermon+on+the+divinity+of+the+Savior&rft.place=West+Union%2C+Ohio&rft.date=1830&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47153765&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1835" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001922700/mode/2up"><i>A review of the statement of the faculty of Lane seminary, in relation to the recent difficulties in that institution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio" title="Ripley, Ohio">Ripley, Ohio</a>: The author.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+review+of+the+statement+of+the+faculty+of+Lane+seminary%2C+in+relation+to+the+recent+difficulties+in+that+institution&rft.place=Ripley%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=The+author&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0001922700%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankinThome1836" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_A._Thome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James A. Thome (page does not exist)">Thome, James A.</a> (1836). <i>Report of the first anniversary of the Ohio Anti-slavery Society : held near Granville, on the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth of April, 1836</i>. Cincinnati: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Ohio Anti-Slavery Society">Ohio Anti-Slavery Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224956762">224956762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+first+anniversary+of+the+Ohio+Anti-slavery+Society+%3A+held+near+Granville%2C+on+the+twenty-seventh+and+twenty-eighth+of+April%2C+1836&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Ohio+Anti-Slavery+Society&rft.date=1836&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224956762&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Thome%2C+James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1836" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001944400/mode/2up"><i>An address to the churches in relation to slavery : delivered at the first aniversary [sic] of the Ohio State [sic] Anti-slavery Society</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Medina,_Ohio" title="Medina, Ohio">Medina, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Ohio Anti-Slavery Society">Ohio Anti-Slavery Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/841409108">841409108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+address+to+the+churches+in+relation+to+slavery+%3A+delivered+at+the+first+aniversary+%5Bsic%5D+of+the+Ohio+State+%5Bsic%5D+Anti-slavery+Society&rft.place=Medina%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+Anti-Slavery+Society&rft.date=1836&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F841409108&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0001944400%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankinOhio_Anti-slavery_Society1838" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a>; Ohio Anti-slavery Society (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery;cc=mayantislavery;q1=Rankin;rgn=full%20text;idno=05836113;didno=05836113;view=image;seq=1;node=05836113%3A1"><i>Report of the third anniversary of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, held in Granville, Licking County, Ohio, on the 30th of May, 1838</i></a>. Cincinnati.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+third+anniversary+of+the+Ohio+Anti-Slavery+Society%2C+held+in+Granville%2C+Licking+County%2C+Ohio%2C+on+the+30th+of+May%2C+1838&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ohio+Anti-slavery+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dmayantislavery%3Bcc%3Dmayantislavery%3Bq1%3DRankin%3Brgn%3Dfull%2520text%3Bidno%3D05836113%3Bdidno%3D05836113%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D1%3Bnode%3D05836113%253A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1840" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presenttofamilie00rank/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>A present to families: a practical work on the covenant of grace, as given to Abraham. Designed to promote family religion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio" title="Ripley, Ohio">Ripley, Ohio</a>: C. Edwards.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+present+to+families%3A+a+practical+work+on+the+covenant+of+grace%2C+as+given+to+Abraham.+Designed+to+promote+family+religion&rft.place=Ripley%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=C.+Edwards&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresenttofamilie00rank%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1841" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.090341056&view=1up&seq=9"><i>An antidote for Unitarianism: A comprehensive defence of the Doctrine of the Trinity, the Divinity of Christ, the Personality and Deity of the Holy Spirit, the original and total Depravity of Man, the necessity of the agency of the Spirit to Renew the heart, the Substitution of Christ for his people, and Justification by his Righteousness. Adapted to the capacity of all classes of readers</i></a>. Cincinnati: Weed and Wilson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+antidote+for+Unitarianism%3A+A+comprehensive+defence+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Trinity%2C+the+Divinity+of+Christ%2C+the+Personality+and+Deity+of+the+Holy+Spirit%2C+the+original+and+total+Depravity+of+Man%2C+the+necessity+of+the+agency+of+the+Spirit+to+Renew+the+heart%2C+the+Substitution+of+Christ+for+his+people%2C+and+Justification+by+his+Righteousness.+Adapted+to+the+capacity+of+all+classes+of+readers&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Weed+and+Wilson&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dchi.090341056%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankinc._1854" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (c. 1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/97b431d0-8045-479f-8fbd-d40d380b24e9/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>A short memoir of Samuel Donnell, Esq</i></a>. Cincinnati: American Reform Tract and Book Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+memoir+of+Samuel+Donnell%2C+Esq.&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=American+Reform+Tract+and+Book+Society&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F97b431d0-8045-479f-8fbd-d40d380b24e9%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archival_material">Archival material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archival material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archival material on Rankin is held by the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Historical Society">Ohio Historical Society</a>, Columbus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirney1890" class="citation book cs1">Birney, William (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesgbirneyand00birngoog/page/n190/mode/2up/search/Who+abolished+slavery%3F"><i>James G. Birney & His Times</i></a>. New Hork: <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Appleton and Company">D. Appleton and Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+G.+Birney+%26+His+Times&rft.place=New+Hork&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Birney&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesgbirneyand00birngoog%2Fpage%2Fn190%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2FWho%2Babolished%2Bslavery%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borderlander-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borderlander_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borderlander_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borderlander_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2018" class="citation web cs1">Jacobson, Donna B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024195021/http://www.reverendjohnrankin.org/biography">"Biography"</a>. <i>Borderlander of Light: Rev. John Rankin and Ripley, Ohio 1820-1850</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reverendjohnrankin.org/biography">the original</a> on October 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Borderlander+of+Light%3A+Rev.+John+Rankin+and+Ripley%2C+Ohio+1820-1850&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Donna+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reverendjohnrankin.org%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagedorn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagedorn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagedorn2001" class="citation book cs1">Hagedorn, Ann (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondriveruntol00hage"><i>Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-87065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-87065-7"><bdi>0-684-87065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+The+River%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Heroes+of+the+Underground+Railroad&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-684-87065-7&rft.aulast=Hagedorn&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondriveruntol00hage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Waugh">Waugh, 2009</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/John_Rankin">"John Rankin - Ohio History Central"</a>. <i>www.ohiohistorycentral.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=John+Rankin+-+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FJohn_Rankin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tulare Advanced Register 25 Nov 1939, pages 1 & 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reverendjohnrankin.org/rankin_house">Rankin House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126054955/http://reverendjohnrankin.org/rankin_house">Archived</a> 2013-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobson, The Rankin House</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbs.ohiohistory.org/africanam/page.cfm?ID=4630">Archived copy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930172602/http://dbs.ohiohistory.org/africanam/page.cfm?ID=4630">Archived</a> 2005-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Autobiography of John Rankin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1870" class="citation book cs1">Ritchie, Andrew (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0002367700/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>The soldier, the battle, and the victory : being a brief account of the work of Rev. John Rankin in the anti-slavery cause</i></a>. Cincinnati: Western Tract and Book Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+soldier%2C+the+battle%2C+and+the+victory+%3A+being+a+brief+account+of+the+work+of+Rev.+John+Rankin+in+the+anti-slavery+cause&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Western+Tract+and+Book+Society&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0002367700%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagedorn, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420164638/http://freedomcenter.org/exhibits/brothers-of-the-borderland">"Brothers of the Borderland"</a>. <i>freedomcenter.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedomcenter.org/exhibits/brothers-of-the-borderland">the original</a> on 2018-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freedomcenter.org&rft.atitle=Brothers+of+the+Borderland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreedomcenter.org%2Fexhibits%2Fbrothers-of-the-borderland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagedorn, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1835" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rankin, John</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001922700"><i>A review of the statement of the faculty of Lane seminary : in relation to the recent difficulties in that institution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio" title="Ripley, Ohio">Ripley, Ohio</a>: The author.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+review+of+the+statement+of+the+faculty+of+Lane+seminary+%3A+in+relation+to+the+recent+difficulties+in+that+institution&rft.place=Ripley%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=The+author&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0001922700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofohi00ohio/page/1"><i>Proceedings of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Convention. Held at Putnam, on the twenty-second, twenty-third, and twenty-fourth of April, 1835</i></a>. No publisher specified. 1835.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Ohio+Anti-Slavery+Convention.+Held+at+Putnam%2C+on+the+twenty-second%2C+twenty-third%2C+and+twenty-fourth+of+April%2C+1835&rft.pub=No+publisher+specified&rft.date=1835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproceedingsofohi00ohio%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagedorn, pp. 99-100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagedorn, p. 113, 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2017). <i>Grant</i>. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 16–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5942-0487-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5942-0487-6"><bdi>978-1-5942-0487-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16-19&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5942-0487-6&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagedorn, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/John_Rankin">"John Rankin - Ohio History Central"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Rankin+-+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FJohn_Rankin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217131121/http://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/jrankin.html">"John Rankin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/jrankin.html">the original</a> on 2015-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Rankin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org%2Fjrankin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry G. Willey, "John Rankin, Antislavery Prophet, and the Free Presbyterian Church," American Presbyterians, 72:3 (Fall 1994), 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willey, 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217131121/http://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/jrankin.html">"John Rankin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/jrankin.html">the original</a> on 2015-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Rankin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org%2Fjrankin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hagedorn, Ann, <i>Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad</i>. Simon & Schuster, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-87065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-87065-7">0-684-87065-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Waugh" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, Joan (2009). <i>U. S. Grant</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3317-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-3317-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Grant&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3317-9&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1978" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, John (1978). <i>Abolitionist : the life of Rev. John Rankin</i>. (Autobiography). <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington, West Virginia</a>: Appalachian Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4702737">4702737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolitionist+%3A+the+life+of+Rev.+John+Rankin&rft.place=Huntington%2C+West+Virginia&rft.pub=Appalachian+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4702737&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1870" class="citation book cs1">Ritchie, Andrew (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0002367700/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>The soldier, the battle, and the victory : being a brief account of the work of Rev. John Rankin in the anti-slavery cause</i></a>. Cincinnati: Western Tract and Book Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+soldier%2C+the+battle%2C+and+the+victory+%3A+being+a+brief+account+of+the+work+of+Rev.+John+Rankin+in+the+anti-slavery+cause&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Western+Tract+and+Book+Society&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0002367700%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Rankin+%28abolitionist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rankin_(abolitionist)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reverendjohnrankin.org/biography">Borderlander of Light: Rev. John Rankin and Ripley, Ohio 1820-1850 (reverendjohnrankin.org)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024195021/http://www.reverendjohnrankin.org/biography">Archived</a> 2019-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i>John Rankin, a committed abolitionist</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109121244/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/john-rankin-committed-abolitionist">The African American Registry</a></li> <li><i>John Rankin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=319">Ohio History Central</a></li> <li><i>Aboard the Underground Railroad -- John Rankin House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/oh3.htm">National Park Service Cultural Resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025081009/http://www.cr.nps.gov/NR/travel/underground/oh3.htm">Archived</a> 2005-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i>The Rankin House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050626084034/http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/rankin/">Ohio Historical Society</a></li> <li><i>The Rankin House</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050602082301/http://www.ripleyohio.net/rankin.htm">Ripley, Ohio: Freedom's Landing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/john-rankin.html"><i>National Abolition Hall of Fame</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underground_Railroad" title="Template talk:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underground_Railroad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_people" title="Category:Underground Railroad people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brinkley_(Underground_Railroad)" title="William Brinkley (Underground Railroad)">William Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Burris" title="Samuel Burris">Samuel Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillingham" title="Richard Dillingham">Richard Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fairbank" title="Calvin Fairbank">Calvin Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Flint" title="Isaac S. Flint">Isaac S. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)" title="Daniel Hughes (underground railroad)">Daniel Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Leg_Joe" title="Peg Leg Joe">Peg Leg Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Reckless" title="Hetty Reckless">Hetty Reckless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Webster" title="Delia Webster">Delia Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursa_major_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/110px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/165px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/220px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_locations" title="Category:Underground Railroad locations">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad">houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad">churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_and_Samuel_Hawkins" title="Emeline and Samuel Hawkins">Emeline and Samuel Hawkins</a> flight (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident"><i>Pearl</i> incident</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_raid_in_Cass_County_(1847)" title="Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)">Kentucky raid in Cass County</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Modlin#The_South_Bend_Fugitive_Slave_Case" title="Wright Modlin">The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Riot" title="Christiana Riot">Christiana Riot</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Glover" title="Joshua Glover">Joshua Glover rescue</a> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Eight" title="Dover Eight">Dover Eight</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Escape" title="Tilly Escape">Tilly Escape</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maria_Jackson" title="Ann Maria Jackson">Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">African-American opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">publications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li> <li>Signals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_jockey" title="Lawn jockey">lawn jockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)"><i>The Underground Railroad Records</i></a> (1872 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)"><i>Harriet Tubman Memorial</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Historical_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_State_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_Visitor_Center" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center">visitor center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Underground_Railroad_Heritage_Center" title="Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center">Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_Bicycle_Route" title="Underground Railroad Bicycle Route">Underground Railroad Bicycle Route</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_to_Freedom:_A_Story_of_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War">The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War</a></i> (1932 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Moses" title="A Woman Called Moses">A Woman Called Moses</a></i> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance:_The_Story_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad">Roots of Resistance</a></i> (1989 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Freedom" title="The Quest for Freedom">The Quest for Freedom</a></i> (1992 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom:_The_Underground_Railroad" title="Freedom: The Underground Railroad">Freedom: The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2013 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(2016_film)" title="The North Star (2016 film)">The North Star</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(TV_series)" title="Underground (TV series)">Underground</a></i> (2016 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(film)" title="Harriet (film)">Harriet</a></i> (2019 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(miniseries)" title="The Underground Railroad (miniseries)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2021 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6254230#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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