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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification of Catalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_Catalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_Aragonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_Aragonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification of Aragonese</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_of_Aragonese-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification of Aragonese subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_Aragonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Ribagorçan_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ribagorçan_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Ribagorçan dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ribagorçan_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Internal variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Linguistic variation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistic_variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linguistic variation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Similarities_between_Catalan,_Occitan_and_Aragonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_between_Catalan,_Occitan_and_Aragonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Similarities between Catalan, Occitan and Aragonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_between_Catalan,_Occitan_and_Aragonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_Catalan,_Occitan_and_Aragonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_Catalan,_Occitan_and_Aragonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Differences between Catalan, Occitan and Aragonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_Catalan,_Occitan_and_Aragonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_traits_between_Catalan_and_Aragonese_but_not_Occitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_traits_between_Catalan_and_Aragonese_but_not_Occitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Shared traits between Catalan and Aragonese but not Occitan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_traits_between_Catalan_and_Aragonese_but_not_Occitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_traits_between_Catalan_and_Occitan_but_not_Aragonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_traits_between_Catalan_and_Occitan_but_not_Aragonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Shared traits between Catalan and Occitan but not Aragonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_traits_between_Catalan_and_Occitan_but_not_Aragonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_traits_between_Occitan_and_Aragonese_but_not_Catalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_traits_between_Occitan_and_Aragonese_but_not_Catalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Shared traits between Occitan and Aragonese but not Catalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_traits_between_Occitan_and_Aragonese_but_not_Catalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexical_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Lexical comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Occitano-Romance languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_occitanorromanicas" title="Luengas occitanorromanicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas occitanorromanicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_occitano-rom%C3%A1niques" title="Llingües occitano-romániques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües occitano-romániques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_occitanorom%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües occitanoromàniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües occitanoromàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksitaaniromaani_keeled" title="Oksitaaniromaani keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oksitaaniromaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Οξιτανορομανικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οξιτανορομανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_occitanorromances" title="Lenguas occitanorromances – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas occitanorromances" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_ocitanu-romancis" title="Luengas ocitanu-romancis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luengas ocitanu-romancis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های اکسیتانو-رومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های اکسیتانو-رومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_occitano-romanes" title="Langues occitano-romanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues occitano-romanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_occitanorrom%C3%A1nicas" title="Linguas occitanorrománicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas occitanorrománicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocitano-Latinida_linguaro" title="Ocitano-Latinida linguaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ocitano-Latinida linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Oksitano-Roman" title="Rumpun bahasa Oksitano-Roman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Oksitano-Roman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_occitano-romanze" title="Lingue occitano-romanze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue occitano-romanze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="オクシタニー・カタロニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オクシタニー・カタロニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_occitanoromanicas" title="Lengas occitanoromanicas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas occitanoromanicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Окситано-романские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Окситано-романские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_ocitano-romane" title="Gjuhët ocitano-romane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët ocitano-romane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitanoromanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Occitanoromanska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Occitanoromanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Окситано-романські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Окситано-романські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Occitan-R%C3%B4man" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Occitan-Rôman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Occitan-Rôman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B-%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="奥克-罗曼语支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥克-罗曼语支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of the Romance language group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from the corresponding articles in <a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_occitano-romances" class="extiw" title="an:Luengas occitano-romances">Aragonese</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_occitano-romanes" class="extiw" title="fr:Langues occitano-romanes">French</a> and <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_occitanorom%C3%A0niques" class="extiw" title="ca:Llengües occitanoromàniques">Catalan</a></b>.  <i><small>(April 2020)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Aragonese Wikipedia article at [[:an:Luengas occitano-romances]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|an|Luengas occitano-romances}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Talk:Occitano-Romance languages">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Occitano-Romance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Occitano-Romance</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> (sometimes)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lleng%C3%BCes_Occitanorrom%C3%A0niques.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lleng%C3%BCes_Occitanorrom%C3%A0niques.png/300px-Lleng%C3%BCes_Occitanorrom%C3%A0niques.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lleng%C3%BCes_Occitanorrom%C3%A0niques.png/450px-Lleng%C3%BCes_Occitanorrom%C3%A0niques.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Lleng%C3%BCes_Occitanorrom%C3%A0niques.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="705" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Occitan in shades of Purple, Catalan in shades of Red and Aragonese in shades of Yellow</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Occitano-Romance</b> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">llengües occitanoromàniques</i>; <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">lengas occitanoromanicas</i>; <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>: <i lang="an">luengas occitanoromanicas</i>) is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language group</a> that encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> languages and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, spoken in parts of southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The group covers the languages of the southern part of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a> including <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>), eastern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (autonomous community)">Valencian Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>), together with <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_Valleys" title="Occitan Valleys">Occitan Valleys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Piemontese" title="Guardia Piemontese">Guardia Piemontese</a>), and historically in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a> and the possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. The existence of this group of languages is discussed on both linguistic and political bases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_Catalan">Classification of Catalan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification of Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some linguists both <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> should be considered <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>. Other linguists concur as regarding Occitan but consider Catalan and Aragonese to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-Romance languages</a>. </p><p>The issue at debate is as political as it is linguistic because the division into <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance languages</a> stems from the current nation states of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and so is based more on territorial criteria than historic and linguistic criteria. One of the main proponents of the unity of the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> was Spanish <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal" title="Ramón Menéndez Pidal">Ramón Menéndez Pidal</a>, and for a long time, others such as Swiss linguist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Meyer-L%C3%BCbke" title="Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke">Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke</a> (<i>Das Katalanische</i>, Heidelberg, 1925) have supported the kinship of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>. Also, due to <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> not having been studied as much as both Catalan and Occitan, many people still label it as a Spanish dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 8th century to the 13th century, there was no clear sociolinguistic distinction between Occitania and Catalonia. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albertet_de_Sestaro" title="Albertet de Sestaro">Albertet de Sestaró</a>, says: "Monks, tell me which according to your knowledge are better: the French or the Catalans? And here I shall put Gascony, Provence, Limousin, Auvergne and Viennois while there shall be the land of the two kings."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, a typical Provençal song is called 'Catalan song'.<sup id="cite_ref-Fontanals1861_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontanals1861-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_Aragonese">Classification of Aragonese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification of Aragonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> is a language which has not been studied as much as Catalan and Occitan. In many occasions throughout history, people have disregarded it and label it as a Spanish dialect, mainly because of extralinguistic reasons such as its small extension and the fact that it's spoken in rural areas. </p><p>The language has been minoritized for centuries and labelled as either a broken dialect or as a second class language. Spanish became the language of prestige right away after the union of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and the use of Aragonese started to decline. Even though it had been used by the government and administration for many years, it rapidly became a language that was used informally and looked down upon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/220px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/330px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/440px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Territorial decline of the Aragonese language in favour of Spanish </figcaption></figure> <p>This situation of diglossia meant the beginning of a period (that still lasts) of a strong Spanish influence. Many Spanish loanwords entered Aragonese and its evolution from that moment on was tied to Spanish. Some grammatical features documented in medieval Aragonese were lost, such at the usage of the Latin ending <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ŪTUM</i></span></small> for the creation of the participle verb forms such as in <i>perduto</i> (lost) instead of <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ĪTUM</i></span></small> that ended up being <i>perdito</i>, which later became <i>perdiu</i> in many dialects due to Spanish influence as well. Many of the loanwords that entered Aragonese were names of new concepts, but many others were basic words of the everyday life such as numbers or the days of the week. Aragonese morphology could have been affected as well. One example of the morphological influence of Spanish is the treatment of the terminal Latin vowels <small>-Ĕ</small>, <small>-Ŭ</small> (later <i>-e</i>, <i>-o</i>). Aragonese tends to lose the final unstressed -e that Spanish preserves (compare the word for milk in Aragonese <i>leit</i> and in Spanish <i>leche)</i>, while the final -o is maintained more depending on the dialect and the degree of Spanish influence. Some dialects, such as Belsetan, a central dialect, tend to have the apocope of -o when the word ends with -n, -r and -l, such as in <i>camín</i> (path), <i>rar</i> (rare) and <i>pel</i> (hair). However this apocope of <i>-o</i> but also the apocope of <i>-e</i> have been receding in territory and usage, and the final vowels have been reintroduced in many dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the recent studies have allowed us to get a better insight into the core of the Aragonese language. Despite the previously mentioned influence, there are still many features that bring Aragonese closer to both Occitan and Catalan. The lexicon of everyday life is harder to change after being influenced by other languages. The lexicon of plants, animals and the rural life pose a great example of this:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Aragonese</th> <th>Spanish </th></tr> <tr> <td>oat</td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">civada</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">civada</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">cibada</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">cebada</i></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">avena</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>barley</td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">òrdi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">ordi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">ordio</i></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cebada</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>acorn</td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">aglan</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">glà</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">glan</i></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bellota</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rosehip</td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">gratacuol</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">gavarrera</i></span> ~ <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">gavarró</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">garrabera</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">gabardera</i></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">escaramujo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pomegranate</td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">milgrana</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">magrana</i></span> ~ <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">mangrana</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">minglana</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">mengrana</i></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">granada</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fern</td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">falguièra</i></span> ~ <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">feuse</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">falguera</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">feleguera</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">felze</i></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">helecho</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>squirrel</td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">esquiròl</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">esquirol</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">esquirol</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">esquiruelo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ardilla</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another example would be the use of the verb "to be". Aragonese and Occitan use one verb for what Catalan and the Ibero-Romance languages use two: </p> <ol><li>Occitan: <i>èsser</i> (depending on the dialect they can use other forms such as <i>èstre</i>, <i>estar</i> and <i>èster</i>) <dl><dd><i><b>Èster</b> vielha.</i> (to be old, in <a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese Occitan</a>)</dd></dl></li> <li>Aragonese: <i>estar</i> <dl><dd><i><b>Estar</b> viella</i> (to be old)</dd></dl></li> <li>Catalan, just as in Spanish: <i>ser</i> and <i>estar</i>: <dl><dd><i><b>Ser</b> vella</i> (to be old. In this case <i>ser</i> and <i>estar</i> can't be used indistinctly without altering the meaning)</dd></dl></li></ol> <p>The conjugation of the Aragonese and Occitan forms come close to the conjugation of <i>ser</i> in Catalan, and this sets the three languages apart from the Ibero-Romance languages with the kind of uses that the verb "to be" has. For example with the sentence "We are here" we can see the difference in use of the verb "to be" when used to talk about a location: </p> <ol><li>Occitan: <i><b>sem</b></i> aicí !</li> <li>Aragonese: <i><b>som</b></i> aquí!</li> <li>Catalan: <i><b>som</b></i> aquí!</li> <li>Spanish: <i><b>estamos</b></i> aquí!</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ribagorçan_dialect"><span id="The_Ribagor.C3.A7an_dialect"></span>The Ribagorçan dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Ribagorçan dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romance languages form what it is called a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">linguistic continuum</a>. Each language within this continuum tends to be linked to another via a dialect that shares many traits with the other language. Usually these dialects are far enough from the standard forms of the two languages they link, and sometimes they can be difficult to classify as a dialect of language X or language Y. Between Aragonese and Catalan there is a linguistic variety called <a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan</a>. This constitutive dialect makes a clean transition between Aragonese and Catalan. Some linguists consider that it belongs to the Aragonese language, some others that it belongs to the Catalan language and some others that it constitutes a micro-language on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, most of the dialect is considered to be Aragonese and it is recognized as such by the regional governments. The matter is that the Ribagorçan variety has more characteristics that take it closer to Catalan than other Aragonese dialects. Therefore some of the people that argue that Ribagorçan is Catalan, could argue that it should be classified alongside Catalan. </p><p>It's important to note that, unlike between Aragonese and Catalan, there isn't a constitutive dialect between Aragonese and Spanish. There was during the medieval times two linguistic varieties (Riojan and Navarrese respectively) between <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">old Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">old Aragonese</a>. However these two varieties were replaced by Spanish and the dialect continuum was broken between the Ibero-Romance languages and Aragonese plus the other Romance languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_variation">Internal variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internal variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most linguists separate Catalan and Occitan, but both languages have been treated as one in studies by Occitan linguists attempting to classify the dialects of Occitan in <a href="/wiki/Supradialectal" class="mw-redirect" title="Supradialectal">supradialectal</a> groups, such is the case of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bec" title="Pierre Bec">Pierre Bec</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, more recently, of <a href="/wiki/Domergue_Sumien" title="Domergue Sumien">Domergue Sumien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bec_supradialectal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supradialectal classification of Occitano-Romance according to P. Bec"><img alt="Supradialectal classification of Occitano-Romance according to P. Bec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bec_supradialectal.jpg/102px-Bec_supradialectal.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bec_supradialectal.jpg/153px-Bec_supradialectal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bec_supradialectal.jpg/204px-Bec_supradialectal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supradialectal classification of Occitano-Romance according to P. Bec</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumien_supradialectal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supradialectal classification of Occitano-Romance according to D. Sumien"><img alt="Supradialectal classification of Occitano-Romance according to D. Sumien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sumien_supradialectal.jpg/120px-Sumien_supradialectal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sumien_supradialectal.jpg/180px-Sumien_supradialectal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sumien_supradialectal.jpg/240px-Sumien_supradialectal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supradialectal classification of Occitano-Romance according to D. Sumien</div> </li> </ul> <p>Both join together in an Aquitano-Pyrenean or Pre-Iberian group including Catalan, Gascon and a part of <a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect"> Languedocien</a>, leaving the rest of Occitan in one (Sumien: Arverno-Mediterranean) or two groups (Bec: Arverno-Mediterranean, Central Occitan). </p><p>The answer to the question of whether <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> should be considered dialects of Occitan or separate languages has long been a matter of opinion or convention, rather than based on scientific ground. However, two recent studies support Gascon's being considered a distinct language. For the very first time, a quantifiable, statistics-based approach was applied by Stephan Koppelberg in attempt to solve this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the results he obtained, he concludes that Catalan, Occitan, and Gascon should all be considered three distinct languages. More recently, Y. Greub and J.P. Chambon (Sorbonne University, Paris) demonstrated that the formation of Proto-Gascon was already complete at the eve of the 7th century, whereas Proto-Occitan was not yet formed at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results induced linguists to do away with the conventional classification of Gascon, favoring the "distinct language" alternative.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Both studies supported the early intuition of late <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Baldinger" title="Kurt Baldinger">Kurt Baldinger</a>, a specialist of both medieval Occitan and medieval Gascon, who recommended that Occitan and Gascon be classified as separate languages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_variation">Linguistic variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linguistic variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_between_Catalan,_Occitan_and_Aragonese"><span id="Similarities_between_Catalan.2C_Occitan_and_Aragonese"></span>Similarities between Catalan, Occitan and Aragonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Similarities between Catalan, Occitan and Aragonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div><ul><li>Both Catalan and Occitan have <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> on terminal Latin vowels <small>-Ĕ</small>, <small>-Ŭ</small> (later <i>-e</i>, <i>-o</i>). Aragonese however has <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> of <small>-Ĕ</small> and in some cases, depending on the dialect, of <small>-Ŭ</small>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Latin</th> <th colspan="2">Catalan</th> <th colspan="2">Occitan</th> <th colspan="2">Aragonese</th> <th rowspan="2">Spanish </th></tr> <tr> <th>Orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Orthography</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">TRÚNCU(M)</i></span></small></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈtrʊŋkũː]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">tronc</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[tɾoŋ(k)]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">tronc</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[tɾuŋ(k)]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">tronco</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="an-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈtɾoŋko]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">tronco</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">MANUS</i></span></small></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈmanʊs]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">mà</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[ma]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">man</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[ma]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">man</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="an-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[man]</a></span></td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mano</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This evolution does not occur when the ellision of <i>-e</i> or <i>-o</i> results in a terminal consonant cluster. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin</th> <th>Old Occitan</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Aragonese </th></tr> <tr> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ÁRBORE(M)</i></span></small></td> <td><small><span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">ARBRE</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">arbre</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">arbre</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">arbol*</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">QUÁTTOR</i></span></small></td> <td><small><span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">QUÁTRO</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">quatre</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">quatre</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">quatre</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to the evolution of the word ÁRBORE(M) in Aragonese, this example doesn't show the conservation of <i>-e</i> or <i>-o</i> that prevents a terminal consonant cluster. </p> However, even though it is considered a Gallo-Romance trait, it's not present in <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>, one of the main two languages of the Gallo-Romance, generally preserves the original final vowel after a syllable-final cluster, such as quattuor "four" > quatro (compare French quatre).</li><li>Another shared trait is the conservation of the Latin initial consonantic groups FL-/CL-/PL-: <table class="wikitable" style="*text-align:center;""> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Latin</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Aragonese </th></tr> <tr> <td>key</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">CLAVIS</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">clau</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">clau</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">clau</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>flame</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">FLAMMA</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">flama</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">flama</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">flama</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>full</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">PLĒNUS</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">ple</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">plen</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">plen</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">pleno</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> Some dialects of both Occitan and Aragonese palatalize these groups into FLL-/CLL-/PLL-.</li><li>A large part of the lexicon is shared, and in general written words in Catalan, Aragonese and Occitan are mutually intelligible. Similar to the differences in lexicon between Portuguese and Spanish (although this is not always the case with spoken language and varies from dialect to dialect). There are also notable cognates between Catalan, Occitan and Aragonese. <table class="wikitable" style="*text-align:center;""> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Latin</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Aragonese </th></tr> <tr> <td>old</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">VÉCLA(M)</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">vella</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">vièlha</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">viella</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>night</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">NOCTEM</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">nit</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">nuèit</i></span> ~ <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">nuèch</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">nueit</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">nit</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to rise</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">PODIŌ</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">pujar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">pujar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">puyar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to eat</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">MANDŪCĀRE</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">menjar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">manjar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">minchar</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to take</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">PRĒNDŌ</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">prendre</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">préner</i></span> ~ <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">prendre</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">prener</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">prenre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>middle / half</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">MÉDIU(M)</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">mig</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">mièg</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">meyo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>enough</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">PRŌDE</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">prou</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">pro</i></span> ~ <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">pron</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">prou</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">pro</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ÉGO</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">jo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">ieu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">yo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to follow</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">SÉQUERE</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">seguir</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">seguir</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">seguir(e)</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">FÓLIA(M)</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">fulla</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">fuèlha</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">fuella ~ fulla</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>morning</td> <td><small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">MĀTŪTĪNUS</i></span></small></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">matí</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">matin</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">maitín</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_Catalan,_Occitan_and_Aragonese"><span id="Differences_between_Catalan.2C_Occitan_and_Aragonese"></span>Differences between Catalan, Occitan and Aragonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Differences between Catalan, Occitan and Aragonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the differences of the vowel system stem from neutralizations that take place on unstressed syllables. In both languages a stressed syllable has a great number of possible different vowels, while phonologically different vowels end up being articulated in the same way in an unstressed syllable. Although this neutralization is common to both languages, the details differ markedly. In Occitan the form of neutralization depends on whether a vowel is pretonic (before the stressed syllable) or posttonic (after the stressed syllable). For example <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> articulates as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> in pretonic position and as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> in posttonic position, and only as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> in stressed position. In contrast neutralization in Catalan is the same regardless of the position of the unstressed syllable (although it differs from dialect to dialect). Many of these changes happened in the 14th or late 13th century. </p><p>Slightly older are the palatalizations present in Occitan before a palatal or velar consonant: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">vièlha</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">vella</i></span></td> <td>Old </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">mièg</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">mig</i></span></td> <td>Middle/Half </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">ieu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">jo</i></span></td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">seguir</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">seguir</i></span></td> <td>To follow </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">fuèlha</i></span></td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">fulla</i></span></td> <td>Leaf </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The diphthongs and also set all these three languages apart, having each language different patterns and systems. Most of these come from the diphthongisation of Latin words with monophthongs, such as the descendants of the words like <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">FĒSTA</i></span></small> (party) or <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">OCULUS</i></span></small> (eye), or the monophthongization of Latin words that already had a diphthong, like <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">CAUSA</i></span></small> (thing). Some examples: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Aragonese </th></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">ull</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">uèlh</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">uello</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">fulla</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">fuèlha</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">fuella</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bridge</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">pont</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">pont</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">puent</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>party</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">festa</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">fèsta</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">fiesta</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thing</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">cosa</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">causa</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">cosa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>few, little</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">poc</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">pauc</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">poco</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_traits_between_Catalan_and_Aragonese_but_not_Occitan">Shared traits between Catalan and Aragonese but not Occitan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shared traits between Catalan and Aragonese but not Occitan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A noticeable difference heard by speakers of Catalan and Aragonese is the use of rounded vowels in Occitan. Both Catalan and Aragonese lack rounded vowels. However Occitan has /y/ and /œ/ in words like <i>luna</i> and <i>fuèlha</i> respectively. </p><p>The treatment of the Latin geminate -nn- also differs in Occitan. While Catalan and Aragonese tend to reduce the -nn- into a [ɲ] while in Occitan it turned into a [n]: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Aragonese</th> <th>Occitan </th></tr> <tr> <td>year</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">any</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">anyo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">an</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On another page, while Occitan uses exclusively the simple past tense, Catalan (most dialects) and Aragonese (Eastern dialects) use another past tense called the periphrastic past. This tense is made of the sum of the conjugation of the verb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/to_go" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:to go">to go</a> plus the verb performing the action in infinitive form: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Aragonese</th> <th>Occitan </th></tr> <tr> <td>I bought</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">vaig comprar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">va crompar</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">voi crompar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">crompèri</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you bought</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">vas comprar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">vas crompar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">crompères</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>he/she bought</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">va comprar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">va crompar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">crompèt</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we bought</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">vam comprar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">vam crompar</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">vom crompar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">crompèrem</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you bought</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">vau comprar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">vaz crompar</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">voz crompar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">crompèretz</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>they bought</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">van comprar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">van crompar</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">crompèron</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_traits_between_Catalan_and_Occitan_but_not_Aragonese">Shared traits between Catalan and Occitan but not Aragonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shared traits between Catalan and Occitan but not Aragonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Something that sets apart Aragonese and some Catalan dialects (such as central Valencian or Ribagorçan Catalan) from Occitan and most of the Catalan dialects is the <a href="/wiki/Devoicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoicing">devoicing</a> or desonorization that happened in the former group. Phonemes such as /dʒ/ and /z/, which were replaced by /tʃ/ and /θ/. </p><p>Aragonese is the only of the three languages to have the -mbr- consonant cluster between vowels. Note that <a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan</a> tend to lose them as well: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Aragonese </th></tr> <tr> <td>hunger</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">fam</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">fam/talent</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">fambre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>man</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">home</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">òme</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">hombre</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_traits_between_Occitan_and_Aragonese_but_not_Catalan">Shared traits between Occitan and Aragonese but not Catalan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shared traits between Occitan and Aragonese but not Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catalan also has some things that sets it apart from the other two is the palatalization of the initial L. From /l/ to /ʎ/.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Aragonese </th></tr> <tr> <td>tongue</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">llengua</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">lenga</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">luenga</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">lengua</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to read</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">llegir</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">legir</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">leyer</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is important to note those dialects of Aragonese that palatalize the consonant clusters mentioned before, also palatalize the initial L: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tongue</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">llengua</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">lluenga</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">llengua</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to read</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">llegir</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">llechir</i></span> ~ <span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">lleyer</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another trait is the use of the descendants of the pronoun <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">EGO</i></span></small> when used as the object of a preposition. Most Catalan dialects and the <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">Ibero-Romance</a> languages distinguish between the pronoun used as a subject <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">EGO</i></span></small> and the object of a preposition <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">MIHĪ̆</i></span></small>, while both Aragonese and Occitan use the descendant of <small><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">EGO</i></span></small>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Catalan</th> <th>Occitan</th> <th>Aragonese </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">jo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">ieu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">yo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(with) me</td> <td><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">amb <b>mi</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">amb <b>ieu</b></i></span></td> <td><span title="Aragonese-language text"><i lang="an">con <b>yo</b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Moreover, Aragonese and Occitan do not have <b><a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">proparoxytones</a>,</b> words with stress on the <a href="/wiki/Antepenultimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antepenultimate">antepenultimate</a> (third last) syllable. However Catalan has them. The word "music" can be an example of this: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA-label">Occitan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[myˈzikɔ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-musica.wav\/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-musica.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-musica.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-musica.wav/LL-Q14185_%28oci%29-Davidgrosclaude-musica.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q14185_(oci)-Davidgrosclaude-musica.wav" title="File:LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-musica.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li> <li><span class="IPA-label">Aragonese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="an-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[muˈsika]</a></span></li> <li><span class="IPA-label">Catalan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[ˈmuzikə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/37\/LL-Q7026_%28cat%29-Unjoanqualsevol-m%C3%BAsica.wav\/LL-Q7026_%28cat%29-Unjoanqualsevol-m%C3%BAsica.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q7026 (cat)-Unjoanqualsevol-m\u00fasica.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/LL-Q7026_%28cat%29-Unjoanqualsevol-m%C3%BAsica.wav/LL-Q7026_%28cat%29-Unjoanqualsevol-m%C3%BAsica.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q7026_(cat)-Unjoanqualsevol-m%C3%BAsica.wav" title="File:LL-Q7026 (cat)-Unjoanqualsevol-música.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_comparison">Lexical comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lexical comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Variations in the spellings and pronunciations of numbers in several Occitano-Romance dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"><small>Numeral</small> </th> <th colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></b> </th> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> </th> <th rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="3"><small>PROTO-</small><br />OcRm </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Northern Occitan </th> <th colspan="1">Western Occitan </th> <th colspan="2">Eastern Occitan </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Eastern Catalan</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Northwestern Catalan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vyn<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>vynɐ</span><br /><i>vun</i> / <i>vunå</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ỹ<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ynɔ</span><br /><i>un</i> / <i>una</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>yo</span><br /><i>un</i> / <i>ua</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yᵑ<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ynɒ</span><br /><i>un</i> / <i>una</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>yno</span><br /><i>un</i> / <i>una</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">un<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>unə</span><br /><i>un</i> / <i>una</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">un<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>una</span><br /><i>un</i> / <i>una</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">un~uno<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>una</span><br /><i>un~uno</i> / <i>una</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*un<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>*una</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">du<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>dua</span><br /><i>dou</i> / <i>duas</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">du<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>dua</span><br /><i>dos</i> / <i>doas</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dys<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>dyos</span><br /><i>dus</i> / <i>duas</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dus<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>duɒs</span><br /><i>dos</i> / <i>doas</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dus<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>duas</span><br /><i>dous</i> / <i>douas</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dos<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>duəs</span><br /><i>dos</i> / <i>dues</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dos/dues</span><br /><i>dos</i> / <i>dues</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dos<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>duas</span><br /><i>dos</i> / <i>duas</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*dos~dus<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>*duas</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʀei</span><br /><i>trei</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">trei</span><br /><i>tres</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tres</span><br /><i>tres</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʁɛs</span><br /><i>tres</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʀes</span><br /><i>tres</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">trɛs</span><br /><i>tres</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">trɛs</span><br /><i>tres</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɾes</span><br /><i>tres</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*tres</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">katʀə</span><br /><i>catre</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">katre</span><br /><i>quatre</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kwatə</span><br /><i>quatre</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">katʁe</span><br /><i>quatre</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">katʀə</span><br /><i>quatre</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kwatrə</span><br /><i>quatre</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kwatre</span><br /><i>quatre</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kwatre~kwatro</span><br /><i>quatre / quatro</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*kwatre</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃin</span><br /><i>sin</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃin</span><br /><i>cinc</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siŋk</span><br /><i>cinq</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siŋk</span><br /><i>cinc</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siŋ</span><br /><i>cinq</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>siŋk</span><br /><i>cinc</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>siŋk</span><br /><i>cinc</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θiŋko~θiŋk</span><br /><i>cinco / cinc</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*siŋk</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃei</span><br /><i>siei</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃiei</span><br /><i>sieis</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃeis</span><br /><i>sheis</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">si̯ɛi̯s</span><br /><i>sièis</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siei</span><br /><i>sieis</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sis</span><br /><i>sis</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sis</span><br /><i>sis</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">seis~sieis</span><br /><i>seis / sieis</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*sieis</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">se</span><br /><i>sé</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃe</span><br /><i>sèt</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɛt</span><br /><i>sèt</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɛt</span><br /><i>sèt</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɛ</span><br /><i>sèt</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɛt</span><br /><i>set</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɛt</span><br /><i>set</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">siet~sɛt</span><br /><i>siet / set</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*sɛt</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vø</span><br /><i>veu</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jɥe</span><br /><i>uèch</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">weit</span><br /><i>ueit</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y̯ɛt͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>y̯ɛi̯t</span><br /><i>uèch</i> / <i>uèit</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vɥe</span><br /><i>vue</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">buit<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>vuit</span><br /><i>vuit</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vuit<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>wit</span><br /><i>vuit</i> / <i>huit</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">weito~weit</span><br /><i>ueito / ueit</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*weit</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">niø~nou</span><br /><i>nieu</i>~<i>nou</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nɔu</span><br /><i>nòu</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nau</span><br /><i>nau</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nɔu̯</span><br /><i>nòu</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nu</span><br /><i>nòu</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nɔu</span><br /><i>nou</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nɔu</span><br /><i>nou</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nweu~nɔu</span><br /><i>nueu / nou</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*nɔu</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">die~de</span><br /><i>dié</i>~<i>dé</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">diɛ~de</span><br /><i>detz</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dɛt͡s</span><br /><i>dètz</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dɛt͡s</span><br /><i>dèts</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dɛs</span><br /><i>dès</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dɛu</span><br /><i>deu</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dɛu</span><br /><i>deu</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dieθ~deu</span><br /><i>diez</i> / <i>deu</i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*dɛt͡s</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The numbers 1 and 2 have both feminine and masculine forms agreeing with the object they modify. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitano-Romance_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mas se confrontam los parlars naturals de Catalonha e d'Occitania, i a pas cap de dobte, em en preséncia de parlars d'una meteissa familha linguistica, la qu'ai qualificada d'occitano-romana, plaçada a egala distància entre lo francés e l'espanhòl." Loís Alibèrt, <i>Òc</i>, n°7 (01/1950), p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lozano Sierra J, Saludas Bernad A.. Aspectos morfosintácticos del Belsetán. Saragossa: Gara d'Edizions, 2007, p. 180. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8094-056-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-8094-056-5">84-8094-056-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomás Arias, Javier. Elementos de lingüística contrastiva en aragonés: estudio de algunas afinidades con gascón, catalán y otros romances (Thesis). Universitat de Barcelona, 2016-07-08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Monges, causetz, segons vostre siensa qual valon mais, catalan ho francés?/ E met de sai Guascuenha e Proensa/ E lemozí, alvernh’ e vianés/ E de lai met la terra dels dos reis.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontanals1861-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fontanals1861_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel_Milá_y_Fontanals1861" class="citation book cs1">Manuel Milá y Fontanals (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0EPQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14"><i>De los trovadores en España: Estudio de lengua y poesía provenzal</i></a>. J. Verdaguer. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+los+trovadores+en+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+Estudio+de+lengua+y+poes%C3%ADa+provenzal&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=J.+Verdaguer&rft.date=1861&rft.au=Manuel+Mil%C3%A1+y+Fontanals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0EPQAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomás_Faci2020" class="citation book cs1">Tomás Faci, Guillermo (2020). <i>El aragonés medieval: lengua y Estado en el reino de Aragón</i>. Colección Humanidades (1a. edición ed.). Zaragoza, España: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-1340-056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-1340-056-3"><bdi>978-84-1340-056-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+aragon%C3%A9s+medieval%3A+lengua+y+Estado+en+el+reino+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.place=Zaragoza%2C+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.series=Colecci%C3%B3n+Humanidades&rft.edition=1a.+edici%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Prensas+de+la+Universidad+de+Zaragoza&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-84-1340-056-3&rft.aulast=Tom%C3%A1s+Faci&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BADIA_I_MARGARIT" class="citation book cs1">M. BADIA I MARGARIT, ANTONI. <i>EL HABLA DEL VALLE DE BIELSA</i>. Zaragoza: Aladrada ediciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-942470-8-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-942470-8-8"><bdi>978-84-942470-8-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EL+HABLA+DEL+VALLE+DE+BIELSA&rft.place=Zaragoza&rft.pub=Aladrada+ediciones&rft.isbn=978-84-942470-8-8&rft.aulast=M.+BADIA+I+MARGARIT&rft.aufirst=ANTONI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laspeñas Garcia, Daniel (2022) Correspondencias léxicas entre aragonés, catalán y occitano. Algunas relaciones en el mundo vegetal a la luz de las fuentes bibliográficas. Zaragoza, España: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/112134/files/TESIS-2022-075.pdf">https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/112134/files/TESIS-2022-075.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasasnovas2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Casasnovas, Gabriel Sanz (2022-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.ucv.es/liburna/index.php/liburna/article/view/856">"Sobre la adscripción lingüística del Ribagorzano"</a>. <i>Liburna. Revista Internacional de Humanidades</i> (in Spanish) (19): 219–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46583%2Flb_2022.19.856">10.46583/lb_2022.19.856</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1889-1128">1889-1128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liburna.+Revista+Internacional+de+Humanidades&rft.atitle=Sobre+la+adscripci%C3%B3n+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+del+Ribagorzano.&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=219-231&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46583%2Flb_2022.19.856&rft.issn=1889-1128&rft.aulast=Casasnovas&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Sanz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucv.es%2Fliburna%2Findex.php%2Fliburna%2Farticle%2Fview%2F856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre BEC (1973), <i>Manuel pratique d’occitan moderne</i>, coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domergue SUMIEN (2006), <i>La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie</i>, coll. Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan Koppelberg, El lèxic hereditari característic de l'occità i del gascó i la seva relació amb el del català (conclusions d'una anàlisi estadística), Actes del vuitè Col·loqui Internacional de Llengua i Literatura Catalana, Volume 1 (1988). Antoni M. Badia Margarit & Michel Camprubi ed. (in Catalan)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambonGreub2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chambon, Jean-Pierre; Greub, Yan (2002). "Note sur l'âge du (proto)gascon". <i>Revue de Linguistique Romane</i> (in French). <b>66</b>: 473–495.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Linguistique+Romane&rft.atitle=Note+sur+l%27%C3%A2ge+du+%28proto%29gascon&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=473-495&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Chambon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Greub%2C+Yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldinger1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baldinger, Kurt (1962). "La langue des documents en ancien gascon". <i>Revue de Linguistique Romane</i> (in French). <b>26</b>: 331–347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Linguistique+Romane&rft.atitle=La+langue+des+documents+en+ancien+gascon&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=331-347&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Baldinger&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldinger1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baldinger, Kurt (1962). "Textes anciens gascons". <i>Revue de Linguistique Romane</i> (in French). <b>26</b>: 348–362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Linguistique+Romane&rft.atitle=Textes+anciens+gascons&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=348-362&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Baldinger&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elementos de lingüística contrastiva en aragonés: estudio de algunas afinidades con gascón, catalán y otros romances <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401328">http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401328</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212044805/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Indoeuro.htm">"Indo-European numerals (Eugene Chan)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Indoeuro.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+numerals+%28Eugene+Chan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flingweb.eva.mpg.de%2Fnumeral%2FIndoeuro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_en_l%27aragon%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="an:Cardinals en l'aragonés">an:Cardinals en l'aragonés</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421202355/http://maldelenguas.blogspot.com/2012/05/los-numeros-en-aragones-los-cardinales.html">"Los números en aragonés: Cardinales"</a>. Archived from the original on 2019-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+n%C3%BAmeros+en+aragon%C3%A9s%3A+Cardinales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaldelenguas.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F05%2Flos-numeros-en-aragones-los-cardinales.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccitano-Romance+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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