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Above the mantle is a pavilion gules again topped with the royal crown. |earlier_versions = 24 August 1815 |use = }} The '''coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]''' was originally adopted in 1815 and later modified in 1907. The arms are a composite of the arms of the former [[Dutch Republic]] and the arms of the [[House of Nassau]], it features a checkered shield with a lion grasping a sword in one hand and a bundle of arrows in the other and is the heraldic symbol of the [[monarchy of the Netherlands|monarch]] ([[King Willem-Alexander]]) and the country. The monarch uses a version of the arms with a mantle ({{langx|nl|Koninklijk wapen}}) while the [[government of the Netherlands]] uses a smaller version without the mantle (cloak) or the pavilion, sometimes only the shield and crown are used ({{langx|nl|Rijkswapen|links=no}}). The components of the coats of arms were regulated by [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] in a royal decree of 10 July 1907, affirmed by [[Queen Juliana]] in a royal decree of 23 April 1980.<ref name="1980 Decree"/> ==Description== The [[blazon]] is as follows: ''[[Azure (heraldry)|Azure]], billetty [[Or (heraldry)|Or]] a [[Lion (heraldry)|lion]] with a [[coronet]] Or armed and langued [[Gules]] holding in his dexter paw a [[sword]] [[Argent]] hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven [[arrow]]s Argent pointed and bound together Or. (The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht.) The [[shield]] is crowned with the (Dutch) royal [[Crown (headgear)|crown]] and supported by two lions Or armed and langued gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text (Or) "Je Maintiendrai" ({{IPA|fr|ʒə mɛ̃tjɛ̃dʁe|pron}}, French for "I shall maintain".)'' The monarch places this coat of arms on a mantle ''gules'' lined with [[Ermine (heraldry)|ermine]]. Above the mantle is a pavilion ''gules'' again topped with the royal crown. In the royal decree, it is stated that male successors may replace the crown on the shield with a [[Helmet#Heraldry|helm]] with the [[crest (heraldry)|crest]] of Nassau. ==History and origin of the coat of arms== This version of the coat of arms has been in use since 1907 but differs only slightly from the version that was adopted in 1815. From 1815 until 1907 all the lions wore the royal crown and the supporting lions were facing. The royal arms were adopted by the first king of The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]], when he became king after the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815. As king, he adopted a coat of arms that combined elements of his family's ([[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]]) coat of arms and that of the former [[Dutch Republic]] that existed from 1581 until 1795. From his family arms he used the ''azure, billetty or'' with ''a lion rampant or'' of [[house of Nassau|Nassau]] (blue shield, lion, billets). The "Je Maintiendrai" motto represents the Orange family since it came into the family with the [[prince of Orange|princedom of Orange]] as "Je Maintiendrai [[Chalon-sur-Saône|Châlons]]". These elements are also found in the arms of king [[William III of England|William III]], who was also king of England, Scotland & Ireland (1689–1702). From the arms of the former [[Estates-General of the Netherlands|States General]] of the [[Dutch Republic|Republic of the United Provinces]] he took the lion with a coronet, sword and arrows. The arrows symbolize the seven provinces that made up the Republic, the sword the determination to defend their liberty, and the coronet their sovereignty. William replaced the coronet with a royal crown. In 1907, [[Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] returned to an open coronet. {{Gallery |title= |width=200 | height=190 |align=center |noborder=yes |File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_(1815-1907).svg|Royal arms of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] (1815–1907) |File:Royal Standard of the Netherlands.svg|[[Flags of the Dutch royal family|Royal standard of the Netherlands]] |File:Wapen mannelijke leden koninklijk huis KB 1815 klein.svg|1815 coat of arms with the "Walram-crest" }} ===Counts of Nassau=== [[File:Ingeram Codex 272 Nassau wapen 1459.svg|thumb|200px|Coat of arms of Nassau: ''Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules'']] The arms of [[house of Nassau|Nassau]] has existed since about 1250. There are two versions of the Nassau arms, representing the two main branches. This is a result of two brothers, [[Walram II of Nassau|count Walram II]] and [[Otto I of Nassau|count Otto I]], agreeing to divide their father's ([[Henry II of Nassau|Henry II]]) lands between them in 1255. The line of Walram added a crown to the lion in the Nassau arms to make it different from the lion used by the line of Otto. The [[Dutch monarchy|kings and queens of the Netherlands]] are descendants of count Otto. The [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Grand Dukes of Luxemburg]] are descendants of count Walram. They also still use "Nassau" in their arms.<ref>{{cite book|year= 2001|title= The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg|url= http://www.gouvernement.lu/1828538/La_famille_grand-ducale-EN.pdf|publisher= Service information et presse|page= 105|isbn= 2-87999-016-5|access-date= 2014-02-26|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140302105127/http://www.gouvernement.lu/1828538/La_famille_grand-ducale-EN.pdf|archive-date= 2014-03-02|url-status= dead}}</ref> Both lines are now extinct in the male line. The [[Helmet#Heraldry|helm]] and [[crest (heraldry)|crest]] that can be used in the royal arms by the male successors to the throne (and is in fact being used by some male members of the royal family) is: "On a (ceremonial) helmet, with bars and decoration Or and [[mantling]] Azure and Or, issuing from a [[coronet]] Or, a pair of wings joined [[Sable (heraldry)|Sable]] each with an arched bend Argent charged with three leaves of the lime-tree stems upward [[Vert (heraldry)|Vert]]". This crest is used by the descendants of Otto and differs from the crest used by the descendants of Walram. But in the royal decree of 1815 the crest issuing from a crown on the Dutch royal arms was the one used by the Walram line. Why this was done is not sure. Maybe due to the "mistake" this crest was hardly used. The crest of the Walram-line is: Between two trunks Azure billetty Or a sitting lion Or. The trunks are probably a misinterpretation of two cow horns, a crest that is frequently used in [[German heraldry]]. On the Grand Coat of Arms of the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Grand Duke of Luxemburg]] the lion is crowned, armed and langued Gules. ===The Princedom of Orange=== The motto has been used by every "ruling" member of the Nassau family, who was also the prince of Orange since it came into the family with the [[Prince of Orange|Princedom of Orange]] in 1530. Count [[Henry III of Nassau-Breda]], who was living in the Low Countries, was married to [[Claudia of Châlon|Claudia Orange-Châlon]]. Her brother, [[Philibert of Châlon]], was the last Prince of Orange from the House of Châlon. When he died in 1530, Henry's and Claudia's son René of Nassau-Breda inherited the Princedom on condition that he used the name and coat of arms of the Châlon family. History knows him therefore as [[René of Châlon]]. With this inheritance came the "Je Maintiendrai Châlons" motto into the Nassau family. René died in 1544 without leaving a child. His cousin William of Nassau-Dillenburg inherited all of René's lands. William became William of Orange (in English better known under his nickname [[William the Silent]]) and the founder of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]]. William first changed the motto to "Je Maintiendrai Nassau". Later he (or his sons) dropped the family name from the motto. ===The Dutch Republic=== {{see|Dutch Republic Lion}} The sword and arrows originated from the [[Habsburg]] rulers.{{cn|date=July 2017}} [[File:Zegel Staten-Generaal 1578.jpg|thumb|140px|left|Great seal of the States General, 1578]] [[File:Gouda Arms of Dutch republic County Holland Kingdom The Netherlands.JPG|thumb|right|The banners of the [[Dutch Republic]], the [[County of Holland]] and the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], hanging from the town hall in [[Gouda, South Holland|Gouda]]]] {{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |total_width=200 |background color=Wheat |header_background=White |header=Arms of [[Dutch Republic]] |image1=Coat of arms of the republic of the united Netherlands (before 1665).svg |alt1=Hamilton of Grange arms |caption1=Arms of the Dutch Republic before 1665, considered too Holland oriented. |image2=Coat of arms of the republic of the united Netherlands (after 1665).svg |alt2= |caption2=Arms of the Dutch Republic after 1665 }} The lion, as representing the [[Burgundian Netherlands]], first appears as a [[crest (heraldry)|crest]] on the tomb of [[Philip the Handsome]]. Later [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] added the sword. The arrows were used, on coins etc., since the early 16th century to represent the [[Seventeen Provinces]] in the [[low countries]] under control of Charles V. In 1578, during the [[Eighty Years' War]], the [[Estates-General of the Netherlands|States General]] ordered a new great seal representing the lion, the sword and the 17 arrows combined. Although only seven provinces remained free from Spain, this seal stayed in use until 1795. After the completion of its forming in 1584 the [[Dutch Republic|Republic of the Seven United Provinces]] used as its arms: Or a crowned lion Gules armed and langued Azure, holding in his dexter paw a sword and in the sinister paw seven arrows tight together Azure. The colours of this version where derived from the most important of the seven provinces, the county of Holland (its arms are still in use since being adopted by the [[Count of Holland|counts of Holland]] {{Circa|1198}}). After {{Circa|1668}} the colours where reversed and the arms became ''Gules a crowned lion Or armed and langued Azure holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and tight together Or.'' The arrows symbolize the seven provinces that made up the Republic, the sword the determination to defend their liberty, and the coronet their sovereignty. ===1795–1815 Revolution, Napoleonic years and Restoration=== {{History of the Netherlands}} {{see also|Netherlands Maiden}} In 1795, with French help, the last [[Stadholder]] [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]] was forced to flee and the [[Batavian Republic]] (1795–1806) was proclaimed. At first this had no influence on the use of the arms of the former Republic. Then in the following year the lion, that had served for approximately 280 years, was replaced by an allegoric image of a [[Netherlands Maiden|"Dutch maiden of Freedom"]]. In 1802 the Batavian Republic reverted to the Republican lion, although it does not carry seven arrows. With the replacement of the Batavian Republic with the [[Kingdom of Holland]] (1806–1810), the lion of the States General was again adopted. [[Louis Bonaparte|Louis Napoleon Bonaparte]] (brother of the French Emperor [[Napoleon]]) used as King Louis I a coat of arms that quartered the Dutch lion with the [[French Imperial Eagle]]. After the emperor Napoleon abolished the Kingdom of Holland in 1810 the lion again had to leave the stage and the Imperial Eagle was the only image in use. In 1813 the French were forced out of the Netherlands and the son of the last Stadholder, [[William I of the Netherlands|William VI/I]], was proclaimed 'Sovereign Prince' (1813–1815). To symbolize his new status he assumed a new coat of arms. In it the old lion with the sword and arrows made his second reappearance, now with a royal crown upon his head. Again it was placed in the prime locations of a quartered shield (I and IV quarters). In the II and III quarters were the arms of Châlon-Orange-Geneve. The arms of Nassau (Otto) were placed on an escutcheon in the center of the shield. The final retirement of the Republican lion came in 1815 with the establishment of the "[[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]]". Because this new kingdom comprised not only the lands of the former Dutch Republic but also of the former Austrian or [[Southern Netherlands]], it was also not appropriate to continue the use of the old arms. First a combination with the arms of [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]] (Sable a Lion Or, now the [[coat of arms of Belgium]]) was considered. In the end the attributes, the sword, arrows and crown, were placed in the care of his older "colleague" from Nassau to symbolize the union between the (now Royal) House of Nassau and the Netherlands. As seen above, this is still the basis of the current coat of arms. {{Gallery |width=210 | height=200 |align= |noborder=yes |File:Element uit de vlag van de marine van de Bataafse Republiek.svg|Dutch maiden of freedom as used on naval flags, 1797–1806 |File:Grootzegel van de Bataafse Republiek (1796).svg|Seal of the Batavian Republic, 1796–1802 |File:Grootzegel van de Bataafse Republiek (1802).svg|Seal of the Batavian Commonwealth, 1802–1806 |File:Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Holland (1808).svg|[[Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Holland]], second design |File:Coat of Arms of Sovereign Prince William I of Orange.svg|Coat of arms of William I as "sovereign prince", 1813–1815 }} ==Versions and variants== [[File:Den Haag 147.jpg|thumb|The royal arms displayed in [[The Hague]]]] ===Government=== Various versions of the Dutch royal arms are used by [[Cabinet of the Netherlands|Government]], the [[Legislature|Parliament]] and courts. Government and its agencies generally use a simplified version of the royal arms without the mantle, the pavilion and the topped royal crown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.government.nl/|title=Dutch Government website|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-date=13 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513121411/http://www.government.nl/|url-status=live}}</ref> This simplified royal arms also feature on the cover of [[Dutch passport|passports]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005212/geldigheidsdatum_09-08-2015|title=Paspoortwet, Overheid.nl|language=nl|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119114643/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005212/2014-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands|embassies and consulates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_embassy_residence_in_Helsinki.JPG|title=Image of the Dutch Embassy Residence in Helsinki|date=May 2010|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-date=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612150702/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands_embassy_residence_in_Helsinki.JPG|url-status=live}}</ref> The versions used by the legislature and its [[Chambers of parliament|chambers]] show the royal arms with the royal crown and a buckled dark-blue strap that bears the name of the parliament or each chamber ''Staten-Generaal'' ([[States General of the Netherlands|States General]]), ''Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal'' ([[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]]), ''Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal'' ([[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]) in gold letters surrounding the shield.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staten-generaal.nl/|title=Staten-generaal.nl|language=nl|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207050235/http://www.staten-generaal.nl/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Gallery |title= |width=160 | height=170 |align=center |noborder=yes |File:State coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|Version used by the Dutch government |File:Logo rijksoverheid.svg|Stylized version used as [[Wordmark (graphic identity)|wordmark]] by all branches of the Dutch government }} {{Gallery |title= |width=160 | height=170 |align=center |noborder=yes |File:Coat of arms of the Staten Generaal.svg|Version used by the States General (parliament) |File:Coat of arms of the Eerste Kamer.svg|Version used by the Senate |File:Coat of arms of the Tweede Kamer.svg|Version used by the House of Representatives }} ===Royal family=== Members of the [[Dutch royal family]] receive their own personalised arms which are based on the royal arms. For more details see [[:nl:Wapen van Nassau#Tak van Otto|Wapen van Nassau, Tak van Otto]] (in Dutch). {| class="wikitable" width = "100%" |- |+Coats of arms of the Dutch royal family |- ! colspan="2" width = "30%"| Coat of arms ! rowspan="2" width = "25%"|Bearer ! rowspan="2" width = "45%"|Details |- !width = "20%"|Full achievement !width = "10%"|Escutcheon |- |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Coat of Arms of Maxima, Queen of the Netherlands.svg|170px]] |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Arms of Maxima, Queen of the Netherlands.svg|100px]] ||[[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands|Queen Máxima]] || Oval shield-shaped (usually borne by women), a [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartering]] of the Dutch royal arms with [[Prince of Orange|Orange]]; over all an [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] with the arms of ''Zorreguieta'' ([[Jorge Zorreguieta|paternal]] arms):<br /> ''Or, two poplar trees proper flanking a Triple-towered castle Gules, ondoyant to the gate of the castle a river Azure''.<ref name=koninklijkhuis>{{cite web|url= http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/|title= Dutch Royal Household Website|access-date= 9 August 2015|archive-date= 8 July 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180708162616/https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/|url-status= live}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Coat of Arms of the children of Wilhelm-Alexander of the Netherlands.svg|170px]] |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Arms of the children of Wilhelm-Alexander of the Netherlands.svg|100px]] ||Children of<br />[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|King Willem-Alexander]]<br/><small>(Princesses [[Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange|Catharina-Amalia]], [[Princess Alexia of the Netherlands|Alexia]] and [[Princess Ariane of the Netherlands|Ariane]])</small>||A quartering of the Dutch royal arms with Orange; over all an escutcheon with the arms of ''Zorreguieta'' (maternal arms).<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> |- |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Coat of Arms of the children of Beatrix of the Netherlands (Variant).svg|170px]] |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Arms of the children of Beatrix of the Netherlands.svg|100px]] ||Children of<br/>[[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Princess Beatrix]]<br/><small>([[Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands|Prince Constantijn]])</small>||A quartering of the Dutch royal arms with Orange; over all an escutcheon with the arms of the House of ''Amsberg'' ([[Prince Claus of the Netherlands|paternal]] arms):<br />''Vert, a triple-towered castle argent, on a mount Or''.<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> |- |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Coat of Arms of Beatrix of the Netherlands.svg|170px]] |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Arms of Beatrix of the Netherlands.svg|100px]] ||Princess Beatrix||A quartering of the Dutch royal arms with Orange; over all an escutcheon with the arms of the House of ''Lippe'' ([[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|paternal]] arms):<br />''Argent, a rose Gules barbed and seeded Or''.<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> |- |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Coat of Arms of the children of Juliana of the Netherlands.svg|170px]] |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Arms of the children of Juliana of the Netherlands.svg|100px]] ||Children of <br />[[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen/Princess Juliana]]<br/><small>(Princesses [[Princess Irene of the Netherlands|Irene]], [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands|Margriet]] and [[Princess Christina of the Netherlands|Christina]])</small>|| Oval shield-shaped, a quartering of the Dutch royal arms with Orange; over all an escutcheon with the arms of the House of ''Lippe'' (paternal arms).<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> |- |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Coat of Arms of the children of Margriet of the Netherlands.svg|170px]] |style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Arms of the children of Margriet of the Netherlands.svg|100px]] |Children of<br />Princess Margriet<br/><small>(Princes [[Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven|Maurits]], [[Prince Bernhard of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven|Bernhard]], [[Prince Pieter-Christiaan of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven|Pieter-Christiaan]] and [[Prince Floris of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven|Floris]])</small>||A quartering of the Dutch royal arms with Orange; over all an escutcheon with the arms of the House of ''Vollenhoven'' ([[Pieter van Vollenhoven|paternal]] arms):<br />''Azure, a six-pointed star Argent impaling Or, a deer Gules supported on a tree, the tree on a Mount Vert''.<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> |} == See also == *[[Armorial of the Netherlands]] *[[Dutch Republic Lion]] == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Coats of arms of the Netherlands}} *[https://www.hogeraadvanadel.nl/heraldiek/inhoud/rijkswapen-en-koninklijk-wapen Rijkswapen en Koninklijk wapen] {{in lang|nl}} – webpage on the High Council of Nobility's official website {{Dutch coats of arms}} {{Netherlands topics}} {{Coats of arms of Europe}} 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