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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millennium_Development_Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millennium_Development_Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Millennium Development Goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millennium_Development_Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_Development_Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_Development_Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sustainable Development Goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_Development_Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dakar_Framework_for_Action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dakar_Framework_for_Action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dakar Framework for Action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dakar_Framework_for_Action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative_Online_International_Learning_(COIL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative_Online_International_Learning_(COIL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborative_Online_International_Learning_(COIL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Education_Week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Education_Week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International Education Week</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Education_Week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_facing_international_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_facing_international_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Challenges facing international education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_facing_international_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#bbddff;"><a href="/wiki/Educational_research" title="Educational research">Educational research</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbddff;"> Disciplines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Curriculum studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a> (<a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">school</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_counselor" title="School counselor">School counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbddff;"> Curricular domains</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_research" title="Engineering education research">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy education">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Social science education">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbddff;"> Methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_method" title="Case method">Case method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factorial_experiment" title="Factorial experiment">Factorial experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_group" title="Focus group">Focus group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_statistics" title="Multivariate statistics">Multivariate statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">Reform</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Educational_research" title="Template:Educational research"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Educational_research" title="Template talk:Educational research"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Educational_research" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Educational research"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>International education</b> refers to a dynamic concept that involves a journey or movement of people, minds, or ideas across political and cultural frontiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> phenomenon, which increasingly erases the constraints of geography on economic, social, and cultural arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept involves a broad range of learning, for example, <a href="/wiki/Formal_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal learning">formal education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Informal_learning" title="Informal learning">informal learning</a> (e.g. training, <a href="/wiki/Student_exchange_program" title="Student exchange program">exchange programs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">cross-cultural communication</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could also involve a reorientation of academic outlook such as the pursuit of "worldmindedness" as a goal so that a school or its academic focus is considered <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Public_and_Land-grant_Universities" title="Association of Public and Land-grant Universities">National Association of State Universities</a> prescribes the adoption of "proper education" that reflects the full range of international, social, political, cultural, and economic dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International educators are responsible for "designing, managing, and facilitating programs and activities that help participants to appropriately, effectively, and ethically engage in interactions with culturally diverse people and ideas."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergence of international education as a discipline may be attributed to the international and intercontinental initiatives of the past, which aimed to achieve education, learning, and intellectual exchange. This is demonstrated in the formalized academic relations between countries in the form of bilateral and scientific agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, international education is considered a mechanism of international cooperation and, in some cases, it stems from the recognition that different cultures offer different outlooks and styles of learning and teaching in addition to the transfer of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are scholars who associate the development of international education with <a href="/wiki/Comparative_education" title="Comparative education">comparative education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is concerned with the evaluation and scrutiny of different educational systems in various countries for the purpose of developing an education and educational structures that are global in scope and application. This concept is considered ancient, having been used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greece</a>, while the actual term was first used by <a href="/wiki/William_Russell_(educator)" title="William Russell (educator)">William Russell</a> in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International education diverged from it as it assumed the form of more organized programs that bring together learners and teachers from different countries to learn from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International education can be seen as developing 'international-mindedness', or enhancing international attitude and awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an ideological perspective, international education has a focus on moral development, by influencing the creation of "positive attitudes towards peace, international understanding and responsible world citizenship".<sup id="cite_ref-:04_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a pragmatic approach, international education can relate to economic and cultural globalization.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, there are increasing demands for education qualifications to be transferable between schools and education systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there is a "spread of global quality standards through quality assurances procedures such as accreditation".<sup id="cite_ref-:04_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, international education can be viewed as the following: </p> <ul><li>Promoting international understanding/international-mindedness and/or global awareness/understanding<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Being active in global engagement/global or world citizenship<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increasing <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">intercultural understanding</a> and respect for difference<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Encouraging tolerance and commitment to peace<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Direct examples of international education include facilitating students' entry into universities outside of their home countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, temporarily studying abroad is another illustration of international education,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is the internationally influenced research and design of curriculum used by schools around the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Primary_Curriculum" title="International Primary Curriculum">International Primary Curriculum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Baccalaureate (IB) Program is seen as an influence in the development of international education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IB Diploma Program encourages students to learn and understand different cultures, languages, and points of view.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is incorporated into elements of the program e.g. Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAS requires students to participate in activities promoting each of these three components. Through such activities, the intention is that <a href="/wiki/Global_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Global issues">global issues</a> will affect students' understanding of the world in a meaningful way.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, these non-formal, non-academic experiences should enhance students' comprehension of world issues in a manner that, for instance, reading books or participating in lessons may not.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on student engagement and involvement, two general meanings emerge. The first refers to education that transcends national borders through the exchange of people. A good example would be students traveling to study at an <a href="/wiki/International_branch_campus" title="International branch campus">international branch campus</a>, as part of a <a href="/wiki/Study_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Study abroad">study abroad</a> program or as part of a <a href="/wiki/Student_exchange_program" title="Student exchange program">student exchange program</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> The second is a comprehensive approach to education that intentionally prepares students to be active and engaged participants in an interconnected world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> however, defines the term according to certain criteria. These criteria include the development of citizens of the world in accordance with culture, language, and social cohesion, building a sense of identity and cultural awareness, encrypting<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Wiktionary defines "encrypt" as "To conceal information by means of a code or cipher". Surely some other word was meant, but which? (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> recognition and development of universal human values, encouraging discovery and enjoyment of learning, equipping students with collectivist or individualistic skills and knowledge that can be applied broadly, fostering global thinking when responding to local situations, encouraging diversity and flexibility in teaching pedagogic methodologies, and supplying appropriate forms of assessment and international benchmarking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While definitions vary, <b>international education</b> is generally taken<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to include: </p> <ul><li>Knowledge of other world regions & cultures;</li> <li>Familiarity with international and <a href="/wiki/Global_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Global issues">global issues</a>;</li> <li>Skills in working effectively within global or cross-cultural environments and using information from different sources around the world;</li> <li>Ability to communicate in <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multiple languages</a>; and</li> <li>Dispositions towards respect and concern for other cultures and peoples.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Millennium_Development_Goals">Millennium Development Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Millennium Development Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the eight <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">millennium development goals</a> ratified in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in the year 2000, focuses on achieving universal primary education.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International education is also a major part of international development. Professionals and students wishing to be a part of international education development are able to learn through organizations and university and college programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (June 2018)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> Organizations around the world use education as a means to development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (June 2018)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> Previous research demonstrates a positive correlation between the educational level and economic growth, especially in the poorest regions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include some objectives pertaining to education: </p> <ul><li>Achieve <a href="/wiki/Universal_primary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal primary education">universal primary education</a> in all countries by 2015</li> <li>Eliminate <a href="/wiki/Gender_disparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender disparity">gender disparity</a> in primary and secondary education by 2015<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (June 2018)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Other mentions of education in regard to international development:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (June 2018)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> Education For All (EFA):<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An international strategy to operationalise the Dakar Framework for Action; The World Education Forum (Dakar 2000) agreed to reach 6 goals by 2015: </p> <ul><li>expand early childhood care and education</li> <li>improve access to complete, free schooling of good quality for all primary school-age children</li> <li>greatly increase learning opportunities for youth and adults</li> <li>improve adult literacy rates by 50%</li> <li>eliminate gender disparities in schooling</li> <li>improve all aspects of education quality.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_Development_Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sustainable Development Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of 2015, the United Nations led another initiative to continue on the work of development goals. <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">The Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs) contains 17 global goals, which are more extensive than the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDGs). Compared to the 2015 MDGs, the SDGs tries to ensure that no one is left behind. In this regard, not only state actors, but also major private "non-state" actors and multinational companies are involved and active in global education.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education is stated under Goal 4 of the SDGs: "Ensure <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">inclusive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Educational_equity" title="Educational equity">equitable quality education</a> and promote <a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">lifelong learning</a> opportunities for all."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, SDGs promote international education through some of the following targets:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity, and of culture's contribution to sustainable development" (Target 4.7)</li> <li>"By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>, small island developing States and African countries, for enrollment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering, and scientific programs, in developed countries and other developing countries" (Target 4.B)</li> <li>"Volume of official development assistance flows for scholarships by sector and type of study" (Indicator 4.B.1)</li> <li>"By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States" (Target 4.C)</li> <li>"Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country" (Indicator 4.C.1)</li></ul> <p>According to a report from the U.N. Secretary-General on "Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals" in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Official_development_assistance" title="Official development assistance">official development assistance</a> (ODA) for scholarships amounted to $1.2 billion in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest contributors were Australia, France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Northern Ireland, and European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education is a core aspect of the SDGs, and considered essential to their success. Hence, an international strategy has been established through the Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy emphasizes  mobilizing national, regional, and global efforts and collaborations that aim at:<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>"Achieving effective and inclusive partnership"</li> <li>"Improving education policies and the way they work together"</li> <li>"Ensuring highly equitable, <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">inclusive</a>, and quality education systems for all"</li> <li>"Mobilizing resources for adequate financing for education"</li> <li>"Ensuring monitoring, follow-up and review of all targets"</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dakar_Framework_for_Action">Dakar Framework for Action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dakar Framework for Action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Decade_of_Education_for_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development">UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD)</a> (2005–2014)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highlighted the central role of education in the pursuit of sustainable development internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (June 2018)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Comparative_education" title="Comparative education">Comparative education</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Transition_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Transition Theory">Power Transition Theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="International Development">International Development</a>, as focus areas that provide insight into international phenomena relevant to "International Education." </p><p>There are different lenses international education can be viewed as. For example, thinking of international education in terms of a study abroad program that can help prepare students when looking for international occupations. Another example can be that international development is a focal point that is taught in colleges and universities under the umbrella of international education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaborative_Online_International_Learning_(COIL)"><span id="Collaborative_Online_International_Learning_.28COIL.29"></span>Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although successful programs such as <a href="/wiki/Engineers_Without_Borders" title="Engineers Without Borders">Engineers Without Borders</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (June 2018)">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> enable students in one country to obtain an international education while working on <a href="/wiki/Open_source_appropriate_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source appropriate technology">open source appropriate technology</a> projects abroad, the cost of this approach can be prohibitive for large scale replication. Recent, work has shown that using a virtual educational exchange, can have many of the positive benefits associated with international education and cross cultural experiences, without the prohibitive costs of overseas programs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Education_Week">International Education Week</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International Education Week"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>International Education Week</b> is an initiative of the U.S. Department of State and U.S. Department of Education that was first observed in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choice of week for celebration is determined at each institution, but generally precedes the week that includes <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">U.S. Thanksgiving</a>: 13–17 November 2023; 18–22 November 2024; 17–21 November 2025; 16–20 November 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-DOS-week_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOS-week-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aims of this event are to provide an opportunity to celebrate the benefits of international education and global exchange. This joint initiative promotes programs that prepare Americans for a global milieu and attract future leaders from abroad to study, learn and exchange experiences in the U.S. This shows how International education is not just about physically crossing borders, but is also about thinking globally in local situations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools throughout the US celebrate this week through on-campus and off-campus events.<sup id="cite_ref-DOS-week_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOS-week-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_facing_international_education">Challenges facing international education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Challenges facing international education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:International_education" title="Talk:International education">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>International education has a somewhat unusual position in higher education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> While recognized as an important sphere of activity, it tends to be handled by administrative offices at the top of departments of languages and literature and international affairs. The scholars involved in international education usually have their primary involvement in other teaching and research.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> This leads to four distinctive characteristics particular to the field of international education:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>There is little consensus concerning the guiding theme of the field as well as its scope. Should the field stress internationalization, trans nationalization, or globalization?<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International education is not a prominent feature of the contemporary higher education experience. Using enrollment in foreign languages as an indicator, 16 percent of all U.S. college students were enrolled in foreign languages in the peak period of the 1960s; the proportion is currently down to 8 percent (Hayward, 2000, p. 6).</li> <li>There is imbalance in regional coverage. The regions and languages covered at a particular institution are a function of idiosyncratic patterns of faculty recruitment. Nationally, there is reasonable coverage of Western Europe and Latin America and most European languages compared to limited coverage of Africa and the Middle East. For students enrolled in foreign languages, Spanish is the most popular followed by the other major languages of Western Europe; 6 percent enroll in Asian languages. Languages of the Middle East make up only 2 percent (1.3 being Hebrew and .5 percent Arabic). The languages of Africa constitute only 0.15 percent of enrollments.</li> <li>Because international education is not a primary concern of most scholars in the field, research is somewhat sporadic, non-cumulative, and tends to be carried out by national organizations as part of advocacy projects (e.g. Lambert, 1989; Brecht and Rivers, 2000). The most recent example is the American Council of Education's (ACE's) Internationalization of Higher Education: A Status Report. (Hayward, 2000). However, programs through various institutions, such as the Fulbright Program offer research opportunities for those wishing to study abroad.</li></ol> <p>Additionally, one of the challenges of international students is that increasingly higher education institutions are treating them as cash cows <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords" title="Wikipedia:Use plain English"><span title="The material near this tag may use buzzwords designed solely to impress you or obscure meaning. (June 2018)">buzzword</span></a></i>]</sup> for meeting their budget challenges. Institutions must do more to support international students in their academic and career success by providing advising, training and coaching that is culturally attuned.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_education" title="Global education">Global education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">Global citizenship education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">International student</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoran_Hansen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Moran Hansen, Holly (2002). "Defining international education". <i>New Directions for Higher Education</i>. <b>2002</b> (117): 5–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhe.41">10.1002/he.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-0560">0271-0560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Directions+for+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Defining+international+education&rft.volume=2002&rft.issue=117&rft.pages=5-12&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhe.41&rft.issn=0271-0560&rft.aulast=Moran+Hansen&rft.aufirst=Holly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingMarginsonNaidoo2011" class="citation book cs1">King, Roger; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marginson" title="Simon Marginson">Marginson, Simon</a>; Naidoo, Rajani (2011). <i>Handbook on Globalization and Higher Education</i>. 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Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138027800" title="Special:BookSources/9781138027800"><bdi>9781138027800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Technology%2C+Engineering+Education+and+Engineering+Management%3A+Proceedings+of+the+2014+International+Conference+on+Engineering+Technology%2C+Engineering+Education+and+Engineering+Management+%28ETEEEM+2014%29%2C+Hong+Kong%2C+15-16+November+201&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781138027800&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Deyao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunteney2019" class="citation book cs1">Punteney, Katherine (2019). <i>The international education handbook: Principles and practices of the field</i> (1st ed.). Washington, DC: NAFSA: Association of International Educators. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-942719-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-942719-26-7"><bdi>978-1-942719-26-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+international+education+handbook%3A+Principles+and+practices+of+the+field&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=NAFSA%3A+Association+of+International+Educators&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-942719-26-7&rft.aulast=Punteney&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrathGu2015" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Simon; Gu, Qing (2015). <i>Routledge Handbook of International Education and Development</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.interedge.org/2016/03/05/higher-education-must-go-beyond-recruitment-and-immigration-compliance-of-international-students/">the original</a> on 23 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interEDGE.org&rft.atitle=International+Students+are+Paying+More+for+Education%3B+are+Universities+Doing+Enough%3F&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.interedge.org%2F2016%2F03%2F05%2Fhigher-education-must-go-beyond-recruitment-and-immigration-compliance-of-international-students%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Scanlon, D. G. (ed.). (1960). <i>International Education: A Documentary History</i>. New York: Bureau of Publications: Teachers College, Columbia University.</li> <li>Vestal, T. M. (1994). <i>International Education: Its History and Promise for Today</i>. London: Praeger.</li> <li>Valeau, E. J., Raby, R. L, (eds.), et al. (2007). <i>International Reform Efforts and Challenges in Community Colleges</i>. New Direction for Community Colleges, No. 138. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_education&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Examples of International Education Organizations: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Education" title="Institute of International Education">IIE</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iie.org/">https://www.iie.org/</a> <a href="/wiki/NAFSA:_Association_of_International_Educators" title="NAFSA: Association of International Educators">NAFSA</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nafsa.org/">https://www.nafsa.org/</a> <a href="/wiki/CIEE" title="CIEE">CIEE</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ciee.org/">https://www.ciee.org/</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Research_%26_Exchanges_Board" title="International Research & Exchanges Board">IREX</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.irex.org/">https://www.irex.org/</a> <a href="/wiki/AMPEI" title="AMPEI">AMPEI</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ampei.org.mx/">https://www.ampei.org.mx/</a> JAFSA – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jafsa.org/en/">http://www.jafsa.org/en/</a> CBIE – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cbie.ca/">https://cbie.ca/</a> <a href="/wiki/AFS_Intercultural_Programs" title="AFS Intercultural Programs">AFS</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://afs.org/">https://afs.org/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312151502/https://afs.org/">Archived</a> 12 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_International_Education" title="European Association for International Education">EAIE</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.eaie.org/">https://www.eaie.org/</a></li> <li>EducationLink <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://geteducation.link">https://geteducation.link</a> – software for international education</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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