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Somme connexe — Wikipédia
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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Somme connexe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Disponible en 12 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbundene_Summe" title="Verbundene Summe – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verbundene Summe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_sum" title="Connected sum – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Connected sum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koneksa_sumo" title="Koneksa sumo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koneksa sumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma_conexa" title="Suma conexa – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suma conexa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somma_connessa" title="Somma connessa – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Somma connessa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E5%92%8C" title="連結和 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連結和" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="연결합 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연결합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbonden_som" title="Verbonden som – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verbonden som" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_conectada" title="Soma conectada – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soma conectada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Связная сумма – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Связная сумма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Зв'язна сума – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зв'язна сума" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%80%9A%E5%92%8C" title="連通和 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="連通和" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1890389#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Somme_connexe"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Somme_connexe" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Somme_connexe" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&oldid=209229243" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Somme_connexe&id=209229243&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSomme_connexe"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSomme_connexe"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Somme+connexe"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Somme_connexe&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1890389" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/35px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/53px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/70px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant les <a href="/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Mathématiques">mathématiques</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Somme" class="mw-disambig" title="Somme">Somme</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Mathématiques">mathématiques</a>, et plus précisément en <a href="/wiki/Topologie" title="Topologie">topologie</a>, la <b>somme connexe</b> est une <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Opération (mathématiques)">opération</a> qui s'effectue sur des <a href="/wiki/Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)" title="Variété (géométrie)">variétés</a> <a href="/wiki/Connexit%C3%A9_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Connexité (mathématiques)">connexes</a> de même <a href="/wiki/Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)#La_dimension_et_la_topologie" title="Variété (géométrie)">dimension</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Définition"><span id="D.C3.A9finition"></span>Définition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Définition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Définition"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Connected_sum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Connected_sum.svg/220px-Connected_sum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Connected_sum.svg/330px-Connected_sum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Connected_sum.svg/440px-Connected_sum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>Illustration de la somme connexe.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>somme connexe</b> de deux variétés connexes de même dimension <i>n</i> est obtenue en retirant à chacune un petit voisinage d'un point formé d'une boule ouverte, et en recollant les deux variétés ainsi obtenues (techniquement : en prenant l'espace <a href="/wiki/Topologie_quotient" title="Topologie quotient">quotient</a> de leur <a href="/wiki/Union_disjointe" class="mw-redirect" title="Union disjointe">union disjointe</a>) le long des deux <a href="/wiki/Sph%C3%A8re" title="Sphère">sphères</a> S<sup><i>n</i>–1</sup> apparues. Le résultat est une variété de dimension <i>n</i>, bien définie à <a href="/wiki/Hom%C3%A9omorphisme" title="Homéomorphisme">homéomorphisme</a> près, et connexe (sauf dans le cas où les deux variétés initiales sont homéomorphes à des droites réelles). </p><p>En dimension 2 par exemple, la somme connexe de deux <a href="/wiki/Surface_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface (géométrie)">surfaces</a> abstraites est obtenue par découpage d'un <a href="/wiki/Disque_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)" title="Disque (géométrie)">disque</a> sur chacune et recollement le long des deux bords circulaires obtenus. </p><p>L'opération de somme connexe est notée # : <i>A</i>#<i>B</i> désigne la somme connexe de <i>A</i> et <i>B</i>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Classification_des_surfaces" title="Classification des surfaces">classification des surfaces</a> « fermées » (c'est-à-dire <a href="/wiki/Espace_compact" class="mw-redirect" title="Espace compact">compactes</a> et <a href="/wiki/Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)#Variété_à_bord" title="Variété (géométrie)">sans bord</a>), un résultat fondamental et historiquement marquant en topologie, indique que toute surface connexe fermée est soit la sphère, soit une somme connexe de <i>g</i> <a href="/wiki/Tore" title="Tore">tores</a> <b>T</b> (si elle est orientable et de genre <i>g</i> > 0), soit une somme connexe de <i>k</i> <a href="/wiki/Plan_projectif_r%C3%A9el" title="Plan projectif réel">plans projectifs réels</a> <b>P</b>, <i>k</i> > 0 (si elle est non orientable). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemples"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>La somme connexe <b>T</b> # <b>T</b> de deux tores est un tore à deux <a href="/wiki/Anse_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Anse (mathématiques)">anses</a>.</li> <li>La somme connexe <b>P</b> # <b>P</b> de deux plans projectifs réels est la <a href="/wiki/Bouteille_de_Klein" title="Bouteille de Klein">bouteille de Klein</a> <b>K</b>.</li> <li>La <a href="/wiki/Surface_de_Dyck" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface de Dyck">surface de Dyck</a> est <b>P</b> # <b>K</b> = <b>P</b> # <b>P</b> # <b>P</b> = <b>P</b> # <b>T</b>.</li> <li>La somme connexe de deux cercles étant un cercle, cette notion n'est pas adaptée à l'étude des <a href="/wiki/N%C5%93ud_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Nœud (mathématiques)">nœuds</a>. Mais, en <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_des_n%C5%93uds" title="Théorie des nœuds">théorie des nœuds</a>, il existe une somme analogue, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Composition_de_n%C5%93uds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composition de nœuds (page inexistante)">composition de nœuds</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_sum#Connected_sum_of_knots" class="extiw" title="en:Connected sum"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Connected_sum#Connected_sum_of_knots »">(en)</span></a>, qui définit une structure de <a href="/wiki/Mono%C3%AFde" title="Monoïde">monoïde</a> commutatif sur l'ensemble des nœuds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propriétés"><span id="Propri.C3.A9t.C3.A9s"></span>Propriétés</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Propriétés" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme_connexe&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Propriétés"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hormis dans le cas où les deux variétés initiales sont homéomorphes à des droites réelles, la somme connexe de deux variétés est toujours connexe. </p><p>La somme connexe des variétés abstraites de dimension <i>m</i> est une opération <a href="/wiki/Associativit%C3%A9" title="Associativité">associative</a> et <a href="/wiki/Commutativit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutativité">commutative</a>, donnant à l'ensemble de ces variétés une structure de monoïde commutatif, d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_neutre" title="Élément neutre">élément neutre</a> la sphère <i>S<sup>m</sup></i>. </p><p>La somme connexe de deux variétés est <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(math%C3%A9matiques)#Orientabilité_et_orientation_pour_une_variété" title="Orientation (mathématiques)">orientable</a> si et seulement si les deux variétés de départ sont orientables. </p> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Portail des mathématiques"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/24px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/36px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg/48px-Racine_carr%C3%A9e_bleue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Portail:Mathématiques">Portail des mathématiques</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐khxd6 Cached time: 20241125023244 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.126 seconds Real time usage: 0.174 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 275/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6202/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 302/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.067/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3473766/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 144.349 1 -total 51.13% 73.802 1 Modèle:Ébauche 30.54% 44.089 1 Modèle:Portail 16.29% 23.516 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies 9.51% 13.732 1 Modèle:Voir_homonymes 7.87% 11.363 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_note 7.17% 10.352 1 Modèle:Lien 7.11% 10.266 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges 6.24% 9.005 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau 4.62% 6.668 1 Modèle:Portail_mathématiques --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:4246216-0!canonical and timestamp 20241125023244 and revision id 209229243. 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