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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australopithecus_and_the_appearance_of_Homo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australopithecus_and_the_appearance_of_Homo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Australopithecus</i> and the appearance of <i>Homo</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australopithecus_and_the_appearance_of_Homo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homo_habilis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homo_habilis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Homo habilis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homo_habilis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homo_erectus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homo_erectus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Homo erectus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homo_erectus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phylogeny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dispersal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dispersal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of lineages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Homo</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="بشراني (جنس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بشراني (جنس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(rod)" title="Homo (rod) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Homo (rod)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Этем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)" title="Homo (genus) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Homo (genus)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk" title="Člověk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Člověk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo-sl%C3%A6gten" title="Homo-slægten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Homo-slægten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimene_(perekond)" title="Inimene (perekond) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimene (perekond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genro)" title="Homo (genro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homo (genro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="انسان (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenar_uman" title="Gjenar uman – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjenar uman" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C%EC%86%8D" title="사람속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사람속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="होमो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होमो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(rod)" title="Homo (rod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homo (rod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)" title="Homo (genus) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homo (genus)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(taxon)" title="Homo (taxon) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Homo (taxon)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann%C3%A6ttkv%C3%ADsl" title="Mannættkvísl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannættkvísl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92)" title="אדם (סוג) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם (סוג)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayik_(Homo)" title="Ayik (Homo) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ayik (Homo)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2m" title="Lòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)" title="Homo (genus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Homo (genus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93ki" title="Cilvēki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmon%C4%97s" title="Žmonės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmonės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Човек (род) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човек (род)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B" title="ഹോമോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോമോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="هومو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هومو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(geslacht)" title="Homo (geslacht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homo (geslacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E5%B1%9E" title="ヒト属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒト属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskeslekten" title="Menneskeslekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneskeslekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="مانس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مانس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genero)" title="Homo (genero) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Homo (genero)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="هومو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هومو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%82owiek_(rodzaj)" title="Człowiek (rodzaj) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Człowiek (rodzaj)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Чоловік – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чоловік" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Люди (род) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люди (род)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek_(Homo)" title="Človek (Homo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Človek (Homo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Човек (род) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Човек (род)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmiset" title="Ihmiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskor" title="Människor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humu" title="Humu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Humu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B" title="హోమో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హోమో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1" title="โฮโม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฮโม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Людина (рід) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людина (рід)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="انس (جنس) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انس (جنس)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Chi Người – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(geslacht)" title="Homo (geslacht) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Homo (geslacht)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)" title="Homo (genus) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Homo (genus)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B1%9E" title="人属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B1%AC" title="人屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B1%9E" title="人属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of hominins that includes humans and their closest extinct relatives</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Homo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homo (disambiguation)">Homo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Genus Homo" redirects here. For the novel, see <a href="/wiki/Genus_Homo_(novel)" title="Genus Homo (novel)"><i>Genus Homo</i> (novel)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Homo</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">2.8–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.05230769231px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_Genus_Homo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Members_of_Genus_Homo.png/220px-Members_of_Genus_Homo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Members_of_Genus_Homo.png/330px-Members_of_Genus_Homo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Members_of_Genus_Homo.png/440px-Members_of_Genus_Homo.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Notable members of <i>Homo</i>.<br />Clockwise from top left: A reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> (<i>Homo neanderthalensis</i>) skeleton, a <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">modern human</a> (<i>Homo sapiens</i>) female with a child in India, a reconstructed <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> skull, and a replica skull of <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> (subspecies of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Homo" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subtribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Homo</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">Homo longi</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">Homo naledi</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">Homo rhodesiensis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">Homo rudolfensis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_cepranensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo cepranensis">Homo cepranensis</a></i></li></ul> <p><i>For other species or subspecies suggested, see <a href="#List_of_lineages">below</a>.</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><small>Synonyms</small></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Africanthropus</i> <small>Dreyer, 1935</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Atlanthropus</i> <small>Arambourg, 1954</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Cyphanthropus</i> <small>Pycraft, 1928</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Palaeanthropus</i> <small>Bonarelli, 1909</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Palaeoanthropus</i> <small>Freudenberg, 1927</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Pithecanthropus</i> <small>Dubois, 1894</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Protanthropus</i> <small>Haeckel, 1895</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Sinanthropus</i> <small>Black, 1927</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Tchadanthropus</i> <small>Coppens, 1965</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Telanthropus</i> <small>Broom & Anderson 1949</small> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Homo</b></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:homo">homō</a></i> 'human') is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great ape</a> (family Hominidae) that emerged from the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and encompasses only a single extant species, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> (modern humans), along with a number of <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> species (collectively called <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic humans</a>) classified as either <a href="/wiki/Ancestral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral">ancestral</a> or closely related to modern humans; these include <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i>. The oldest member of the genus is <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>, with records of just over 2 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Homo</i>, together with the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>, is probably most closely related to the species <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i> within <i>Australopithecus</i>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-Saylor_2015_483–488_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saylor_2015_483–488-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The closest living relatives of <i>Homo</i> are of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chimpanzees" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimpanzees">chimpanzees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonobos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonobos">bonobos</a>), with the ancestors of <i>Pan</i> and <i>Homo</i> estimated to have diverged around 5.7-11 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>H. erectus</i> appeared about 2 million years ago and spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (debatably as another species called <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dispersal_of_Homo_erectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispersal of Homo erectus">several migrations</a>. The species was adaptive and successful, and persisted for more than a million years before gradually diverging into new species around 500,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-fn3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indriati-2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indriati-2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">Anatomically modern humans</a> (<i>H. sapiens</i>) emerged close to 300,000 to 200,000 years ago<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170607a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170607a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Africa, and <i><a href="/wiki/H._neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. neanderthalensis">H. neanderthalensis</a></i> emerged around the same time in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>. <i>H. sapiens</i> dispersed from Africa in <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans#Proposed_waves" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">several waves</a>, from possibly as early as 250,000 years ago, and certainly by 130,000 years ago, with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">Southern Dispersal</a>, beginning about 70–50,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Posth_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HaberM_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaberM-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">lasting colonisation</a> of Eurasia and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> by 50,000 years ago. <i>H. sapiens</i> met and <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">interbred with</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a> in Africa and in Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-A_draft_sequence_of_the_Neandertal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_draft_sequence_of_the_Neandertal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separate archaic (non-<i>sapiens</i>) human species including Neanderthals are thought to have survived until around 40,000 years ago. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_taxonomy">Names and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Taxonomy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Hominina"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Human taxonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_for_the_human_species" title="Names for the human species">Names for the human species</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Homininae.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Homininae.svg/400px-Homininae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Homininae.svg/600px-Homininae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Homininae.svg/800px-Homininae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary tree">Evolutionary tree</a> chart emphasizing the subfamily Homininae and the tribe Hominini. After diverging from the line to <a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a>, the early Homininae split into the tribes <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a>. The early Hominini split further, separating the line to <i>Homo</i> from the lineage of <i>Pan</i>. Currently, <i>tribe</i> Hominini designates the <i>subtribes</i> <a href="/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a>, containing genus <i>Homo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Panina" title="Panina">Panina</a>, genus <i>Pan</i>; and <a href="/wiki/Australopithecina" class="mw-redirect" title="Australopithecina">Australopithecina</a>, with several extinct genera—the subtribes are not labelled on this chart.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> noun <i>homō</i> (genitive <i>hominis</i>) means "human being" or "<a href="/wiki/Man_(word)" title="Man (word)">man</a>" in the generic sense of "human being, mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</a> <i>Homo sapiens</i> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (1758).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names for other species of the genus were introduced from the second half of the 19th century (<i>H. neanderthalensis</i> 1864, <i>H. erectus</i> 1892). </p><p>The genus <i>Homo</i> has not been strictly defined, even today.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz_2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homo_definition_2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homo_definition_2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early human fossil record began to slowly emerge from the earth, the boundaries and definitions of the genus have been poorly defined and constantly in flux. Because there was no reason to think it would ever have any additional members, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> did not even bother to define <i>Homo</i> when he first created it for humans in the 18th century. The discovery of Neanderthal brought the first addition. </p><p>The genus <i>Homo</i> was given its taxonomic name to suggest that its member species can be classified as human. And, over the decades of the 20th century, fossil finds of pre-human and early human species from late <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> times produced a rich mix for debating classifications. There is continuing debate on delineating <i>Homo</i> from <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>—or, indeed, delineating <i>Homo</i> from <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i>. Even so, classifying the fossils of <i>Homo</i> coincides with evidence of: (1) competent <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism#Evolution_of_human_bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">human bipedalism</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> inherited from the earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> of more than four million years ago, as demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Laetoli_footprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Laetoli footprints">Laetoli footprints</a>; and (2) <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">human tool culture</a> having begun by 2.5 million years ago to 3 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late-19th to mid-20th centuries, a number of new taxonomic names, including new generic names, were proposed for early human fossils; most have since been merged with <i>Homo</i> in recognition that <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> was a single species with a large geographic spread of early migrations. Many such names are now regarded as "<a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>" with <i>Homo</i>, including <i>Pithecanthropus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Protanthropus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sinanthropus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cyphanthropus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Africanthropus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Telanthropus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Atlanthropus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Tchadanthropus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classifying the genus <i>Homo</i> into species and subspecies is subject to incomplete information and remains poorly done. This has led to using common names ("Neanderthal" and "Denisovan"), even in scientific papers, to avoid trinomial names or the ambiguity of classifying groups as <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> (uncertain placement)—for example, <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> vs. <i>H. sapiens neanderthalensis</i>, or <i>H. georgicus</i> vs. <i>H. erectus georgicus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some recently extinct species in the genus have been discovered only lately and do not as yet have consensus binomial names (see <a href="/wiki/Denisova_hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisova hominin">Denisova hominin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Barras2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barras2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, it is likely that <i>Homo sapiens</i> (anatomically modern humans) has been the only extant species of <i>Homo</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">John Edward Gray</a> (1825) was an early advocate of classifying taxa by designating tribes and families.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood and Richmond (2000) proposed that <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> ("hominins") be designated as a <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> that comprised all species of early humans and pre-humans ancestral to humans back to <i>after</i> the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a>, and that Hominin<u>a</u> be designated a <a href="/wiki/Subtribe" title="Subtribe">subtribe</a> of Hominini to include <i>only</i> the genus <i>Homo</i> — that is, <i>not</i> including the earlier upright walking hominins of the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin_tugenensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Orrorin tugenensis">Orrorin tugenensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designations alternative to Hominina existed, or were offered: <i>Australopithecinae</i> (Gregory & Hellman 1939) and <i>Preanthropinae</i> (Cela-Conde & Altaba 2002);<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cela-Conde-2003_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cela-Conde-2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later, Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003) proposed that the four genera <i>Australopithecus</i>, <i>Ardipithecus</i>, <i>Praeanthropus</i>, and <i>Sahelanthropus</i> be grouped with <i>Homo</i> within <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> (sans <i>Pan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cela-Conde-2003_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cela-Conde-2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline of human evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australopithecus_and_the_appearance_of_Homo"><i>Australopithecus</i> and the appearance of <i>Homo</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australopithecus and the appearance of Homo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></div> <p>Several species, including <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Australopithecus garhi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i>, have been proposed as the ancestor or sister of the <i>Homo</i> lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These species have morphological features that align them with <i>Homo</i>, but there is no consensus as to which gave rise to <i>Homo</i>. </p><p>Especially since the 2010s, the delineation of <i>Homo</i> in <i>Australopithecus</i> has become more contentious. Traditionally, the advent of <i>Homo</i> has been taken to coincide with the first use of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> industry), and thus by definition with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Palaeolithic">Lower Palaeolithic</a>. But in 2010, evidence was presented that seems to attribute the use of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> to <i>Australopithecus afarensis</i> around 3.3 million years ago, close to a million years before the first appearance of <i>Homo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dikika_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dikika-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">LD 350-1</a>, a fossil mandible fragment dated to 2.8 Mya, discovered in 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar, Ethiopia</a>, was described as combining "primitive traits seen in early <i>Australopithecus</i> with derived morphology observed in later <i>Homo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors would push the development of <i>Homo</i> close to or even past 3 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finds support in a recent phylogenetic study in hominins that by using morphological, molecular and radiometric information, dates the emergence of <i>Homo</i> at 3.3 Ma (4.30 – 2.56 Ma).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have voiced doubt as to whether <i>Homo habilis</i> should be included in <i>Homo</i>, proposing an origin of <i>Homo</i> with <i>Homo erectus</i> at roughly 1.9 Mya instead.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most salient physiological development between the earlier australopithecine species and <i>Homo</i> is the increase in <a href="/wiki/Cranial_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial capacity">endocranial volume</a> (ECV), from about 460 cm<sup>3</sup> (28 cu in) in <i>A. garhi</i> to 660 cm<sup>3</sup> (40 cu in) in <i>H. habilis</i> and further to 760 cm<sup>3</sup> (46 cu in) in <i>H. erectus</i>, 1,250 cm<sup>3</sup> (76 cu in) in <i>H. heidelbergensis</i> and up to 1,760 cm<sup>3</sup> (107 cu in) in <i>H. neanderthalensis</i>. However, a steady rise in cranial capacity is observed already in <i>Autralopithecina</i> and does not terminate after the emergence of <i>Homo</i>, so that it does not serve as an objective criterion to define the emergence of the genus.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homo_habilis"><i>Homo habilis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Homo habilis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> emerged about 2.1 Mya. Already before 2010, there were suggestions that <i>H. habilis</i> should not be placed in the genus <i>Homo</i> but rather in <i>Australopithecus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2000_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2000-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main reason to include <i>H. habilis</i> in <i>Homo</i>, its undisputed tool use, has become obsolete with the discovery of <i>Australopithecus</i> tool use at least a million years before <i>H. habilis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dikika_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dikika-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <i>H. habilis</i> was long thought to be the ancestor of the more gracile <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>). In 2007, it was discovered that <i>H. habilis</i> and <i>H. erectus</i> coexisted for a considerable time, suggesting that <i>H. erectus</i> is not immediately derived from <i>H. habilis</i> but instead from a common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Spoor.et.al.2007_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spoor.et.al.2007-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the publication of <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_skull_5" title="Dmanisi skull 5">Dmanisi skull 5</a> in 2013, it has become less certain that Asian <i>H. erectus</i> is a descendant of African <i>H. ergaster</i> which was in turn derived from <i>H. habilis</i>. Instead, <i>H. ergaster</i> and <i>H. erectus</i> appear to be variants of the same species, which may have originated in either Africa or Asia<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and widely dispersed throughout Eurasia (including <a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">China</a>) by 0.5 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homo_erectus"><i>Homo erectus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Homo erectus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></div> <p><i>Homo erectus</i> has often been assumed to have developed <a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">anagenetically</a> from <i>H. habilis</i> from about 2 million years ago. This scenario was strengthened with the discovery of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_georgicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus georgicus">Homo erectus georgicus</a></i>, early specimens of <i>H. erectus</i> found in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, which seemed to exhibit transitional traits with <i>H. habilis</i>. As the earliest evidence for <i>H. erectus</i> was found outside of Africa, it was considered plausible that <i>H. erectus</i> developed in Eurasia and then migrated back to Africa. Based on fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Koobi_Fora" title="Koobi Fora">Koobi Fora</a> Formation, east of Lake Turkana in Kenya, Spoor et al. (2007) argued that <i>H. habilis</i> may have survived beyond the emergence of <i>H. erectus</i>, so that the evolution of <i>H. erectus</i> would not have been anagenetically, and <i>H. erectus</i> would have existed alongside <i>H. habilis</i> for about half a million years (<span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1.9–1.4">1.9 to 1.4</a> million years ago</span>), during the early <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_(stage)" title="Calabrian (stage)">Calabrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spoor.et.al.2007_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spoor.et.al.2007-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 August 2023, researchers reported, based on genetic studies, that a <a href="/wiki/Human_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ancestor">human ancestor</a> <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> (from a possible 100,000 to 1000 individuals) occurred "around 930,000 and 813,000 years ago ... lasted for about 117,000 years and brought human ancestors close to extinction."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20230831_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230831-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20230831_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20230831-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Weiss" title="Kenneth M. Weiss">Weiss</a> (1984) estimated that there have been about 44 <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion (short scale)</a> members of the genus <i>Homo</i> from its origins to the evolution of <i>H. erectus</i>, about 56 billion individuals from <i>H. erectus</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, and another 51 billion individuals since the Neolithic. This provides the opportunity for an immense amount of new mutational variation to have arisen during human evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate South African species <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">Homo gautengensis</a></i> has been postulated as contemporary with <i>H. erectus</i> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours 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#242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:50.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−9 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:40.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−7 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−5 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:-0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#FFE4F1"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.665em;height:23.335em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br /> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.550em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Earliest language</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A taxonomy of <i>Homo</i> within the <a href="/wiki/Great_apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great apes">great apes</a> is assessed as follows, with <i>Paranthropus</i> and <i>Homo</i> emerging within <i>Australopithecus</i> (shown here <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistically</a> granting <i>Paranthropus</i>, <i>Kenyanthropus</i>, and <i>Homo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indriati-2011_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indriati-2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berger-2017_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-2017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schuster_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saylor_2015_483–488_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saylor_2015_483–488-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mondal-2019_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondal-2019-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeitoun_2003_148–156_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitoun_2003_148–156-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_2015_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dembo-2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembo-2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ko-2016_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ko-2016-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Over four citations inline, unbundled (December 2021)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> The exact phylogeny within <i>Australopithecus</i> is still highly controversial. Approximate radiation dates of daughter clades are shown in millions of years ago (Mya).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dembo-2016_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembo-2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>, possibly sisters to <i>Australopithecus</i>, are not shown here. The naming of groupings is sometimes muddled as often certain groupings are presumed before any cladistic analysis is performed.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeitoun_2003_148–156_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitoun_2003_148–156-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hominoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoidea">Hominoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hylobatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylobatidae">Hylobatidae</a> (gibbons) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a> (orangutans) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a> (gorillas) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Panina" title="Panina">Panina</a> (chimpanzees) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Australopithecines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australopithecines">Australopithecines</a> (incl. <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>, <i>Homo</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(7.5) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(8.8) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(15.7) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(20.4 Mya) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><p> Cladogram based on Dembo et al. (2016):<sup id="cite_ref-Dembo-2016_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dembo-2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australopithecines">Australopithecines</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i> (†) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus s.l.</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Australopithecus anamensis s.s.</a></i> (†3.8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i> (†) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Australopithecus garhi</a></i> (†) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">Australopithecus deyiremeda</a></i> (†3.4) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus platyops</a></i> (†3.3) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i> (†2.1) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i> (†1.2) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><i>Homo</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> (†1.5) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Habilis_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Habilis_Skull.png/45px-Habilis_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Habilis_Skull.png/68px-Habilis_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Habilis_Skull.png/90px-Habilis_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="717" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">Homo rudolfensis</a></i> (†1.9) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolfensis_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rudolfensis_Skull.png/41px-Rudolfensis_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rudolfensis_Skull.png/62px-Rudolfensis_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rudolfensis_Skull.png/82px-Rudolfensis_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><i><a href="/wiki/H._erectus" class="mw-redirect" title="H. erectus">H. erectus s.l.</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> (†1.4) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ergaster_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ergaster_Skull.png/45px-Ergaster_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ergaster_Skull.png/68px-Ergaster_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ergaster_Skull.png/90px-Ergaster_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="813" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">African Homo erectus s.s.</a></i> (†) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erectus_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Erectus_Skull.png/45px-Erectus_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Erectus_Skull.png/68px-Erectus_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Erectus_Skull.png/90px-Erectus_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="767" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Asian Homo erectus s.s.</a></i> (†0.1) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erectus_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Erectus_Skull.png/45px-Erectus_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Erectus_Skull.png/68px-Erectus_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Erectus_Skull.png/90px-Erectus_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="767" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">(1.5) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antecessor_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Antecessor_Skull.png/45px-Antecessor_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Antecessor_Skull.png/68px-Antecessor_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Antecessor_Skull.png/90px-Antecessor_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="804" /></a></span> (†0.8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neandersovans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neandersovans (page does not exist)">Neandersovans</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/H._neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. neanderthalensis">H. neanderthalensis</a></i> (†0.05) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neanderthalensis_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Neanderthalensis_Skull.png/39px-Neanderthalensis_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="39" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Neanderthalensis_Skull.png/59px-Neanderthalensis_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Neanderthalensis_Skull.png/78px-Neanderthalensis_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="346" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Denisovans" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovans">Denisova people</a> (†0.05) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(0.3) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapiens_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sapiens_Skull.png/39px-Sapiens_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="39" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sapiens_Skull.png/59px-Sapiens_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sapiens_Skull.png/78px-Sapiens_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(0.5) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(2.4) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i> (†2.0) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i> (†0.05) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(3.3) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(5.5) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(7.3 Mya) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Several of the <i>Homo</i> lineages appear to have surviving progeny through introgression into other lines. Genetic evidence indicates an archaic lineage separating from the other human lineages 1.5 million years ago, perhaps <i>H. erectus</i>, may have interbred into the Denisovans about 55,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mondal-2019_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondal-2019-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Callaway_2016_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callaway_2016-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil evidence shows <i>H. erectus</i> s.s. survived at least until 117,000 yrs ago, and the even more basal <i>H. floresiensis</i> survived until 50,000 years ago. A 1.5-million-year <i>H. erectus</i>-like lineage appears to have made its way into modern humans through the Denisovans and specifically into the Papuans and aboriginal Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-Mondal-2019_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondal-2019-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genomes of non-sub-Saharan African humans show what appear to be numerous independent introgression events involving Neanderthal and in some cases also Denisovans around 45,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Callaway_2016_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callaway_2016-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic structure of some sub-Saharan African groups seems to be indicative of introgression from a west Eurasian population some 3,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Ko-2016_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ko-2016-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some evidence suggests that <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i> could be moved to the genus <i>Homo</i>, or placed in its own genus, due to its position with respect to e.g. <i>H. habilis</i> and <i>H. floresiensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_2015_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersal">Dispersal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dispersal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Early expansions of hominins out of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early human migrations</a></div> <p>By about 1.8 million years ago, <i>H. erectus</i> is present in both East Africa (<i>H. ergaster</i>) and in Western Asia (<i><a href="/wiki/H._georgicus" class="mw-redirect" title="H. georgicus">H. georgicus</a></i>). The ancestors of Indonesian <i>H. floresiensis</i> may have left Africa even earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-efn4_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efn4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_2015_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg/330px-Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg/495px-Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg/660px-Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Successive dispersals of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (yellow), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e4ca30; color:black;"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/H._neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. neanderthalensis">H. neanderthalensis</a></i> (ochre) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e9252c; color:black;"> </span> <i><a href="/wiki/H._sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="H. sapiens">H. sapiens</a></i> (red)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Homo erectus</i> and related or derived <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a> species over the next 1.5 million years spread throughout Africa and Eurasia<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see: <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a>). Europe is reached by about 0.5 Mya by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>. </p><p><i>Homo neanderthalensis</i> and <i>H. sapiens</i> develop after about 300 kya. <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">Homo naledi</a></i> is present in Southern Africa by 300 kya. </p><p><i>H. sapiens</i> soon after its first emergence spread throughout Africa, and to Western Asia in <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans#Proposed_waves" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">several waves</a>, possibly as early as 250 kya, and certainly by 130 kya. In July 2019, anthropologists reported the discovery of 210,000 year old remains of a <i>H. sapiens</i> and 170,000 year old remains of a <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> in <a href="/wiki/Apidima_Cave" title="Apidima Cave">Apidima Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, more than 150,000 years older than previous <i>H. sapiens</i> finds in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190710_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190710-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHYS-20190710_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHYS-20190710-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20190710_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190710-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most notable is the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">Southern Dispersal</a> of <i>H. sapiens</i> around 60 kya, which led to the lasting peopling of Oceania and Eurasia by <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_draft_sequence_of_the_Neandertal_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_draft_sequence_of_the_Neandertal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>H. sapiens</i> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human_admixture_with_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human admixture with modern humans">interbred</a> with archaic humans both in Africa and in Eurasia, in Eurasia notably with Neanderthals and <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among extant populations of <i>H. sapiens</i>, the deepest temporal division is found in the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> of Southern Africa, estimated at close to 130,000 years,<sup id="cite_ref-National_Academy_of_Sciences_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Academy_of_Sciences-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly more than 300,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temporal division among <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Africa II">non-Africans</a> is of the order of 60,000 years in the case of <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Australo-Melanesians">Australo-Melanesians</a>. Division of <a href="/wiki/European_early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="European early modern humans">Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asians">East Asians</a> is of the order of 50,000 years, with repeated and significant admixture events throughout Eurasia during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene migrations">Holocene</a>. </p><p>Archaic human species may have survived until the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, although they were mostly extinct or absorbed by the expanding <i>H. sapiens</i> populations by 40 kya (<a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_extinction" title="Neanderthal extinction">Neanderthal extinction</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_lineages">List of lineages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of lineages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">List of human evolution fossils</a></div> <p>The species status of <i><a href="/wiki/H._rudolfensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H._georgicus" class="mw-redirect" title="H. georgicus">H. georgicus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H._antecessor" class="mw-redirect" title="H. antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H._cepranensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. cepranensis">H. cepranensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H._rhodesiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H._neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. neanderthalensis">H. neanderthalensis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Denisova_hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisova hominin">Denisova hominin</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i> remain under debate. <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i> and <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> are closely related to each other and have been considered to be <a href="/wiki/Human_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Human subspecies">subspecies</a> of <i>H. sapiens</i>. </p><p>There has historically been a trend to postulate new human species based on as little as an individual fossil. A "minimalist" approach to human taxonomy recognizes at most three species, <i>H. habilis</i> (2.1–1.5 Mya, membership in <i>Homo</i> questionable), <i>H. erectus</i> (1.8–0.1 Mya, including the majority of the age of the genus, and the majority of archaic varieties as <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus subspecies">subspecies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <i>H. heidelbergensis</i> as a late or transitional variety<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> (300 kya to present, including <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> and other varieties as <a href="/wiki/Human_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Human subspecies">subspecies</a>). Consistent definitions and methodology of species delineation are not generally agreed upon in anthropology or paleontology. Indeed, speciating populations of mammals can typically interbreed for several million years after they begin to genetically diverge,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so all contemporary "species" in the genus <i>Homo</i> would potentially have been able to interbreed at the time, and introgression from beyond the genus <i>Homo</i> can not <i>a priori</i> be ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/H._naledi" class="mw-redirect" title="H. naledi">H. naledi</a></i> may have been a hybrid with a late surviving <i>Australipith</i> (taken to mean beyond <i>Homo</i>, ed.),<sup id="cite_ref-Berger-2017_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-2017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the fact that these lineages generally are regarded as long extinct. As discussed above, many introgressions have occurred between lineages, with evidence of introgression after separation of 1.5 million years. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparative table of <i>Homo</i> lineages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Lineages </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Temporal range<br />(<a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">kya</a>) </th> <th>Habitat </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Adult height </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Adult mass </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial capacity">Cranial capacity</a><br />(cm<sup>3</sup>) </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossil record</a> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Discovery/<br />publication<br />of name </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i><br /><small>membership in <i>Homo</i> uncertain</small> </td> <td>2,100–1,500<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>110–140 cm (3 ft 7 in – 4 ft 7 in) </td> <td>33–55 kg (73–121 lb) </td> <td>510–660 </td> <td data-sort-value="50"><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis#Fossils" title="Homo habilis">Many</a> </td> <td>1960<br />1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i><br /><small>membership in <i>Homo</i> uncertain</small> </td> <td>1,900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koobi_Fora" title="Koobi Fora">Kenya</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>700 </td> <td data-sort-value="2">2 sites </td> <td>1972<br />1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i><br /><small>also classified as <i>H. habilis</i></small> </td> <td>1,900–600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">South Africa</a> </td> <td>100 cm (3 ft 3 in) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">3 individuals<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2010<br />2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></i> </td> <td>1,900–140<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_human_expansions_out_of_Africa#Homo_erectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Early human expansions out of Africa">Eurasia</a> </td> <td>180 cm (5 ft 11 in) </td> <td>60 kg (130 lb) </td> <td>850 (early) – 1,100 (late) </td> <td data-sort-value="1000">Many<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1891<br />1892 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i><br /><small>African <i>H. erectus</i></small> </td> <td>1,800–1,300<sup id="cite_ref-Hazarika2007_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazarika2007-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>East and Southern Africa </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>700–850 </td> <td data-sort-value="100">Many </td> <td>1949<br />1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i> </td> <td>1,200–800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor#Fossil_sites" title="Homo antecessor">Western Europe</a> </td> <td>175 cm (5 ft 9 in) </td> <td>90 kg (200 lb) </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="6">2 sites </td> <td>1994<br />1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i><br /><small>classification uncertain</small> </td> <td>1,000–50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liang_Bua" title="Liang Bua">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>100 cm (3 ft 3 in) </td> <td>25 kg (55 lb) </td> <td>400 </td> <td data-sort-value="7">7 individuals </td> <td>2003<br />2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i><br /><small>early <i>H. neanderthalensis</i></small> </td> <td>600–300<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Europe, Africa </td> <td>180 cm (5 ft 11 in) </td> <td>90 kg (200 lb) </td> <td>1,100–1,400 </td> <td data-sort-value="100">Many </td> <td>1907<br />1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_cepranensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo cepranensis">H. cepranensis</a></i><br /><small>a single fossil, possibly <i>H. heidelbergensis</i></small> </td> <td data-sort-value="450">c. 450<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceprano" title="Ceprano">Italy</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td data-sort-value="1.0">1 skull cap </td> <td>1994<br />2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i> </td> <td data-sort-value="300">335—236<sup id="cite_ref-eLIFE-2017a_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eLIFE-2017a-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">South Africa</a> </td> <td>150 cm (4 ft 11 in) </td> <td>45 kg (99 lb) </td> <td>450 </td> <td data-sort-value="15">15 individuals </td> <td>2013<br />2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> </td> <td>309–138<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Northeast China </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,420<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="1">1 individual </td> <td>1933<br />2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i><br /><small>early <i>H. sapiens</i></small> </td> <td data-sort-value="300">c. 300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabwe_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabwe skull">Zambia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td data-sort-value="1.5">Single or very few </td> <td>1921<br />1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">H. sapiens</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(anatomically modern humans)</span> </td> <td>c. 300–present<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Worldwide</a> </td> <td>150–190 cm (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 3 in) </td> <td>50–100 kg (110–220 lb) </td> <td>950–1,800 </td> <td data-sort-value="7500000000">(extant) </td> <td data-sort-value="1758">——<br />1758 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denisova_hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisova hominin">Denisova hominin</a> </td> <td>c. 285 - c. 51 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denisova_Cave" title="Denisova Cave">Siberia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="4.5">2 sites </td> <td>2000<br />2010<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i><br /> </td> <td>240–<a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_extinction" title="Neanderthal extinction">40</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Europe, Western Asia </td> <td>170 cm (5 ft 7 in) </td> <td>55–70 kg (121–154 lb)<br />(heavily built) </td> <td>1,200–1,900 </td> <td data-sort-value="400"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neanderthal_fossils" title="List of Neanderthal fossils">Many</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Engis_2" title="Engis 2">1829</a><br />1864 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nesher_Ramla_Homo" title="Nesher Ramla Homo">Nesher Ramla <i>Homo</i></a><br /><small>classification uncertain</small> </td> <td>140–120 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="7">several individuals </td> <td>2021<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Penghu_1" title="Penghu 1">H. tsaichangensis</a></i><br /><small>possibly <i>H. erectus</i> or Denisova</small> </td> <td data-sort-value="100">c. 100<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Taiwan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="1.1">1 individual </td> <td>2008(?)<br />2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i><br /> </td> <td>c. 67<sup id="cite_ref-Détroit2019_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Détroit2019-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190410_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190410-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">3 individuals </td> <td>2007<br />2019 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">List of human evolution fossils</a> <i>(with images)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin of modern humans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 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.reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The conventional estimate on the age of <i>H. habilis</i> is at roughly 2.1 to 2.3 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suggestions for pushing back the age to 2.8 Mya were made in 2015 based on the discovery of <a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">a jawbone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Homo erectus</i> in the narrow sense (the Asian species) was extinct by 140,000 years ago; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._erectus_soloensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. erectus soloensis (page does not exist)">H. erectus soloensis</a></i>, found in <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, is considered the latest known survival of <i>H. erectus</i>. Formerly dated to as late as 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, a 2011 study pushed the <i>H. e. soloensis</i> extinction date back to 143,000 years ago at the latest, more likely before 550,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Indriati-2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indriati-2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word "human" itself is from Latin <i>humanus</i>, an adjective formed on the root of <i>homo</i>, thought to derive from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> word for "earth" reconstructed as <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*dhǵhem-</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> was designated as the <a href="/wiki/Lectotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Lectotype">lectotype</a> for <i>Homo sapiens</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means that following the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">nomenclatural rules</a>, <i>Homo sapiens</i> was validly defined as the animal species to which Linnaeus belonged.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCela-CondeAyala2003">Cela-Conde & Ayala (2003)</a> recognize five genera within Hominina: <i>Ardipithecus</i>, <i>Australopithecus</i> (including <i>Paranthropus</i>), <i>Homo</i> (including <i>Kenyanthropus</i>), <i>Praeanthropus</i> (including <i>Orrorin</i>), and <i>Sahelanthropus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cela-Conde-2003_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cela-Conde-2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The line to the earliest members of <i>Homo</i> were derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>, a genus that had separated from the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a> by late <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-efn4-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-efn4_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a 2015 phylogenetic study, <i>H. floresiensis</i> was placed with <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i>, <i>H. habilis</i> and <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmanisi Man">Dmanisi Man</a>, raising the possibility that the ancestors of <i>H. floresiensis</i> left Africa before the appearance of <i>H. erectus</i>, possibly even becoming the first hominins to do so and evolved further in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_2015_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confirmed <i>H. habilis</i> fossils are dated to between 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago. This date range overlaps with the emergence of <i>Homo erectus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hominins with "proto-Homo" traits may have lived as early as 2.8 million years ago, as suggested by a fossil jawbone classified as transitional between <i>Australopithecus</i> and <i>Homo</i> discovered in 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A species proposed in 2010 based on the fossil remains of three individuals dated between 1.9 and 0.6 million years ago. The same fossils were also classified as <i>H. habilis</i>, <i>H. ergaster</i> or <i>Australopithecus</i> by other anthropologists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>H. erectus</i> may have appeared some 2 million years ago. Fossils dated to as much as 1.8 million years ago have been found both in Africa and in Southeast Asia, and the oldest fossils by a narrow margin (1.85 to 1.77 million years ago) were found in the Caucasus, so that it is unclear whether <i>H. erectus</i> emerged in Africa and migrated to Eurasia, or if, conversely, it evolved in Eurasia and migrated back to Africa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_soloensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus soloensis">Homo erectus soloensis</a></i>, found in <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, is considered the latest known survival of <i>H. erectus</i>. Formerly dated to as late as 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, a 2011 study pushed back the date of its extinction of <i>H. e. soloensis</i> to 143,000 years ago at the latest, more likely before 550,000 years ago. <sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now also included in <i>H. erectus</i> are <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> (formerly <i>Sinanthropus pekinensis</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a> (formerly <i>Pithecanthropus erectus</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>H. erectus</i> is now grouped into various subspecies, including <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_erectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus erectus">Homo erectus erectus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">Homo erectus yuanmouensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">Homo erectus lantianensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">Homo erectus nankinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Homo erectus pekinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Homo erectus palaeojavanicus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_soloensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus soloensis">Homo erectus soloensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_tautavelensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus tautavelensis">Homo erectus tautavelensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_georgicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus georgicus">Homo erectus georgicus</a></i>. The distinction from descendant species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> and indeed <i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i> is not entirely clear.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The type fossil is <a href="/wiki/Mauer_1" title="Mauer 1">Mauer 1</a>, dated to ca. 0.6 million years ago. The transition from <i>H. heidelbergensis</i> to <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> between 300 and 243 thousand years ago is conventional, and makes use of the fact that there is no known fossil in this period. Examples of <i>H. heidelbergensis</i> are fossils found at <a href="/wiki/Bilzingsleben_(Paleolithic_site)" title="Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)">Bilzingsleben</a> (also classified as <i>Homo erectus bilzingslebensis</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The age of <i>H. sapiens</i> has long been assumed to be close to 200,000 years, but since 2017 there have been a number of suggestions extending this time to as high as 300,000 years. In 2017, fossils found in <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>) suggest that <i>Homo sapiens</i> may have speciated by as early as 315,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic evidence has been adduced for an age of roughly 270,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">provisional names <i>Homo sp. Altai</i> or <i>Homo sapiens ssp. Denisova</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first humans with "proto-Neanderthal traits" lived in Eurasia as early as 0.6 to 0.35 million years ago (classified as <i>H. heidelbergensis</i>, also called a <a href="/wiki/Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">chronospecies</a> because it represents a chronological grouping rather than being based on clear morphological distinctions from either <i>H. erectus</i> or <i>H. neanderthalensis</i>). There is a fossil gap in Europe between 300 and 243 kya, and by convention, fossils younger than 243 kya are called "Neanderthal".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">younger than 450 kya, either between 190–130 or between 70–10 kya<sup id="cite_ref-Changetal2015_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Changetal2015-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStringer1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Stringer" title="Chris Stringer">Stringer, C.B.</a> (1994). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Oldest+Homo+sapiens+fossil+claim+rewrites+our+species%27+history&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2017.22114&rft.aulast=Callaway&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Foldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Posth-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Posth_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosthRenaudMittnikDrucker2016" class="citation journal cs1">Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik A, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, et al. (March 2016). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wildernist&rft.atitle=Homo+naledi+and+the+problems+with+the+Homo+genus&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft.aulast=Lents&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewildernist.org%2F2015%2F10%2Fhomo-nadeli-problems-with-homo-genus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodCollard1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, B.; Collard, M. (April 1999). "The human genus". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>284</b> (5411): 65–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...284...65.">1999Sci...284...65.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5411.65">10.1126/science.284.5411.65</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10102822">10102822</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7018418">7018418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+human+genus&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=5411&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5411.65&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7018418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10102822&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...284...65.&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Collard%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2023" class="citation journal cs1">Plummer, Thomas (9 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7452">"Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>379</b> (6632): 561–566. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...379..561P">2023Sci...379..561P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abo7452">10.1126/science.abo7452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36758076">36758076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256697931">256697931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Expanded+geographic+distribution+and+dietary+strategies+of+the+earliest+Oldowan+hominins+and+Paranthropus&rft.volume=379&rft.issue=6632&rft.pages=561-566&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abo7452&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256697931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36758076&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Sci...379..561P&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abo7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"ape-man", from <i>Pithecanthropus erectus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>), Eugène Dubois, <i>Pithecanthropus erectus: eine menschenähnliche Übergangsform aus Java</i> (1894), identified with the <i>Pithecanthropus alalus</i> (i.e. "non-speaking ape-man") hypothesized earlier by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1895" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel, Ernst</a> (1895). "Protanthropus primigenius". <i>Systematische Phylogenie</i>. <b>3</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40568382#page/655/mode/1up">p. 625</a>. <q>early man</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematische+Phylogenie&rft.atitle=Protanthropus+primigenius&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=p.+625&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sinic man", from <i>Sinanthropus pekinensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>), <a href="/wiki/Davidson_Black" title="Davidson Black">Davidson Black</a> (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"crooked man", from <i>Cyphanthropus rhodesiensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">Rhodesian Man</a>) <a href="/wiki/William_Plane_Pycraft" title="William Plane Pycraft">William Plane Pycraft</a> (1928).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"African man", used by T.F. Dreyer (1935) for the <a href="/wiki/Florisbad_Skull" title="Florisbad Skull">Florisbad Skull</a> he found in 1932 (also <i>Homo florisbadensis</i> or <i>Homo helmei</i>). Also the genus suggested for a number of archaic human skulls found at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Eyasi" title="Lake Eyasi">Lake Eyasi</a> by Weinert (1938). Leaky, <i>Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society' (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36831937#page/287/mode/1up">p. 43</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"remote man"; from <i>Telanthropus capensis</i> (Broom and Robinson 1949), see (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7952323#page/571/mode/1up">p. 487</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from <i>Atlanthropus mauritanicus</i>, name given to the species of fossils (three lower jaw bones and a parietal bone of a skull) discovered in 1954 to 1955 by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Arambourg" title="Camille Arambourg">Camille Arambourg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tighennif" title="Tighennif">Tighennif</a>, Algeria. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArambourg1955" class="citation journal cs1">Arambourg, C. 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"A recent discovery in human paleontology: Atlanthropus of ternifine (Algeria)". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i>. <b>13</b> (2): 191–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330130203">10.1002/ajpa.1330130203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=A+recent+discovery+in+human+paleontology%3A+Atlanthropus+of+ternifine+%28Algeria%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-201&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330130203&rft.aulast=Arambourg&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppens1965" class="citation journal cs1">Coppens, Y. 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(August 2010). "Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>466</b> (7308): 857–860. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.466..857M">2010Natur.466..857M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09248">10.1038/nature09248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20703305">20703305</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4356816">4356816</a>. <q>The oldest direct evidence of stone tool manufacture comes from <a href="/wiki/Gona,_Ethiopia" title="Gona, Ethiopia">Gona</a> (Ethiopia) and dates to between 2.6 and 2.5 million years (Myr) ago. [...] Here we report stone-tool-inflicted marks on bones found during recent survey work in Dikika, Ethiopia [... showing] unambiguous stone-tool cut marks for flesh removal [..., dated] to between 3.42 and 3.24 Myr ago [...] Our discovery extends by approximately 800,000 years the antiquity of stone tools and of stone-tool-assisted consumption of ungulates by hominins; furthermore, this behaviour can now be attributed to Australopithecus afarensis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+stone-tool-assisted+consumption+of+animal+tissues+before+3.39+million+years+ago+at+Dikika%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=466&rft.issue=7308&rft.pages=857-860&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4356816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20703305&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.466..857M&rft.aulast=McPherron&rft.aufirst=S.P.&rft.au=Alemseged%2C+Z.&rft.au=Marean%2C+C.W.&rft.au=Wynn%2C+J.G.&rft.au=Reed%2C+D.&rft.au=Geraads%2C+D.&rft.au=Bobe%2C+R.&rft.au=B%C3%A9arat%2C+H.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillmoareKimbelSeyoumCampisano2015" class="citation journal cs1">Villmoare, B.; Kimbel, W.H.; Seyoum, C.; Campisano, C.J.; DiMaggio, E.N.; Rowan, J.; et al. (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa1343">"Paleoanthropology. Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>347</b> (6228): 1352–1355. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...347.1352V">2015Sci...347.1352V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa1343">10.1126/science.aaa1343</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25739410">25739410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Paleoanthropology.+Early+Homo+at+2.8+Ma+from+Ledi-Geraru%2C+Afar%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=6228&rft.pages=1352-1355&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25739410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaa1343&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Sci...347.1352V&rft.aulast=Villmoare&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Kimbel%2C+W.H.&rft.au=Seyoum%2C+C.&rft.au=Campisano%2C+C.J.&rft.au=DiMaggio%2C+E.N.&rft.au=Rowan%2C+J.&rft.au=Braun%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Arrowsmith%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Reed%2C+K.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aaa1343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> See also: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMaggioCampisanoRowanDupont-Nivet2015" class="citation journal cs1">DiMaggio EN, Campisano CJ, Rowan J, Dupont-Nivet G, Deino AL, Bibi F, et al. (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa1415">"Paleoanthropology. Late Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>347</b> (6228): 1355–1359. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...347.1355D">2015Sci...347.1355D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa1415">10.1126/science.aaa1415</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25739409">25739409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Paleoanthropology.+Late+Pliocene+fossiliferous+sedimentary+record+and+the+environmental+context+of+early+Homo+from+Afar%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=6228&rft.pages=1355-1359&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25739409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaa1415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Sci...347.1355D&rft.aulast=DiMaggio&rft.aufirst=EN&rft.au=Campisano%2C+CJ&rft.au=Rowan%2C+J&rft.au=Dupont-Nivet%2C+G&rft.au=Deino%2C+AL&rft.au=Bibi%2C+F&rft.au=Lewis%2C+ME&rft.au=Souron%2C+A&rft.au=Garello%2C+D&rft.au=Werdelin%2C+L&rft.au=Reed%2C+KE&rft.au=Arrowsmith%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aaa1415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPüschelBertrandO’ReillyBobe2021" class="citation journal cs1">Püschel, Hans P.; Bertrand, Ornella C.; O’Reilly, Joseph E.; Bobe, René; Püschel, Thomas A. (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/35151870-c7b5-477e-aca8-2c75c8382002">"Divergence-time estimates for hominins provide insight into encephalization and body mass trends in human evolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Ecology_%26_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Ecology & Evolution">Nature Ecology & Evolution</a></i>. <b>5</b> (6): 808–819. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatEE...5..808P">2021NatEE...5..808P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-021-01431-1">10.1038/s41559-021-01431-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33795855">33795855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232764044">232764044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Divergence-time+estimates+for+hominins+provide+insight+into+encephalization+and+body+mass+trends+in+human+evolution&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=808-819&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-021-01431-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232764044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33795855&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatEE...5..808P&rft.aulast=P%C3%BCschel&rft.aufirst=Hans+P.&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+Ornella+C.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Reilly%2C+Joseph+E.&rft.au=Bobe%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=P%C3%BCschel%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ed.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F35151870-c7b5-477e-aca8-2c75c8382002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Bernard (28 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3127876">"Did early Homo migrate "out of" or "in to" Africa?"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>108</b> (26): 10375–10376. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10810375W">2011PNAS..10810375W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1107724108">10.1073/pnas.1107724108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3127876">3127876</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21677194">21677194</a>. <q>the adaptive coherence of <i>Homo</i> would be compromised if <i>H. habilis</i> is included in <i>Homo</i>. Thus, if these arguments are accepted the origins of the genus <i>Homo</i> are coincident in time and place with the emergence of <i>H. erectus</i>, not <i>H. habilis</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Did+early+Homo+migrate+%22out+of%22+or+%22in+to%22+Africa%3F&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=10375-10376&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3127876%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10810375W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21677194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1107724108&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3127876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbelVillmoare2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kimbel, W.H.; Villmoare, B. (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920303">"From Australopithecus to Homo: the transition that wasn't"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</i>. <b>371</b> (1698): 20150248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0248">10.1098/rstb.2015.0248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920303">4920303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27298460">27298460</a>. <q>A fresh look at brain size, hand morphology and earliest technology suggests that a number of key <i>Homo</i> attributes may already be present in generalized species of Australopithecus, and that adaptive distinctions in <i>Homo</i> are simply amplifications or extensions of ancient hominin trends. [...] the adaptive shift represented by the ECV of <i>Australopithecus</i> is at least as significant as the one represented by the ECV of early <i>Homo</i>, and that a major 'grade-level' leap in brain size with the advent of <i>H. erectus</i> is probably illusory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=From+Australopithecus+to+Homo%3A+the+transition+that+wasn%27t&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=1698&rft.pages=20150248&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4920303%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27298460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0248&rft.aulast=Kimbel&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft.au=Villmoare%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4920303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodRichmond2000">Wood & Richmond (2000)</a>, p. 41: "A recent reassessment of cladistic and functional evidence concluded that there are few, if any, grounds for retaining <i>H. habilis</i> in <i>Homo</i>, and recommended that the material be transferred (or, for some, returned) to Australopithecus (Wood & Collard, 1999)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_2000-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2000_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, J.M. (May 2000). "Craniofacial variation in Homo habilis: an analysis of the evidence for multiple species". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i>. <b>112</b> (1): 103–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8644%28200005%29112%3A1%3C103%3A%3AAID-AJPA10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6">10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<103::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10766947">10766947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Craniofacial+variation+in+Homo+habilis%3A+an+analysis+of+the+evidence+for+multiple+species&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-128&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8644%28200005%29112%3A1%3C103%3A%3AAID-AJPA10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10766947&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spoor.et.al.2007-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spoor.et.al.2007_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spoor.et.al.2007_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoorLeakeyGathogoBrown2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spoor, F.; <a href="/wiki/Meave_Leakey" title="Meave Leakey">Leakey, M.G.</a>; Gathogo, P.N.; Brown, F.H.; Antón, S.C.; McDougall, I.; et al. (August 2007). "Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>448</b> (7154): 688–691. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.448..688S">2007Natur.448..688S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05986">10.1038/nature05986</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17687323">17687323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35845">35845</a>. <q>A partial maxilla assigned to H. habilis reliably demonstrates that this species survived until later than previously recognized, making an anagenetic relationship with H. erectus unlikely. The discovery of a particularly small calvaria of H. erectus indicates that this taxon overlapped in size with H. habilis, and may have shown marked sexual dimorphism. The new fossils confirm the distinctiveness of H. habilis and H. erectus, independently of overall cranial size, and suggest that these two early taxa were living broadly sympatrically in the same lake basin for almost half a million years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Implications+of+new+early+Homo+fossils+from+Ileret%2C+east+of+Lake+Turkana%2C+Kenya&rft.volume=448&rft.issue=7154&rft.pages=688-691&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17687323&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.448..688S&rft.aulast=Spoor&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Leakey%2C+M.G.&rft.au=Gathogo%2C+P.N.&rft.au=Brown%2C+F.H.&rft.au=Ant%C3%B3n%2C+S.C.&rft.au=McDougall%2C+I.&rft.au=Kiarie%2C+C.&rft.au=Manthi%2C+F.K.&rft.au=Leakey%2C+L.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgustíLordkipanidze2011" class="citation journal cs1">Agustí J, Lordkipanidze D (June 2011). 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"The evolutionary relationships and age of Homo naledi: An assessment using dated Bayesian phylogenetic methods". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Evolution" title="Journal of Human Evolution">Journal of Human Evolution</a></i>. <b>97</b>: 17–26. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHumE..97...17D">2016JHumE..97...17D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2016.04.008">10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F8796">2164/8796</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27457542">27457542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+relationships+and+age+of+Homo+naledi%3A+An+assessment+using+dated+Bayesian+phylogenetic+methods&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=17-26&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F8796&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27457542&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2016.04.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JHumE..97...17D&rft.aulast=Dembo&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Radov%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+D&rft.au=Garvin%2C+HM&rft.au=Laird%2C+MF&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+L&rft.au=Scott%2C+JE&rft.au=Brophy%2C+J&rft.au=Ackermann%2C+RR&rft.au=Musiba%2C+CM&rft.au=de+Ruiter%2C+DJ&rft.au=Mooers%2C+A%C3%98&rft.au=Collard%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ko-2016-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ko-2016_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ko-2016_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ko, K.H. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4947341">"Hominin interbreeding and the evolution of human variation"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Biological_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Biological Research (page does not exist)">Journal of Biological Research</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40709-016-0054-7">10.1186/s40709-016-0054-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4947341">4947341</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27429943">27429943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Research&rft.atitle=Hominin+interbreeding+and+the+evolution+of+human+variation&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4947341%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27429943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40709-016-0054-7&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=K.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4947341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2019" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, N. (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bL2XDwAAQBAJ&q=Sahelanthropus+tchadensis&pg=PA7"><i>The Origins of Europeans and Their Pre-Historic Innovations from 6 Million to 10,000 BCE: From 6 Million to 10,000 BCE</i></a>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781628943795" title="Special:BookSources/9781628943795"><bdi>9781628943795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Europeans+and+Their+Pre-Historic+Innovations+from+6+Million+to+10%2C000+BCE%3A+From+6+Million+to+10%2C000+BCE&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.isbn=9781628943795&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbL2XDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSahelanthropus%2Btchadensis%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraitGrineFleagle2015" class="citation book cs1">Strait D, Grine F, Fleagle J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278682043"><i>Analyzing Hominin Hominin Phylogeny: Cladistic Approach</i></a>. Springer. pp. 1989–2014 (cladogram p. 2006). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39978-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39978-7"><bdi>978-3-642-39978-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+Hominin+Hominin+Phylogeny%3A+Cladistic+Approach&rft.pages=1989-2014+%28cladogram+p.+2006%29&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-642-39978-7&rft.aulast=Strait&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Grine%2C+Frederick&rft.au=Fleagle%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F278682043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounierCaparros2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mounier, A.; Caparros, M. (2015). "The phylogenetic status of Homo heidelbergensis – a cladistic study of Middle Pleistocene hominins". <i>BMSAP</i> (in French). <b>27</b> (3–4): 110–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13219-015-0127-4">10.1007/s13219-015-0127-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-8984">0037-8984</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17449909">17449909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMSAP&rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+status+of+Homo+heidelbergensis+%E2%80%93+a+cladistic+study+of+Middle+Pleistocene+hominins&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=110-134&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17449909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0037-8984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13219-015-0127-4&rft.aulast=Mounier&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Caparros%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersHarrisAchenbach2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers AR, Harris NS, Achenbach AA (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7032934">"Neanderthal-Denisovan ancestors interbred with a distantly related hominin"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>6</b> (8): eaay5483. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.5483R">2020SciA....6.5483R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aay5483">10.1126/sciadv.aay5483</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7032934">7032934</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32128408">32128408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Neanderthal-Denisovan+ancestors+interbred+with+a+distantly+related+hominin&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=eaay5483&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7032934%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32128408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aay5483&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.5483R&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Harris%2C+NS&rft.au=Achenbach%2C+AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7032934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPüschelBertrandO’ReillyBobe2021" class="citation journal cs1">Püschel, Hans P.; Bertrand, Ornella C.; O’Reilly, Joseph E.; Bobe, René; Püschel, Thomas A. (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/35151870-c7b5-477e-aca8-2c75c8382002">"Divergence-time estimates for hominins provide insight into encephalization and body mass trends in human evolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Ecology_%26_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Ecology & Evolution">Nature Ecology & Evolution</a></i>. <b>5</b> (6): 808–819. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatEE...5..808P">2021NatEE...5..808P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-021-01431-1">10.1038/s41559-021-01431-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33795855">33795855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232764044">232764044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Divergence-time+estimates+for+hominins+provide+insight+into+encephalization+and+body+mass+trends+in+human+evolution&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=808-819&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-021-01431-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232764044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33795855&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatEE...5..808P&rft.aulast=P%C3%BCschel&rft.aufirst=Hans+P.&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+Ornella+C.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Reilly%2C+Joseph+E.&rft.au=Bobe%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=P%C3%BCschel%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ed.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F35151870-c7b5-477e-aca8-2c75c8382002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDediuLevinson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dediu, D.; Levinson, S.C. (1 June 2018). "Neanderthal language revisited: not only us". <i>Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences</i>. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Homo">Homo</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Paleoanthropology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Introduction to Paleoanthropology">Introduction to Paleoanthropology</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/origins/index.php">Exploring the Hominid Fossil Record</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology at George Washington University</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html">Hominid species</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/specimen.html">Prominent Hominid Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/primates/hominoidea/hominidae_1.html">Mikko's Phylogeny archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/42268">"<i>Homo</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EHomo%3C%2Fi%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230000000000%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F42268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171283#P830" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_genus_Homo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_genus_Homo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to genus <i>Homo</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_evolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_evolution" title="Template:Human evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_evolution" title="Template talk:Human evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_evolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humans and<br />proto-humans<br />(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penghu_1" title="Penghu 1">H. tsaichangensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" title="Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Diet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li> <li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Behavior <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Life history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline">Human timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_theorists" title="Category:Human evolution theorists">Theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_books" title="Category:Human evolution books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" title="Category:Human evolution">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human evolution">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_species_of_family_Hominidae_(great_apes)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hominidae_nav" title="Template:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hominidae_nav" title="Template talk:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hominidae_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hominidae nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_species_of_family_Hominidae_(great_apes)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant species of family <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae <small>(great apes)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li> <li>Suborder: <a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pongo(Orangutans)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969">(Orangutans)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan (<i>P. abelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">Bornean orangutan (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapanuli_orangutan" title="Tapanuli orangutan">Tapanuli orangutan (<i>P. tapanuliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969">(Gorillas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gorilla" title="Eastern gorilla">Eastern gorilla (<i>G. beringei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_gorilla" title="Western gorilla">Western gorilla (<i>G. gorilla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobo (<i>P. paniscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">Chimpanzee (<i>P. troglodytes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homo</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969">(Humans)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human (<i>H. sapiens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apes" title="Category:Apes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haplorhini" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haplorhini" title="Template:Haplorhini"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Haplorhini" title="Template talk:Haplorhini"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haplorhini" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haplorhini"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haplorhini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Haplorhini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†&quot;Omomyidae&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="/wiki/Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altanius" title="Altanius">Altanius</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bownomomys" title="Bownomomys">Bownomomys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohatius (page does not exist)">Kohatius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microchoerinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microchoerinae (page does not exist)">Microchoerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indusomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indusomys (page does not exist)">Indusomys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melaneremia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melaneremia (page does not exist)">Melaneremia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microchoerus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microchoerus (page does not exist)">Microchoerus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannopithex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nannopithex (page does not exist)">Nannopithex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Necrolemur" title="Necrolemur">Necrolemur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraloris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraloris (page does not exist)">Paraloris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoloris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudoloris (page does not exist)">Pseudoloris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quercyloris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quercyloris (page does not exist)">Quercyloris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vectipithex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vectipithex (page does not exist)">Vectipithex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Anaptomorphinae" title="Anaptomorphinae">Anaptomorphinae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absarokius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absarokius (page does not exist)">Absarokius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaptomorphus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaptomorphus (page does not exist)">Anaptomorphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anemorhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anemorhysis (page does not exist)">Anemorhysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arapahovius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arapahovius (page does not exist)">Arapahovius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aycrossia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aycrossia (page does not exist)">Aycrossia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlororhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlororhysis (page does not exist)">Chlororhysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gazinius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazinius (page does not exist)">Gazinius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudotetonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudotetonius (page does not exist)">Pseudotetonius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphacorhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphacorhysis (page does not exist)">Sphacorhysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strigorhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strigorhysis (page does not exist)">Strigorhysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatmanius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatmanius (page does not exist)">Tatmanius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teilhardina" title="Teilhardina">Teilhardina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetonius (page does not exist)">Tetonius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetonoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetonoides (page does not exist)">Tetonoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trogolemur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trogolemur (page does not exist)">Trogolemur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walshina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walshina (page does not exist)">Walshina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Omomyinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omomyinae (page does not exist)">Omomyinae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ageitodendron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ageitodendron (page does not exist)">Ageitodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asiomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiomomys (page does not exist)">Asiomomys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brontomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brontomomys (page does not exist)">Brontomomys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chipetaia" title="Chipetaia">Chipetaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chumashius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chumashius (page does not exist)">Chumashius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diablomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diablomomys (page does not exist)">Diablomomys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyseolemur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyseolemur (page does not exist)">Dyseolemur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekwiiyemakius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekwiiyemakius (page does not exist)">Ekwiiyemakius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnelltarsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunnelltarsius (page does not exist)">Gunnelltarsius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemiacodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemiacodon (page does not exist)">Hemiacodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemezius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemezius (page does not exist)">Jemezius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loveina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loveina (page does not exist)">Loveina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrotarsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrotarsius (page does not exist)">Macrotarsius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nesomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nesomomys (page does not exist)">Nesomomys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omomys (page does not exist)">Omomys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ourayia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ourayia (page does not exist)">Ourayia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rooneyia" title="Rooneyia">Rooneyia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshonius" title="Shoshonius">Shoshonius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steinius (page does not exist)">Steinius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stockia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stockia (page does not exist)">Stockia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uintanius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uintanius (page does not exist)">Uintanius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utahia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utahia (page does not exist)">Utahia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washakius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washakius (page does not exist)">Washakius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyomomys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyomomys (page does not exist)">Wyomomys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaquius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaquius (page does not exist)">Yaquius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarkadectinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarkadectinae (page does not exist)">Tarkadectinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarka_(mammal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarka (mammal) (page does not exist)">Tarka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarkadectes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarkadectes (page does not exist)">Tarkadectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarkops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarkops (page does not exist)">Tarkops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarsiiformes" title="Tarsiiformes">Tarsiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Archicebus" title="Archicebus">Archicebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a></b>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>"<a href="/wiki/Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarsier" title="Tarsier">Tarsiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_tarsier" title="Philippine tarsier">Carlito</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horsfield%27s_tarsier" title="Horsfield's tarsier">Cephalopachus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesperotarsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesperotarsius (page does not exist)">Hesperotarsius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligotarsius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oligotarsius (page does not exist)">Oligotarsius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarsius" title="Tarsius">Tarsius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthorhysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanthorhysis (page does not exist)">Xanthorhysis</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TeilhardinaDB15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teilhardina sp."><img alt="Teilhardina sp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TeilhardinaDB15.jpg/100px-TeilhardinaDB15.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TeilhardinaDB15.jpg/150px-TeilhardinaDB15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TeilhardinaDB15.jpg/200px-TeilhardinaDB15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Simiiformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simiiformes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amamria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amamria (page does not exist)">Amamria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aseanpithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseanpithecus (page does not exist)">Aseanpithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nosmips" title="Nosmips">Nosmips</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Phileosimias" title="Phileosimias">Phileosimias</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrasia_djijidae" title="Afrasia djijidae">Afrasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrotarsius" title="Afrotarsius">Afrotarsius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Eosimiidae" title="Eosimiidae">Eosimiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahinia (page does not exist)">Bahinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eosimias" title="Eosimias">Eosimias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenacopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenacopithecus (page does not exist)">Phenacopithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Amphipithecidae" title="Amphipithecidae">Amphipithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphipithecus" title="Amphipithecus">Amphipithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugtipithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bugtipithecus (page does not exist)">Bugtipithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganlea" title="Ganlea">Ganlea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krabia (page does not exist)">Krabia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myanmarpithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myanmarpithecus (page does not exist)">Myanmarpithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pondaungia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pondaungia (page does not exist)">Pondaungia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siamopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siamopithecus (page does not exist)">Siamopithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Parapithecoidea" title="Parapithecoidea">Parapithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoea" title="Arsinoea">Arsinoea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biretia" title="Biretia">Biretia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proteopithecidae" title="Proteopithecidae">Proteopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteopithecus (page does not exist)">Proteopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serapia_eocaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapia eocaena">Serapia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parapithecidae" title="Parapithecidae">Parapithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abuqatrania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abuqatrania (page does not exist)">Abuqatrania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apidium" title="Apidium">Apidium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parapithecus" title="Parapithecus">Parapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qatrania" title="Qatrania">Qatrania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ucayalipithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ucayalipithecus (page does not exist)">Ucayalipithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">Platyrrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvimico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvimico (page does not exist)">Parvimico</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perupithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perupithecus (page does not exist)">Perupithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Szalatavus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szalatavus (page does not exist)">Szalatavus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Canaanimico" title="Canaanimico">Canaanimico</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Branisella" title="Branisella">Branisella</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lagonimico" title="Lagonimico">Lagonimico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotidae">Aotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">Aotus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tremacebus" title="Tremacebus">Tremacebus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitheciidae" title="Pitheciidae">Pitheciidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola_monkey" title="Hispaniola monkey">Antillothrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uakari" title="Uakari">Cacajao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callicebus" title="Callicebus">Callicebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlocebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlocebus (page does not exist)">Carlocebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cebupithecia" title="Cebupithecia">Cebupithecia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheracebus" title="Cheracebus">Cheracebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearded_saki" title="Bearded saki">Chiropotes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homunculus_patagonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homunculus patagonicus">Homunculus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Insulacebus" title="Insulacebus">Insulacebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazzonicebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazzonicebus (page does not exist)">Mazzonicebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Miocallicebus" title="Miocallicebus">Miocallicebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nuciruptor" title="Nuciruptor">Nuciruptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saki_monkey" title="Saki monkey">Pithecia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plecturocebus" title="Plecturocebus">Plecturocebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteropithecia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteropithecia (page does not exist)">Proteropithecia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soriacebus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soriacebus (page does not exist)">Soriacebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_monkey" title="Jamaican monkey">Xenothrix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">Alouatta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">Ateles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muriqui" title="Muriqui">Brachyteles</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Caipora_bambuiorum" title="Caipora bambuiorum">Caipora</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cartelles" title="Cartelles">Cartelles</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chilecebus" title="Chilecebus">Chilecebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mohanamico" title="Mohanamico">Mohanamico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Oreonax</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Paralouatta" title="Paralouatta">Paralouatta</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protopithecus" title="Protopithecus">Protopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Solimoea" title="Solimoea">Solimoea</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Stirtonia_(mammal)" title="Stirtonia (mammal)">Stirtonia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cebidae" title="Cebidae">Cebidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Acrecebus" title="Acrecebus">Acrecebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gracile_capuchin_monkey" title="Gracile capuchin monkey">Cebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichocebus" title="Dolichocebus">Dolichocebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Killikaike" title="Killikaike">Killikaike</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Panamacebus" title="Panamacebus">Panamacebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Patasola_magdalenae" title="Patasola magdalenae">Patasola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_monkey" title="Squirrel monkey">Saimiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robust_capuchin_monkey" title="Robust capuchin monkey">Sapajus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Goeldi%27s_marmoset" title="Goeldi's marmoset">Callimico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callithrix" title="Callithrix">Callithrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_marmoset" title="Pygmy marmoset">Cebuella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saddle-back_tamarin" title="Saddle-back tamarin">Leontocebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_tamarin" title="Lion tamarin">Leontopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mico_(genus)" title="Mico (genus)">Mico</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Micodon" title="Micodon">Micodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamarin" title="Tamarin">Saguinus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EosimiasDB15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eosimias sinensis"><img alt="Eosimias sinensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EosimiasDB15.jpg/140px-EosimiasDB15.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EosimiasDB15.jpg/210px-EosimiasDB15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EosimiasDB15.jpg/280px-EosimiasDB15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Catarrhini" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Saadanius" title="Saadanius">Saadanius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Oligopithecidae" title="Oligopithecidae">Oligopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catopithecus" title="Catopithecus">Catopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oligopithecus" title="Oligopithecus">Oligopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talahpithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talahpithecus (page does not exist)">Talahpithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Propliopithecoidea" title="Propliopithecoidea">Propliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptopithecus" title="Aegyptopithecus">Aegyptopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Propliopithecus" title="Propliopithecus">Propliopithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pliopithecoidea" title="Pliopithecoidea">Pliopithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishnapithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krishnapithecus (page does not exist)">Krishnapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paidopithex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paidopithex (page does not exist)">Paidopithex</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kapi_ramnagarensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapi ramnagarensis">Kapi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pliopithecidae" title="Pliopithecidae">Pliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epipliopithecus" title="Epipliopithecus">Epipliopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pliopithecus" title="Pliopithecus">Pliopithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dionysopithecidae" title="Dionysopithecidae">Dionysopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionysopithecus (page does not exist)">Dionysopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platodontopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platodontopithecus (page does not exist)">Platodontopithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crouzeliinae" title="Crouzeliinae">Crouzeliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anapithecus" title="Anapithecus">Anapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barberapithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberapithecus (page does not exist)">Barberapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzelia (page does not exist)">Crouzelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egarapithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egarapithecus (page does not exist)">Egarapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanchangia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanchangia (page does not exist)">Fanchangia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laccopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laccopithecus (page does not exist)">Laccopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plesiopliopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plesiopliopithecus (page does not exist)">Plesiopliopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pliobates" title="Pliobates">Pliobates</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Cercopithecoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Alophe" title="Alophe">Alophe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoriapithecidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoriapithecidae (page does not exist)">Victoriapithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noropithecus" title="Noropithecus">Noropithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nsungwepithecus" title="Nsungwepithecus">Nsungwepithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prohylobates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prohylobates (page does not exist)">Prohylobates</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victoriapithecus" title="Victoriapithecus">Victoriapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaltanpithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaltanpithecus (page does not exist)">Zaltanpithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colobinae" title="Colobinae">Colobinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cercopithecoides" title="Cercopithecoides">Cercopithecoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_colobus" title="Black-and-white colobus">Colobus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichopithecus" title="Dolichopithecus">Dolichopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuseracolobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuseracolobus (page does not exist)">Kuseracolobus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Libypithecus" title="Libypithecus">Libypithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopithecus" title="Mesopithecus">Mesopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Microcolobus" title="Microcolobus">Microcolobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Nasalis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Paracolobus" title="Paracolobus">Paracolobus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Parapresbytis" title="Parapresbytis">Parapresbytis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_colobus" title="Red colobus">Piliocolobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presbytis" title="Presbytis">Presbytis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olive_colobus" title="Olive colobus">Procolobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Douc" title="Douc">Pygathrix</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinocolobus" title="Rhinocolobus">Rhinocolobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">Rhinopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sawecolobus" title="Sawecolobus">Sawecolobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semnopithecus" title="Semnopithecus">Semnopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pig-tailed_langur" title="Pig-tailed langur">Simias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">Trachypithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cercopithecinae" title="Cercopithecinae">Cercopithecinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cercopithecini" title="Cercopithecini">Cercopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allen%27s_swamp_monkey" title="Allen's swamp monkey">Allenopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allochrocebus" title="Allochrocebus">Allochrocebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guenon" title="Guenon">Cercopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlorocebus" title="Chlorocebus">Chlorocebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrocebus" title="Erythrocebus">Erythrocebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talapoin" title="Talapoin">Miopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanopithecus (page does not exist)">Nanopithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papionini" title="Papionini">Papionini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White-eyelid_mangabey" title="White-eyelid mangabey">Cercocebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dinopithecus" title="Dinopithecus">Dinopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgopithecus" title="Gorgopithecus">Gorgopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crested_mangabey" title="Crested mangabey">Lophocebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">Macaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandrillus" title="Mandrillus">Mandrillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">Papio</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Paradolichopithecus" title="Paradolichopithecus">Paradolichopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Parapapio" title="Parapapio">Parapapio</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pliopapio" title="Pliopapio">Pliopapio</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Procercocebus" title="Procercocebus">Procercocebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procynocephalus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procynocephalus (page does not exist)">Procynocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kipunji" title="Kipunji">Rungwecebus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soromandrillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soromandrillus (page does not exist)">Soromandrillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theropithecus" title="Theropithecus">Theropithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aegyptopithecus zeuxis"><img alt="Aegyptopithecus zeuxis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/140px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/210px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/280px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hominoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Afropithecus" title="Afropithecus">Afropithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ekembo" title="Ekembo">Ekembo</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Equatorius" title="Equatorius">Equatorius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Griphopithecus" title="Griphopithecus">Griphopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kamoyapithecus" title="Kamoyapithecus">Kamoyapithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyapithecus" title="Kenyapithecus">Kenyapithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Morotopithecus" title="Morotopithecus">Morotopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nacholapithecus" title="Nacholapithecus">Nacholapithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Otavipithecus" title="Otavipithecus">Otavipithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Proconsul_(mammal)" title="Proconsul (mammal)">Proconsul</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dendropithecidae" title="Dendropithecidae">Dendropithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendropithecus" title="Dendropithecus">Dendropithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyanzapithecus" title="Nyanzapithecus">Nyanzapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rangwapithecus" title="Rangwapithecus">Rangwapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukwapithecus" title="Rukwapithecus">Rukwapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simiolus" title="Simiolus">Simiolus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkanapithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkanapithecus (page does not exist)">Turkanapithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Hylobatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bunopithecus" title="Bunopithecus">Bunopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">Hoolock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylobates" title="Hylobates">Hylobates</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Junzi_imperialis" title="Junzi imperialis">Junzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomascus" title="Nomascus">Nomascus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamang" title="Siamang">Symphalangus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmoupithecus" title="Yuanmoupithecus">Yuanmoupithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Buronius" title="Buronius">Buronius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ankarapithecus" title="Ankarapithecus">Ankarapithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Indopithecus" title="Indopithecus">Indopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Khoratpithecus" title="Khoratpithecus">Khoratpithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dryopithecini" title="Dryopithecini">Dryopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anoiapithecus" title="Anoiapithecus">Anoiapithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Danuvius_guggenmosi" title="Danuvius guggenmosi">Danuvius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryopithecus" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanopithecus" title="Hispanopithecus">Hispanopithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierolapithecus" title="Pierolapithecus">Pierolapithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudapithecus" title="Rudapithecus">Rudapithecus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homo</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gigantopithecus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gigantopithecus blacki"><img alt="Gigantopithecus blacki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gigantopithecus.png/140px-Gigantopithecus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gigantopithecus.png/210px-Gigantopithecus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gigantopithecus.png/280px-Gigantopithecus.png 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="2123" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Homo</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171283" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q171283">Q171283</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Homo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Homo">Homo</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20557">20557</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=4523">4523</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/636X2">636X2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42268">42268</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1HOMXG">1HOMXG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2436435">2436435</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43583">43583</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1035772">1035772</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180091">180091</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12100794">12100794</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000376769">NHMSYS0000376769</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9605">9605</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/439952f5-cd08-4256-875a-4010297345bd">439952f5-cd08-4256-875a-4010297345bd</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=770309">770309</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40901">40901</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/272FC626-B467-6C4B-3330-B72E2A4AD183">272FC626-B467-6C4B-3330-B72E2A4AD183</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1455976">1455976</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/FEC9C6B9-6C88-434A-AC79-5DABF3C9D359">FEC9C6B9-6C88-434A-AC79-5DABF3C9D359</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171283#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7685163-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Homo (genre)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13338352q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Homo (genre)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13338352q">BnF data</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homo&oldid=1259490036">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homo&oldid=1259490036</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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[\"CITEREFDeanHublinHollowayZiegler1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDediuLevinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemboMatzkeMooers_AØCollard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemboRadovčićGarvinLaird2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiMaggioCampisanoRowanDupont-Nivet2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDirksRobertsHilbert-WolfKramers2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDétroitMijaresCornyDaver2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerringOmsAgustíBerna2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoleyMirazón_Lahr2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1825\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenKrauseBriggsMaricic2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroves2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberJonesConnellArciero2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaeckel1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaile-SelassieGibertMelilloRyan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvatiRödingBosmanKarakostis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavilandWalrathPrinsMcBride2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazarika2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennGignouxJobinGranka2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu,_Wangjie2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubiszWilliamsSiepel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndriatiSwisherLepreQuinn2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJiWuJiLi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarminSaagVicenteWilson_Sayres2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimbelVillmoare2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhlwilmGronauHubiszde_Filippo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLents2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebermanMcBratneyKrovitz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLordkipanidzePonce_de_LeónMargvelashviliRak2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoweryUribeJimenezWeiss2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherronAlemsegedMareanWynn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondalBertranpetitLao2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMounierCaparros2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMounierMarchalCondemi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuttoniScardiaKentSwisher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiJiWuShao2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaganiLawsonJagodaMörseburg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickeringDirksJinnahde_Ruiter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickrellPattersonLohLipson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlummer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopadinGunbinPeshkinAnnis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosthRenaudMittnikDrucker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosthWißingKitagawaPagani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrinsWalrathMcBride2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrüferRacimoPattersonJay2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPüschelBertrandO’ReillyBobe2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReichGreenKircherKrause2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichPattersonKircherDelfin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogersHarrisAchenbach2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlebuschMalmströmGüntherSjödin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrenkKullmerBromage2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchuster1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzTattersall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoorGunzNeubauerStelzer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoorLeakeyGathogoBrown2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearn1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraitGrineFleagle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStringer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwitek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarki2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillmoareKimbelSeyoumCampisano2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivelo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss,_Kenneth_M.1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonMaxsonSarich1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodCollard1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodLonergan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodRichmond2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitoun2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Linné1758\"] = 1,\n [\"Hominina\"] = 1,\n [\"Name\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonomy\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 83,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Clade\"] = 20,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"EOL\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 20,\n [\"Ety\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Ext\"] = 13,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Haplorhini\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 3,\n [\"Height\"] = 1,\n [\"Hominidae nav\"] = 1,\n [\"Human timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Human_Evolution\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Mya\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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