《班雅明傳》：班雅明臨終前那幾小時，以及他屍體的下落，恐怕後世再怎麼調查也不會知道了

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Jennings）五月初，德軍先是進攻比利時與荷蘭，隨即攻擊法國，於是法國政府再度展開拘留。靠著莫妮耶友人奧普諾又一次交涉，班雅明、克拉考爾、記者卡明斯基（Hanns-Erich Kaminski）和作家柯斯特勒沒有進拘留營，但有兩百多萬人搶在納粹部隊到來前逃離。班雅明匆匆清空住處，想找地方安放自己的大批文稿。最不重要的文稿都直接留在公寓，隨後被蓋世太保查扣，其中部分於戰時佚失，其餘後來被紅軍沒收送往蘇聯，最終流落到了東柏林。另一批文稿則是交給了幾位朋友。這些文稿戰時流落何處，我們所知甚少，但一九四六年確定在蘇黎世，班雅明妹妹杜拉手中，之後再由她寄到紐約給阿多諾。班雅明最重視的文稿，特別是拱廊街計畫的關鍵部分、《柏林童年》一九三八年修訂版、〈藝術作品在其可技術複製的時代〉第三版、〈歷史的概念〉作者版、他的十四行詩、〈說故事的人〉和〈論布萊希特的詩〉打字稿，以及阿多諾幾封討論理論的關鍵信件，他全交給了巴塔耶。巴塔耶將大部分文稿託付給巴黎國家圖書館的兩位館員。這些文稿戰時一直保存在那裡，戰後米薩克查到其中一部分，主要是拱廊街計畫卷宗，便向巴塔耶取回，然後安排特使送交給了阿多諾。其餘文稿，包括部分完成的《波特萊爾：發達資本主義時代的抒情詩人》最後幾版草稿與筆記，則是看似亡佚多年，直到一九八一年，哲學家兼班雅明的義大利文編輯阿岡本造訪巴黎國家圖書館，在巴塔耶檔案室發現班雅明留著的部分材料，再加上巴塔耶遺孀也給了他一些文稿，世人才發現這正是班雅明一九四○年託付給巴塔耶的那批消失的寶藏。直到現在，我們仍不清楚戰後巴塔耶是只誤取回了部分文稿，還是這些文稿收藏在其他地方，結果被人忘記了。六月十四日，靠著法國友人協助，班雅明和幾天前剛從古爾斯（Gurs）拘留營獲釋的妹妹杜拉搭乘火車從巴黎前往安全之處。那是難民從這座城市往南撤離的末幾班火車。班雅明隨身帶了一些盥洗用品、防毒面具和一本書：雷斯樞機主教的回憶錄。兄妹倆在庇里牛斯山區的盧爾德鎮（Lourdes）下車，並找到了便宜的住處。班雅明對當地人讚譽有加，儘管鎮上擠滿難民，其中許多是比利時人，卻保有秩序與平靜的氣氛。他馬上鼓動還在巴黎的朋友來這個「美麗鄉間」團聚，尤其是芙倫德。芙倫德在巴黎滯留太久，最後被迫騎單車逃離首都。她在多爾多涅的聖索齊找到避風港，一直待到一九四一年能逃往阿根廷為止。鄂蘭和布呂歇則是分隔兩地。布呂歇從拘留營獲釋後逃到了非占領區，鄂蘭則躲到蒙托邦附近。兩人最終都去了馬賽。克拉考爾夫婦已經去到那裡。其他朋友不是太老，就是身體太弱了逃不動，只能留在巴黎。班雅明在一則動人的筆記裡提到弗蘭克的母親「出奇勇敢」。他之前在巴黎和她住得很近。「波特萊爾說得對，『小老太婆』（petites vieilles）有時才是最有英雄氣概的人。」（GB, 6:471）抵達盧爾德三週後，班雅明在信裡告訴鄂蘭，拉羅什福柯（Francois de La Rochefoucauld）筆下的雷斯樞機主教正是他本人的寫照：「他的遊手好閒讓他處在漂泊隱蔽、與世隔絕的生活中，得以多年保持光彩。」儘管有鎮民支持，但那幾週的生活很快便陷入極不穩定的狀態。杜拉罹患僵直性脊椎炎和晚期動脈硬化，幾乎無法行動，班雅明則是發現自己的心臟問題不僅因為日常生活的整體狀況與壓力而惡化，也因為高海拔而加劇。由於缺錢又和親友失去聯繫，連每日起居也成為愈來愈嚴峻的挑戰。「過去幾個月，」他在信裡告訴阿多諾，「我看到不少人不僅掉離了資產階級生活，而且幾乎是一夜之間栽進深淵。」（BA, 339）暫居盧爾德那幾週，文學似乎成了班雅明唯一的安慰，特別是重讀斯湯達爾的小說《紅與黑》。班雅明感覺自己周遭籠罩著「冰川般的寂靜」。他七月中最後一次寫信給卡普魯絲，談到對方的信帶給他的慰藉：「我確實能這樣說：開心。但不曉得不久的將來是否還能體驗到那種感覺。」（GB, 6:471;BG, 288）面對這一切種種，班雅明努力保持他不久前仍在巴黎時曾向阿多諾描述的那種舉止與鎮定（Haltung）：「我敢大膽地說，當一個人根本上的孤獨妥切展現在我們面前，我們就遇上了此人的『舉止』。這種孤獨非但無法呈現出一個人的所有豐富，反倒呈現出此人在歷史制約下的空洞，呈現出悲慘命運賦予他的角色。」（BA, 331）在盧爾德時，班雅明最怕再次被拘留，到時就將成為德國的階下囚。「不知道明天，甚至下個小時會發生什麼，那種徹底的不確定，」他寫信告訴阿多諾，「已經占據我生活好幾週了。我被迫在所有報紙（這裡都是單一大張）、所有廣播上聽見命運發來的消息，彷彿專為我發出的傳票。」（BA, 339）於是他更加急迫找尋脫逃的辦法，取得簽證便成了「重中之重」。（C, 635）他有許多朋友都朝馬賽奔去，包括凱斯滕與鄂蘭，那裡聚集了大批希望翻越庇里牛斯山逃往西班牙的難民。另外一些朋友則傳來被拘留的消息，例如鄂蘭的丈夫布呂歇。然而，班雅明和妹妹剛抵達盧爾德不久，法國當局便下令禁止未持有許可證明的外國人旅行，也就是必須出示有效的簽證。七月十日，德法兩國政府談判，法國第三共和解體，由和談派貝當元帥建立維琪政權，至於法國境內外國人的庇護條款，則是早在六月二十二日簽署的停火協議中就實質廢除了。那幾週，班雅明信裡的語氣愈來愈慌：「我擔心時間遠比我們想的還不站在我們這邊......我希望截至目前你都能有這種印象，即使時局艱困，我也能保持鎮靜。但我無法讓自己對眼前的危險視而不見。我感覺能自救的人恐怕不多了。」由於擔心赴美希望渺茫，班雅明甚至開始考慮移民瑞士，儘管這個內陸國家對德國猶太人很難說是最安全的避難所。他寫信給霍夫曼斯塔爾的朋友、歷史學家兼瑞士外交官布克哈特（Carl Jacob Burckhardt），在這個「再不久就會稱作絕望（ausweglos）」的處境替他出面說情。（GB, 6:473）二戰結束後，布克哈特告訴班雅明的朋友里希納，他當時已經盡了全力，要朋友協助班雅明過境西班牙，但當一切準備就緒，已經太遲了。由於和盧爾德以外世界的聯繫斷斷續續，班雅明對朋友解救他的努力幾乎一無所知。離開巴黎後，社會研究所的信與明信片依然寄到巴黎，有些就此消失，有些隔了好幾週才寄到他手上。班雅明直到七月才獲知，霍克海默為了儘快取得美國簽證，曾經試圖在加勒比海地區定居工作，首先是聖多明各，但計畫擱淺，後來總算由社會研究所借調到哈瓦那大學擔任教授。班雅明等了兩個多月才得以前往馬賽與朋友會合。八月上旬，他總算得知社會研究所替他辦妥了入境美國的非限額簽證，駐馬賽領事館也已經獲得通知。滿足政府規定後，班雅明順利取得了安全通行證，於八月中旬前往馬賽，妹妹杜拉則繼續待在盧爾德。她後來躲到法國中部一處農場，於一九四一年逃到瑞士。抵達馬賽後，班雅明發現城裡擠滿了難民，空氣中瀰漫著不安的氛圍。結果領事館不僅發給他美國的入境簽證，還有西班牙和葡萄牙的過境簽證，但就是沒發給他離境簽證。當時法國所有港口與邊境海關都貼著德國猶太人和異議分子名單，支持維琪政權的民兵搜查拘留營，釋放納粹支持者，並將「國家公敵」交給蓋世太保。辛苦了那麼久才拿到簽證，班雅明事隔近一個月告訴孔恩，「截至目前都還沒什麼大用處。我就不用跟你數算自己失敗又重新擬定多少計畫了。」（GB, 6:481）這些計畫當中，有一個是和弗蘭克喬裝成法國水手（肯定是海運史上最年老又最沒經驗的兩名水手），靠賄賂登上貨輪。他還向美國救援中心（Centre Américain de Secours）登記為難民，這是一個由弗萊（Varian Fry）成立的、援助反法西斯流亡者的組織。儘管做了百般努力，班雅明在馬賽的「逗留」到了九月中還是成為「對神經的嚴酷考驗」，讓他被重度憂鬱給擊垮。（GB, 6:481-482）不過，有跡象表明，即使情況危急，還是吹不熄他的智識之火或愛玩鬧的習慣。小說家莫根斯特恩（Soma Morgenstern）回憶自己曾和班雅明在馬賽共度午餐，席間兩人聊到了福樓拜。我們才剛讀完菜單、點了飲料，華特．班雅明就隔著眼鏡瞄了我好幾眼，彷彿在等我說出早該說出口的評論......最後，他興奮地問我：「你沒注意到嗎？」「我們還沒吃飯，」我對他說，「我該注意什麼？」他將菜單遞給我，然後等著，於是我又看了菜單上的菜，可是什麼也沒注意到。這下，他終於失去耐性了。「你沒注意到這家餐廳的名字嗎？」我瞄了菜單一眼，發現餐廳老闆名叫阿爾努，就跟班雅明說了。「嗯，」他接著說道，「你對這個名字沒有任何印象嗎？」我覺得我被當了，不夠格參加測驗。「你不記得阿爾努是誰嗎？阿爾努〔夫人〕是《情感教育》主人翁菲德列克的夢中情人呀！」直到喝完湯，他才從我給他的失望中走了出來。那天午餐，我們的話題自然是福樓拜。九月下旬，班雅明由兩位馬賽舊識（德國出生的葛蘭德〔Henny Gurland〕和她十多歲的兒子約瑟夫）陪同，搭乘火車從馬賽抵達法西邊界不遠處的鄉村。由於合法出境幾乎不可能，班雅明選擇非法入境西班牙，希望從西班牙取道葡萄牙登船前往美國。他們在旺德爾港（Port Vendres）和菲特珂（Lisa Fittko）會合。菲特珂是政治行動者，三十一歲，住過維也納、柏林和布拉格，班雅明與她丈夫是在維努許拘留營認識的。菲特珂很難說是稱職的嚮導，但曾經認真研究過偷渡的可能性。靠著向旺德爾港附近班紐爾斯鎮長打聽來的資訊，她有辦法沿著小徑橫越庇里牛斯山支脈，進到西班牙邊境小城波埠（Port Bou）。儘管從附近的塞貝爾（Cerbère）有一條更直接的路去波埠，也是許多難民出走法國的捷徑，但已經被維琪法國的機動部隊察覺，正嚴加看守。於是難民被迫往西，改由「里斯特路線」翻越更高的山區。這條狹窄的隘道曾於一九三九年幫助共和軍指揮官里斯特（Enrique Lister）逃離西班牙法西斯，故而得名。亨利希．曼、戈洛．曼（Golo Mann）、弗伊希特萬格、威爾佛和馬勒—威爾佛（Alma Mahler-Werfel）都是經由這條崎嶇小路逃脫的。菲特珂得知班雅明心臟虛弱，便問他是否要冒險。「不去的話，那才叫冒險。」班雅明這樣回答。從這裡開始，班雅明辭世前的遭遇就不是那麼清楚了。菲特珂聽從鎮長阿澤瑪（Vincent Azéma）建議，帶著班雅明等人勘查了第一段的翻山小徑。班雅明可能於九月二十五日離開班紐爾斯。菲特珂察覺班雅明一路小心計算速度，步行十分鐘、休息一分鐘，並且拒絕同伴幫他提那只沉重的黑色公事包，因為公事包裡的「新手稿......比我本人還重要」。這份手稿究竟為何，至今仍然眾說紛紜。有些人推測是拱廊街計畫或論波特萊爾專書的完稿，但以班雅明的健康狀況與辭世前這一年只能零星工作的處境看來，應該不太可能。手稿有可能是〈歷史的概念〉定稿，但除非這個版本與他交給鄂蘭、卡普魯絲和巴塔耶的版本明顯不同，否則班雅明沒有理由如此看重。不過，這只是關於班雅明臨終前遭遇的第一個謎團。儘管班雅明不曾向菲特珂抱怨，甚至還能開開玩笑，並利用自己多年的健行經驗，幫夥伴判讀他們手上僅有的手繪小地圖，但爬山肯定令他備受折磨。當菲特珂、葛蘭德母子和班雅明總算抵達預定折返的小空地，班雅明表示他決定睡在這裡。他已經力不從心，不想再重走一次了。於是，其餘夥伴熟悉了這前三分之一的路程之後，便一起返回班紐爾斯的旅館休息，預備隔天與班雅明會合，然後走完最困難的上坡路，再下山直奔波埠。菲特珂記得班雅明「頭腦清晰」、「內在不屈不撓」，卻又彷彿活在另一個世界，反差極大。只有其中一段最陡的山路，班雅明才走得蹣跚踉蹌，基本上是菲特珂和約瑟夫拖著他穿越葡萄園的。可即便如此，班雅明也沒有丟了他的無比客套。中途吃喝小憩時，班雅明請菲特珂給他一顆番茄：「可以麻煩您......」九月二十六日下午，當波埠映入眼簾，菲特珂便和夥伴告別。此時，這一小群隊伍已經比原本大了些，因為路上加入了其他難民，包括畢兒蔓和其他三人。畢兒蔓一見到班雅明就說，他在「酷熱」的九月天底下感覺心臟就快停了，於是「我們四處找水想幫這個生病的人」。她對班雅明的舉止與智識印象深刻，以為他是教授。直到一九二○年代，波埠都是一個安靜的漁村，但由於地處西班牙與法國鐵路要衝，以致西班牙內戰期間飽受轟炸。班雅明、葛蘭德母子和畢兒蔓等人向波埠海關小辦公室報到，好在證件蓋上西班牙的過境章。然而，西班牙政府出於某些原因（我們可能永遠不會知道原因為何），前不久才禁止非法難民從法國入境西班牙。班雅明等人得知自己將被遣返，之後幾乎肯定會被拘留，再送往集中營。他們一行人被送到一間名為法蘭西客棧（Fonda de Francia）的小旅館，那裡戒備並不森嚴。畢兒蔓記得自己聽見「隔壁房間傳來巨大的喀嚓聲響」，過去一看發現班雅明「心灰意冷，身體徹底疲憊不堪。他跟我說他絕不回邊界，也絕不離開這間客棧。我跟他說除了離開，我們別無選擇，他說他有一個選擇，接著暗示他隨身帶了幾顆很有效的毒藥丸。當時他半裸躺在床上，身旁一塊小板子擺著祖父給他的美麗金色大錶，蓋子打開，而他一直在注意時間」。當地有兩位醫師，其中一位下午和晚上去給班雅明放血與打針。九月二十六日晚上，班雅明寫了一張字條給逃亡夥伴葛蘭德，還有阿多諾。葛蘭德覺得字條必須銷毀，因此底下內容是她後來憑記憶重寫的：在沒有出路的情況下，我別無他法，只能選擇結束。在庇里牛斯山裡一個無人認識我的小村落，我的生命將告結束。（va s’achever）我請妳將我的想法轉達給阿多諾，並向他解釋我的處境。剩下的時間已經不夠寫我想寫的信了。那天夜裡，班雅明服用了大量嗎啡。事後回想，柯斯特勒記得他離開馬賽時身上帶的嗎啡多得足以「殺死一匹馬」。班雅明臨終前那幾小時，以及他屍體的下落，恐怕後世再怎麼調查也不會知道了。葛蘭德日後回憶，她九月二十七日一早就收到班雅明的急訊。她在班雅明的房裡見到他，班雅明給了她那張字條，並要她事後說他身體的情況是因為生病，接著便失去意識。葛蘭德找了一位醫師過來，對方表示已經救不回班雅明。根據葛蘭德的說法，班雅明死於九月二十七日。畢兒蔓事後回憶，班雅明的死訊在小鎮引發了騷動，多通付費電話從鎮上撥出，可能是給美國駐巴塞隆納領事館，因為班雅明持有美國入境簽證。九月二十七日，畢兒蔓等人在旅館餐廳用餐，遇見一名神父帶著二十位左右的修士拿著蠟燭唱彌撒。「他們要我們從附近的修道院過來，在班雅明教授床邊唱安魂曲，為他安葬。」公所的死亡證明證實了葛蘭德的部分回憶，另部分則不然，而且有些關鍵事實和教堂紀錄對不上。公所紀錄的死者姓名為「班雅明．華特博士」，死因為腦溢血。替班雅明檢查的西班牙醫師可能聽從他的遺願，隱瞞了自殺的事實，又或是其他難民賄賂了醫師，免得騷動害他們被遣返法國。但紀錄上的死亡日期為九月二十六日。隔天，邊界就重新開放了。離開波埠前，葛蘭德遵照班雅明遺願銷毀了幾封信件，可能無意間順帶銷毀了他帶著翻越庇里牛斯山的手稿。她還留下了足夠的錢，替班雅明的公墓墳址付了五年租金。公所死亡證明上的安葬日期是九月二十七日，但教會紀錄是九月二十八日。或許是因為死亡證明將他的姓名寫顛倒了，班雅明被葬在墓地的天主教徒區，而非其他宗教信徒區（更別說自殺者區了）。至於租用的墳址號碼，公所和教會紀錄再度不一致，不過其中一處可能的安息地立著一座小紀念碑。多年後，有人在公所紀錄裡找到了班雅明的遺物清單（可惜沒有找到遺物本身），同樣在「班雅明．華特」名下。清單上包括一只皮革公事包（但沒有手稿）、一只男士手錶、一支菸斗、六張照片、一張X光片、一副眼鏡、幾封信、報紙和其他文件，外加少許現金。五年租約期滿，波埠墓園地窖裡多了一具屍體。班雅明的遺體可能隨後被送到了萬人塚。如今，以色列藝術家卡拉凡（Dani Karavan）設計的紀念碑就佇立在墓園中，俯瞰著小小的波埠港，以及遼闊的地中海。書籍介紹本文摘錄自《班雅明傳：歐洲最後一位知識分子的生命與心靈》，衛城出版作者：霍華．艾蘭德（Howard Eiland）、麥可．詹寧斯（Michael W. Jennings）譯者：賴盈滿 momo網路書店 Readmoo讀墨電子書 Pubu電子書城結帳時輸入TNL83，可享全站83折優惠（部分商品除外，如實體、成人及指定優惠商品，不得與其他優惠併用）透過以上連結購書，《關鍵評論網》將由此獲得分潤收益。他是時代轉折之際的絕世文人，以散文筆法寫文藝評論、用深刻哲理鑄造優美詩歌，生前無人理解，留下的著作卻永遠改變文化界的樣貌。細膩描繪班雅明內心世界與外在動盪的權威傳記。完整勾勒其打破一切定義的創作生涯，還原非凡哲思背後的真實身影。華特．班雅明，近代最著名的思想家之一，後世公認「二十世紀最偉大的文學心靈」、「歐洲最後一位知識分子」。他的著述橫跨哲學、文學、史學與藝術領域，穿梭於論文、散文、隨筆、評論與詩歌等文類。班雅明以極其優美的文字駕馭不受學科與體裁拘束的獨特風格，寫出無數直指事物核心的深邃洞察，在歐洲社會邁向現代的轉折時刻，便預先感知其中的危機與革新潛能；從日益提升的物質生活中，窺見遍布文化寶藏的豐饒宇宙。然而，在啟發眾多學者文人的卓絕思想與創作的背後，班雅明的私人生活始終面臨重重考驗：他與父母親的關係緊張、婚姻充滿矛盾；仰賴朋友在學術與財務上的支援，卻又時常因為理念或生活的衝突疏遠對方；好不容易在德國建立起文學批評家的聲望，接著就因納粹崛起而被迫流亡。那些閃耀著智慧與巧思的文本，字字句句都是他在內心世界與外在環境的動盪下，奮力淬煉而出的血淚結晶。《班雅明傳》蒐集日記、書信、回憶錄與文集等各式史料，透過生動明晰的文筆，完整重現這名非凡哲人的生命與思想軌跡，以及他所身處的璀璨年代。人們不只將在本書中認識班雅明的多重面向，更能從他得意與失落、困頓與成就交織的人生歷程中，找到屬於自己的共鳴與啟迪。「班雅明所寫的一切皆自成一格。」──漢娜．鄂蘭 Photo Credit: 衛城出版【加入關鍵評論網會員】每天精彩好文直送你的信箱，每週獨享編輯精選、時事精選、藝文週報等特製電子報。還可留言與作者、記者、編輯討論文章內容。立刻點擊免費加入會員！責任編輯：馮冠維核稿編輯：翁世航"}</script> </head> <body class=""> <tnlmedia-header theme="styleLight" lang="zh-tw"></tnlmedia-header> <header id="mainHeader" 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class="row justify-content-center"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-11"> <div class="item-info-wrapper"> <div class="d-flex flex-column-reverse"> <h1 id="article-title-204135" class="h3 item-title default-color">《班雅明傳》：班雅明臨終前那幾小時，以及他屍體的下落，恐怕後世再怎麼調查也不會知道了</h1> </div> <div class="item-froms"> <time class="small time" datetime="2024/06/26"> 2024/06/26 </time> <a class="small flex-shrink-0" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/category/history">歷史</a> <span class="dot"></span> <small class="text-truncate"> <small class="author-wrapper"> <a class="author" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/author/bookdigest">精選書摘</a> </small> </small> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="imgs-wrapper pt-4"> <div class="imgs container"> <div class="row justify-content-center"> <figure class="col-12 col-lg-11"> <div class="img-wrapper ratio ratio-320x192"> <img class="" alt="shutterstock_2327468765" 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class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-center article-body-item-row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-11 article-body-item-col"> <div class="article-body-item bg-white py-5"> <div class="item"> <section class="authors-wrapper overflow-hidden mb-5"> <div class="card author-wrapper text-bg-light js-author-wrapper" data-author-id="292"> <div class="card-body card-padding-sm"> <div class="card-body-item d-flex flex-column flex-md-wrap flex-md-row"> <a class="d-flex item-link align-items-center mw-md-58" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/author/bookdigest"> <div class="avatar-wrapper bg-white border border-4 border-white rounded-circle ratio ratio-1x1 w-56px h-56px flex-shrink-0"> <img class="author-avatar rounded-circle" alt="精選書摘" src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/09/7bc377bc-56d5-4ab1-97a6-fd3ed660b383.png" /> </div> <div class="h5 text-link-dark card-title mb-0 ps-2 text-style-link">精選書摘</div> </a> <p class="card-text multiline-ellipsis-2 mt-3 mb-0 order-md-3 w-100 h6 fw-normal default-color text-muted">TNL精選書籍，讓你站上文字巨人的肩膀，遠眺世界。</p> <div class="social-btns ms-md-auto mt-3 mt-md-0 d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center order-md-2"> <a class="btn btn-square-xs btn-link text-link-light social-btn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:bookdigest@thenewslens.com"><i class="icon fas fa-envelope"></i></a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-follow ms-auto ms-md-4 js-follow-author-btn opacity-0 animate__animated">追蹤<i class="icon far fa-heart"></i></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="border border-primary-800 notch-card mb-5"> <div class="h5 headine simple section-title bg-white">我們想讓你知道的是</div> <p class="h6 fw-normal default-color text-muted mb-0 card-padding-lg"> 和當時德國幾乎所有知識分子一樣，班雅明被迫於1933年春天潛逃出境，以流亡者身分在巴黎度過餘生，飽嘗孤離、貧困之苦。1940年9月26日，他面對無預警關閉的西法邊境，絕望地在戰爭的陰影下選擇自戕。然而，就在他屍首被發現的隔天，邊境再度開放，一個偉大的心靈卻永遠逝去了。 </p> </section> </div> <div class="js-advertise ad-content desktop-hide" style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"flux","targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["691840"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"tag_key":["2295","20382","21830","44665","77526","144550","342058","342059","342060","342061","342062","342063","342064"],"tag_name":["\u7336\u592a\u4eba","\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b","\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230","Walter Benjamin","\u84cb\u4e16\u592a\u4fdd","\u7dad\u742a\u6cd5\u570b","\u73ed\u96c5\u660e\u50b3","\u970d\u83ef\uff0e\u827e\u862d\u5fb7","\u9ea5\u53ef\uff0e\u8a79\u5be7\u65af","Howard Eiland","Michael W. Jennings","\u83ef\u7279\uff0e\u73ed\u96c5\u660e","\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u6982\u5ff5"],"author_key":["bookdigest"],"author_name":["\u7cbe\u9078\u66f8\u6458"],"category_key":["history"],"category_name":["\u6b77\u53f2"],"type_key":["book-digest"],"type_name":["\u66f8\u6458"],"channel_key":[],"channel_name":[]},"slot":"\/21870649235\/tnl_a_p0","size":[[336,280],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[0,0],[[336,280],[300,250],[1,1]]],[[970,0],[]]],"name":"tnl_a_p0"}</script> </div> </div> <section id="article-content-204135" class="item article-body default-color mb-6 mt-5"> <p>文：霍華．艾蘭德（Howard Eiland）、麥可．詹寧斯（Michael W. Jennings）</p> <p>五月初，德軍先是進攻比利時與荷蘭，隨即攻擊法國，於是法國政府再度展開拘留。靠著莫妮耶友人奧普諾又一次交涉，班雅明、克拉考爾、記者卡明斯基（Hanns-Erich Kaminski）和作家柯斯特勒沒有進拘留營，但有兩百多萬人搶在納粹部隊到來前逃離。班雅明匆匆清空住處，想找地方安放自己的大批文稿。</p><div class="js-advertise ad-content " style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"flux","targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["691840"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"tag_key":["2295","20382","21830","44665","77526","144550","342058","342059","342060","342061","342062","342063","342064"],"tag_name":["\u7336\u592a\u4eba","\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b","\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230","Walter Benjamin","\u84cb\u4e16\u592a\u4fdd","\u7dad\u742a\u6cd5\u570b","\u73ed\u96c5\u660e\u50b3","\u970d\u83ef\uff0e\u827e\u862d\u5fb7","\u9ea5\u53ef\uff0e\u8a79\u5be7\u65af","Howard Eiland","Michael W. Jennings","\u83ef\u7279\uff0e\u73ed\u96c5\u660e","\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u6982\u5ff5"],"author_key":["bookdigest"],"author_name":["\u7cbe\u9078\u66f8\u6458"],"category_key":["history"],"category_name":["\u6b77\u53f2"],"type_key":["book-digest"],"type_name":["\u66f8\u6458"],"channel_key":[],"channel_name":[]},"slot":"\/21870649235\/tnl_a_p2","size":[[640,480],[640,360],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[970,0],[[640,480],[640,360],[1,1]]],[[336,0],[[300,250],[1,1]]]],"name":"tnl_a_p2"}</script> </div> </div> <p>最不重要的文稿都直接留在公寓，隨後被蓋世太保查扣，其中部分於戰時佚失，其餘後來被紅軍沒收送往蘇聯，最終流落到了東柏林。另一批文稿則是交給了幾位朋友。這些文稿戰時流落何處，我們所知甚少，但一九四六年確定在蘇黎世，班雅明妹妹杜拉手中，之後再由她寄到紐約給阿多諾。班雅明最重視的文稿，特別是拱廊街計畫的關鍵部分、《柏林童年》一九三八年修訂版、〈藝術作品在其可技術複製的時代〉第三版、〈歷史的概念〉作者版、他的十四行詩、〈說故事的人〉和〈論布萊希特的詩〉打字稿，以及阿多諾幾封討論理論的關鍵信件，他全交給了巴塔耶。</p> <p>巴塔耶將大部分文稿託付給巴黎國家圖書館的兩位館員。這些文稿戰時一直保存在那裡，戰後米薩克查到其中一部分，主要是拱廊街計畫卷宗，便向巴塔耶取回，然後安排特使送交給了阿多諾。其餘文稿，包括部分完成的《波特萊爾：發達資本主義時代的抒情詩人》最後幾版草稿與筆記，則是看似亡佚多年，直到一九八一年，哲學家兼班雅明的義大利文編輯阿岡本造訪巴黎國家圖書館，在巴塔耶檔案室發現班雅明留著的部分材料，再加上巴塔耶遺孀也給了他一些文稿，世人才發現這正是班雅明一九四○年託付給巴塔耶的那批消失的寶藏。直到現在，我們仍不清楚戰後巴塔耶是只誤取回了部分文稿，還是這些文稿收藏在其他地方，結果被人忘記了。</p> <p>六月十四日，靠著法國友人協助，班雅明和幾天前剛從古爾斯（Gurs）拘留營獲釋的妹妹杜拉搭乘火車從巴黎前往安全之處。那是難民從這座城市往南撤離的末幾班火車。班雅明隨身帶了一些盥洗用品、防毒面具和一本書：雷斯樞機主教的回憶錄。兄妹倆在庇里牛斯山區的盧爾德鎮（Lourdes）下車，並找到了便宜的住處。班雅明對當地人讚譽有加，儘管鎮上擠滿難民，其中許多是比利時人，卻保有秩序與平靜的氣氛。</p> <p>他馬上鼓動還在巴黎的朋友來這個「美麗鄉間」團聚，尤其是芙倫德。芙倫德在巴黎滯留太久，最後被迫騎單車逃離首都。她在多爾多涅的聖索齊找到避風港，一直待到一九四一年能逃往阿根廷為止。鄂蘭和布呂歇則是分隔兩地。布呂歇從拘留營獲釋後逃到了非占領區，鄂蘭則躲到蒙托邦附近。兩人最終都去了馬賽。克拉考爾夫婦已經去到那裡。其他朋友不是太老，就是身體太弱了逃不動，只能留在巴黎。班雅明在一則動人的筆記裡提到弗蘭克的母親「出奇勇敢」。他之前在巴黎和她住得很近。「波特萊爾說得對，『小老太婆』（petites vieilles）有時才是最有英雄氣概的人。」（GB, 6:471）</p><div class="js-advertise ad-content " style="min-height:326px"> <div class="tmgad tmgad-type-general tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"general","targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["691840"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"tag_key":["2295","20382","21830","44665","77526","144550","342058","342059","342060","342061","342062","342063","342064"],"tag_name":["\u7336\u592a\u4eba","\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b","\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230","Walter Benjamin","\u84cb\u4e16\u592a\u4fdd","\u7dad\u742a\u6cd5\u570b","\u73ed\u96c5\u660e\u50b3","\u970d\u83ef\uff0e\u827e\u862d\u5fb7","\u9ea5\u53ef\uff0e\u8a79\u5be7\u65af","Howard Eiland","Michael W. 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Burckhardt），在這個「再不久就會稱作絕望（ausweglos）」的處境替他出面說情。（GB, 6:473）二戰結束後，布克哈特告訴班雅明的朋友里希納，他當時已經盡了全力，要朋友協助班雅明過境西班牙，但當一切準備就緒，已經太遲了。</p> <p>由於和盧爾德以外世界的聯繫斷斷續續，班雅明對朋友解救他的努力幾乎一無所知。離開巴黎後，社會研究所的信與明信片依然寄到巴黎，有些就此消失，有些隔了好幾週才寄到他手上。班雅明直到七月才獲知，霍克海默為了儘快取得美國簽證，曾經試圖在加勒比海地區定居工作，首先是聖多明各，但計畫擱淺，後來總算由社會研究所借調到哈瓦那大學擔任教授。</p> <p>班雅明等了兩個多月才得以前往馬賽與朋友會合。八月上旬，他總算得知社會研究所替他辦妥了入境美國的非限額簽證，駐馬賽領事館也已經獲得通知。滿足政府規定後，班雅明順利取得了安全通行證，於八月中旬前往馬賽，妹妹杜拉則繼續待在盧爾德。她後來躲到法國中部一處農場，於一九四一年逃到瑞士。抵達馬賽後，班雅明發現城裡擠滿了難民，空氣中瀰漫著不安的氛圍。結果領事館不僅發給他美國的入境簽證，還有西班牙和葡萄牙的過境簽證，但就是沒發給他離境簽證。</p> <p>當時法國所有港口與邊境海關都貼著德國猶太人和異議分子名單，支持維琪政權的民兵搜查拘留營，釋放納粹支持者，並將「國家公敵」交給蓋世太保。辛苦了那麼久才拿到簽證，班雅明事隔近一個月告訴孔恩，「截至目前都還沒什麼大用處。我就不用跟你數算自己失敗又重新擬定多少計畫了。」（GB, 6:481）這些計畫當中，有一個是和弗蘭克喬裝成法國水手（肯定是海運史上最年老又最沒經驗的兩名水手），靠賄賂登上貨輪。</p> <p>他還向美國救援中心（Centre Américain de Secours）登記為難民，這是一個由弗萊（Varian Fry）成立的、援助反法西斯流亡者的組織。儘管做了百般努力，班雅明在馬賽的「逗留」到了九月中還是成為「對神經的嚴酷考驗」，讓他被重度憂鬱給擊垮。（GB, 6:481-482）不過，有跡象表明，即使情況危急，還是吹不熄他的智識之火或愛玩鬧的習慣。小說家莫根斯特恩（Soma Morgenstern）回憶自己曾和班雅明在馬賽共度午餐，席間兩人聊到了福樓拜。</p> <blockquote> <p>我們才剛讀完菜單、點了飲料，華特．班雅明就隔著眼鏡瞄了我好幾眼，彷彿在等我說出早該說出口的評論......最後，他興奮地問我：「你沒注意到嗎？」「我們還沒吃飯，」我對他說，「我該注意什麼？」他將菜單遞給我，然後等著，於是我又看了菜單上的菜，可是什麼也沒注意到。這下，他終於失去耐性了。「你沒注意到這家餐廳的名字嗎？」我瞄了菜單一眼，發現餐廳老闆名叫阿爾努，就跟班雅明說了。「嗯，」他接著說道，「你對這個名字沒有任何印象嗎？」我覺得我被當了，不夠格參加測驗。「你不記得阿爾努是誰嗎？阿爾努〔夫人〕是《情感教育》主人翁菲德列克的夢中情人呀！」直到喝完湯，他才從我給他的失望中走了出來。那天午餐，我們的話題自然是福樓拜。</p> </blockquote> <p>九月下旬，班雅明由兩位馬賽舊識（德國出生的葛蘭德〔Henny Gurland〕和她十多歲的兒子約瑟夫）陪同，搭乘火車從馬賽抵達法西邊界不遠處的鄉村。由於合法出境幾乎不可能，班雅明選擇非法入境西班牙，希望從西班牙取道葡萄牙登船前往美國。他們在旺德爾港（Port Vendres）和菲特珂（Lisa Fittko）會合。</p> <p>菲特珂是政治行動者，三十一歲，住過維也納、柏林和布拉格，班雅明與她丈夫是在維努許拘留營認識的。菲特珂很難說是稱職的嚮導，但曾經認真研究過偷渡的可能性。靠著向旺德爾港附近班紐爾斯鎮長打聽來的資訊，她有辦法沿著小徑橫越庇里牛斯山支脈，進到西班牙邊境小城波埠（Port Bou）。儘管從附近的塞貝爾（Cerbère）有一條更直接的路去波埠，也是許多難民出走法國的捷徑，但已經被維琪法國的機動部隊察覺，正嚴加看守。</p> <p>於是難民被迫往西，改由「里斯特路線」翻越更高的山區。這條狹窄的隘道曾於一九三九年幫助共和軍指揮官里斯特（Enrique Lister）逃離西班牙法西斯，故而得名。亨利希．曼、戈洛．曼（Golo Mann）、弗伊希特萬格、威爾佛和馬勒—威爾佛（Alma Mahler-Werfel）都是經由這條崎嶇小路逃脫的。菲特珂得知班雅明心臟虛弱，便問他是否要冒險。「不去的話，那才叫冒險。」班雅明這樣回答。</p> <p>從這裡開始，班雅明辭世前的遭遇就不是那麼清楚了。菲特珂聽從鎮長阿澤瑪（Vincent Azéma）建議，帶著班雅明等人勘查了第一段的翻山小徑。班雅明可能於九月二十五日離開班紐爾斯。菲特珂察覺班雅明一路小心計算速度，步行十分鐘、休息一分鐘，並且拒絕同伴幫他提那只沉重的黑色公事包，因為公事包裡的「新手稿......比我本人還重要」。</p> <p>這份手稿究竟為何，至今仍然眾說紛紜。有些人推測是拱廊街計畫或論波特萊爾專書的完稿，但以班雅明的健康狀況與辭世前這一年只能零星工作的處境看來，應該不太可能。手稿有可能是〈歷史的概念〉定稿，但除非這個版本與他交給鄂蘭、卡普魯絲和巴塔耶的版本明顯不同，否則班雅明沒有理由如此看重。不過，這只是關於班雅明臨終前遭遇的第一個謎團。</p> <p>儘管班雅明不曾向菲特珂抱怨，甚至還能開開玩笑，並利用自己多年的健行經驗，幫夥伴判讀他們手上僅有的手繪小地圖，但爬山肯定令他備受折磨。</p> <p>當菲特珂、葛蘭德母子和班雅明總算抵達預定折返的小空地，班雅明表示他決定睡在這裡。他已經力不從心，不想再重走一次了。於是，其餘夥伴熟悉了這前三分之一的路程之後，便一起返回班紐爾斯的旅館休息，預備隔天與班雅明會合，然後走完最困難的上坡路，再下山直奔波埠。菲特珂記得班雅明「頭腦清晰」、「內在不屈不撓」，卻又彷彿活在另一個世界，反差極大。只有其中一段最陡的山路，班雅明才走得蹣跚踉蹌，基本上是菲特珂和約瑟夫拖著他穿越葡萄園的。</p> <p>可即便如此，班雅明也沒有丟了他的無比客套。中途吃喝小憩時，班雅明請菲特珂給他一顆番茄：「可以麻煩您......」九月二十六日下午，當波埠映入眼簾，菲特珂便和夥伴告別。此時，這一小群隊伍已經比原本大了些，因為路上加入了其他難民，包括畢兒蔓和其他三人。畢兒蔓一見到班雅明就說，他在「酷熱」的九月天底下感覺心臟就快停了，於是「我們四處找水想幫這個生病的人」。她對班雅明的舉止與智識印象深刻，以為他是教授。</p> <p>直到一九二○年代，波埠都是一個安靜的漁村，但由於地處西班牙與法國鐵路要衝，以致西班牙內戰期間飽受轟炸。班雅明、葛蘭德母子和畢兒蔓等人向波埠海關小辦公室報到，好在證件蓋上西班牙的過境章。然而，西班牙政府出於某些原因（我們可能永遠不會知道原因為何），前不久才禁止非法難民從法國入境西班牙。</p> <p>班雅明等人得知自己將被遣返，之後幾乎肯定會被拘留，再送往集中營。他們一行人被送到一間名為法蘭西客棧（Fonda de Francia）的小旅館，那裡戒備並不森嚴。畢兒蔓記得自己聽見「隔壁房間傳來巨大的喀嚓聲響」，過去一看發現班雅明「心灰意冷，身體徹底疲憊不堪。他跟我說他絕不回邊界，也絕不離開這間客棧。我跟他說除了離開，我們別無選擇，他說他有一個選擇，接著暗示他隨身帶了幾顆很有效的毒藥丸。當時他半裸躺在床上，身旁一塊小板子擺著祖父給他的美麗金色大錶，蓋子打開，而他一直在注意時間」。</p> <p>當地有兩位醫師，其中一位下午和晚上去給班雅明放血與打針。九月二十六日晚上，班雅明寫了一張字條給逃亡夥伴葛蘭德，還有阿多諾。葛蘭德覺得字條必須銷毀，因此底下內容是她後來憑記憶重寫的：</p> <blockquote> <p>在沒有出路的情況下，我別無他法，只能選擇結束。在庇里牛斯山裡一個無人認識我的小村落，我的生命將告結束。（va s’achever）我請妳將我的想法轉達給阿多諾，並向他解釋我的處境。剩下的時間已經不夠寫我想寫的信了。</p> </blockquote> <p>那天夜裡，班雅明服用了大量嗎啡。事後回想，柯斯特勒記得他離開馬賽時身上帶的嗎啡多得足以「殺死一匹馬」。</p> <p>班雅明臨終前那幾小時，以及他屍體的下落，恐怕後世再怎麼調查也不會知道了。</p> <p>葛蘭德日後回憶，她九月二十七日一早就收到班雅明的急訊。她在班雅明的房裡見到他，班雅明給了她那張字條，並要她事後說他身體的情況是因為生病，接著便失去意識。葛蘭德找了一位醫師過來，對方表示已經救不回班雅明。根據葛蘭德的說法，班雅明死於九月二十七日。畢兒蔓事後回憶，班雅明的死訊在小鎮引發了騷動，多通付費電話從鎮上撥出，可能是給美國駐巴塞隆納領事館，因為班雅明持有美國入境簽證。</p> <p>九月二十七日，畢兒蔓等人在旅館餐廳用餐，遇見一名神父帶著二十位左右的修士拿著蠟燭唱彌撒。「他們要我們從附近的修道院過來，在班雅明教授床邊唱安魂曲，為他安葬。」公所的死亡證明證實了葛蘭德的部分回憶，另部分則不然，而且有些關鍵事實和教堂紀錄對不上。公所紀錄的死者姓名為「班雅明．華特博士」，死因為腦溢血。替班雅明檢查的西班牙醫師可能聽從他的遺願，隱瞞了自殺的事實，又或是其他難民賄賂了醫師，免得騷動害他們被遣返法國。但紀錄上的死亡日期為九月二十六日。</p> <p>隔天，邊界就重新開放了。</p> <p>離開波埠前，葛蘭德遵照班雅明遺願銷毀了幾封信件，可能無意間順帶銷毀了他帶著翻越庇里牛斯山的手稿。她還留下了足夠的錢，替班雅明的公墓墳址付了五年租金。公所死亡證明上的安葬日期是九月二十七日，但教會紀錄是九月二十八日。或許是因為死亡證明將他的姓名寫顛倒了，班雅明被葬在墓地的天主教徒區，而非其他宗教信徒區（更別說自殺者區了）。至於租用的墳址號碼，公所和教會紀錄再度不一致，不過其中一處可能的安息地立著一座小紀念碑。</p> <p>多年後，有人在公所紀錄裡找到了班雅明的遺物清單（可惜沒有找到遺物本身），同樣在「班雅明．華特」名下。清單上包括一只皮革公事包（但沒有手稿）、一只男士手錶、一支菸斗、六張照片、一張X光片、一副眼鏡、幾封信、報紙和其他文件，外加少許現金。</p> <p>五年租約期滿，波埠墓園地窖裡多了一具屍體。班雅明的遺體可能隨後被送到了萬人塚。如今，以色列藝術家卡拉凡（Dani Karavan）設計的紀念碑就佇立在墓園中，俯瞰著小小的波埠港，以及遼闊的地中海。</p> <h3>書籍介紹</h3> <p>本文摘錄自《班雅明傳：歐洲最後一位知識分子的生命與心靈》，衛城出版</p> <p>作者：霍華．艾蘭德（Howard Eiland）、麥可．詹寧斯（Michael W. Jennings）<br> 譯者：賴盈滿</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.momoshop.com.tw/goods/GoodsDetail.jsp?i_code=12855477&memid=6000015814&cid=apuad&oid=1&osm=league" target="_blank">momo網路書店</a></li> <li><a href="https://moo.im/a/1cdoIZ" target="_blank">Readmoo讀墨電子書</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.pubu.com.tw/" target="_blank">Pubu電子書城</a>結帳時輸入TNL83，可享全站83折優惠（部分商品除外，如實體、成人及指定優惠商品，不得與其他優惠併用）</li> <li>透過以上連結購書，《關鍵評論網》將由此獲得分潤收益。</li> </ul> <p><b>他是時代轉折之際的絕世文人，<br> 以散文筆法寫文藝評論、用深刻哲理鑄造優美詩歌，<br> 生前無人理解，留下的著作卻永遠改變文化界的樣貌。</b></p> <p><br> 細膩描繪班雅明內心世界與外在動盪的權威傳記。<br> 完整勾勒其打破一切定義的創作生涯，<br> 還原非凡哲思背後的真實身影。<br> <br> 華特．班雅明，近代最著名的思想家之一，後世公認「二十世紀最偉大的文學心靈」、「歐洲最後一位知識分子」。他的著述橫跨哲學、文學、史學與藝術領域，穿梭於論文、散文、隨筆、評論與詩歌等文類。班雅明以極其優美的文字駕馭不受學科與體裁拘束的獨特風格，寫出無數直指事物核心的深邃洞察，在歐洲社會邁向現代的轉折時刻，便預先感知其中的危機與革新潛能；從日益提升的物質生活中，窺見遍布文化寶藏的豐饒宇宙。<br> <br> 然而，在啟發眾多學者文人的卓絕思想與創作的背後，班雅明的私人生活始終面臨重重考驗：他與父母親的關係緊張、婚姻充滿矛盾；仰賴朋友在學術與財務上的支援，卻又時常因為理念或生活的衝突疏遠對方；好不容易在德國建立起文學批評家的聲望，接著就因納粹崛起而被迫流亡。那些閃耀著智慧與巧思的文本，字字句句都是他在內心世界與外在環境的動盪下，奮力淬煉而出的血淚結晶。<br> <br> 《班雅明傳》蒐集日記、書信、回憶錄與文集等各式史料，透過生動明晰的文筆，完整重現這名非凡哲人的生命與思想軌跡，以及他所身處的璀璨年代。人們不只將在本書中認識班雅明的多重面向，更能從他得意與失落、困頓與成就交織的人生歷程中，找到屬於自己的共鳴與啟迪。<br> <br> 「班雅明所寫的一切皆自成一格。」──漢娜．鄂蘭</p> <figure class="image image-type-fluid"><img alt="" data-authorize_code="0010989938" data-credit="Photo Credit: 衛城出版" height="446" src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/07/aa859543-e3ad-46bb-9049-5632bd84ba11.jpg" width="320" data-bucket-id="2623707" data-width="1000" data-height="1395" srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/hd/1/image/2024/07/aa859543-e3ad-46bb-9049-5632bd84ba11.jpg 1000w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/list/1/image/2024/07/aa859543-e3ad-46bb-9049-5632bd84ba11.jpg 320w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/1/image/2024/07/aa859543-e3ad-46bb-9049-5632bd84ba11.jpg 640w,https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/1/image/2024/07/aa859543-e3ad-46bb-9049-5632bd84ba11.jpg 1000w" loading="lazy"><p class="source">Photo Credit: 衛城出版</p></figure> <p>【加入關鍵評論網會員】每天精彩好文直送你的信箱，每週獨享編輯精選、時事精選、藝文週報等特製電子報。還可留言與作者、記者、編輯討論文章內容。<a href="https://www.thenewslens.com/profile/subscribe?utm_source=article&utm_medium=CTA&utm_campaign=member">立刻點擊免費加入會員！</a></p> <p>責任編輯：馮冠維<br> 核稿編輯：翁世航</p> </section> <div class="article-others-wrapper item pt-3"> <section class="mt-6"> </section> <ul class="lists list-unstyled d-flex flex-wrap px-4 py-4 mb-0 mt-6 border-top border-gray-300 column-gap-4 row-gap-2"> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/2295">猶太人</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/20382">納粹德國</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/21830">第二次世界大戰</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/44665">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/77526">蓋世太保</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/144550">維琪法國</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/342058">班雅明傳</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/342059">霍華．艾蘭德</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/342060">麥可．詹寧斯</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/342061">Howard Eiland</a></li> <li><a class="h6 default-color fw-normal hashtag d-inline-block" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/342062">Michael W. 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