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href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-mapping-and-disease-34600">Gene Mapping and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genes-smoking-and-lung-cancer-804">Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-recombination-514">Genetic Recombination</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genomic-imprinting-and-patterns-of-disease-inheritance-899">Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/homologue-interactions-during-meiosis-54720">Homologue interactions during meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/human-chromosome-number-294">Human Chromosome Number</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/human-chromosome-translocations-and-cancer-23487">Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/karyotyping-for-chromosomal-abnormalities-298">Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities</a></li> <li><a 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type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_35" /> <strong id="strName_35"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/chromosome-map-105">chromosome map</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/castle-s-objection-to-morgan-s-map-37972">Castle's objection to Morgan's map of the Drosophila X.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-mapping-idiograms-302">Chromosome Mapping: Idiograms</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovery-and-types-of-genetic-linkage-500">Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-sequencing-technologies-key-to-the-human-828">DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-interaction-and-disease-987">Gene Interaction and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-mapping-and-disease-34600">Gene Mapping and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mapping-genes-to-chromosomes-linkage-and-genetic-377">Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_36"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_36" /> <strong id="strName_36"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/chromosome-territories-34">chromosome territories</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/cell-biology-chromosome-territories-37707">Cell biology: Chromosome territories</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/chromosome-territories-nuclear-architecture-and-gene-regulation-47925">Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in 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id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_39"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_39" /> <strong id="strName_39"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/clade-269">clade</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/interpreting-shared-characteristics-the-platypus-genome-44568">Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/reading-a-phylogenetic-tree-the-meaning-of-41956">Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_40"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_40" /> <strong id="strName_40"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/codon-155">codon</a></strong> <div 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href="/scitable/definition/complex-trait-82">complex trait</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/behavioral-genomics-29093">Behavioral Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dtc-genetic-testing-for-diabetes-breast-cancer-698">DTC Genetic Testing for Diabetes, Breast Cancer, Heart Disease and Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/epistasis-gene-interaction-and-the-phenotypic-expression-907">Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-interaction-and-disease-987">Gene Interaction and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-control-of-aging-and-life-span-847">Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/multifactorial-inheritance-and-genetic-disease-919">Multifactorial Inheritance and 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nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/do-transcription-factors-actually-bind-dna-dna-1029">Do Transcription Factors Actually Bind DNA? 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<li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/cytogenetic-methods-and-disease-flow-cytometry-cgh-772">Cytogenetic Methods and Disease: Flow Cytometry, CGH, and FISH</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/cytogenetic-methods-in-diagnosing-genetic-disorders-875">Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization-fish-327">Fluorescence <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization (FISH)</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/karyotyping-for-chromosomal-abnormalities-298">Karyotyping for Chromosomal Abnormalities</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/microarray-based-comparative-genomic-hybridization-acgh-45432">Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/techniques-in-genetics-and-biotechnology-796185">Techniques in Genetics and Biotechnology</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_50"> <input type="hidden" 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href="/scitable/definition/divergence-196">divergence</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genomes-of-other-organisms-dna-barcoding-and-662">Genomes of Other Organisms: DNA Barcoding and Metagenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/interpreting-shared-characteristics-the-platypus-genome-44568">Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-molecular-clock-and-estimating-species-divergence-41971">The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_58"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_58" /> <strong id="strName_58"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/dna-deoxyribonucleic-acid-107">DNA</a></strong> <div 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value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_59" /> <strong id="strName_59"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/dna-fingerprinting-185">DNA fingerprinting</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/aflp-technology-for-dna-fingerprinting-44420">AFLP technology for DNA fingerprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-fingerprinting-using-amplified-fragment-length-polymorphisms-39051">DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/forensics-dna-fingerprinting-and-codis-736">Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting, and CODIS</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_60"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_60" /> <strong id="strName_60"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" 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href="/scitable/topicpage/same-genetic-mutation-different-genetic-disease-phenotype-938">Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sustainable-bioenergy-genomics-and-biofuels-development-44571">Sustainable Bioenergy: Genomics and Biofuels Development</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/why-are-life-histories-so-variable-16349999">Why Are Life Histories So Variable?</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_71"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_71" /> <strong id="strName_71"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/epigenetic-process-epigenetic-epigenetics-98">epigenetic process</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/an-illustration-of-how-epigenetic-mechanisms-can-33372">An illustration of how epigenetic mechanisms can affect health.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/barbara-mcclintock-and-the-discovery-of-jumping-34083">Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes (Transposons)</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/chromatin-remodeling-and-dnase-1-sensitivity-1054">Chromatin Remodeling and DNase 1 Sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/epigenomics-the-new-tool-in-studying-complex-694">Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/examining-histone-modifications-with-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-and-1050">Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/germ-cells-and-epigenetics-14426688">Germ Cells and Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/obesity-epigenetics-and-gene-regulation-927">Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/two-possible-mechanisms-by-which-epigenetic-modification-24705">Two possible mechanisms by which epigenetic modification can lead to cancer.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_72"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_72" /> <strong id="strName_72"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/epistasis-222">epistasis</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/epistasis-gene-interaction-and-the-phenotypic-expression-907">Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-interaction-and-disease-987">Gene Interaction and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/supplement-to-the-epistasis-article-36732">Supplement to the Epistasis article</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_74"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_74" /> <strong id="strName_74"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/eugenics-157">eugenics</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-inequality-human-genetic-engineering-768">Genetic Inequality: Human Genetic Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/human-testing-the-eugenics-movement-and-irbs-724">Human Testing, the Eugenics Movement, and IRBs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_75"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_75" /> <strong id="strName_75"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/eukaryote-eucariote-294">eukaryote</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/beyond-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes-planctomycetes-and-cell-14158971">Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/eukaryotic-cells-14023963">Eukaryotic Cells </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-origin-of-mitochondria-14232356">The Origin of Mitochondria</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_76"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_76" /> <strong id="strName_76"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/evolution-78">evolution</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/homo-floresiensis-making-sense-of-the-small-91387735"><i>Homo floresiensis</i>: Making Sense of the Small-Bodied Hominin Fossils from Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/adaptations-to-climate-in-candidate-genes-for-26563">Adaptations to Climate in Candidate Genes for Common Metabolic Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/an-alternative-but-misleading-metaphor-for-evolution-33853">An alternative, but misleading, metaphor for evolution is the ladder of life, also called the scala naturae.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/an-evolutionary-perspective-on-amino-acids-14568445">An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/atavism-embryology-development-and-evolution-843">Atavism: Embryology, 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href="/scitable/content/molecular-clocks-four-decades-of-evolution-36787">Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/negative-selection-1136">Negative Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/neutral-theory-the-null-hypothesis-of-molecular-839">Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/polyploidy-1552814">Polyploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/pufferfish-and-ancestral-genomes-29154">Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/selection-in-finite-populations-leaves-hidden-variation-56091">Selection in finite populations leaves hidden variation.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sex-determination-in-honeybees-2591764">Sex Determination in Honeybees</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/synteny-inferring-ancestral-genomes-44022">Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes</a></li> <li><a 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href="/scitable/topicpage/mapping-genes-to-chromosomes-linkage-and-genetic-377">Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/quantitative-mapping-of-amplicon-structure-by-array-44329">Quantitative mapping of amplicon structure by array CGH identifies CYP24 as a candidate oncogene.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sequencing-human-genome-the-contributions-of-francis-686">Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-complexity-of-gene-expression-protein-interaction-34575">The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transcription-factors-and-transcriptional-control-in-eukaryotic-1046">Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/what-is-a-gene-colinearity-and-transcription-430">What is a Gene? 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Age</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-proteome-discovering-the-structure-and-function-613">The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_106"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_106" /> <strong id="strName_106"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/genotype-234">genotype</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/adaptation-and-phenotypic-variance-1132">Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovery-and-types-of-genetic-linkage-500">Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genes-smoking-and-lung-cancer-804">Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer</a></li> <li><a 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id="wrapClassesTopIDNm_110">TOP</a></span></div></strong> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesTopIDNm" value="wrapClassesTopIDNm_110" /> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_110"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_110" /> <strong id="strName_110"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/haplotype-haplotypes-142">haplotype</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/a-haplotype-map-of-the-human-genome-45502">A haplotype map of the human genome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sickle-cell-anemia-a-look-at-global-8756219">Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Look at Global Haplotype Distribution</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_111"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_111" /> <strong id="strName_111"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/hapmap-project-19">HapMap Project</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/complex-diseases-research-and-applications-748">Complex Diseases: Research and Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/copy-number-variation-445">Copy Number Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genes-smoking-and-lung-cancer-804">Genes, Smoking, and Lung Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/pharmacogenomics-and-personalized-medicine-643">Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/using-snp-data-to-examine-human-phenotypic-706">Using SNP Data to Examine Human Phenotypic Differences</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" 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href="/scitable/definition/human-genome-project-hgp-112">Human Genome Project</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/comparative-methylation-hybridization-27920">Comparative Methylation Hybridization</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-sequencing-technologies-690">DNA Sequencing Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-sequencing-technologies-key-to-the-human-828">DNA Sequencing Technologies Key to the Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-mapping-and-disease-34600">Gene Mapping and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/genomes-and-disease-551787">Genomes and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genomic-data-resources-challenges-and-promises-743721">Genomic Data Resources: Challenges and Promises</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/scitable/content/baby-montage-2-5764316">baby montage 2</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/embryo-screening-and-the-ethics-of-human-60561">Embryo Screening and the Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_123"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_123" /> <strong id="strName_123"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/inborn-error-of-metabolism-114">inborn error of metabolism</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-based-therapeutic-approaches-3881">Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mendelian-genetics-patterns-of-inheritance-and-single-966">Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders</a></li> </ul> 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value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_131" /> <strong id="strName_131"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/karyotype-118">karyotype</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/a-human-metaphase-plate-from-the-original-25946">A human metaphase plate, from the original Tjio and Levan paper, showing 46 chromosomes.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/chromosome-banding-as-revealed-by-different-staining-47507">Chromosome banding as revealed by different staining techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/chromosomes-and-disease-546306">Chromosomes and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/cytogenetic-methods-in-diagnosing-genetic-disorders-875">Cytogenetic Methods in Diagnosing Genetic Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dtc-genetic-testing-for-diabetes-breast-cancer-698">DTC Genetic Testing for 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Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/human-chromosome-translocations-and-cancer-23487">Human Chromosome Translocations and Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/integrated-transcriptional-profiling-and-linkage-analysis-for-53981">Integrated transcriptional profiling and linkage analysis for identification of genes underlying disease.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/integrated-transcriptional-profiling-and-linkage-analysis-for-36624">Integrated transcriptional profiling and linkage analysis for identification of genes underlying disease.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/psoriasis-is-associated-with-increased-beta-defensin-2494677">Psoriasis is associated with increased beta-defensin genomic copy number</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-genetic-recombination-and-gene-496">Thomas Hunt Morgan, Genetic Recombination, and Gene Mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/why-didn-t-gregor-mendel-find-linkage-26801">Why didn't Gregor Mendel find linkage?</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-in padtop5px" id="wrapClassesIDNm_139" style="display:none;"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesIDNm" value="wrapClassesIDNm_139" /> <div border="0"> <strong class="barcolor clearfix pad5px marginbot10px h15" id="M"><div class="padleft10px fleft bold px15">M</div><div class="fright"><span><a class="inlineLinks" href="#indexCenterCnt" title="Return to Top" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassesTopIDNm_139">TOP</a></span></div></strong> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesTopIDNm" value="wrapClassesTopIDNm_139" /> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_139"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_139" /> <strong id="strName_139"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/meiosis-88">meiosis</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/chromosomal-abnormalities-aneuploidies-290">Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidies</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/chromosomes-exchange-genetic-material-during-meiosis-in-6494197">Chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis in a process called crossing over.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/during-metaphase-ii-the-chromosomes-align-along-6630001">During metaphase II, the chromosomes align along the cell's equatorial plate.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-recombination-514">Genetic Recombination</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/homologue-interactions-during-meiosis-54720">Homologue interactions during meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/how-crossing-over-can-generate-copy-number-2499179">How crossing over can generate copy number variation.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/meiosis-35062">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/meiosis-49385">Meiosis.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/meiosis-cell-cycle-controls-shuffle-and-deal-36511">Meiosis: cell-cycle controls shuffle and deal</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/mutations-are-the-raw-materials-of-evolution-17395346">Mutations Are the Raw Materials of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/polyploid-formation-and-ensuing-meiotic-and-mitotic-1554447">Polyploid formation and ensuing meiotic and mitotic irregularities</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/recombination-in-meiosis-6603506">Recombination in meiosis.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/recombination-is-the-exchange-of-genetic-material-6629639">Recombination is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-mitotic-and-meiotic-cell-cycles-32851">The mitotic and meiotic cell cycles</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_141"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_141" /> <strong id="strName_141"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/mendelian-trait-mendelian-characteristic-mendelian-phenotype-mendelian-174">Mendelian trait</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-interaction-and-disease-987">Gene Interaction and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mendelian-genetics-patterns-of-inheritance-and-single-966">Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Single-Gene Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/rare-genetic-disorders-learning-about-genetic-disease-979">Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_142"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_142" /> <strong id="strName_142"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/metaphase-249">metaphase</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/a-human-metaphase-plate-from-the-original-25946">A human metaphase plate, from the original Tjio and Levan paper, showing 46 chromosomes.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-packaging-nucleosomes-and-chromatin-310">DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/meiosis-genetic-recombination-and-sexual-reproduction-210">Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/microarray-based-comparative-genomic-hybridization-acgh-45432">Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mitosis-and-cell-division-205">Mitosis and Cell Division</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_143"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_143" /> <strong id="strName_143"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/methylation-95">methylation</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/bisulphite-genomic-sequencing-procedure-31525">Bisulphite genomic sequencing procedure.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/chromatin-in-eukaryotic-regulation-795216">Chromatin in eukaryotic regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/chromosomal-profiles-of-dna-methylation-in-colon-46729">Chromosomal profiles of DNA methylation in colon cancer cells</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/comparative-methylation-hybridization-27920">Comparative Methylation Hybridization</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-sequencing-technologies-690">DNA Sequencing Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895">Epigenetic Influences and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/epigenomics-the-new-tool-in-studying-complex-694">Epigenomics: The New Tool in Studying Complex Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-imprinting-and-x-inactivation-1066">Genetic Imprinting and X Inactivation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/germ-cells-and-epigenetics-14426688">Germ Cells and Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/mass-spectrometry-analysis-of-histone-h4-isoforms-46745">Mass spectrometry analysis of histone H4 isoforms in human stem cells</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/mass-spectrometry-analysis-of-histone-h4-isoforms-33259">Mass spectrometry analysis of histone H4 isoforms in human stem cells.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/molecular-mechanism-of-plaque-formation-in-the-30079">Molecular mechanism of plaque formation in the artery</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-complexity-of-gene-expression-protein-interaction-34575">The Complexity of Gene Expression, Protein Interaction, and Cell Differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/two-possible-mechanisms-by-which-epigenetic-modification-24705">Two possible mechanisms by which epigenetic modification can lead to cancer.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_144"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_144" /> <strong id="strName_144"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/microarray-202">microarray</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/comparative-methylation-hybridization-27920">Comparative Methylation Hybridization</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/diagram-of-the-microarray-based-comparative-genomic-41020">Diagram of the microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) process.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-diagnosis-dna-microarrays-and-cancer-1017">Genetic Diagnosis: DNA Microarrays and Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-origins-of-microbial-virulence-740">Genetic Origins of Microbial Virulence</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-variation-and-disease-gwas-682">Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/how-the-human-genome-project-opened-up-14456264">How the Human Genome Project Opened up the World of Microbes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/microarray-chip-6603382">Microarray chip</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/microarray-filled-6630221">Microarray filled</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/microarray-based-comparative-genomic-hybridization-acgh-45432">Microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/strategies-for-identifying-virulence-genes-using-microarrays-38572">Strategies for identifying virulence genes using microarrays.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/techniques-in-genetics-and-biotechnology-796185">Techniques in Genetics and Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/the-omics-age-721970">The 'Omics Age</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-proteome-discovering-the-structure-and-function-613">The Proteome: Discovering the Structure and Function of Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transcriptome-connecting-the-genome-to-gene-function-605">Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/whole-genome-microarray-24724">Whole genome microarray.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_145"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_145" /> <strong id="strName_145"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/microrna-mirna-175">microRNA</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/micrornas-in-arabidopsis-14200525">MicroRNAs in <i>Arabidopsis</i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_146"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_146" /> <strong id="strName_146"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/microsatellite-vntr-209">microsatellite</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-fingerprinting-using-amplified-fragment-length-polymorphisms-39051">DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-drift-bottleneck-effect-and-the-case-1118">Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect and the Case of the Bearded Vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genome-wide-association-studies-gwas-and-obesity-752">Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sequencing-human-genome-the-contributions-of-francis-686">Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/using-genetics-to-understand-primate-social-systems-71223219">Using Genetics to Understand Primate Social Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/using-molecular-techniques-to-answer-ecological-questions-15643181">Using Molecular Techniques to Answer Ecological Questions</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_147"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_147" /> <strong id="strName_147"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/mitochondria-mitochondrion-130">mitochondria</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/cell-origins-and-metabolism-14552410">Cell Origins and Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/human-evolutionary-tree-417">Human Evolutionary Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/kinetoplastids-and-their-networks-of-interlocked-dna-14368046">Kinetoplastids and Their Networks of Interlocked DNA </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590">Mitochondria </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-and-the-immune-response-14266967">Mitochondria and the Immune Response </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mitochondrial-fusion-and-division-14264007">Mitochondrial Fusion and Division</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mtdna-and-mitochondrial-diseases-903">mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/non-nuclear-genes-and-their-inheritance-589">Non-nuclear Genes and Their Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-apicoplast-an-organelle-with-a-green-14231555">The Apicoplast: An Organelle with a Green Past</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-origin-of-mitochondria-14232356">The Origin of Mitochondria</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_148"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_148" /> <strong id="strName_148"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/mitochondrial-dna-mtdna-240">mitochondrial DNA</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/cytoplasmically-inherited-characteristics-frequently-exhibit-extensive-phenotypic-36289">Cytoplasmically inherited characteristics frequently exhibit extensive phenotypic variation because cells and individual offspring contain various proportions of cytoplasmic genes. </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/estimated-mitochondrial-dntp-concentrations-in-rat-tissues-24068">Estimated mitochondrial dNTP concentrations in rat tissues.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/human-evolutionary-tree-417">Human Evolutionary Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/lacz-mutant-frequencies-for-products-of-pol-24082">lacZ mutant frequencies for products of pol gap filling.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mtdna-and-mitochondrial-diseases-903">mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/non-nuclear-genes-and-their-inheritance-589">Non-nuclear Genes and Their Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/sequence-analysis-of-lacz-mutants-24095">Sequence analysis of lacZ mutants.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_149"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_149" /> <strong id="strName_149"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/mitosis-cell-division-159">mitosis</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/cancer-702176">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/cell-cycle-and-cell-division-14551797">Cell Cycle and Cell Division</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-segregation-in-mitosis-the-role-of-242">Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis: The Role of Centromeres</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/drawing-of-mitosis-by-walther-flemming-47707">Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming. </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/drawing-of-mitosis-by-walther-flemming-43884">Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/drawing-of-mitosis-by-walther-flemming-43904">Drawing of mitosis by Walther Flemming.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/during-telophase-two-nuclear-membranes-form-around-6676072">During telophase, two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/l-h-hartwell-s-yeast-a-model-808">L. H. Hartwell's Yeast: A Model Organism for Studying Somatic Mutations and Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mitosis-14046258">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/polyploid-formation-and-ensuing-meiotic-and-mitotic-1554447">Polyploid formation and ensuing meiotic and mitotic irregularities</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-eukaryotic-cell-cycle-47739">The eukaryotic cell cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-mitotic-and-meiotic-cell-cycles-32851">The mitotic and meiotic cell cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-mitotic-spindle-white-begins-to-form-6676019">The mitotic spindle (white) begins to form outside the cell's nucleus.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_150"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_150" /> <strong id="strName_150"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/model-organism-model-genetic-organism-139">model organism</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/c-elegans-model-organism-in-the-discovery-464"><i>C. elegans</i>: Model Organism in the Discovery of PKD</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/complex-genomes-shotgun-sequencing-609">Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mapping-genes-to-chromosomes-linkage-and-genetic-377">Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-use-of-animal-models-in-studying-855">The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_151"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_151" /> <strong id="strName_151"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/modifier-gene-modifying-gene-265">modifier gene</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/same-genetic-mutation-different-genetic-disease-phenotype-938">Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_152"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_152" /> <strong id="strName_152"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/molecular-clock-166">molecular clock</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/calibrating-the-avian-molecular-clock-36797">Calibrating the avian molecular clock.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/calibrating-the-avian-molecular-clock-42274">Calibrating the avian molecular clock.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/molecular-clocks-four-decades-of-evolution-42283">Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/molecular-clocks-four-decades-of-evolution-36787">Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/neutrality-and-molecular-clocks-100492542">Neutrality and Molecular Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-molecular-clock-and-estimating-species-divergence-41971">The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_155"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_155" /> <strong id="strName_155"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/mrna-messenger-rna-160">mRNA</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/alternative-rna-splicing-34561">Alternative RNA splicing.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/bicoid-mrna-in-a-fruit-fly-drosophila-33161">Bicoid mRNA in a fruit fly (Drosophila) embryo.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/eukaryotic-cells-have-alternative-pathways-for-processing-44857">Eukaryotic cells have alternative pathways for processing pre-mRNA.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/growing-polysomes-on-a-chromosome-from-e-27459">Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/micrornas-in-arabidopsis-14200525">MicroRNAs in <i>Arabidopsis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mrna-history-of-functional-investigation-975">mRNA: History of Functional Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/nascent-pre-mrnas-44499">Nascent pre-mRNAs.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/nucleic-acids-to-amino-acids-dna-specifies-935">Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sequencing-human-genome-the-contributions-of-francis-686">Sequencing Human Genome: the Contributions of Francis Collins and Craig Venter</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/simultaneous-gene-transcription-and-translation-in-bacteria-1025">Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/small-non-coding-rna-and-gene-expression-1078">Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/the-elaboration-of-the-central-dogma-701886">The elaboration of the Central Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transcriptome-connecting-the-genome-to-gene-function-605">Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-393">Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_156"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_156" /> <strong id="strName_156"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/mus-musculus-111">Mus musculus</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-use-of-animal-models-in-studying-855">The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_157"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_157" /> <strong id="strName_157"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/mutation-8">mutation</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/a-c-elegans-mutant-that-lives-twice-47284">A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/comparative-methylation-hybridization-27920">Comparative Methylation Hybridization</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/diagnosing-down-syndrome-cystic-fibrosis-tay-sachs-646">Diagnosing Down Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs Disease and Other Genetic Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/direct-estimation-of-per-nucleotide-and-genomic-29129">Direct estimation of per nucleotide and genomic deleterious mutation rates in <i>Drosophila</i></a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovering-the-relationship-between-dna-and-protein-27699">Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-damage-repair-mechanisms-for-maintaining-dna-344">DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-replication-and-causes-of-mutation-409">DNA Replication and Causes of Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/environmental-mutagens-cell-signalling-and-dna-repair-1090">Environmental Mutagens, Cell Signalling and DNA Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895">Epigenetic Influences and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-control-of-aging-and-life-span-847">Genetic Control of Aging and Life Span</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-1127">Genetic Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/human-evolutionary-tree-417">Human Evolutionary Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/huntington-s-disease-the-discovery-of-the-851">Huntington's Disease: The Discovery of the Huntingtin Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mapping-genes-to-chromosomes-linkage-and-genetic-377">Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/medical-ethics-genetic-testing-and-spinal-muscular-666">Medical Ethics: Genetic Testing and Spinal Muscular Atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mendelian-ratios-and-lethal-genes-557">Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mtdna-and-mitochondrial-diseases-903">mtDNA and Mitochondrial Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/mutations-are-the-raw-materials-of-evolution-17395346">Mutations Are the Raw Materials of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/negative-selection-1136">Negative Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/pharmacogenetics-personalized-medicine-and-race-744">Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine, and Race</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/same-genetic-mutation-different-genetic-disease-phenotype-938">Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sewall-wright-and-the-development-of-shifting-30508">Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/slipped-strand-mispairing-33289">Slipped-strand mispairing.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/the-evolution-of-aging-23651151">The Evolution of Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-overwhelming-majority-of-mutations-have-very-25043">The overwhelming majority of mutations have very small effects.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/tumor-suppressor-ts-genes-and-the-two-887">Tumor Suppressor (TS) Genes and the Two-Hit Hypothesis</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_158"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_158" /> <strong id="strName_158"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/mutation-rate-131">mutation rate</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/antibiotic-resistance-mutation-rates-and-mrsa-28360">Antibiotic Resistance, Mutation Rates and MRSA</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/neutrality-and-molecular-clocks-100492542">Neutrality and Molecular Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-molecular-clock-and-estimating-species-divergence-41971">The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fright w345 padright25px margintop10px"> <div class="wrap-in padtop5px"> <div border="0"> <strong class="barcolor clearfix pad5px marginbot10px h15" id="N"><div class="padleft10px fleft bold px15">N</div><div class="fright"><span><a class="inlineLinks" href="#indexCenterCnt" title="Return to Top" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassesTopIDNm_159">TOP</a></span></div></strong> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesTopIDNm" value="wrapClassesTopIDNm_159" /> </div> </div> <div class="wrap"> <strong id="strName_159"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/natural-selection-31">natural selection</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/evolution-of-drug-resistance-in-malaria-parasite-96645809">Evolution of Drug Resistance in Malaria Parasite Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/evolutionary-adaptation-in-the-human-lineage-12397">Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/life-history-evolution-68245673">Life History Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/natural-selection-genetic-drift-and-gene-flow-15186648">Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow Do Not Act in Isolation in Natural Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/negative-selection-1136">Negative Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/neutral-theory-the-null-hypothesis-of-molecular-839">Neutral Theory: The Null Hypothesis of Molecular Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/primate-speciation-a-case-study-of-african-96682434">Primate Speciation: A Case Study of African Apes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-evolgenius-population-genetics-computer-simulation-how-1167841">The EvolGenius Population Genetics Computer Simulation: How it Works</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap"> <strong id="strName_160"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/negative-selection-97">negative selection</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/negative-selection-1136">Negative Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-strength-of-negative-selection-25030">The strength of negative selection.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap"> <strong id="strName_161"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/neurofibromatosis-nf-261">neurofibromatosis</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/a-de-novo-alu-insertion-results-in-44063">A de novo Alu insertion results in neurofibromatosis type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-damage-repair-mechanisms-for-maintaining-dna-344">DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/same-genetic-mutation-different-genetic-disease-phenotype-938">Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap"> <strong id="strName_163"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/nonsense-mutation-228">nonsense mutation</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-441">Genetic Mutation</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap"> <strong id="strName_164"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/norm-of-reaction-119">norm of reaction</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/adaptation-and-phenotypic-variance-1132">Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/phenotypic-range-of-gene-expression-environmental-influence-581">Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap"> <strong id="strName_165"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/northern-blot-287">Northern blot</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/northern-blot-6620037">Northern blot</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap"> <strong id="strName_168"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/nucleosome-nucleosomes-30">nucleosome</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/chromatin-remodeling-in-eukaryotes-1082">Chromatin Remodeling in Eukaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-packaging-nucleosomes-and-chromatin-310">DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/regulated-nucleosome-mobility-and-the-histone-code-74029">Regulated nucleosome mobility and the histone code.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap"> <strong id="strName_169"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/nucleus-59">nucleus</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/beyond-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes-planctomycetes-and-cell-14158971">Beyond Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes : Planctomycetes and Cell Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/chromosome-territories-the-arrangement-of-chromosomes-in-3025">Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-packaging-nucleosomes-and-chromatin-310">DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-based-therapeutic-approaches-3881">Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mrna-history-of-functional-investigation-975">mRNA: History of Functional Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/nucleus-6488978">Nucleus</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-in padtop5px" id="wrapClassesIDNm_171" style="display:none;"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesIDNm" value="wrapClassesIDNm_171" /> <div border="0"> <strong class="barcolor clearfix pad5px marginbot10px h15" id="O"><div class="padleft10px fleft bold px15">O</div><div class="fright"><span><a class="inlineLinks" href="#indexCenterCnt" title="Return to Top" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassesTopIDNm_171">TOP</a></span></div></strong> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesTopIDNm" value="wrapClassesTopIDNm_171" /> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_171"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_171" /> <strong id="strName_171"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/operon-232">operon</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/an-operon-33138">An operon</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/analyzing-regulatory-networks-in-bacteria-14426192">Analyzing Regulatory Networks in Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/intro-to-microbial-genetics-145966">Intro to Microbial Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/negative-transcription-regulation-in-prokaryotes-1013">Negative Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-arabinose-operon-32788">The arabinose operon.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-in padtop5px" id="wrapClassesIDNm_172" style="display:none;"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesIDNm" value="wrapClassesIDNm_172" /> <div border="0"> <strong class="barcolor clearfix pad5px marginbot10px h15" id="P"><div class="padleft10px fleft bold px15">P</div><div class="fright"><span><a class="inlineLinks" href="#indexCenterCnt" title="Return to Top" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassesTopIDNm_172">TOP</a></span></div></strong> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesTopIDNm" value="wrapClassesTopIDNm_172" /> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_172"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_172" /> <strong id="strName_172"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/pandemic-flu-197">pandemic flu</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/pandemic-flu-from-the-front-lines-7287967">Pandemic flu: from the front lines</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_173"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_173" /> <strong id="strName_173"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/patent-215">patent</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/structure-and-function-in-gene-patenting-538451">Structure and function in gene patenting</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/structure-and-function-in-gene-patenting-538288">Structure and function in gene patenting</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_174"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_174" /> <strong id="strName_174"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/paternity-26">paternity</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/forensics-dna-fingerprinting-and-codis-736">Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting, and CODIS</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/paternity-testing-blood-types-and-dna-374">Paternity Testing: Blood Types and DNA</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_175"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_175" /> <strong id="strName_175"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/penetrance-69">penetrance</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/complex-diseases-research-and-applications-748">Complex Diseases: Research and Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-causes-of-adult-onset-disorders-34609">Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/phenotype-variability-penetrance-and-expressivity-573">Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/same-genetic-mutation-different-genetic-disease-phenotype-938">Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_177"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_177" /> <strong id="strName_177"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/pharmacogenomics-pharmacogenomic-pharmacogenetic-40">pharmacogenomics</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/complex-diseases-research-and-applications-748">Complex Diseases: Research and Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/controversies-in-treatment-approaches-gene-therapy-ivf-792">Controversies in Treatment Approaches: Gene Therapy, IVF, Stem Cells, and Pharmacogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-variation-and-disease-gwas-682">Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/pharmacogenetics-goes-genomic-27607">Pharmacogenetics goes genomic</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/pharmacogenomics-and-personalized-medicine-643">Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/pharmacogenomics-bench-to-bedside-27668">Pharmacogenomics: bench to bedside</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transcriptome-connecting-the-genome-to-gene-function-605">Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_178"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_178" /> <strong id="strName_178"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/phenotype-phenotypes-35">phenotype</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/adaptation-and-phenotypic-variance-1132">Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/complex-diseases-research-and-applications-748">Complex Diseases: Research and Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovery-and-types-of-genetic-linkage-500">Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/environment-controls-gene-expression-sex-determination-and-982">Environment Controls Gene Expression: Sex Determination and the Onset of Genetic Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/environmental-cues-like-hypoxia-can-trigger-gene-41466">Environmental Cues Like Hypoxia Can Trigger Gene Expression and Cancer Development</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/environmental-factors-like-viral-infections-play-a-996">Environmental Factors Like Viral Infections Play a Role in the Onset of Complex Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/environmental-influences-on-gene-expression-536">Environmental Influences on Gene Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/epistasis-gene-interaction-and-the-phenotypic-expression-907">Epistasis: Gene Interaction and the Phenotypic Expression of Complex Diseases Like Alzheimer's</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/estimating-trait-heritability-46889">Estimating Trait Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-dominance-genotype-phenotype-relationships-489">Genetic Dominance: Genotype-Phenotype Relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetics-of-dog-breeding-434">Genetics of Dog Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mendelian-ratios-and-lethal-genes-557">Mendelian Ratios and Lethal Genes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/phenotype-variability-penetrance-and-expressivity-573">Phenotype Variability: Penetrance and Expressivity</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/phenotypic-range-of-gene-expression-environmental-influence-581">Phenotypic Range of Gene Expression: Environmental Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/pleiotropy-one-gene-can-affect-multiple-traits-569">Pleiotropy: One Gene Can Affect Multiple Traits</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/polygenic-inheritance-and-gene-mapping-915">Polygenic Inheritance and Gene Mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/same-genetic-mutation-different-genetic-disease-phenotype-938">Same Genetic Mutation, Different Genetic Disease Phenotype</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_181"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_181" /> <strong id="strName_181"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/phylogenetic-tree-25">phylogenetic tree</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/a-minimal-tree-of-vertebrates-33838">A minimal tree of vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/levels-of-detail-in-genetic-history-from-33691">Levels of detail in genetic history: from individuals to a branch on the phylogenetic tree.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/reading-a-phylogenetic-tree-the-meaning-of-41956">Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/state-change-and-trait-fixation-33808">State change and trait fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/trait-evolution-on-a-phylogenetic-tree-relatedness-41936">Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_182"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_182" /> <strong id="strName_182"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/phylogeny-80">phylogeny</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/branching-pattern-of-four-species-33704">Branching pattern of four species.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/phylogenetic-terminology-33719">Phylogenetic terminology.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/reading-a-phylogenetic-tree-the-meaning-of-41956">Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic 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id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_191"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_191" /> <strong id="strName_191"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/polymorphism-86">polymorphism</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/a-high-resolution-survey-of-deletion-polymorphism-2493946">A high-resolution survey of deletion polymorphism in the human genome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/common-deletion-polymorphisms-in-the-human-genome-2495685">Common deletion polymorphisms in the human genome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/copy-number-polymorphism-in-fcgr3-predisposes-to-2494114">Copy number polymorphism in Fcgr3 predisposes to glomerulonephritis in rats and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/copy-number-variation-445">Copy Number Variation</a></li> <li><a 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href="/scitable/content/a-selective-sweep-24827">A selective sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/characterizing-signals-of-selection-in-humans-24846">Characterizing signals of selection in humans</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/evolutionary-adaptation-in-the-human-lineage-12397">Evolutionary Adaptation in the Human Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/positive-selection-in-east-asians-for-an-26591">Positive Selection in East Asians for an <i>EDAR</i> Allele that Enhances NF-κB Activation</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_194"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_194" /> <strong id="strName_194"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/prader-willi-syndrome-135">Prader-Willi syndrome</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-deletion-and-duplication-and-the-associated-331">DNA Deletion and Duplication and the Associated Genetic Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genomic-imprinting-and-patterns-of-disease-inheritance-899">Genomic Imprinting and Patterns of Disease Inheritance</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_195"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_195" /> <strong id="strName_195"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis-pgd-199">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-counseling-genetic-testing-family-history-and-658">Genetic Counseling: Genetic Testing, Family History and Psychosocial Evaluation</a></li> <li><a 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name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_214" /> <strong id="strName_214"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/recombination-226">recombination</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovery-and-types-of-genetic-linkage-500">Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-mapping-and-disease-34600">Gene Mapping and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/how-crossing-over-can-generate-copy-number-742555">How crossing over can generate copy number variation.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mapping-genes-to-chromosomes-linkage-and-genetic-377">Mapping Genes to Chromosomes: Linkage and Genetic Screens</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/mcclintock-and-creighton-s-work-in-maize-41556">McClintock and Creighton's work in maize shows physical evidence of recombination.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/recombination-in-meiosis-6603506">Recombination in meiosis.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/recovering-a-stalled-replication-fork-14436634">Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-presence-of-peaks-in-crossover-activity-25137">The presence of peaks in crossover activity, which are embedded in </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-genetic-recombination-and-gene-496">Thomas Hunt Morgan, Genetic Recombination, and Gene Mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/where-the-crossovers-are-recombination-distributions-in-26772">Where the crossovers are: recombination distributions in mammals</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_215"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_215" /> <strong id="strName_215"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/recombination-frequency-14">recombination frequency</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-recombination-514">Genetic Recombination</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_216"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_216" /> <strong id="strName_216"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/relatedness-123">relatedness</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/estimating-trait-heritability-46889">Estimating Trait Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/trait-evolution-on-a-phylogenetic-tree-relatedness-41936">Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_217"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_217" /> <strong id="strName_217"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/replication-33">replication</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/cells-can-replicate-their-dna-precisely-6524830">Cells Can Replicate Their DNA Precisely</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/major-molecular-events-of-dna-replication-413">Major Molecular Events of DNA Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/recovering-a-stalled-replication-fork-14436634">Recovering a Stalled Replication Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/replication-fork-stalling-and-the-fork-protection-14435782">Replication Fork Stalling and the Fork Protection Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/semi-conservative-dna-replication-meselson-and-stahl-421">Semi-Conservative DNA Replication: Meselson and Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/telomeres-of-human-chromosomes-21041">Telomeres of Human Chromosomes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/the-elaboration-of-the-central-dogma-701886">The elaboration of the Central Dogma</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_218"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_218" /> <strong id="strName_218"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/reproduction-27">reproduction</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/life-history-evolution-68245673">Life History Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/transgenic-animals-in-agriculture-105646080">Transgenic Animals in Agriculture</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_219"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_219" /> <strong id="strName_219"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/restriction-endonuclease-restriction-enzyme-restriction-enzymes-144">restriction endonuclease</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/restriction-enzymes-545">Restriction Enzymes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_221"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_221" /> <strong id="strName_221"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/retrotransposon-213">retrotransposon</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/barbara-mcclintock-and-the-discovery-of-jumping-34083">Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes (Transposons)</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-origins-of-viruses-14398218">The Origins of Viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transposons-the-jumping-genes-518">Transposons: The Jumping Genes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_223"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_223" /> <strong id="strName_223"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/ribosome-194">ribosome</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/during-initiation-the-ribosome-grey-globe-docks-6348144">During initiation, the ribosome (grey globe) docks onto the mRNA at a position near the start codon (red).</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/each-successive-trna-leaves-behind-an-amino-6348814">Each successive tRNA leaves behind an amino acid that links in sequence. The resulting chain of amino acids emerges from the top of the ribosome.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/ribosome-6489255">Ribosome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/ribosome-with-peptide-6489281">Ribosome with peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/simultaneous-gene-transcription-and-translation-in-bacteria-1025">Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-polypeptide-elongates-as-the-process-of-6348841">The polypeptide elongates as the process of tRNA docking and amino acid attachment is repeated.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-ribosome-assembles-the-polypeptide-chain-6348942">The ribosome assembles the polypeptide chain</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-translation-process-terminates-after-a-stop-6348910">The translation process terminates after a stop codon signals the ribosome to fall off the RNA.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/to-complete-the-initiation-phase-the-trna-6348644">To complete the initiation phase, the tRNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes the start codon and binds to it.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-393">Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/within-the-ribosome-multiple-trna-molecules-bind-6348701">Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_225"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_225" /> <strong id="strName_225"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/rna-polymerase-106">RNA polymerase</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-transcription-426">DNA Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/during-elongation-the-new-rna-strand-becomes-6581017">During elongation, the new RNA strand becomes longer and longer as the DNA template is transcribed.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/rna-polymerase-6580973">RNA Polymerase</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/structure-and-mechanism-of-the-rna-polymerase-29687">Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/structure-and-mechanism-of-the-rna-polymerase-29888">Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-rna-polymerase-binds-to-the-dna-6580998">The RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA template strand</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transcription-factors-and-transcriptional-control-in-eukaryotic-1046">Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-in padtop5px" id="wrapClassesIDNm_226" style="display:none;"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesIDNm" value="wrapClassesIDNm_226" /> <div border="0"> <strong class="barcolor clearfix pad5px marginbot10px h15" id="S"><div class="padleft10px fleft bold px15">S</div><div class="fright"><span><a class="inlineLinks" href="#indexCenterCnt" title="Return to Top" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassesTopIDNm_226">TOP</a></span></div></strong> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesTopIDNm" value="wrapClassesTopIDNm_226" /> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_226"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_226" /> <strong id="strName_226"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/s-phase-synthesis-phase-s-phase-24">S phase</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-replication-and-checkpoint-control-in-s-14202419">DNA Replication and Checkpoint Control in S Phase </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mitosis-and-cell-division-205">Mitosis and Cell Division</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_228"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_228" /> <strong id="strName_228"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/segmentation-genes-177">segmentation genes</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gradient-based-dna-transcription-control-in-animals-1062">Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_229"> <input type="hidden" 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can explain </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/mapping-quantitative-trait-loci-in-plants-uses-26394">Mapping quantitative trait loci in plants: uses and caveats for evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sewall-wright-and-the-development-of-shifting-30508">Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/tandem-repeats-and-morphological-variation-40690">Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/the-evolution-of-aging-23651151">The Evolution of Aging</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_230"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_230" /> <strong id="strName_230"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/sequence-alignment-218">sequence alignment</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/basic-local-alignment-search-tool-blast-29096">Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_231"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_231" /> <strong id="strName_231"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/sex-chromosomes-sex-chromosome-108">sex chromosomes</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sex-chromosomes-in-mammals-x-inactivation-522">Sex Chromosomes in Mammals: X Inactivation</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/x-chromosome-x-inactivation-323">X Chromosome: X Inactivation</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_232"> <input 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href="/scitable/topicpage/sex-determination-in-honeybees-2591764">Sex Determination in Honeybees</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-complementary-sex-determination-pathway-2591480">The complementary sex determination pathway.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452">Thomas Hunt Morgan and Sex Linkage</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_233"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_233" /> <strong id="strName_233"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/sexual-reproduction-255">sexual reproduction</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/meiosis-genetic-recombination-and-sexual-reproduction-210">Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/mutations-are-the-raw-materials-of-evolution-17395346">Mutations Are the Raw Materials of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/selection-in-finite-populations-leaves-hidden-variation-56091">Selection in finite populations leaves hidden variation.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sexual-reproduction-and-the-evolution-of-sex-824">Sexual Reproduction and the Evolution of Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/variability-built-up-by-selection-is-decreased-39420">Variability, built up by selection, is decreased by sex.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_234"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_234" /> <strong id="strName_234"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/shifting-balance-theory-117">shifting balance theory</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/sewall-wright-and-the-development-of-shifting-30508">Sewall Wright and the Development of Shifting Balance Theory</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_236"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_236" /> <strong id="strName_236"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/single-nucleotide-polymorphism-snp-148">single nucleotide polymorphism</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/a-second-generation-human-haplotype-map-of-26463">A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-variation-and-disease-gwas-682">Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/rare-genetic-disorders-learning-about-genetic-disease-979">Rare Genetic Disorders: Learning About Genetic Disease Through Gene Mapping, SNPs, and Microarray Data</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_237"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_237" /> <strong id="strName_237"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/snp-295">SNP</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/convergent-adaptation-of-human-lactase-persistence-in-26486">Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-variation-and-disease-gwas-682">Genetic Variation and Disease: GWAS</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" 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href="/scitable/topicpage/quantitative-genetics-growing-transgenic-tomatoes-1123">Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/synteny-inferring-ancestral-genomes-44022">Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/knowledge/library/the-geography-and-ecology-of-diversification-in-15667887">The Geography and Ecology of Diversification in Neotropical Freshwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-molecular-clock-and-estimating-species-divergence-41971">The Molecular Clock and Estimating Species Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/trait-evolution-on-a-phylogenetic-tree-relatedness-41936">Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_240"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_240" /> <strong 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marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/behavioral-genomics-29093">Behavioral Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/characterization-of-the-branch-site-in-lariat-25563">Characterization of the branch site in lariat RNAs produced by splicing of mRNA precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/complex-genomes-shotgun-sequencing-609">Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/pre-mrna-splicing-44163">Pre-mRNA splicing.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/rna-functions-352">RNA Functions</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/rna-splicing-introns-exons-and-spliceosome-12375">RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/splicing-double-insights-from-the-second-spliceosome-25641">Splicing double: insights from the second spliceosome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transcriptome-connecting-the-genome-to-gene-function-605">Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_244"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_244" /> <strong id="strName_244"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/stem-cells-42">stem cells</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/embryonic-and-somatic-stem-cells-as-a-27447">Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/embryonic-and-somatic-stem-cells-as-a-60673">Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/embryonic-and-somatic-stem-cells-as-a-58394">Embryonic and somatic stem cells as a source of genetic medicines.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/in-vitro-reprogramming-of-fibroblasts-into-a-25440">In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/the-x-inactivation-center-24569">The X-inactivation center</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transcriptome-connecting-the-genome-to-gene-function-605">Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/turning-somatic-cells-into-pluripotent-stem-cells-14431451">Turning Somatic Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/xist-transcription-in-embryonic-stem-cells-24672">Xist transcription in embryonic stem cells.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_245"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_245" /> <strong id="strName_245"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/supercoiling-positive-supercoiling-negative-supercoiling-supercoiled-264">supercoiling</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genome-packaging-in-prokaryotes-the-circular-chromosome-9113">Genome Packaging in Prokaryotes: the Circular Chromosome of <i>E. coli</i></a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/supercoiled-chromosome-of-e-coli-44517">Supercoiled chromosome of E. coli.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_247"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_247" /> <strong id="strName_247"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/synteny-137">synteny</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/complex-genomes-shotgun-sequencing-609">Complex Genomes: Shotgun Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovery-and-types-of-genetic-linkage-500">Discovery and Types of Genetic Linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/interpreting-shared-characteristics-the-platypus-genome-44568">Interpreting Shared Characteristics: The Platypus Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/pufferfish-and-ancestral-genomes-29154">Pufferfish and Ancestral Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/synteny-map-33450">Synteny map. </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/synteny-inferring-ancestral-genomes-44022">Synteny: Inferring Ancestral Genomes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-in padtop5px" id="wrapClassesIDNm_249" style="display:none;"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesIDNm" value="wrapClassesIDNm_249" /> <div border="0"> <strong class="barcolor clearfix pad5px marginbot10px h15" id="T"><div class="padleft10px fleft bold px15">T</div><div class="fright"><span><a class="inlineLinks" href="#indexCenterCnt" title="Return to Top" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassesTopIDNm_249">TOP</a></span></div></strong> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassesTopIDNm" value="wrapClassesTopIDNm_249" /> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_249"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_249" /> <strong id="strName_249"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/telomere-225">telomere</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/t-loops-and-the-origin-of-telomeres-26791">T-loops and the origin of telomeres</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/t-loops-and-the-origin-of-telomeres-26843">T-loops and the origin of telomeres</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/telomeres-and-telomerase-34864">Telomeres and telomerase</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/telomeres-of-human-chromosomes-21041">Telomeres of Human Chromosomes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_250"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_250" /> <strong id="strName_250"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/telophase-128">telophase</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/during-telophase-two-nuclear-membranes-form-around-6676072">During telophase, two nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, and the cytoplasm divides.</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/meiosis-genetic-recombination-and-sexual-reproduction-210">Meiosis, Genetic Recombination, and Sexual Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/mitosis-and-cell-division-205">Mitosis and Cell Division</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_251"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_251" /> <strong id="strName_251"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/teratogen-103">teratogen</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/birth-defects-causes-and-statistics-863">Birth Defects: Causes and Statistics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_253"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_253" /> <strong id="strName_253"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/trait-235">trait</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/adaptation-and-phenotypic-variance-1132">Adaptation and Phenotypic Variance</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/behavioral-genomics-29093">Behavioral Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dimorphisms-and-threshold-traits-1140">Dimorphisms and Threshold Traits</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetic-causes-of-adult-onset-disorders-34609">Genetic Causes of Adult-Onset Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/multifactorial-inheritance-and-genetic-disease-919">Multifactorial Inheritance and Genetic Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/negative-selection-1136">Negative Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/quantitative-genetics-growing-transgenic-tomatoes-1123">Quantitative Genetics: Growing Transgenic Tomatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/quantitative-trait-locus-qtl-analysis-53904">Quantitative 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DNA Footprinting and Gel Shift Assays</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/examining-histone-modifications-with-chromatin-immunoprecipitation-and-1050">Examining Histone Modifications with Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Quantitative PCR</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gradient-based-dna-transcription-control-in-animals-1062">Gradient-Based DNA Transcription Control in Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/regulation-of-transcription-and-gene-expression-in-1086">Regulation of Transcription and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/transcription-factors-and-transcriptional-control-in-eukaryotic-1046">Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Cells</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_256"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_256" /> <strong id="strName_256"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/transcription-unit-260">transcription unit</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/comparison-of-a-simple-eukaryotic-promoter-and-38033">Comparison of a simple eukaryotic promoter and an extensively diversified metazoan regulatory module</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/what-is-a-gene-colinearity-and-transcription-430">What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_257"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_257" /> <strong id="strName_257"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/transcriptome-296">transcriptome</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/systems-biology-of-the-cell-14458771">Systems Biology of the Cell</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_261"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_261" /> <strong id="strName_261"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/transforming-principle-17">transforming principle</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-dna-as-the-hereditary-material-340">Discovery of DNA as the Hereditary Material using <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/isolating-hereditary-material-frederick-griffith-oswald-avery-336">Isolating Hereditary Material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_262"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_262" /> <strong id="strName_262"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/transgene-223">transgene</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/gene-based-therapeutic-approaches-3881">Gene-Based Therapeutic Approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-nbsp-732">Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_263"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_263" /> <strong id="strName_263"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/transgenic-organism-transgenic-36">transgenic organism</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-nbsp-732">Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/recombinant-dna-technology-and-transgenic-animals-34513">Recombinant DNA Technology and Transgenic Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/the-use-of-animal-models-in-studying-855">The Use of Animal Models in Studying Genetic Disease: Transgenesis and Induced Mutation</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_264"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_264" /> <strong id="strName_264"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/translation-rna-translation-173">translation</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovering-the-relationship-between-dna-and-protein-27699">Discovering the Relationship Between DNA and Protein Production</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-the-giant-mimivirus-14402410">Discovery of the Giant Mimivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/dna-transcription-426">DNA Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/growing-polysomes-on-a-chromosome-from-e-27459">Growing polysomes on a chromosome from E. coli</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/intro-to-microbial-genetics-145966">Intro to Microbial Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/nucleic-acids-to-amino-acids-dna-specifies-935">Nucleic Acids to Amino Acids: DNA Specifies Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/ribosomes-transcription-and-translation-14120660">Ribosomes, Transcription, and Translation </a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/rna-functions-352">RNA Functions</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/rna-splicing-introns-exons-and-spliceosome-12375">RNA Splicing: Introns, Exons and Spliceosome</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/simultaneous-gene-transcription-and-translation-in-bacteria-1025">Simultaneous Gene Transcription and Translation in Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/small-non-coding-rna-and-gene-expression-1078">Small Non-coding RNA and Gene Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/learning-path/the-elaboration-of-the-central-dogma-701886">The elaboration of the Central Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-393">Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/scitable/content/within-the-ribosome-multiple-trna-molecules-bind-6348701">Within the ribosome, multiple tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA strand in the appropriate sequence.</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" style="display:none;" id="wrapClassNestedIDNm_265"> <input type="hidden" name="wrapClassNestedIDNm" value="wrapClassNestedIDNm_265" /> <strong id="strName_265"><a name="indexTermList" class="inlineLinks" href="/scitable/definition/translocation-244">translocation</a></strong> <div class="clearfix marginbot5px"> <div class="articles padtop5px"> <ul class="vertIndentList nomargin fleft padleft10px"> <li><a href="/scitable/content/chromosomal-translocations-35454">Chromosomal 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