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from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Symbolic logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logical_proof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_proof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Logical proof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_proof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Logic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AE" title="ስነ አምክንዮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስነ አምክንዮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochica" title="Lochica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lochica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տրամաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տրամաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3xica" title="Lóxica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaarape" title="Kuaarape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuaarape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99ntiq" title="Məntiq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məntiq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%82" title="منطیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منطیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="যুক্তিবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-l%C3%AD" title="Su-lí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Логіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лёгіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лёгіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poelloniezh" title="Poelloniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poelloniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ушар ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ушар ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesymeg" title="Rhesymeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhesymeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogika" title="Loogika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loogika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Λογική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiko" title="Logiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Logiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logique" title="Logique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loighic" title="Loighic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Loighic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3xica" title="Lóxica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lóxica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" title="邏輯學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="邏輯學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8go_(logic)" title="Ũgo (logic) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũgo (logic)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="논리학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="논리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABpili" title="Kūpili – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kūpili" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տրամաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրամաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiko" title="Logiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Logiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B8z%C3%B9" title="Ǹzù – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ǹzù" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-logic" title="I-logic – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-logic" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6kfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Rökfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rökfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="לוגיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוגיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%94l%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Cɔlɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cɔlɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლოგიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოგიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojyk" title="Lojyk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lojyk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiki" title="Mantiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mantiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojik" title="Lojik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lojik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentiq" title="Mentiq – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mentiq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Мантикь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мантикь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%A3ika" title="Loģika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Loģika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojica" title="Lojica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lojica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/logji" title="logji – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="logji" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logega" title="Logega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Logega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4jika" title="Lôjika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lôjika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തർക്കശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തർക്കശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლოგიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლოგიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Логик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Логик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ယုတ္တိဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယုတ္တိဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakasama" title="Vakasama – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vakasama" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तर्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="論理学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="論理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogik" title="Loogik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Loogik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojik" title="Lojik – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Lojik" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logikk" title="Logikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Logikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logikk" title="Logikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Logikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logike" title="Logike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Logike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaaya(logic)" title="Yaaya(logic) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yaaya(logic)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiq" title="Mantiq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mantiq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤਰਕ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਕ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%DA%A9" title="تُک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تُک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="سولپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سولپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajik" title="Lajik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lajik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="តក្កវិជ្ជា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តក្កវិជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajik" title="Lajik – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lajik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C4%B1q" title="Mantıq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mantıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%C4%83" title="Logică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Logică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullwa" title="Sullwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sullwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лоґіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лоґіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjika" title="Logjika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Logjika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ggica" title="Lòggica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lòggica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="لۆژیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆژیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiikka" title="Logiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Logiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏரணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏரணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%E1%BA%93la" title="Tamẓla – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamẓla" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame%E1%BA%93la" title="Tameẓla – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tameẓla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Мантыйк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мантыйк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ตรรกศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตรรกศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%9B" title="Мантиқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мантиқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C4%B1k" title="Mantık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantyk" title="Mantyk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mantyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Билиглел – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Билиглел" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Логіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogiga" title="Loogiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Loogiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodjike" title="Lodjike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lodjike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%89%87" title="理則 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="理則" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="邏輯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A7" title="לאגיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאגיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cgb%E1%BB%8D%CC%81n" title="Ọgbọ́n – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọgbọ́n" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邏輯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luog%C4%97ka" title="Luogėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Luogėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="逻辑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C3%A8k" title="Mantèk – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mantèk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%D3%99nty%C7%A7" title="Mәntyǧ – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mәntyǧ" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8078#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Logic" redirects here. For the rapper, see <a href="/wiki/Logic_(rapper)" title="Logic (rapper)">Logic (rapper)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregor_Reisch,_Margarita_Philosophica,_Typus_Logice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gregor_Reisch%2C_Margarita_Philosophica%2C_Typus_Logice.jpg/250px-Gregor_Reisch%2C_Margarita_Philosophica%2C_Typus_Logice.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gregor_Reisch%2C_Margarita_Philosophica%2C_Typus_Logice.jpg/375px-Gregor_Reisch%2C_Margarita_Philosophica%2C_Typus_Logice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gregor_Reisch%2C_Margarita_Philosophica%2C_Typus_Logice.jpg/500px-Gregor_Reisch%2C_Margarita_Philosophica%2C_Typus_Logice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Reisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregor Reisch (not yet started)">Gregor Reisch</a>, <i>Logic presents its main themes</i>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Philosophica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarita Philosophica (not yet started)">Margarita Philosophica</a></i>, 1503 or 1508. In the engraving, two dogs named <i>veritas</i> (truth) and <i>falsitas</i> (falsehood) chase a rabbit named <i>problema</i> (problem). Logic runs behind the dogs, armed with the sword <i>syllogismus</i> (syllogism). In the bottom left corner, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Parmenides_of_Elea" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmenides of Elea">Parmenides</a> can be seen in a cave.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Logic</b> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reasoning</a>. The rules of logic let <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a> make logical <a href="/wiki/Deduction" class="mw-disambig" title="Deduction">deductions</a> about the world. Logic helps <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/people" class="extiw" title="wikt:people">people</a> decide whether something can be <a href="/wiki/True" class="mw-redirect" title="True">true</a> or <a href="/wiki/False" title="False">false</a>. </p><p>Logic is often written in <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogisms</a>, which are one type of logical proof. A syllogism is made from a collection of statements used to logically prove the final statement, called the conclusion. One popular example of a logical <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> was written by the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>: </p> <ol><li>All men are mortal.</li> <li>Socrates is a man.</li> <li>Therefore, Socrates is mortal.</li></ol> <p>The conclusion is the final statement. This syllogism connects the first two statements to make a logical deduction: Socrates is mortal. </p><p>The syllogism is made from three logical <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">statements or propositions</a>. These statements are short sentences describing a small step in a logical argument. The small statements make up the argument, the same way atoms make up molecules. When logic is correct, the statements are said to "follow" from each other. </p><p>Statements have a <a href="/wiki/Truth_value" title="Truth value">truth value</a>, meaning they can be proved to be true <i>or</i> false, but not both. Illogical statements or mistakes in logic are called <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">logical fallacies</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_logic">Symbolic logic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Symbolic logic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Symbolic logic"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Logical statements can be written in a special type of short hand writing, which includes the symbols of the <b>symbolic logic</b>. These symbols are used to describe logical reasoning in an abstract way. For example:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \land }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∧</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \land }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6823e5a222eb3ca49672818ac3d13ec607052c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \land }"></span> is read like "<a href="/wiki/Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">and</a>", meaning both statements apply.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lor }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∨</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lor }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab47f6b1f589aedcf14638df1d63049d233d851a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lor }"></span> is read like "<a href="/wiki/Or_(logic)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Or (logic)">or</a>", meaning at least one of the statements applies.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"></span> is read like "<a href="/wiki/Implication_(logic)" title="Implication (logic)">implies</a>", "are," or "If ... then ...". It represents the result of a logical statement.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lnot }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">¬</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lnot }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/099107443792f5fec9bebe39b919a690db7198c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.204ex; margin-bottom: -0.376ex; width:1.55ex; height:1.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lnot }"></span> is read like "not", or "it is not the case that ...".</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \therefore }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∴</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \therefore }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fbb8b7f072bd54b28a08d8f7ad207f9df1bf9f22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.55ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \therefore }"></span> is read like "therefore", which is used to mark the conclusion of a logical argument.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ()}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ()}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d7bc8aa05e1302397bb3e7877e842784991351df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.809ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ()}"></span> is read like "parentheses". They group logical statements together. Statements in parentheses should always be considered first, following the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">order of logical operations</a>.</li></ul> <p>Here is the previous syllogism written in symbolic logic. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {((human\rightarrow mortal)\land (Socrates\rightarrow human))\rightarrow (Socrates\rightarrow mortal)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∧</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {((human\rightarrow mortal)\land (Socrates\rightarrow human))\rightarrow (Socrates\rightarrow mortal)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/89233fd2044743dde61f88b02d198f15bb7e960b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:68.505ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {((human\rightarrow mortal)\land (Socrates\rightarrow human))\rightarrow (Socrates\rightarrow mortal)}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>By replacing the English words with letters, one can make the syllogism even simpler. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ((a\rightarrow b)\land (c\rightarrow a))\rightarrow (c\rightarrow b)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∧</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ((a\rightarrow b)\land (c\rightarrow a))\rightarrow (c\rightarrow b)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ea5a5ade8dc9255bb3fdbe1403f7ed223de81a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.744ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ((a\rightarrow b)\land (c\rightarrow a))\rightarrow (c\rightarrow b)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Similar to mathematical symbols for <a href="/wiki/Operation_(mathematics)" title="Operation (mathematics)">operations</a> like addition and subtraction, symbolic logic separates <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstract</a> logic from the English-language meaning of the original statements. With these abstract symbols, people can study pure logic without the use of a specific written language. </p><p>The syllogism is now written in the most abstract and simple way possible. Any distracting elements, such as English language words, have been removed. Anyone who understands logical symbolism can understand this argument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logical_proof">Logical proof</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Logical proof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Logical proof"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A logical proof is a list of statements put in a specific order to prove a logical point. Each statement in the proof is either an assumption made for the sake of argument, or has been proven to follow from earlier statements in the proof. All proofs must start with some assumptions, such as "men exist" in the above syllogism. A proof shows that one statement, the conclusion, follows from the starting assumptions. With a proof, we can prove that "Aristotle is mortal" logically follows from "Aristotle is a man" and "All men are mortal". </p><p>Some statements are always true. That kind of statement is called <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(logic)" title="Tautology (logic)">tautology</a><i>.</i> One popular classical tautology, credited to the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides of Elea</a>, says "That which is, is. That which is not, is not." This essentially means that true statements are true and false statements are false. Due to their simple nature, tautologies may not always be helpful in building logical arguments. </p><p>A tautology is represented in symbolic logic as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a\lor \lnot a)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∨</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">¬</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a\lor \lnot a)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6801da3cbb9418d13c77ea11e242b1cc15dafb1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.402ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a\lor \lnot a)}"></span>, meaning "Either <i>a</i> or not <i>a</i>." Assuming that there are no unmentioned possibilities, this covers every possible case. Another symbol used to represent a tautology is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \top }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">⊤</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \top }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf12e436fef2365e76fcb1034a51179d8328bb33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \top }"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Uses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Uses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because logic is a tool used to think more rationally, it can be used in countless ways. <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic logic">Symbolic logic</a> is employed far and wide, from philosophical treatises to complicated <a href="/wiki/Equation" title="Equation">mathematical equations</a>. Computers use the rules of logic to run <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a>, which let computer programs make decisions based on data. </p><p>Logic is critical to <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">pure mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, and data analysis. Logic is also studied in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. People who study math create <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_proof" title="Mathematical proof">proofs</a> that use logical rules to show that <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical theorem">mathematical theorems</a> are correct. There is an area of mathematics called <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a> that studies logic using <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_logic" title="Predicate logic">Predicate logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_logic" title="Propositional logic">Propositional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/logic-symbols/">"Comprehensive List of Logic Symbols"</a>. <i>Math Vault</i>. 2020-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Math+Vault&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+List+of+Logic+Symbols&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathvault.ca%2Fhub%2Fhigher-math%2Fmath-symbols%2Flogic-symbols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALogic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/Logic_Symbols.html">"Logic symbols - RapidTables.com"</a>. <i>www.rapidtables.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rapidtables.com&rft.atitle=Logic+symbols+-+RapidTables.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rapidtables.com%2Fmath%2Fsymbols%2FLogic_Symbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALogic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_philosophies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of philosophies (not yet started)">Schools of thought</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese philosophy (not yet started)">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculturalism (not yet started)">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Names (not yet started)">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohism (not yet started)">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Naturalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Naturalists (not yet started)">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangism (not yet started)">Yangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Roman philosophy (not yet started)">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_School_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian School (philosophy) (not yet started)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleatics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleatics (not yet started)">Eleatics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrhonism (not yet started)">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_Skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic Skepticism (not yet started)">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrenaics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrenaics (not yet started)">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynicism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynicism (philosophy) (not yet started)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eretrian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eretrian school (not yet started)">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megarian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megarian school (not yet started)">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platonic_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platonic Academy (not yet started)">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripatetic_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripatetic school (not yet started)">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Platonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Platonism (not yet started)">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_the_Sextii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of the Sextii (not yet started)">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopythagoreanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopythagoreanism (not yet started)">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sophistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sophistic (not yet started)">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian philosophy (not yet started)">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (not yet started)">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaya (not yet started)">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (not yet started)">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (not yet started)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mīmāṃsā (not yet started)">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80j%C4%ABvika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ājīvika (not yet started)">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aj%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajñana (not yet started)">Ajñana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jain_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jain philosophy (not yet started)">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anekantavada (not yet started)">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syādvāda (not yet started)">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhist philosophy (not yet started)">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śūnyatā (not yet started)">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhyamaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyamaka (not yet started)">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogachara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogachara (not yet started)">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sautr%C4%81ntika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sautrāntika (not yet started)">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction (not yet started)">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian philosophy (not yet started)">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithraism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mithraism (not yet started)">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (not yet started)">Zurvanism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></b> <ul><li>East Asian <ul><li>Neo-<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanxue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanxue (not yet started)">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Buddhism (not yet started)">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Confucianism (not yet started)">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian philosophy (not yet started)">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustinianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustinianism (not yet started)">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scotism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scotism (not yet started)">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occamism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occamism (not yet started)">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance humanism (not yet started)">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>South Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achintya_Bheda_Abheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda (not yet started)">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhedabheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhedabheda (not yet started)">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaita Vedanta (not yet started)">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimbarka_Sampradaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya (not yet started)">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuddhadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuddhadvaita (not yet started)">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishishtadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishishtadvaita (not yet started)">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navya-Ny%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navya-Nyāya (not yet started)">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotelianism (not yet started)">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Averroism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Averroism (not yet started)">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avicennism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avicennism (not yet started)">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illuminationism (not yet started)">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufi_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufi philosophy (not yet started)">Sufi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish philosophy (not yet started)">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400) (not yet started)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern philosophy (not yet started)">Modern philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihumanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihumanism (not yet started)">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute idealism (not yet started)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British idealism (not yet started)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objective idealism (not yet started)">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjective idealism (not yet started)">Subjective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology" title="Phenomenology">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Realism (not yet started)">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social organization (not yet started)">Collectivism</a> (related page: <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_neo-Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo neo-Confucianism (not yet started)">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (not yet started)">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokugaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokugaku (not yet started)">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Confucianism (not yet started)">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-scholasticism (not yet started)">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendentalism (not yet started)">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li>Named after <b>people</b>:</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesianism (not yet started)">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantianism (not yet started)">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Kantianism (not yet started)">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard (not yet started)">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krausism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krausism (not yet started)">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegelianism (not yet started)">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxist philosophy (not yet started)">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newtonianism (not yet started)">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (not yet started)">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinozism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinozism (not yet started)">Spinozism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li>Logical <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal positivism (not yet started)">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied ethics (not yet started)">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical feminism (not yet started)">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical Marxism (not yet started)">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communitarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communitarianism (not yet started)">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_rationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical rationalism (not yet started)">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental philosophy (not yet started)">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (not yet started)">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coherentism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coherentism (not yet started)">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internalism_and_externalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internalism and externalism (not yet started)">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta-ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta-ethics (not yet started)">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral realism (not yet started)">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalized_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalized epistemology (not yet started)">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postanalytic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postanalytic philosophy (not yet started)">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quietism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quietism (philosophy) (not yet started)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformed epistemology (not yet started)">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systemics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systemics (not yet started)">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientism (not yet started)">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific realism (not yet started)">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific skepticism (not yet started)">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transactionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transactionalism (not yet started)">Transactionalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathematical_logic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122447"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mathematical_logic" title="Template:Mathematical logic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Mathematical_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Mathematical logic (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mathematical_logic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mathematical_logic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical logic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axiom</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_axioms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of axioms (not yet started)">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinality" title="Cardinality">Cardinality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemma_(mathematics)" title="Lemma (mathematics)">Lemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem" title="Theorem">Theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First-order_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First-order logic (not yet started)">First-order logic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_proof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal proof (not yet started)">Formal proof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_semantics_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal semantics (logic) (not yet started)">Formal semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundations_of_mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundations of mathematics (not yet started)">Foundations of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_consequence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical consequence (not yet started)">Logical consequence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structure_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structure (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Type theory (not yet started)">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorems (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Theorems_in_the_foundations_of_mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Theorems in the foundations of mathematics (not yet started)">list</a>)<br /> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoxes_of_set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoxes of set theory (not yet started)">Paradoxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6del%27s_completeness_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gödel's completeness theorem (not yet started)">Gödel's completeness</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems" title="Gödel's incompleteness theorems">incompleteness theorems</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banach%E2%80%93Tarski_paradox" title="Banach–Tarski paradox">Banach–Tarski paradox</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Cantor's <a href="/wiki/Cantor%27s_theorem" title="Cantor's theorem">theorem,</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantor%27s_paradox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantor's paradox (not yet started)">paradox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantor%27s_diagonal_argument" title="Cantor's diagonal argument">diagonal argument</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halting_problem" title="Halting problem">Halting problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarski%27s_undefinability_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarski's undefinability theorem (not yet started)">Tarski's undefinability</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compactness_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compactness theorem (not yet started)">Compactness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindstr%C3%B6m%27s_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindström's theorem (not yet started)">Lindström's</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%B6wenheim%E2%80%93Skolem_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Löwenheim–Skolem theorem (not yet started)">Löwenheim–Skolem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Logics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Traditional" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Term_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Term logic (not yet started)">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tautology_(logic)" title="Tautology (logic)">Tautology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">Inference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_equivalence" title="Logical equivalence">Logical equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency" class="mw-disambig" title="Consistency">Consistency</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equiconsistency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equiconsistency (not yet started)">Equiconsistency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">Syllogism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical logic (not yet started)">Classical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical truth (not yet started)">Logical truth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soundness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soundness (not yet started)">Soundness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Validity_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Validity (logic) (not yet started)">Validity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Square_of_opposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Square of opposition (not yet started)">Square of opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propositional_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional calculus">Propositional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional calculus">Propositional calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_table" title="Truth table">Truth tables</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boolean_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boolean function (not yet started)">Boolean functions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_connective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical connective (not yet started)">Logical connectives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propositional_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propositional formula (not yet started)">Propositional formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-valued_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Many-valued logic">Many-valued logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three-valued_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three-valued logic (not yet started)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finite-valued_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finite-valued logic (not yet started)">Finite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infinite-valued_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infinite-valued logic (not yet started)">∞</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Predicate_logic" title="Predicate logic">Predicate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First-order_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First-order logic (not yet started)">First-order</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first-order_theories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of first-order theories (not yet started)"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-order_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second-order logic (not yet started)">Second-order</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monadic_second-order_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monadic second-order logic (not yet started)">Monadic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher-order_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher-order logic (not yet started)">Higher-order</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free logic (not yet started)">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantifier_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantifier (logic) (not yet started)">Quantifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predicate_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predicate (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monadic_predicate_calculus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monadic predicate calculus (not yet started)">Monadic predicate calculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">Set theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel_set_theory" title="Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory">Set</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hereditary set (not yet started)">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urelement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urelement (not yet started)">Ur-</a>)<a href="/wiki/Element_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Element (mathematics)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">Ordinal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relation_(mathematics)" title="Relation (mathematics)">Relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_relation" title="Equivalence relation">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_a_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partition of a set (not yet started)">Partition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Set operations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersection (set theory)">Intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_(set_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (set theory)">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement (set theory)">Complement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_product" title="Cartesian product">Cartesian product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_set" title="Power set">Power set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_set_identities_and_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of set identities and relations (not yet started)">Identities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_(set_theory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Class (set theory) (not yet started)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extensionality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extensionality (not yet started)">Extensionality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forcing_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forcing (mathematics) (not yet started)">Forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (mathematics)">Sets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countable_set" title="Countable set">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncountable_set" title="Uncountable set">Uncountable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_set" title="Empty set">Empty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhabited_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhabited set (not yet started)">Inhabited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singleton_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singleton (mathematics) (not yet started)">Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_set" title="Finite set">Finite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infinite_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infinite set (not yet started)">Infinite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitive_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transitive set (not yet started)">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafilter_(set_theory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultrafilter (set theory) (not yet started)">Ultrafilter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recursive_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recursive set (not yet started)">Recursive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzzy_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzzy set (not yet started)">Fuzzy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal set (not yet started)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universe_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universe (mathematics) (not yet started)">Universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructible_universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constructible universe (not yet started)">Constructible</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grothendieck_universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grothendieck universe (not yet started)">Grothendieck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Von_Neumann_universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Neumann universe (not yet started)">Von Neumann</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Map_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Map (mathematics) (not yet started)">Maps</a> & <a href="/wiki/Cardinality" title="Cardinality">Cardinality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">Function</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Map_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Map (mathematics) (not yet started)">Map</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_of_a_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domain of a function (not yet started)">Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codomain" class="mw-redirect" title="Codomain">Codomain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Image (mathematics) (not yet started)">Image</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injective_function" title="Injective function">In</a>/<a href="/wiki/Surjective_function" title="Surjective function">Sur</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bijection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijection">Bi</a>-jection</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schr%C3%B6der%E2%80%93Bernstein_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schröder–Bernstein theorem (not yet started)">Schröder–Bernstein theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphism" title="Isomorphism">Isomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="Gödel numbering">Gödel numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enumeration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enumeration (not yet started)">Enumeration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_cardinal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Large cardinal (not yet started)">Large cardinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inaccessible_cardinal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inaccessible cardinal (not yet started)">Inaccessible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleph number (not yet started)">Aleph number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_(mathematics)" title="Operation (mathematics)">Operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_operation" title="Binary operation">Binary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Set theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel_set_theory" title="Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory">Zermelo–Fraenkel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_of_choice" title="Axiom of choice">Axiom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_hypothesis" title="Continuum hypothesis">Continuum hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General set theory (not yet started)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kripke%E2%80%93Platek_set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kripke–Platek set theory (not yet started)">Kripke–Platek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morse%E2%80%93Kelley_set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morse–Kelley set theory (not yet started)">Morse–Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_set_theory" title="Naive set theory">Naive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Foundations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Foundations (not yet started)">New Foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarski%E2%80%93Grothendieck_set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarski–Grothendieck set theory (not yet started)">Tarski–Grothendieck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Bernays%E2%80%93G%C3%B6del_set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (not yet started)">Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ackermann_set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ackermann set theory (not yet started)">Ackermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructive_set_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constructive set theory (not yet started)">Constructive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal system (not yet started)">Formal systems</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_formal_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of formal systems (not yet started)"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a>),<br /><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Language</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntax (logic) (not yet started)">Syntax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_(formal_languages)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphabet (formal languages) (not yet started)">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arity" title="Arity">Arity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axiom_schema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axiom schema (not yet started)">Axiom schema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expression_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expression (mathematics) (not yet started)">Expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground expression (not yet started)">Ground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extension_by_new_constant_and_function_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extension by new constant and function names (not yet started)">Extension</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extension_by_definitions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extension by definitions (not yet started)">by definition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative extension (not yet started)">Conservative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finitary_relation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finitary relation (not yet started)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formation_rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formation rule (not yet started)">Formation rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Well-formed_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Well-formed formula (not yet started)">Formula</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic formula (not yet started)">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentence_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentence (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Closed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ground_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ground formula (not yet started)">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open formula (not yet started)">Open</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_variables_and_bound_variables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free variables and bound variables (not yet started)">Free/bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalanguage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalanguage (not yet started)">Metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_connective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical connective (not yet started)">Logical connective</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negation (not yet started)">¬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_disjunction" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Logical disjunction">∨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">∧</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material_conditional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Material conditional (not yet started)">→</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_biconditional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical biconditional (not yet started)">↔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_equality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical equality (not yet started)">=</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predicate_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predicate (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Predicate</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_predicate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Functional predicate (not yet started)">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predicate_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predicate variable (not yet started)">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propositional_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propositional variable (not yet started)">Propositional variable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_proof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal proof (not yet started)">Proof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantifier_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantifier (logic) (not yet started)">Quantifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Existential_quantification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Existential quantification (not yet started)">∃</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniqueness_quantification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniqueness quantification (not yet started)">!</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_quantification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal quantification (not yet started)">∀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantifier_rank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantifier rank (not yet started)">rank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentence_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentence (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Sentence</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_sentence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic sentence (not yet started)">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectrum_of_a_sentence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spectrum of a sentence (not yet started)">Spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signature_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Signature (logic) (not yet started)">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_(formal_languages)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="String (formal languages) (not yet started)">String</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substitution_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substitution (logic) (not yet started)">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol_(formal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbol (formal) (not yet started)">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uninterpreted_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uninterpreted function (not yet started)">Function</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_constant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical constant (not yet started)">Logical/Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-logical_symbol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-logical symbol (not yet started)">Non-logical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (mathematics)">Variable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Term_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Term (logic) (not yet started)">Term</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematical_theories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of mathematical theories (not yet started)"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">Example <a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">axiomatic<br />systems</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first-order_theories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of first-order theories (not yet started)">list</a>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundations_of_geometry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundations of geometry (not yet started)">geometry</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i>Elements</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilbert%27s_axioms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilbert's axioms (not yet started)">Hilbert's</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarski%27s_axioms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarski's axioms (not yet started)">Tarski's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean</a>* of <a href="/w/index.php?title=True_arithmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="True arithmetic (not yet started)">arithmetic</a>:</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peano_axioms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peano axioms (not yet started)">Peano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-order_arithmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second-order arithmetic (not yet started)">second-order</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_function_arithmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementary function arithmetic (not yet started)">elementary function</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primitive_recursive_arithmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primitive recursive arithmetic (not yet started)">primitive recursive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_arithmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robinson arithmetic (not yet started)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skolem_arithmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skolem arithmetic (not yet started)">Skolem</a></li></ul></li> <li>of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_of_the_real_numbers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction of the real numbers (not yet started)">real numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarski%27s_axiomatization_of_the_reals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarski's axiomatization of the reals (not yet started)">Tarski's axiomatization</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axiomatization_of_Boolean_algebras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axiomatization of Boolean algebras (not yet started)">Boolean algebras</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boolean_algebras_canonically_defined&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boolean algebras canonically defined (not yet started)">canonical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimal_axioms_for_Boolean_algebra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimal axioms for Boolean algebra (not yet started)">minimal axioms</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proof_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proof theory (not yet started)">Proof theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_proof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal proof (not yet started)">Formal proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_deduction" title="Natural deduction">Natural deduction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_consequence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical consequence (not yet started)">Logical consequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_inference" title="Rule of inference">Rule of inference</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequent_calculus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequent calculus (not yet started)">Sequent calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem" title="Theorem">Theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formal_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formal system (not yet started)">Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">Axiomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deductive_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deductive system (not yet started)">Deductive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilbert_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilbert system (not yet started)">Hilbert</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hilbert_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Hilbert systems (not yet started)">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complete_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complete theory (not yet started)">Complete theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_(mathematical_logic)" title="Independence (mathematical logic)">Independence</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_statements_independent_of_ZFC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of statements independent of ZFC (not yet started)">from ZFC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proof_of_impossibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proof of impossibility (not yet started)">Proof of impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinal_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinal analysis (not yet started)">Ordinal analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverse_mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reverse mathematics (not yet started)">Reverse mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-verifying_theories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-verifying theories (not yet started)">Self-verifying theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model theory (not yet started)">Model theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truth_value" title="Truth value">Truth value</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretation_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretation (logic) (not yet started)">Interpretation</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretation_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretation function (not yet started)">Function</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretation_(model_theory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretation (model theory) (not yet started)">of models</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structure_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structure (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_equivalence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementary equivalence (not yet started)">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finite_model_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finite model theory (not yet started)">Finite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturated_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturated model (not yet started)">Saturated</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectrum_of_a_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spectrum of a theory (not yet started)">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Substructure_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substructure (mathematics) (not yet started)">Submodel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-standard_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-standard model (not yet started)">Non-standard model</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-standard_model_of_arithmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-standard model of arithmetic (not yet started)">of arithmetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Diagram</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_diagram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementary diagram (not yet started)">Elementary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorical_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorical theory (not yet started)">Categorical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_complete_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model complete theory (not yet started)">Model complete theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satisfiability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satisfiability (not yet started)">Satisfiability</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_of_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantics of logic (not yet started)">Semantics of logic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strength_(mathematical_logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strength (mathematical logic) (not yet started)">Strength</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theories_of_truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theories of truth (not yet started)">Theories of truth</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_theory_of_truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantic theory of truth (not yet started)">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarski%27s_theory_of_truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarski's theory of truth (not yet started)">Tarski's</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kripke%27s_theory_of_truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kripke's theory of truth (not yet started)">Kripke's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-schema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-schema (not yet started)">T-schema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfer_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfer principle (not yet started)">Transfer principle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truth_predicate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truth predicate (not yet started)">Truth predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_(model_theory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Type (model theory) (not yet started)">Type</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultraproduct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultraproduct (not yet started)">Ultraproduct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Validity_(logic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Validity (logic) (not yet started)">Validity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93Turing_thesis" title="Church–Turing thesis">Church–Turing thesis</a></li> <li><a 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title="Recursion">Recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_encoding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church encoding (not yet started)">Church encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computably_enumerable_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computably enumerable set (not yet started)">Computably enumerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computable_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Computable set">Computable set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolmogorov_complexity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolmogorov complexity (not yet started)">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primitive_recursive_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primitive recursive function (not yet started)">Primitive recursive function</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recursive_set&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recursive set (not yet started)">Recursive set</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Type theory (not yet started)">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abstract logic (not yet started)">Abstract logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">Category theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_category&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concrete category (not yet started)">Concrete</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category (mathematics) (not yet started)">Abstract Category</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category_of_sets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category of sets (not yet started)">Category of sets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of logic (not yet started)">History of logic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_mathematical_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of mathematical logic (not yet started)">History of mathematical logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_mathematical_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of mathematical logic (not yet started)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logicism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logicism (not yet started)">Logicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_object&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical object (not yet started)">Mathematical object</a></li> <li><a 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