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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Integument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biarmosuchia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biarmosuchia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biarmosuchia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biarmosuchia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinocephalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinocephalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dinocephalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinocephalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anomodontia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anomodontia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Anomodontia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anomodontia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorgonopsia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorgonopsia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Gorgonopsia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorgonopsia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therocephalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therocephalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Therocephalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therocephalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cynodontia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynodontia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cynodontia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynodontia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Therapsida</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="وحشيات الأقواس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحشيات الأقواس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терапсиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Терапсиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A0psids" title="Teràpsids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teràpsids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsidi" title="Therapsidi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Therapsidi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsiden" title="Therapsiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Therapsiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Θηριαψιδωτά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θηριαψιδωτά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ددکمانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ددکمانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A1psidos" title="Terápsidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terápsidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EA%B6%81%EB%A5%98" title="수궁류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수궁류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsidi" title="Terapsidi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Terapsidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eelskri%C3%B0d%C3%BDr" title="Þelskriðdýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þelskriðdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="תראפסידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תראפסידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zougdeerreptiele" title="Zougdeerreptiele – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zougdeerreptiele" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терапсиди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Терапсиди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A3%E5%BC%93%E9%A1%9E" title="獣弓類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="獣弓類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsider" title="Therapsider – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Therapsider" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsydy" title="Terapsydy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Terapsydy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Терапсиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Терапсиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsid" title="Therapsid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Therapsid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsidy" title="Terapsidy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Terapsidy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терапсиди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Терапсиди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsidi" title="Terapsidi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Terapsidi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsidit" title="Terapsidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Terapsidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsider" title="Therapsider – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Therapsider" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapsit" title="Terapsit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Terapsit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терапсиди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Терапсиди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Cung_th%C3%BA" title="Bộ Cung thú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Cung thú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Therapsida" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%B8%E5%AD%94%E7%9B%AE" title="獸孔目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="獸孔目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q322241#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Clade of tetrapods including mammals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">Theropsida</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Therapsida<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> 279.5–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;">(Range includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>)</span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:127.76923076923px; width:92.230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:127.76923076923px; width:92.230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:128.76923076923px; width:90.230769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Therapsida_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Therapsida_3.jpg/260px-Therapsida_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Therapsida_3.jpg/390px-Therapsida_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Therapsida_3.jpg/520px-Therapsida_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1636" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">From top to bottom and left to right, several examples of non-mammalian therapsids: <i><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchus" title="Biarmosuchus">Biarmosuchus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Moschops" title="Moschops">Moschops</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Anomodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomodont">Anomodontia</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Inostrancevia" title="Inostrancevia">Inostrancevia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Glanosuchus" title="Glanosuchus">Glanosuchus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Chiniquodon" title="Chiniquodon">Chiniquodon</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">Cynodontia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Therapsida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantherapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantherapsida">Pantherapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontoidea" title="Sphenacodontoidea">Sphenacodontoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Therapsida</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Broom</a>, 1905<sup id="cite_ref-Broom1905_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broom1905-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clades</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus" title="Raranimus">Raranimus</a></i></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Anomodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomodont">Anomodontia</a> <ul><li>Various extinct taxa</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">Dicynodontia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" title="Theriodontia">Theriodontia</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheriodontia" title="Eutheriodontia">Eutheriodontia</a> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">Cynodontia</a> <ul><li>Various extinct taxa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Therapsida</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a clade comprising a major group of <a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">eupelycosaurian</a> <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and their ancestors and close relatives. Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin within early therapsids, including limbs that were oriented more underneath the body, resulting in a more "standing" <a href="/wiki/Quadrupedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupedal">quadrupedal</a> posture, as opposed to the lower sprawling posture of many <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>. </p><p>Therapsids evolved from earlier synapsids commonly called "<a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a>", specifically within the <a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a>, more than 279.5 million years ago. They replaced the pelycosaurs as the dominant large land animals in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a> through to the Early Triassic. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, therapsids declined in relative importance to the rapidly diversifying <a href="/wiki/Archosaurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaurian">archosaurian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sauropsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropsid">sauropsids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">pseudosuchians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, etc.) during the Middle Triassic. </p><p>The therapsids include the <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>, the group that gave rise to mammals (<a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a>) in the Late Triassic around 225 million years ago, the only therapsid clade that survived beyond the end of the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>. The only other group of therapsids to have survived into the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a>, became extinct towards the end of the period. The last surviving group of non-mammaliaform cynodonts were the <a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontidae</a>, which became extinct during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alopecognathus_angusticeps_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alopecognathus_angusticeps_DB.jpg/220px-Alopecognathus_angusticeps_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alopecognathus_angusticeps_DB.jpg/330px-Alopecognathus_angusticeps_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alopecognathus_angusticeps_DB.jpg/440px-Alopecognathus_angusticeps_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <i><a href="/wiki/Alopecognathus" title="Alopecognathus">Alopecognathus</a></i>, an early <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalian</a> therapsid</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaw_and_teeth">Jaw and teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jaw and teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Therapsids' <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestrae</a> were larger than those of the pelycosaurs. The jaws of some therapsids were more complex and powerful, and the <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> were differentiated into frontal <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> for nipping, great lateral <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a> for puncturing and tearing, and <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> for shearing and chopping food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posture">Posture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Posture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Therapsid legs were positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than were the sprawling legs of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and pelycosaurs. Also compared to these groups, the feet were more symmetrical, with the first and last toes short and the middle toes long, an indication that the foot's <a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">axis</a> was placed parallel to that of the animal, not sprawling out sideways. This orientation would have given a more <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a>-like gait than the <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a>-like gait of the pelycosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physiology of therapsids is poorly understood. Most Permian therapsids had a pineal foramen, indicating that they had a <a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">parietal eye</a> like many modern reptiles and amphibians. The parietal eye serves an important role in thermoregulation and the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a> of ectotherms, but is absent in modern mammals, which are <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benoit2016B_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoit2016B-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of the Permian, dicynodonts, <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a> and cynodonts show <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel</a> trends towards loss of the pineal foramen, and the foramen is completely absent in probainognathian cynodonts. Evidence from oxygen isotopes, which are correlated with body temperature, suggests that most Permian therapsids were ectotherms and that endothermy evolved convergently in dicynodonts and cynodonts near the end of the Permian.<sup id="cite_ref-Rey2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rey2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, evidence from histology suggests that endothermy is shared across Therapsida,<sup id="cite_ref-FraureBrac2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraureBrac2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas estimates of blood flow rate and lifespan in the mammaliaform <i><a href="/wiki/Morganucodon" title="Morganucodon">Morganucodon</a></i> suggest that even early mammaliaforms had reptile-like metabolic rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Newham2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newham2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for respiratory turbinates, which have been hypothesized to be indicative of endothermy, was reported in the therocephalian <i><a href="/wiki/Glanosuchus" title="Glanosuchus">Glanosuchus</a></i>, but subsequent study showed that the apparent attachment sites for turbinates may simply be the result of distortion of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopson2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopson2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integument">Integument</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Integument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of integument in therapsids is poorly known, and there are few fossils that provide direct evidence for the presence or absence of fur. The most basal synapsids with unambiguous direct evidence of fur are <a href="/wiki/Docodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Docodonts">docodonts</a>, which are mammaliaforms very closely related to crown-group mammals. Two "mummified" juvenile specimens of the dicynodont <i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus_murrayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lystrosaurus murrayi">Lystrosaurus murrayi</a></i> preserve skin impressions; the skin is hairless, leathery, and dimpled, somewhat comparable to elephant skin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossilized facial skin from the dinocephalian <i><a href="/wiki/Estemmenosuchus" title="Estemmenosuchus">Estemmenosuchus</a></i> has been described as showing that the skin was glandular and lacked both scales and hair.<sup id="cite_ref-Chudinov1968_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chudinov1968-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">Coprolites</a> containing what appear to be hairs have been found from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bajdek2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bajdek2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the source of these hairs is not known with certainty, they may suggest that hair was present in at least some Permian therapsids. </p><p>The closure of the pineal foramen in probainognathian cynodonts may indicate a mutation in the regulatory gene Msx2, which is involved in both the closure of the skull roof and the maintenance of hair follicles in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-Benoit2016A_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoit2016A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that hair may have first evolved in probainognathians, though it does not entirely rule out an earlier origin of fur.<sup id="cite_ref-Benoit2016A_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoit2016A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whiskers probably evolved in probainognathian cynodonts.<sup id="cite_ref-Benoit2016A_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoit2016A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benoit2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoit2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies had inferred an earlier origin for whiskers based on the presence of foramina on the snout of therocephalians and early cynodonts, but the arrangement of foramina in these taxa actually closely resembles lizards,<sup id="cite_ref-Estes1961_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes1961-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would make the presence of mammal-like whiskers unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Benoit2020_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoit2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raranimus_dashankouensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Raranimus_dashankouensis.jpg/200px-Raranimus_dashankouensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Raranimus_dashankouensis.jpg/300px-Raranimus_dashankouensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Raranimus_dashankouensis.jpg/400px-Raranimus_dashankouensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Holotype skull of <i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus_dashankouensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Raranimus dashankouensis">Raranimus dashankouensis</a></i>, the most basal-known therapsid<sup id="cite_ref-LRL09_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRL09-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Therapsids <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> from a group of pelycosaurs called <a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">sphenacodonts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therapsids became the dominant land animals in the Middle <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, displacing the pelycosaurs. Therapsida consists of four major <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">dinocephalians</a>, the herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Anomodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomodont">anomodonts</a>, the carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">biarmosuchians</a>, and the mostly carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Theriodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Theriodont">theriodonts</a>. After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Middle Permian (<a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a>) but the anomodont <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a> as well as the theriodont <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">gorgonopsians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a> flourished, being joined at the very end of the Permian by the first of the <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euchambersia_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Euchambersia_DB.jpg/200px-Euchambersia_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Euchambersia_DB.jpg/300px-Euchambersia_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Euchambersia_DB.jpg/400px-Euchambersia_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Euchambersia" title="Euchambersia">Euchambersia</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodont</a> prey. Note that this <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalian</a> is suspected to be the oldest-known <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2017ct_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017ct-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Like all land animals, the therapsids were seriously affected by the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, with the very successful gorgonopsians and the biarmosuchians dying out altogether and the remaining groups—<a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>—reduced to a handful of species each by the earliest <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>. Surviving dicynodonts were represented by two families of <a href="/wiki/Disaster_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster taxa">disaster taxa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lystrosauridae" title="Lystrosauridae">Lystrosauridae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myosauridae" title="Myosauridae">Myosauridae</a>), the scarcely known <i><a href="/wiki/Kombuisia" title="Kombuisia">Kombuisia</a></i>, and a single group of large stocky <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a>, which were the only dicynodont lineage to thrive during the Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They and the medium-sized cynodonts (including both carnivorous and herbivorous forms) flourished worldwide throughout the Early and Middle Triassic. They disappear from the fossil record across much of <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> (Late Triassic), although they continued for some time longer in the wet equatorial band and the south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some exceptions were the still further derived <a href="/wiki/Eucynodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucynodonts">eucynodonts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least three groups of them survived. They all appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> period. The extremely <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a>-like family, <a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontidae</a>, survived into the Early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. Another extremely mammal-like family, <a href="/wiki/Tritheledontidae" title="Tritheledontidae">Tritheledontidae</a>, are unknown later than the Early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a> was the third group, including <i><a href="/wiki/Morganucodon" title="Morganucodon">Morganucodon</a></i> and similar animals. Some taxonomists refer to these animals as "mammals", though most limit the term to the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonacynodon_witout_visible_ears.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bonacynodon_witout_visible_ears.png/200px-Bonacynodon_witout_visible_ears.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bonacynodon_witout_visible_ears.png/300px-Bonacynodon_witout_visible_ears.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bonacynodon_witout_visible_ears.png/400px-Bonacynodon_witout_visible_ears.png 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Bonacynodon_schultzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonacynodon schultzi">Bonacynodon schultzi</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">probainognathian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodont</a> related to the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a><sup id="cite_ref-SciAm_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciAm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The non-eucynodont cynodonts survived the Permian–Triassic extinction; <i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Galesaurus" title="Galesaurus">Galesaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Platycraniellus" title="Platycraniellus">Platycraniellus</a></i> are known from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>, however, only the eucynodonts remained. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a>, relatives of the cynodonts, managed to survive the Permian–Triassic extinction and continued to diversify through the Early Triassic period. Approaching the end of the period, however, the therocephalians were in decline to eventual extinction, likely outcompeted by the rapidly diversifying Saurian lineage of <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsids</a>, equipped with sophisticated respiratory systems better suited to the very hot, dry and oxygen-poor world of the End-Triassic. </p><p>Dicynodonts were among the most successful groups of therapsids during the Late Permian, and survived through to near the end of the Triassic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> are the only living therapsids. The mammalian <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a>, which evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> period, radiated from a group of mammaliaforms that included the <a href="/wiki/Docodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Docodonts">docodonts</a>. The mammaliaforms themselves evolved from <a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">probainognathians</a>, a lineage of the eucynodont suborder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Therapsida</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">The Hopson and Barghausen paradigm for therapsid relationships </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Six major groups of therapsids are generally recognized: <a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a>. A clade uniting therocephalians and cynodonts, called <a href="/wiki/Eutheriodontia" title="Eutheriodontia">Eutheriodontia</a>, is well supported, but relationships among the other four clades are controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-AngielczykKammerer2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AngielczykKammerer2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most widely accepted hypothesis of therapsid relationships, the Hopson and Barghausen paradigm, was first proposed in 1986. Under this hypothesis, biarmosuchians are the earliest-diverging major therapsid group, with the other five groups forming the Eutherapsida, and within Eutherapsida, gorgonopsians are the sister taxon of eutheriodonts, together forming the <a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" title="Theriodontia">Theriodontia</a>. Hopson and Barghausen did not initially come to a conclusion about how dinocephalians, anomodonts and theriodonts were related to each other, but subsequent studies suggested that anomodonts and theriodonts should be classified together as the Neotherapsida. However, there remains debate over these relationships; in particular, some studies have suggested that anomodonts, not gorgonopsians, are the sister taxon of Eutheriodontia, other studies have found dinocephalians and anomodonts to form a clade, and both the phylogenetic position and monophyly of Biarmosuchia remain controversial. </p><p>In addition to the six major groups, there are several other lineages and species of uncertain classification. <i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus" title="Raranimus">Raranimus</a></i> from the early Middle Permian of China is likely to be the earliest-diverging known therapsid.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i> from the Early Permian of the United States has been hypothesized to be an even earlier-diverging therapsid,<sup id="cite_ref-Laurin1996_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurin1996-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amson2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amson2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more recent study has suggested it is more likely to be a non-therapsid sphenacodontian.<sup id="cite_ref-Spindler2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindler2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the dubious genus of non-mammalian therapsid: <a href="/wiki/Cynodraco" title="Cynodraco">Cynodraco</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biarmosuchia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg/200px-Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg/300px-Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg/400px-Biarmosuchus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchus" title="Biarmosuchus">Biarmosuchus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">biarmosuchian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Biarmosuchia is the most recently recognized therapsid clade, first recognized as a distinct lineage by Hopson and Barghausen in 1986 and formally named by Sigogneau-Russell in 1989. Most biarmosuchians were previously classified as gorgonopsians. Biarmosuchia includes the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Burnetiamorpha" title="Burnetiamorpha">Burnetiamorpha</a>, but support for the monophyly of Biarmosuchia is relatively low. Many biarmosuchians are known for extensive cranial ornamentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dinocephalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanophoneus_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Titanophoneus_3.jpg/200px-Titanophoneus_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Titanophoneus_3.jpg/300px-Titanophoneus_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Titanophoneus_3.jpg/400px-Titanophoneus_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Two genera of <a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">dinocephalians</a> : <i><a href="/wiki/Titanophoneus" title="Titanophoneus">Titanophoneus</a></i> (an <a href="/wiki/Anteosaur" title="Anteosaur">anteosaur</a>) devouring a <i><a href="/wiki/Ulemosaurus" title="Ulemosaurus">Ulemosaurus</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalia" title="Tapinocephalia">tapinocephalian</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dinocephalia comprises two distinctive groups, the <a href="/wiki/Anteosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Anteosauria">Anteosauria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalia" title="Tapinocephalia">Tapinocephalia</a>. </p><p>Historically, carnivorous dinocephalians, including both anteosaurs and titanosuchids, were called titanosuchians and classified as members of Theriodontia, while the herbivorous Tapinocephalidae were classified as members of Anomodontia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anomodontia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lystr_georg1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lystr_georg1DB.jpg/220px-Lystr_georg1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lystr_georg1DB.jpg/330px-Lystr_georg1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lystr_georg1DB.jpg/440px-Lystr_georg1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodont</a> <a href="/wiki/Anomodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomodont">anomodont</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anomodontia includes the <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a>, a clade of tusked, beaked herbivores, and the most diverse and long-lived clade of non-cynodont therapsids. Other members of Anomodontia include <i><a href="/wiki/Suminia" title="Suminia">Suminia</a>,</i> which is thought to have been a climbing form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gorgonopsia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inostrancevia_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Inostrancevia_BW.jpg/200px-Inostrancevia_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Inostrancevia_BW.jpg/300px-Inostrancevia_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Inostrancevia_BW.jpg/400px-Inostrancevia_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Inostrancevia" title="Inostrancevia">Inostrancevia</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">gorgonopsian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gorgonopsia is an abundant but morphologically homogeneous group of <a href="/wiki/Saber-toothed_predator" title="Saber-toothed predator">saber-toothed predators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Therocephalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moschorhinus_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Moschorhinus_DB.jpg/200px-Moschorhinus_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Moschorhinus_DB.jpg/300px-Moschorhinus_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Moschorhinus_DB.jpg/400px-Moschorhinus_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Moschorhinus" title="Moschorhinus">Moschorhinus</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It has been suggested that Therocephalia might not be monophyletic, with some species more closely related to cynodonts than others.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdala2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdala2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most studies regard Therocephalia as monophyletic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cynodontia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trucidocynodon_riograndensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Trucidocynodon_riograndensis.jpg/200px-Trucidocynodon_riograndensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Trucidocynodon_riograndensis.jpg/300px-Trucidocynodon_riograndensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Trucidocynodon_riograndensis.jpg/400px-Trucidocynodon_riograndensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4181" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Trucidocynodon" title="Trucidocynodon">Trucidocynodon</a></i>, a non-<a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodont</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cynodonts are the most diverse and longest-lived of the therapsid groups, as Cynodontia includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. Cynodonts are the only major therapsid clade to lack a Middle Permian fossil record, with the earliest-known cynodont being <i><a href="/wiki/Charassognathus" title="Charassognathus">Charassognathus</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a> age of the Late Permian. Non-mammalian cynodonts include both carnivorous and herbivorous forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of the evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">Vertebrate paleontology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: 'beast-arch'</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Broom1905-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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"The osteology and relationships of <i>Tetraceratops insignis</i>, the oldest known therapsid". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 95–102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JVPal..16...95L">1996JVPal..16...95L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.1996.10011287">10.1080/02724634.1996.10011287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+osteology+and+relationships+of+Tetraceratops+insignis%2C+the+oldest+known+therapsid&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-102&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.1996.10011287&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JVPal..16...95L&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Reisz%2C+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATherapsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amson2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amson2011_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsonLaurin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Amson, Eli; Laurin, Michel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20100063.html">"On the Affinities of Tetraceratops insignis, an Early Permian Synapsid"</a>. <i>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</i>. <b>56</b> (2): 301–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2010.0063">10.4202/app.2010.0063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7920">0567-7920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56425905">56425905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Palaeontologica+Polonica&rft.atitle=On+the+Affinities+of+Tetraceratops+insignis%2C+an+Early+Permian+Synapsid&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301-312&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56425905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0567-7920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4202%2Fapp.2010.0063&rft.aulast=Amson&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Laurin%2C+Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.pan.pl%2Farticle%2Fitem%2Fapp20100063.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATherapsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spindler2020-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spindler2020_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpindler2020" class="citation journal cs1">Spindler, Frederik (2020). "The skull of Tetraceratops insignis (Synapsida, Sphenacodontia)". <i>Palaeovertebrata</i>. <b>43</b> (1): e1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18563%2Fpv.43.1.e1">10.18563/pv.43.1.e1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214247325">214247325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeovertebrata&rft.atitle=The+skull+of+Tetraceratops+insignis+%28Synapsida%2C+Sphenacodontia%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e1&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18563%2Fpv.43.1.e1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214247325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spindler&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATherapsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdala2008-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abdala2008_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdalaRubidgevan_den_Heever2008" class="citation journal cs1">Abdala, Fernando; Rubidge, Bruce S.; van den Heever, Juri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2008.00784.x">"The oldest therocephalians (Therapsida, Eutheriodontia) and the early diversification of Therapsida"</a>. <i>Palaeontology</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 1011–1024. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Palgy..51.1011A">2008Palgy..51.1011A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2008.00784.x">10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00784.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4983">1475-4983</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129791548">129791548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.atitle=The+oldest+therocephalians+%28Therapsida%2C+Eutheriodontia%29+and+the+early+diversification+of+Therapsida&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1011-1024&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2008.00784.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129791548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-4983&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Palgy..51.1011A&rft.aulast=Abdala&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Rubidge%2C+Bruce+S.&rft.au=van+den+Heever%2C+Juri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-4983.2008.00784.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATherapsida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benton, M. J. (2004). <i>Vertebrate Palaeontology</i>, 3rd ed., Blackwell Science.</li> <li>Carroll, R. L. (1988). <i>Vertebrate Paleontology & Evolution</i>. W. H. Freeman & Company, New York.</li> <li>Kemp, T. S. (2005). <i>The origin and evolution of mammals</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>Romer, A. S. (1966). <i>Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1933; 3rd ed.</li> <li>Bennett, A. F., & Ruben, J. A. (1986). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compphys.bio.uci.edu/bennett/pubs/74.pdf">The metabolic and thermoregulatory status of therapsids</a>." In <i>The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles</i>. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 207-218.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKammererAngielczykFröbisch2014" class="citation book cs1">Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3"><i>Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida</i></a>. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014eehs.book.....K">2014eehs.book.....K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-6841-3">10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6840-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6840-6"><bdi>978-94-007-6840-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Evolutionary+History+of+the+Synapsida&rft.series=Vertebrate+Paleobiology+and+Paleoanthropology&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-6841-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014eehs.book.....K&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6840-6&rft.aulast=Kammerer&rft.aufirst=Christian+F.&rft.au=Angielczyk%2C+Kenneth+D.&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6bisch%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-6841-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATherapsida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ross, R.P., Ross, C.A. (2023). <i>Permian Period, geochronology</i>. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-Period</li> <li>Padian, Kevin (2013-09). "A Review of "Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology"". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>33</b> (5): 1250–1251.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therapsida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="wikispecies:Therapsida">Therapsida</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Therapsida">Therapsida: Mammals and extinct relatives</a>" <i>Tree of Life</i></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060617022445/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/400Therapsida/400.000.html">Therapsida: overview</a>" <i>Palaeos</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Synapsida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Synapsida" title="Template talk:Synapsida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Synapsida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Synapsida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Synapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Superclass:_Tetrapoda_*_Clade:_Amniota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Superclass: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrapodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template:Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template:Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Synapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Diadectomorpha" title="Diadectomorpha">Diadectomorpha</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria">Caseasauria</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eothyrididae" title="Eothyrididae">Eothyrididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asaphestera" title="Asaphestera">Asaphestera</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eothyris" title="Eothyris">Eothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedaleops" title="Oedaleops">Oedaleops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaughnictis" title="Vaughnictis">Vaughnictis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">Caseidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alierasaurus" title="Alierasaurus">Alierasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelosaurus" title="Angelosaurus">Angelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arisierpeton" title="Arisierpeton">Arisierpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callibrachion" title="Callibrachion">Callibrachion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casea" title="Casea">Casea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caseoides" title="Caseoides">Caseoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caseopsis" title="Caseopsis">Caseopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus" title="Cotylorhynchus">Cotylorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datheosaurus" title="Datheosaurus">Datheosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ennatosaurus" title="Ennatosaurus">Ennatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eocasea" title="Eocasea">Eocasea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euromycter" title="Euromycter">Euromycter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lalieudorhynchus" title="Lalieudorhynchus">Lalieudorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martensius" title="Martensius">Martensius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oromycter" title="Oromycter">Oromycter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phreatophasma" title="Phreatophasma">Phreatophasma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenosaurus" title="Ruthenosaurus">Ruthenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichasaurus" title="Trichasaurus">Trichasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apsisaurus" title="Apsisaurus">Apsisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeovenator" title="Archaeovenator">Archaeovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascendonanus" title="Ascendonanus">Ascendonanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoscansor" title="Eoscansor">Eoscansor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendromaia" title="Dendromaia">Dendromaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitosaurus" title="Nitosaurus">Nitosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyozia" title="Pyozia">Pyozia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thrausmosaurus" title="Thrausmosaurus">Thrausmosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesenosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenosaurinae">Mesenosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anningia" title="Anningia">Anningia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabarzia" title="Cabarzia">Cabarzia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elliotsmithia" title="Elliotsmithia">Elliotsmithia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heleosaurus" title="Heleosaurus">Heleosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesenosaurus" title="Mesenosaurus">Mesenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microvaranops" title="Microvaranops">Microvaranops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varanodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanodontinae">Varanodontinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosaurus" title="Aerosaurus">Aerosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycterosaurus" title="Mycterosaurus">Mycterosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthiromia" title="Ruthiromia">Ruthiromia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambacarnifex" title="Tambacarnifex">Tambacarnifex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanops" title="Varanops">Varanops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanodon" title="Varanodon">Varanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watongia" title="Watongia">Watongia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metopophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Metopophora">Metopophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Incertae_sedis" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dimacrodon" title="Dimacrodon">Dimacrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Driveria" title="Driveria">Driveria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgodon" title="Gorgodon">Gorgodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Knoxosaurus" title="Knoxosaurus">Knoxosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mastersonia" title="Mastersonia">Mastersonia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protoclepsydrops" title="Protoclepsydrops">Protoclepsydrops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ennatosaurus tecton"><img alt="Ennatosaurus tecton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="352" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VaranodonDB23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Varanodon agilis"><img alt="Varanodon agilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/140px-VaranodonDB23.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/210px-VaranodonDB23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/VaranodonDB23.jpg/280px-VaranodonDB23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3898" data-file-height="1543" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Metopophora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metopophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Metopophora">Metopophora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Ophiacodontidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodontidae" title="Ophiacodontidae">Ophiacodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeothyris" title="Archaeothyris">Archaeothyris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baldwinonus" title="Baldwinonus">Baldwinonus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clepsydrops" title="Clepsydrops">Clepsydrops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinerpeton" title="Echinerpeton">Echinerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophiacodon" title="Ophiacodon">Ophiacodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereophallodon" title="Stereophallodon">Stereophallodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereorhachis" title="Stereorhachis">Stereorhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varanosaurus" title="Varanosaurus">Varanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Haptodontiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptodontiformes">Haptodontiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ianthodon" title="Ianthodon">Ianthodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Milosaurus" title="Milosaurus">Milosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Edaphosauridae" title="Edaphosauridae">Edaphosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bohemiclavulus" title="Bohemiclavulus">Bohemiclavulus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edaphosaurus" title="Edaphosaurus">Edaphosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glaucosaurus" title="Glaucosaurus">Glaucosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordodon" title="Gordodon">Gordodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ianthasaurus" title="Ianthasaurus">Ianthasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lupeosaurus" title="Lupeosaurus">Lupeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melanedaphodon" title="Melanedaphodon">Melanedaphodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramodendron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramodendron (page does not exist)">Ramodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remigiomontanus" title="Remigiomontanus">Remigiomontanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xyrospondylus" title="Xyrospondylus">Xyrospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontia" title="Sphenacodontia">Sphenacodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cutleria_wilmarthi" title="Cutleria wilmarthi">Cutleria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Haptodus" title="Haptodus">Haptodus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselohaptodus" title="Hypselohaptodus">Hypselohaptodus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kenomagnathus" title="Kenomagnathus">Kenomagnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Palaeohatteriidae" title="Palaeohatteriidae">Palaeohatteriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeohatteria" title="Palaeohatteria">Palaeohatteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantelosaurus" title="Pantelosaurus">Pantelosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontoidea" title="Sphenacodontoidea">Sphenacodontoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Shashajaia" title="Shashajaia">Shashajaia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodontidae" title="Sphenacodontidae">Sphenacodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptovenator" title="Cryptovenator">Cryptovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenorhachis" title="Ctenorhachis">Ctenorhachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenospondylus" title="Ctenospondylus">Ctenospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutleria_wilmarthi" title="Cutleria wilmarthi">Cutleria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eosyodon" title="Eosyodon">Eosyodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macromerion" title="Macromerion">Macromerion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neosaurus" title="Neosaurus">Neosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secodontosaurus" title="Secodontosaurus">Secodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenacodon" title="Sphenacodon">Sphenacodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steppesaurus" title="Steppesaurus">Steppesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tappenosaurus" title="Tappenosaurus">Tappenosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraceratops" title="Tetraceratops">Tetraceratops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Therapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clepsydrops colletii"><img alt="Clepsydrops colletii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/140px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/210px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg/280px-Clepsydrops_colleti22DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordodon_kraineri.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gordodon kraineri"><img alt="Gordodon kraineri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/140px-Gordodon_kraineri.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/210px-Gordodon_kraineri.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gordodon_kraineri.png/280px-Gordodon_kraineri.png 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Secodontosaurus obtusidens"><img alt="Secodontosaurus obtusidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Secodontosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Therapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Therapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Therapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Therapsida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Raranimus" title="Raranimus">Raranimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Biarmosuchia" title="Template:Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Dinocephalia" title="Template:Dinocephalia">Dinocephalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Anomodontia" title="Template:Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">dicynodonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Gorgonopsia" title="Template:Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eutheriodontia" title="Eutheriodontia">Eutheriodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Therocephalia" title="Template:Therocephalia">Therocephalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cynodontia" title="Template:Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dinosaurus" title="Dinosaurus">Dinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kamagorgon" title="Kamagorgon">Kamagorgon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Niaftasuchus" title="Niaftasuchus">Niaftasuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raranimus_dashankouensis_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raranimus dashankouensis"><img alt="Raranimus dashankouensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/140px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/210px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg/280px-Raranimus_dashankouensis_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Pelycosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelycosauria">Pelycosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthinosuchia" title="Phthinosuchia">Phthinosuchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriodontia" title="Theriodontia">Theriodontia</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Synapsids" title="Category:Synapsids">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322241#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4397012-6">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Therapsida</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322241" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q322241">Q322241</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Therapsida" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Therapsida">Therapsida</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id18764">18764</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4522847">4522847</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a 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