CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>window['sa_metadata'] = {"title":"Kazakhstan","langcode":"en","node_id":"284947","entity_type":"node","node_type":"world_report_chapter","created":"1451943658"};</script> <script async defer src="/libraries/custom/simpleanalytics.js"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/hrw_consent/js/hrwconsent.js?v=1.7"></script> <script> HrwConsent = new HrwConsent; HrwConsentSettings.domain = 'hrw.org'; HrwConsentSettings.expires = 365; </script> <script>var _mtm = window._mtm = window._mtm || [];_mtm.push({"mtm.startTime": (new Date().getTime()), "event": "mtm.Start"});var d = document, g = d.createElement("script"), s = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type = "text/javascript";g.async = true;g.src="https://open-analytics.hrw.org/js/container_MOFt5fSb.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g, s);</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" /> <meta name="google" content="H_DzcJuJMJKVAO6atlPsK4HHr2WienspT6e74P5fVFY" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Human Rights Watch" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" /> <meta property="og:title" content="World Report 2016: Rights Trends in Kazakhstan" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2016-01-27T03:43:30-0500" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/HumanRightsWatch" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-01-04T16:40:58-0500" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2016-01-27T03:43:30-0500" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="World Report 2016: Rights Trends in Kazakhstan" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@hrw" /> <meta name="twitter:site:id" content="14700316" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Kazakhstan", "datePublished": "2016-01-04T16:40:58-0500", "dateModified": "2016-01-27T03:43:30-0500", "publisher": { "@type": "NGO", "@id": "https://www.hrw.org/", "name": "Human Rights Watch", "url": "https://www.hrw.org/", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "False", "url": "https://www.hrw.org//themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/logo.svg" } }, "mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" }, { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan", "speakable": { "@type": "SpeakableSpecification", "cssSelector": "#block-hrw-design-content" } } ] }</script> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script src="/sites/default/files/google_tag/hrw_tag_manager/google_tag.script.js?sncdp4" defer></script> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/main/Fonts/38b5004a-00f0-4ad8-a6f6-4c8fe48b074b.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/main/Fonts/32a02776-64bf-464c-9c4f-4f57df3d72d6.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/main/Fonts/b273cf7b-f375-4188-9216-9101312446b2.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/main/Fonts/3eed0fa3-246d-45d8-83c6-1b3bb5fad3c3.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/fonts/main/Fonts/05ebb84f-7132-4bba-a010-01a2fb46795b.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin /> <title>World Report 2016: Kazakhstan | Human Rights Watch</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_XWwwhSy5fzqWI291pLQeLpK3BRK4xbEeKxHLCIWJALg.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=hrw_design&include=eJx1jEsOgzAMRC-U1keyTDCJ1cRGcVDb25dGLGDBbt78cntjtLqasnaHVGyiEvJw1XcPTjr41ztXmMh5dGZ2SQrRGgf-9CL6grltK5XngefaYtqxSOT9DCuJjlCtyyKRuphiZXdKDKnRmln5vnEXIHqlUkIVlV2gZ2oMBz0GjVPfUmL_L-GKP6nKbY4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Lvw6G_FeRXYPaT1icCIrmcf-tFyDC5mSmxblHjbyPbQ.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=hrw_design&include=eJx1jEsOgzAMRC-U1keyTDCJ1cRGcVDb25dGLGDBbt78cntjtLqasnaHVGyiEvJw1XcPTjr41ztXmMh5dGZ2SQrRGgf-9CL6grltK5XngefaYtqxSOT9DCuJjlCtyyKRuphiZXdKDKnRmln5vnEXIHqlUkIVlV2gZ2oMBz0GjVPfUmL_L-GKP6nKbY4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="//fast.fonts.net/t/1.css?apiType=css&projectid=b0af8052-798a-4f60-9b66-62993aa79ad2" async defer /> </head> <body class="ltr"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W5D7ZP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page page--node--world-report-chapter"> <header> <a href="#hrw-cookie-dialog" id="hrw-cookie-popup-skip-link" class="visually-hidden focusable" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Skip to cookie privacy notice </a> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="region--header"> <div class="wr-header flex w-full h-12 justify-center fixed top-0 left-0 right-0 z-30 world_report_chapter"> <div class="wr-header__runner bg-gray-900 transition lg:bg-transparent absolute h-12 w-full z-n10"></div> <div class="wr-header__container flex w-lg mx-auto justify-between"> <div class="wr-header__logo transition-long block absolute z-1 w-14 h-14 lg:w-32 lg:h-32"> <a href="/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 700 700" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin" class="max-w-full"><title>Human Rights Watch</title><path fill="#0071CE" d="M0 700h700V0H0z"/><path fill="#fff" d="M177 232v-56h-12v22h-16v-22h-11v56h11v-25h16v25zm94-18v-38h-12v41c0 4-3 6-8 6-4 0-7-1-8-4l-1-6v-37h-11v39c0 5 0 7 2 10 3 5 9 8 18 8 12 0 18-6 19-11l1-8zm110 18l-5-56h-14l-8 28-2 9-2-9-7-28h-15l-5 56h11l2-29 1-11 2 10 8 30h10l8-31 3-8v9l2 30h11zm94 0l-17-56h-12l-19 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-18-23h-11l3-10 2-11 3 10 3 11zm105 23v-56h-11l1 23 1 15-7-16-10-22h-13v56h11v-24l-1-16 8 18 9 22h12zM178 380l-13-22-2-3c7 0 12-7 12-15 0-10-6-17-16-17h-21v57h11v-24l2 1c2 1 3 3 9 13l5 10h13zm-15-40c0 3 0 5-2 6-1 1-3 2-8 2h-4v-15h10c3 1 4 4 4 7zm70 40v-57h-12v57zm88-5v-27h-22l2 10h8v12l-6 2c-4 0-7-1-9-3-3-3-4-8-4-16 0-9 1-15 5-18 2-2 4-3 8-3s8 1 11 4l6-7c-4-4-11-6-17-6s-10 1-14 4c-8 5-12 13-12 25 0 8 2 14 6 20 5 5 11 8 19 8 7 0 13-1 19-5zm85 5v-57h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v57h12v-25h16v25zm83-57h-41v10h14v47h12v-47h13zm78 39c0-8-5-14-14-17l-7-2c-5-1-6-2-6-5 0-4 3-7 8-7 4 0 8 1 13 5l5-9c-5-3-12-5-19-5-12 0-20 7-20 17l3 9c2 3 5 5 11 7l6 1c5 2 7 4 7 8 0 5-3 7-10 7-5 0-10-1-15-4l-4 9c5 3 13 5 19 5 14 0 23-8 23-19zM199 471h-12l-4 21-3 19-3-15-5-25h-12l-5 23-3 18-3-19-5-22h-12l14 57h12l5-23 3-16 2 16 5 23h13l13-57zm95 56l-17-56h-13l-18 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-19-22h-10a160 160 0 005-22 1386 1386 0 015 22zm103-34h-40v10h14v46h11v-46h13zm90 52l-5-7c-4 3-7 3-10 3-5 0-8-2-11-6-1-3-2-7-2-15 0-6 1-11 3-14s6-5 10-5l9 3 5-8c-3-2-9-4-15-4-9 0-17 5-21 13-3 5-4 10-4 17 0 9 2 15 7 20 5 6 11 8 18 8s11-1 16-5zm94 4v-56h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v56h12v-25h16v25z"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="wr-header__main flex flex-1"> <div class="wr-header__mobile flex lg:ml-16 lg:hidden"> <button title="Toggle menu" class="wr-header__toggle my-2 ml-16 pl-2 pr-2 flex border-r border-gray-800 lg:hidden"> <div class="toggle-menu"> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-header-menu"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="toggle-close rotate-away"> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-header-cross"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </button> </div> <div class="wr-header__nav absolute lg:static lg:ml-32 max-h-0 wr-mobile-hide-position overflow-hidden lg:overflow-visible transition-long lg:max-h-full lg:top-0"> <div id="vue-header"></div> </div> </div> <div class="wr-header__utilities flex relative"> <div class="wr-header-bar__share hidden lg:flex z-1 items-center"> <div class="hrw-share--gray h-10 text-xs flex text-gray-900 justify-center items-center"><p class="minimal-share"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via Facebook" class="facebook ms-icon" data-ms="facebook"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Facebook</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 571.4 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M535.2 6.7V154h-87.7q-47.9 0-64.7 20.1t-16.7 60.3v105.4h163.5L507.8 505H366.1v423.6H195.3V505H53V339.8h142.3V218.2q0-103.8 58-161T407.9 0Q490 0 535.2 6.7z" /></svg> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Kazakhstan&url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via X" class="twitter ms-icon" data-ms="twitter"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via X</span> <svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 400 400" space="preserve"> <path d="M312.23,23.66h59.83l-130.7,149.38L395.11,376.3H274.72l-94.29-123.28L72.54,376.3H12.68l139.79-159.77L4.98,23.66h123.44 l85.23,112.69L312.23,23.66z M291.24,340.5h33.15L110.4,57.59H74.84L291.24,340.5z" /> </svg> </a> <a href="whatsapp://send?text=Kazakhstan%20-%20https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via WhatsApp" class="whatsapp ms-icon" data-ms="whatsapp"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via WhatsApp</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M11.665 9.588c-.2-.1-1.177-.578-1.36-.644-.182-.067-.315-.1-.448.1-.132.197-.514.643-.63.775-.116.13-.232.147-.43.05-.2-.1-.842-.31-1.602-.985-.592-.525-.99-1.174-1.107-1.373-.116-.198-.013-.305.087-.404.09-.09.2-.232.3-.348.098-.116.13-.198.198-.33.066-.133.033-.248-.017-.348-.05-.1-.448-1.074-.614-1.47-.16-.387-.325-.334-.448-.34-.115-.006-.248-.007-.38-.007-.134 0-.35.05-.532.247-.182.2-.696.678-.696 1.653s.713 1.917.812 2.05c.1.132 1.404 2.133 3.4 2.99.476.205.846.327 1.136.418.476.15.91.13 1.253.08.383-.058 1.178-.48 1.344-.943.168-.463.168-.86.118-.943-.05-.083-.182-.133-.382-.232M8.034 14.52H8.03c-1.187 0-2.353-.318-3.37-.918l-.24-.143-2.507.653.67-2.43-.16-.25c-.662-1.05-1.012-2.263-1.01-3.508 0-3.633 2.97-6.59 6.623-6.59 1.77.002 3.43.688 4.68 1.934 1.252 1.244 1.94 2.9 1.94 4.66-.003 3.634-2.973 6.59-6.623 6.59m5.636-12.2C12.163.83 10.163.003 8.03 0 3.642 0 .07 3.556.067 7.928c0 1.397.366 2.76 1.063 3.964L0 16l4.223-1.102c1.164.63 2.474.964 3.807.965h.004c4.39 0 7.964-3.557 7.966-7.93 0-2.117-.827-4.11-2.33-5.608" /></svg> </a> <a href="mailto:?subject=Kazakhstan&body=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via Email" class="email ms-icon" data-ms="email"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Email</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 33 32" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M.064 24.032V5.6q0-.032.096-.608l10.848 9.28-10.816 10.4q-.128-.448-.128-.64zm1.44-20.32q.224-.096.544-.096h29.216q.288 0 .576.096l-10.88 9.312-1.44 1.152-2.848 2.336-2.848-2.336-1.44-1.152zm.032 22.208l10.912-10.464 4.224 3.424 4.224-3.424L31.808 25.92q-.256.096-.544.096H2.048q-.256 0-.512-.096zm20.8-11.648l10.816-9.28q.096.288.096.608v18.432q0 .288-.096.64z" /></svg> </a> <a href="" title="Share this via Share" class="share ms-icon" data-ms="share"> <span class="sr-only">Other ways to share</span> <svg fill="#fff" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 23 3 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.09375 7.8359375 L 10.011719 12.376953 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 3 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.013672 17.625 L 19.089844 22.164062 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 27 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.986328 20.375 L 10.910156 15.835938 A 4 4 0 0 0 11 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.90625 14.166016 L 19.988281 9.625 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 3 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&title=Kazakhstan" title="Share this via LinkedIn" class="linkedin ms-icon" data-ms="linkedin"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via LinkedIn</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 857.1 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M194.8 348.8v553H10.6v-553h184.2zM206.5 178q.5 40.8-28.2 68.1t-75.6 27.3h-1.1q-45.8 0-73.7-27.3T0 178q0-41.3 28.7-68.3t75.1-27.1 74.2 27.1 28.5 68.3zm650.6 406.8v317H673.5V606q0-58.6-22.6-91.8T580.4 481q-35.2 0-58.9 19.3T486 548q-6.1 16.7-6.1 45.2v308.6H296.3q1.1-222.7 1.1-361.1t-.5-165.1l-.6-26.8h183.6v80.3h-1.1q11.2-17.8 22.9-31.2t31.5-29 48.6-24.3 63.8-8.7q95.5 0 153.5 63.4t58 185.5z" /></svg> </a> <a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&title=Kazakhstan" title="Share this via Reddit" class="reddit ms-icon" data-ms="reddit"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Reddit</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 17.662109 2 C 15.565005 2 14 3.7131367 14 5.6621094 L 14 9.0351562 C 11.24971 9.1810926 8.7344872 9.9143634 6.7265625 11.064453 C 5.9527826 10.321405 4.9166871 9.991448 3.9121094 9.9921875 C 2.8229214 9.9929893 1.7094525 10.370413 0.94140625 11.234375 L 0.92382812 11.253906 L 0.90625 11.273438 C 0.16947928 12.194228 -0.12225605 13.427747 0.07421875 14.652344 C 0.25365009 15.770711 0.90137168 16.893419 2.0273438 17.628906 C 2.0199689 17.753058 2 17.874618 2 18 C 2 22.962 7.832 27 15 27 C 22.168 27 28 22.962 28 18 C 28 17.874618 27.980031 17.753058 27.972656 17.628906 C 29.098628 16.893419 29.74635 15.770711 29.925781 14.652344 C 30.122256 13.427747 29.830521 12.194228 29.09375 11.273438 L 29.076172 11.253906 L 29.058594 11.234375 C 28.290448 10.370294 27.177168 9.9929893 26.087891 9.9921875 C 25.08323 9.991448 24.046988 10.321133 23.273438 11.064453 C 21.265513 9.9143634 18.75029 9.1810926 16 9.0351562 L 16 5.6621094 C 16 4.6830821 16.565214 4 17.662109 4 C 18.182797 4 18.817104 4.2609042 19.810547 4.609375 C 20.650361 4.9039572 21.743308 5.2016984 23.140625 5.2910156 C 23.474875 6.2790874 24.402814 7 25.5 7 C 26.875 7 28 5.875 28 4.5 C 28 3.125 26.875 2 25.5 2 C 24.561213 2 23.747538 2.5304211 23.320312 3.3007812 C 22.125831 3.2346294 21.248238 2.9947078 20.472656 2.7226562 C 19.568849 2.4056271 18.738422 2 17.662109 2 z M 3.9121094 11.992188 C 4.3072494 11.991896 4.6826692 12.095595 4.9921875 12.263672 C 3.8881963 13.18517 3.0505713 14.261821 2.5449219 15.4375 C 2.2764358 15.106087 2.114647 14.734002 2.0507812 14.335938 C 1.9430146 13.664243 2.1440212 12.966045 2.4628906 12.552734 C 2.7642172 12.228395 3.3144613 11.992626 3.9121094 11.992188 z M 26.085938 11.992188 C 26.683756 11.992627 27.235874 12.22849 27.537109 12.552734 C 27.855979 12.966045 28.056985 13.664243 27.949219 14.335938 C 27.885353 14.734002 27.723564 15.106087 27.455078 15.4375 C 26.949429 14.261821 26.111804 13.18517 25.007812 12.263672 C 25.316626 12.095792 25.690955 11.991896 26.085938 11.992188 z M 10 14 C 11.105 14 12 14.895 12 16 C 12 17.105 11.105 18 10 18 C 8.895 18 8 17.105 8 16 C 8 14.895 8.895 14 10 14 z M 20 14 C 21.105 14 22 14.895 22 16 C 22 17.105 21.105 18 20 18 C 18.895 18 18 17.105 18 16 C 18 14.895 18.895 14 20 14 z M 20.238281 19.533203 C 19.599281 21.400203 17.556 23 15 23 C 12.444 23 10.400719 21.400969 9.7617188 19.667969 C 10.911719 20.600969 12.828 21.267578 15 21.267578 C 17.172 21.267578 19.088281 20.600203 20.238281 19.533203 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&text=Kazakhstan" title="Share this via Telegram" class="telegram ms-icon" data-ms="telegram"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Telegram</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24px" height="24px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 19.976562 3.1210938 L 19.611328 3.2695312 C 19.611328 3.2695312 6.6375504 8.5740484 2.6132812 10.267578 L 2.0019531 10.525391 L 2.0019531 12.779297 L 6.9472656 14.755859 L 8.6796875 19.996094 L 10.251953 20.005859 L 12.955078 17.720703 L 16.355469 20.996094 L 18.808594 20.996094 L 21.964844 3.875 L 19.976562 3.1210938 z M 19.646484 5.4179688 L 17.146484 18.980469 L 13.044922 15.029297 L 10.224609 17.410156 L 11 14.375 L 17.28125 8 L 17.082031 7.7988281 C 17.082031 7.7988281 10.706702 11.473998 8.0019531 13.023438 L 4.5371094 11.638672 C 9.0770415 9.7455758 18.697943 5.8058761 19.646484 5.4179688 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="/node/284947/printable/print" title="Share this via Printer" class="printer ms-icon" data-ms="printer"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Printer</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 924 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 900V567l116-129h85v64h-56l-80 89v245h795V591l-80-89h-56v-64h85l115 129v333H0zm201-319V251l151-151h372v481H201zm60-61h403V160H412v151H261v209z" /></svg> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wr-header__languages text-sm md:text-xl"> <nav class="translations-bar__container h-full relative flex items-center bg-blue-700 text-white pr-2 md:px-6" aria-label="Languages"> <div class="translations-bar__content"> <button id="translations-bar__toggle" class="translations-bar__title block py-2 mx-auto" aria-controls="translations-bar__dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="translations-bar__statement uppercase px-2 cursor-pointer"> Languages </span> <span class="translations-bar__icon"> <div class="icon fill-current w-4 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-chevron-down"></use> </svg> </div> </span> </button> <div id="translations-bar__dropdown" class="translations-bar__languages--mobile min-w-full left-0 absolute away" style="display: block;"> <ul class="translations-bar__languages-list min-w-full" style="width: fit-content;"> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/world-report/2016" title="English" class="language-link bg-blue-700 font-light font-sans text-sm text-white px-2 md:px-8 py-2 block text-center text-white-700 underline hover-focus:bg-blue-700 hover-focus:underline" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> English </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/ar/world-report/2016" title="Arabic" class="language-link bg-blue-700 font-light font-sans text-sm text-white px-2 md:px-8 py-2 block text-center hover-focus:bg-blue-700 hover-focus:underline" xml:lang="ar" lang="ar"> العربية </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/fr/world-report/2016" title="French" class="language-link bg-blue-700 font-light font-sans text-sm text-white px-2 md:px-8 py-2 block text-center hover-focus:bg-blue-700 hover-focus:underline" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr"> Français </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language"> <a href="/es/world-report/2016" title="Spanish" class="language-link bg-blue-700 font-light font-sans text-sm text-white px-2 md:px-8 py-2 block text-center hover-focus:bg-blue-700 hover-focus:underline" xml:lang="es" lang="es"> Español </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="wr-header__cta"> <a class="uppercase btn btn-secondary btn-lg-sm h-12 font-sans text-sm md:text-lg" href=https://donate.hrw.org/page/107245/donate/1?ea.tracking.id=EP2022EVpgdonate&promo_id=1000> <span class="btn-text ">Donate Now</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="main" role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="overflow-auto"> <div class="container-large max-w-lg mx-auto px-6 sm:px-8 md:pr-14 md:pl-24 x2l:px-0 x2l:mx-32 x3l:mx-auto"> <div id="block-hrw-design-hrwsuggestions"> <dialog class="hrw-suggestion hrw-suggestion--language" data-suggestion-type="language" hidden open > <div class="suggestion-inner"> <div class="suggestion-prompt"> Would you like to read this page in another language? </div> <div class="suggestion-options"> <a class="suggestion-link" href="/"> Yes </a><button class="suggestion-dismiss"> No, don't ask again </button> </div> <button class="suggestion-close"> <span aria-hidden="true">✕</span><span class="sr-only"> Close</span> </button> </div> </dialog> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div id="block-hrw-design-content"> <div class="container-large max-w-lg mx-auto px-6 sm:px-8 md:pr-14 md:pl-24 x2l:px-0 x2l:mx-32 x3l:mx-auto"> <article> <div> <div class="chapter-header block max-w-lg mx-auto relative z-1"> <div class="chapter-header__content z-0 relative block mx-auto"> <div class="relative z-10 chapter-header__content-inner relative background-grade-b md:background-grade flex flex-col justify-end w-full px-8 pt-56 pb-5 lg:pl-40 lg:pr-10 lg:pt-32 lg:pb-5 md:min-h-240 lg:min-h-500"> <h1 class="chapter-header__title font-serif font-bold text-white leading-none text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-6xl"> Kazakhstan </h1> <p class="chapter-header__subtitle text-white font-serif font-light italic text-3xl"> Events of 2015 </p> <figure class="chapter-header__subcontent mt-5"> <figcaption class="chapter-header__caption"> <div class="text-gray-200 font-serif mx-auto w-2/3 text-sm py-3 text-right lg:w-1/2 lg:mx-0 lg:ml-auto"> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="chapter-header__subsection w-full relative"> <nav aria-label="Available In" class="translations-bar__container relative lg:static bg-black text-white pl-8"> <div class="translations-bar__content"> <div class="translations-bar__statement hidden lg:inline"> Available In: </div> <button class="translations-bar__title inline-flex py-2 lg:hidden mx-auto"> <div class="translations-bar__statement uppercase px-2"> Available In </div> <span class="translations-bar__icon"> <div class="icon fill-current w-4 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-chevron-down"></use> </svg> </div> </span> </button> <div class="translations-bar__languages--mobile absolute away lg:hidden"> <ul class="translations-bar__languages-list"> <li class="translations-bar__language--mobile"> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="English" class="language-link bg-black font-sans text-base text-white pl-8 pr-20 py-3 block text-gray-800 lg:text-gray-500 hover-focus:text-gray-500 hover-focus:underline" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> English </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language--mobile"> <a href="/ru/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Russian" class="language-link bg-black font-sans text-base text-white pl-8 pr-20 py-3 block hover-focus:text-gray-500 hover-focus:underline" xml:lang="ru" lang="ru"> Русский </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="translations-bar__languages--desktop hidden lg:inline-flex"> <ul class="translations-bar__languages-list inline-flex"> <li class="translations-bar__language--desktop"> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="English" class="language-link bg-black font-sans text-base text-white px-2 py-1 inline-block text-gray-800 lg:text-gray-500 hover-focus:text-gray-500 hover-focus:underline" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> English </a> </li> <li class="translations-bar__language--desktop"> <a href="/ru/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Russian" class="language-link bg-black font-sans text-base text-white px-2 py-1 inline-block hover-focus:text-gray-500 hover-focus:underline" xml:lang="ru" lang="ru"> Русский </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article__info max-w-sm mx-auto relative z-0"> <div class="article__byline px-6 mt-4 lg:my-4 lg:mx-0 lg:w-3/5 lg:ml-auto"> <div class="hrw-share world-report hrw-share--gray flex justify-left items-center w-full h-12 lg:hidden pt-6"> <p class="minimal-share"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via Facebook" class="facebook ms-icon" data-ms="facebook"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Facebook</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 571.4 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M535.2 6.7V154h-87.7q-47.9 0-64.7 20.1t-16.7 60.3v105.4h163.5L507.8 505H366.1v423.6H195.3V505H53V339.8h142.3V218.2q0-103.8 58-161T407.9 0Q490 0 535.2 6.7z" /></svg> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch&url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via X" class="twitter ms-icon" data-ms="twitter"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via X</span> <svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 400 400" space="preserve"> <path d="M312.23,23.66h59.83l-130.7,149.38L395.11,376.3H274.72l-94.29-123.28L72.54,376.3H12.68l139.79-159.77L4.98,23.66h123.44 l85.23,112.69L312.23,23.66z M291.24,340.5h33.15L110.4,57.59H74.84L291.24,340.5z" /> </svg> </a> <a href="whatsapp://send?text=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch%20-%20https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via WhatsApp" class="whatsapp ms-icon" data-ms="whatsapp"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via WhatsApp</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M11.665 9.588c-.2-.1-1.177-.578-1.36-.644-.182-.067-.315-.1-.448.1-.132.197-.514.643-.63.775-.116.13-.232.147-.43.05-.2-.1-.842-.31-1.602-.985-.592-.525-.99-1.174-1.107-1.373-.116-.198-.013-.305.087-.404.09-.09.2-.232.3-.348.098-.116.13-.198.198-.33.066-.133.033-.248-.017-.348-.05-.1-.448-1.074-.614-1.47-.16-.387-.325-.334-.448-.34-.115-.006-.248-.007-.38-.007-.134 0-.35.05-.532.247-.182.2-.696.678-.696 1.653s.713 1.917.812 2.05c.1.132 1.404 2.133 3.4 2.99.476.205.846.327 1.136.418.476.15.91.13 1.253.08.383-.058 1.178-.48 1.344-.943.168-.463.168-.86.118-.943-.05-.083-.182-.133-.382-.232M8.034 14.52H8.03c-1.187 0-2.353-.318-3.37-.918l-.24-.143-2.507.653.67-2.43-.16-.25c-.662-1.05-1.012-2.263-1.01-3.508 0-3.633 2.97-6.59 6.623-6.59 1.77.002 3.43.688 4.68 1.934 1.252 1.244 1.94 2.9 1.94 4.66-.003 3.634-2.973 6.59-6.623 6.59m5.636-12.2C12.163.83 10.163.003 8.03 0 3.642 0 .07 3.556.067 7.928c0 1.397.366 2.76 1.063 3.964L0 16l4.223-1.102c1.164.63 2.474.964 3.807.965h.004c4.39 0 7.964-3.557 7.966-7.93 0-2.117-.827-4.11-2.33-5.608" /></svg> </a> <a href="mailto:?subject=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch&body=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via Email" class="email ms-icon" data-ms="email"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Email</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 33 32" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M.064 24.032V5.6q0-.032.096-.608l10.848 9.28-10.816 10.4q-.128-.448-.128-.64zm1.44-20.32q.224-.096.544-.096h29.216q.288 0 .576.096l-10.88 9.312-1.44 1.152-2.848 2.336-2.848-2.336-1.44-1.152zm.032 22.208l10.912-10.464 4.224 3.424 4.224-3.424L31.808 25.92q-.256.096-.544.096H2.048q-.256 0-.512-.096zm20.8-11.648l10.816-9.28q.096.288.096.608v18.432q0 .288-.096.64z" /></svg> </a> <a href="" title="Share this via Share" class="share ms-icon" data-ms="share"> <span class="sr-only">Other ways to share</span> <svg fill="#fff" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 23 3 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.09375 7.8359375 L 10.011719 12.376953 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 3 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.013672 17.625 L 19.089844 22.164062 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 27 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.986328 20.375 L 10.910156 15.835938 A 4 4 0 0 0 11 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.90625 14.166016 L 19.988281 9.625 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 3 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&title=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch" title="Share this via LinkedIn" class="linkedin ms-icon" data-ms="linkedin"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via LinkedIn</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 857.1 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M194.8 348.8v553H10.6v-553h184.2zM206.5 178q.5 40.8-28.2 68.1t-75.6 27.3h-1.1q-45.8 0-73.7-27.3T0 178q0-41.3 28.7-68.3t75.1-27.1 74.2 27.1 28.5 68.3zm650.6 406.8v317H673.5V606q0-58.6-22.6-91.8T580.4 481q-35.2 0-58.9 19.3T486 548q-6.1 16.7-6.1 45.2v308.6H296.3q1.1-222.7 1.1-361.1t-.5-165.1l-.6-26.8h183.6v80.3h-1.1q11.2-17.8 22.9-31.2t31.5-29 48.6-24.3 63.8-8.7q95.5 0 153.5 63.4t58 185.5z" /></svg> </a> <a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&title=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch" title="Share this via Reddit" class="reddit ms-icon" data-ms="reddit"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Reddit</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 17.662109 2 C 15.565005 2 14 3.7131367 14 5.6621094 L 14 9.0351562 C 11.24971 9.1810926 8.7344872 9.9143634 6.7265625 11.064453 C 5.9527826 10.321405 4.9166871 9.991448 3.9121094 9.9921875 C 2.8229214 9.9929893 1.7094525 10.370413 0.94140625 11.234375 L 0.92382812 11.253906 L 0.90625 11.273438 C 0.16947928 12.194228 -0.12225605 13.427747 0.07421875 14.652344 C 0.25365009 15.770711 0.90137168 16.893419 2.0273438 17.628906 C 2.0199689 17.753058 2 17.874618 2 18 C 2 22.962 7.832 27 15 27 C 22.168 27 28 22.962 28 18 C 28 17.874618 27.980031 17.753058 27.972656 17.628906 C 29.098628 16.893419 29.74635 15.770711 29.925781 14.652344 C 30.122256 13.427747 29.830521 12.194228 29.09375 11.273438 L 29.076172 11.253906 L 29.058594 11.234375 C 28.290448 10.370294 27.177168 9.9929893 26.087891 9.9921875 C 25.08323 9.991448 24.046988 10.321133 23.273438 11.064453 C 21.265513 9.9143634 18.75029 9.1810926 16 9.0351562 L 16 5.6621094 C 16 4.6830821 16.565214 4 17.662109 4 C 18.182797 4 18.817104 4.2609042 19.810547 4.609375 C 20.650361 4.9039572 21.743308 5.2016984 23.140625 5.2910156 C 23.474875 6.2790874 24.402814 7 25.5 7 C 26.875 7 28 5.875 28 4.5 C 28 3.125 26.875 2 25.5 2 C 24.561213 2 23.747538 2.5304211 23.320312 3.3007812 C 22.125831 3.2346294 21.248238 2.9947078 20.472656 2.7226562 C 19.568849 2.4056271 18.738422 2 17.662109 2 z M 3.9121094 11.992188 C 4.3072494 11.991896 4.6826692 12.095595 4.9921875 12.263672 C 3.8881963 13.18517 3.0505713 14.261821 2.5449219 15.4375 C 2.2764358 15.106087 2.114647 14.734002 2.0507812 14.335938 C 1.9430146 13.664243 2.1440212 12.966045 2.4628906 12.552734 C 2.7642172 12.228395 3.3144613 11.992626 3.9121094 11.992188 z M 26.085938 11.992188 C 26.683756 11.992627 27.235874 12.22849 27.537109 12.552734 C 27.855979 12.966045 28.056985 13.664243 27.949219 14.335938 C 27.885353 14.734002 27.723564 15.106087 27.455078 15.4375 C 26.949429 14.261821 26.111804 13.18517 25.007812 12.263672 C 25.316626 12.095792 25.690955 11.991896 26.085938 11.992188 z M 10 14 C 11.105 14 12 14.895 12 16 C 12 17.105 11.105 18 10 18 C 8.895 18 8 17.105 8 16 C 8 14.895 8.895 14 10 14 z M 20 14 C 21.105 14 22 14.895 22 16 C 22 17.105 21.105 18 20 18 C 18.895 18 18 17.105 18 16 C 18 14.895 18.895 14 20 14 z M 20.238281 19.533203 C 19.599281 21.400203 17.556 23 15 23 C 12.444 23 10.400719 21.400969 9.7617188 19.667969 C 10.911719 20.600969 12.828 21.267578 15 21.267578 C 17.172 21.267578 19.088281 20.600203 20.238281 19.533203 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&text=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch" title="Share this via Telegram" class="telegram ms-icon" data-ms="telegram"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Telegram</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24px" height="24px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 19.976562 3.1210938 L 19.611328 3.2695312 C 19.611328 3.2695312 6.6375504 8.5740484 2.6132812 10.267578 L 2.0019531 10.525391 L 2.0019531 12.779297 L 6.9472656 14.755859 L 8.6796875 19.996094 L 10.251953 20.005859 L 12.955078 17.720703 L 16.355469 20.996094 L 18.808594 20.996094 L 21.964844 3.875 L 19.976562 3.1210938 z M 19.646484 5.4179688 L 17.146484 18.980469 L 13.044922 15.029297 L 10.224609 17.410156 L 11 14.375 L 17.28125 8 L 17.082031 7.7988281 C 17.082031 7.7988281 10.706702 11.473998 8.0019531 13.023438 L 4.5371094 11.638672 C 9.0770415 9.7455758 18.697943 5.8058761 19.646484 5.4179688 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="/node/284947/printable/print" title="Share this via Printer" class="printer ms-icon" data-ms="printer"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Printer</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 924 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 900V567l116-129h85v64h-56l-80 89v245h795V591l-80-89h-56v-64h85l115 129v333H0zm201-319V251l151-151h372v481H201zm60-61h403V160H412v151H261v209z" /></svg> </a> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-2col-wr__content justify-between max-w-sm flex flex-col-reverse mx-auto mb-8 px-6 sm:px-8 lg:flex-row x2l:px-0"> <div class="grid-2col-wr__sidebar flex flex-col w-full mx-auto max-w-156 lg:mx-0 lg:max-w-full lg:w-3/10"> <div class="aside__supplement wr-rich-text hidden lg:block"> <nav class="toc-simple mt-8" aria-label="Table of Contents"> <ol class="toc-simple__list list-none"><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#75b8e6">Elections</a></li><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#c3ba16">Civil Society</a></li><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#6b122f">Media Restrictions and Freedom of Expression</a></li><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#2f3149">Freedom of Assembly and Association</a></li><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#e4d0d6">Torture</a></li><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#ada87c">Freedom of Religion</a></li><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#6a43ba">Labor Rights</a></li><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#e81181">Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity</a></li><li class="toc-simple__item mb-3"><a href="#73fccc">Key International Actors</a></li></ol> </nav> <div class="hrw-share hrw-share--gray flex justify-left items-bottom w-full h-12"> <p class="minimal-share"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via Facebook" class="facebook ms-icon" data-ms="facebook"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Facebook</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 571.4 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M535.2 6.7V154h-87.7q-47.9 0-64.7 20.1t-16.7 60.3v105.4h163.5L507.8 505H366.1v423.6H195.3V505H53V339.8h142.3V218.2q0-103.8 58-161T407.9 0Q490 0 535.2 6.7z" /></svg> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch&url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via X" class="twitter ms-icon" data-ms="twitter"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via X</span> <svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 400 400" space="preserve"> <path d="M312.23,23.66h59.83l-130.7,149.38L395.11,376.3H274.72l-94.29-123.28L72.54,376.3H12.68l139.79-159.77L4.98,23.66h123.44 l85.23,112.69L312.23,23.66z M291.24,340.5h33.15L110.4,57.59H74.84L291.24,340.5z" /> </svg> </a> <a href="whatsapp://send?text=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch%20-%20https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via WhatsApp" class="whatsapp ms-icon" data-ms="whatsapp"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via WhatsApp</span> <svg viewbox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M11.665 9.588c-.2-.1-1.177-.578-1.36-.644-.182-.067-.315-.1-.448.1-.132.197-.514.643-.63.775-.116.13-.232.147-.43.05-.2-.1-.842-.31-1.602-.985-.592-.525-.99-1.174-1.107-1.373-.116-.198-.013-.305.087-.404.09-.09.2-.232.3-.348.098-.116.13-.198.198-.33.066-.133.033-.248-.017-.348-.05-.1-.448-1.074-.614-1.47-.16-.387-.325-.334-.448-.34-.115-.006-.248-.007-.38-.007-.134 0-.35.05-.532.247-.182.2-.696.678-.696 1.653s.713 1.917.812 2.05c.1.132 1.404 2.133 3.4 2.99.476.205.846.327 1.136.418.476.15.91.13 1.253.08.383-.058 1.178-.48 1.344-.943.168-.463.168-.86.118-.943-.05-.083-.182-.133-.382-.232M8.034 14.52H8.03c-1.187 0-2.353-.318-3.37-.918l-.24-.143-2.507.653.67-2.43-.16-.25c-.662-1.05-1.012-2.263-1.01-3.508 0-3.633 2.97-6.59 6.623-6.59 1.77.002 3.43.688 4.68 1.934 1.252 1.244 1.94 2.9 1.94 4.66-.003 3.634-2.973 6.59-6.623 6.59m5.636-12.2C12.163.83 10.163.003 8.03 0 3.642 0 .07 3.556.067 7.928c0 1.397.366 2.76 1.063 3.964L0 16l4.223-1.102c1.164.63 2.474.964 3.807.965h.004c4.39 0 7.964-3.557 7.966-7.93 0-2.117-.827-4.11-2.33-5.608" /></svg> </a> <a href="mailto:?subject=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch&body=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan" title="Share this via Email" class="email ms-icon" data-ms="email"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Email</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 33 32" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M.064 24.032V5.6q0-.032.096-.608l10.848 9.28-10.816 10.4q-.128-.448-.128-.64zm1.44-20.32q.224-.096.544-.096h29.216q.288 0 .576.096l-10.88 9.312-1.44 1.152-2.848 2.336-2.848-2.336-1.44-1.152zm.032 22.208l10.912-10.464 4.224 3.424 4.224-3.424L31.808 25.92q-.256.096-.544.096H2.048q-.256 0-.512-.096zm20.8-11.648l10.816-9.28q.096.288.096.608v18.432q0 .288-.096.64z" /></svg> </a> <a href="" title="Share this via Share" class="share ms-icon" data-ms="share"> <span class="sr-only">Other ways to share</span> <svg fill="#fff" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 23 3 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.09375 7.8359375 L 10.011719 12.376953 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 3 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 7 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.013672 17.625 L 19.089844 22.164062 A 4 4 0 0 0 19 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 27 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 23 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 19 A 4 4 0 0 0 19.986328 20.375 L 10.910156 15.835938 A 4 4 0 0 0 11 15 A 4 4 0 0 0 10.90625 14.166016 L 19.988281 9.625 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 11 A 4 4 0 0 0 27 7 A 4 4 0 0 0 23 3 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&title=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch" title="Share this via LinkedIn" class="linkedin ms-icon" data-ms="linkedin"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via LinkedIn</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 857.1 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M194.8 348.8v553H10.6v-553h184.2zM206.5 178q.5 40.8-28.2 68.1t-75.6 27.3h-1.1q-45.8 0-73.7-27.3T0 178q0-41.3 28.7-68.3t75.1-27.1 74.2 27.1 28.5 68.3zm650.6 406.8v317H673.5V606q0-58.6-22.6-91.8T580.4 481q-35.2 0-58.9 19.3T486 548q-6.1 16.7-6.1 45.2v308.6H296.3q1.1-222.7 1.1-361.1t-.5-165.1l-.6-26.8h183.6v80.3h-1.1q11.2-17.8 22.9-31.2t31.5-29 48.6-24.3 63.8-8.7q95.5 0 153.5 63.4t58 185.5z" /></svg> </a> <a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&title=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch" title="Share this via Reddit" class="reddit ms-icon" data-ms="reddit"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Reddit</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 30 30" width="30px" height="30px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 17.662109 2 C 15.565005 2 14 3.7131367 14 5.6621094 L 14 9.0351562 C 11.24971 9.1810926 8.7344872 9.9143634 6.7265625 11.064453 C 5.9527826 10.321405 4.9166871 9.991448 3.9121094 9.9921875 C 2.8229214 9.9929893 1.7094525 10.370413 0.94140625 11.234375 L 0.92382812 11.253906 L 0.90625 11.273438 C 0.16947928 12.194228 -0.12225605 13.427747 0.07421875 14.652344 C 0.25365009 15.770711 0.90137168 16.893419 2.0273438 17.628906 C 2.0199689 17.753058 2 17.874618 2 18 C 2 22.962 7.832 27 15 27 C 22.168 27 28 22.962 28 18 C 28 17.874618 27.980031 17.753058 27.972656 17.628906 C 29.098628 16.893419 29.74635 15.770711 29.925781 14.652344 C 30.122256 13.427747 29.830521 12.194228 29.09375 11.273438 L 29.076172 11.253906 L 29.058594 11.234375 C 28.290448 10.370294 27.177168 9.9929893 26.087891 9.9921875 C 25.08323 9.991448 24.046988 10.321133 23.273438 11.064453 C 21.265513 9.9143634 18.75029 9.1810926 16 9.0351562 L 16 5.6621094 C 16 4.6830821 16.565214 4 17.662109 4 C 18.182797 4 18.817104 4.2609042 19.810547 4.609375 C 20.650361 4.9039572 21.743308 5.2016984 23.140625 5.2910156 C 23.474875 6.2790874 24.402814 7 25.5 7 C 26.875 7 28 5.875 28 4.5 C 28 3.125 26.875 2 25.5 2 C 24.561213 2 23.747538 2.5304211 23.320312 3.3007812 C 22.125831 3.2346294 21.248238 2.9947078 20.472656 2.7226562 C 19.568849 2.4056271 18.738422 2 17.662109 2 z M 3.9121094 11.992188 C 4.3072494 11.991896 4.6826692 12.095595 4.9921875 12.263672 C 3.8881963 13.18517 3.0505713 14.261821 2.5449219 15.4375 C 2.2764358 15.106087 2.114647 14.734002 2.0507812 14.335938 C 1.9430146 13.664243 2.1440212 12.966045 2.4628906 12.552734 C 2.7642172 12.228395 3.3144613 11.992626 3.9121094 11.992188 z M 26.085938 11.992188 C 26.683756 11.992627 27.235874 12.22849 27.537109 12.552734 C 27.855979 12.966045 28.056985 13.664243 27.949219 14.335938 C 27.885353 14.734002 27.723564 15.106087 27.455078 15.4375 C 26.949429 14.261821 26.111804 13.18517 25.007812 12.263672 C 25.316626 12.095792 25.690955 11.991896 26.085938 11.992188 z M 10 14 C 11.105 14 12 14.895 12 16 C 12 17.105 11.105 18 10 18 C 8.895 18 8 17.105 8 16 C 8 14.895 8.895 14 10 14 z M 20 14 C 21.105 14 22 14.895 22 16 C 22 17.105 21.105 18 20 18 C 18.895 18 18 17.105 18 16 C 18 14.895 18.895 14 20 14 z M 20.238281 19.533203 C 19.599281 21.400203 17.556 23 15 23 C 12.444 23 10.400719 21.400969 9.7617188 19.667969 C 10.911719 20.600969 12.828 21.267578 15 21.267578 C 17.172 21.267578 19.088281 20.600203 20.238281 19.533203 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan&text=World%20Report%202016%3A%20Kazakhstan%20%7C%20Human%20Rights%20Watch" title="Share this via Telegram" class="telegram ms-icon" data-ms="telegram"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Telegram</span> <svg fill="#000000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24px" height="24px" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M 19.976562 3.1210938 L 19.611328 3.2695312 C 19.611328 3.2695312 6.6375504 8.5740484 2.6132812 10.267578 L 2.0019531 10.525391 L 2.0019531 12.779297 L 6.9472656 14.755859 L 8.6796875 19.996094 L 10.251953 20.005859 L 12.955078 17.720703 L 16.355469 20.996094 L 18.808594 20.996094 L 21.964844 3.875 L 19.976562 3.1210938 z M 19.646484 5.4179688 L 17.146484 18.980469 L 13.044922 15.029297 L 10.224609 17.410156 L 11 14.375 L 17.28125 8 L 17.082031 7.7988281 C 17.082031 7.7988281 10.706702 11.473998 8.0019531 13.023438 L 4.5371094 11.638672 C 9.0770415 9.7455758 18.697943 5.8058761 19.646484 5.4179688 z" /></svg> </a> <a href="/node/284947/printable/print" title="Share this via Printer" class="printer ms-icon" data-ms="printer"> <span class="sr-only">Share this via Printer</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 924 1000" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 900V567l116-129h85v64h-56l-80 89v245h795V591l-80-89h-56v-64h85l115 129v333H0zm201-319V251l151-151h372v481H201zm60-61h403V160H412v151H261v209z" /></svg> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="aside__country-news mt-12 pt-8 border-t border-gray-700"> <div class="aside__essays-keynote"> <h4 class="font-bold font-sans mb-4 text-xl"> Keynote </h4> <div class="essay-keynote my-4"> <div class="card flex-col"> <span class="card__location font-sans uppercase text-xs mb-3"> </span> <figure class="card__image relative overflow-hidden mb-2 aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9"> <img src="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/multimedia_images_2016/wr2016_ken.jpg" alt="Afghan refugees in Greece" loading="lazy" class="card__image unloaded w-full unloaded" /> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/global-0" class="card__image-link hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/global-0" class="card__title text-lg font-medium leading-none hover:underline font-sans text-blue-700 hover:text-blue-800 ">Twin Threats </a> <p class="card__subtitle leading-snug italic font-serif text-gray-500 leading-none ">How the Politics of Fear and the Crushing of Civil Society Imperil Global Rights</p> <div class="byline__container mt-3 flex flex-wrap text-gray-800 flex-col"> <div class="byline__content flex flex-row ml-1 mr-0 mb-1 mt-4"> <div class="byline__img flex h-16 w-16 min-w-16 mr-4 ml-0"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_bw/public/media_2021/04/202104staff_ken_headshot.jpg?h=5282c872&itok=yc99UAtl" alt="" loading="lazy" class="unloaded" width="108" height="108" /> </div> <div class="byline__info flex-col pr-16 pl-0"> <div class="byline__name flex"> <a class="text-lg font-semibold leading-snug hover:underline focus:underline leading-none" href="/about/people/kenneth-roth">Kenneth Roth</a> </div> <div class="byline__position text-sm pt-1 leading-tight">Former Executive Director</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aside__essays-essays mt-4"> <h4 class="font-bold font-sans mb-4 text-xl"> Essays </h4> <div class="essay-essay mt-4 mb-8"> <div class="card flex-col"> <span class="card__location font-sans uppercase text-xs mb-3"> </span> <figure class="card__image relative overflow-hidden mb-2 aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9"> <img src="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/multimedia_images_2016/2016-childmarriage.jpg" alt="Thirteen-year-old Sifola in the home she shares with her husband and in-laws in Bangladesh. Sifola’s parents, struggling with poverty, took her out of school and arranged for her marriage so that the money saved could pay for her brothers’ schooling. © 20" loading="lazy" class="card__image unloaded w-full" /> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/africa" class="card__image-link hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/africa" class="card__title text-lg font-medium leading-none hover:underline font-sans text-blue-700 hover:text-blue-800 ">Ending Child Marriage </a> <p class="card__subtitle leading-snug italic font-serif text-gray-500 leading-none ">Meeting the Global Development Goals’ Promise to Girls</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="essay-essay mt-4 mb-8"> <div class="card flex-col"> <span class="card__location font-sans uppercase text-xs mb-3"> </span> <figure class="card__image relative overflow-hidden mb-2 aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9"> <img src="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/multimedia_images_2016/2016-transgender.jpg" alt="Bhumika Shrestha, a transgender woman in Nepal, holds her citizenship certificate, which listed her as male in 2011. Nepal legally recognized a third gender category beginning in 2007, but it took Shrestha and other activists and transgender citizens unti" loading="lazy" class="card__image unloaded w-full" /> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/africa-americas-asia-europe/central-asia-middle-east/north-0" class="card__image-link hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/africa-americas-asia-europe/central-asia-middle-east/north-0" class="card__title text-lg font-medium leading-none hover:underline font-sans text-blue-700 hover:text-blue-800 ">Rights in Transition </a> <p class="card__subtitle leading-snug italic font-serif text-gray-500 leading-none ">Making Legal Recognition for Transgender People a Global Priority</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="essay-essay mt-4 mb-8"> <div class="card flex-col"> <span class="card__location font-sans uppercase text-xs mb-3"> </span> <figure class="card__image relative overflow-hidden mb-2 aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9"> <img src="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/multimedia_images_2016/2016-childrenindetention.jpg" alt="The door of a cell at Lusaka Central Prison. Children are routinely incarcerated in Zambia for minor offenses and frequently held together with adults, putting them at increased risk of sexual violence and other abuses. © 2010 João Silva" loading="lazy" class="card__image unloaded w-full" /> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/africa-americas-asia-europe/central-asia-middle-east/north" class="card__image-link hrw-fill" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </figure> <div class="card__content"> <a href="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/africa-americas-asia-europe/central-asia-middle-east/north" class="card__title text-lg font-medium leading-none hover:underline font-sans text-blue-700 hover:text-blue-800 ">Children Behind Bars </a> <p class="card__subtitle leading-snug italic font-serif text-gray-500 leading-none ">The Global Overuse of Detention of Children</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-2col-wr__main w-full flex flex-col mx-auto max-w-156 lg:mx-0 lg:max-w-full lg:w-3/5"> <div class="article-body article-body--contained article-body__world-report wr-rich-text mb-8 mx-auto"> <div> <div class="rich-text mx-auto"> <p>Kazakhstan took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform. Snap presidential elections in April extended President Nursultan Nazarbaev’s heavy-handed 24-year rule for another five years. Opposition leader Vladimir Kozlov remains imprisoned after an unfair trial. </p><p> </p><p>Authorities continued to close newspapers, jail and fine people for holding peaceful protests, ban peaceful religious practice, and misuse the vague and overbroad charge of “inciting social, national, clan, racial, class, or religious discord.” Workers’ rights are restricted and the adoption of a new trade union law in 2014 resulted in some trade unions unable to reregister in 2015.</p><p> </p><h2 id="75b8e6">Elections</h2><p> </p><p>President Nazarbaev won snap presidential elections on April 26 with 97.7 percent of the vote. The election monitoring mission of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR) noted that “reforms for holding genuine democratic elections still have to materialize,” and that “serious procedural deficiencies and irregularities” took place. OSCE/ODIHR also found a lack of genuine opposition and a restricted media environment.</p><p> </p><h2 id="c3ba16">Civil Society</h2><p> </p><p>On September 17, France’s prime minister signed a decree approving the extradition of government critic and former banker Mukhtar Ablyazov to Russia. Ablyazov remains under threat of extradition pending review of his appeal at France’s supreme administrative court.</p><p> </p><p>On April 13, a court imposed restrictions on Saken Baikenov of the Antigeptil group, known for protesting Baikonur rocket launches, for two years after his Facebook posts were found to “incite ethnic discord.” On November 9, authorities arrested Bolatbek Blyalov, also of the Antigeptil group, on suspicion of “inciting social discord.”</p><p> </p><p>On October 12, police arrested activists Ermek Narymbaev and Serikzhan Mambetalin on suspicion of “inciting national discord” after Facebook posts about writings attributed to Murat Telibekov, another civil society activist who is under criminal investigaton on the same charges.</p><p> </p><p>Prison officials put opposition leader Vladimir Kozlov into isolation in mid-July and again in mid-August for prison regime violations. In July, additional restrictions were placed on his visitation, telephone, and parcel rights for six months. In 2015, PEN International and Maina Kiai, the United Nations special rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, expressed serious concern about Kozlov’s imprisonment and called for his release. Kiai visited Kozlov in prison in January.</p><p> </p><p>Civil society activist Vadim Kuramshin continues to serve a 12-year prison sentence, despite procedural violations during his trial and concerns that his sentencing in December 2012 was retribution for public criticism of the government. </p><p> </p><p>Participants at the fourth annual meeting of the Civil Society Platform, a gathering of Central Asian activists outside Astana, were subject to intimidation when plainclothes officers attempted to attend their meeting and police demanded to see a list of attendees.</p><p> </p><p>In October, UN bodies and international and local human rights groups expressed serious concern after parliament adopted a draft law on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), which would impose government control over nongovernmental organizations’ sources of funding. </p><p> </p><h2 id="6b122f">Media Restrictions and Freedom of Expression</h2><p> </p><p>Kazakhstan highly restricts media freedoms. Independent journalists and media outlets face harassment and interference in their work, and outlets have been shut down in recent years. Authorities brought criminal libel charges against Amangeldy Batyrbekov, a civil society activist, who was jailed in October for 18 months. In November, after four years, authorities unblocked access to LiveJournal, a blogging platform. A new access to information law was adopted in November.</p><p> </p><p>In July, a Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty journalist was detained while covering a peaceful protest in Astana. In October, journalist Yaroslav Golyshkin was imprisoned for eight years on charges of “blackmail.” In September, Reporters Without Borders criticized his arrest and called for his release.</p><p> </p><p>In December 2014, an Almaty court closed down ADAM bol, an independent journal, prompting OSCE Media Freedom representative Dunja Mijatovic to voice concern over the “drastic and disproportionate measures … which endanger pluralism in Kazakhstan.” In October, ADAM bol’s successor publication, ADAM, was shuttered for a language violation.</p><p> </p><h2 id="2f3149">Freedom of Assembly and Association</h2><p> </p><p>Authorities continued to exercise strict control over peaceful assembly, and broke up and detained people for even small-scale peaceful protests. Narymbaev, the activist, was on two occasions, in June and August, sentenced to 15 days’ administrative arrest for violating a restrictive peaceful assembly law.</p><p> </p><p>UN Special Rapporteur Kiai concluded after his visit to Kazakhstan in January that “the government’s approach to regulating assemblies renders that right meaningless.” He called on Kazakhstan to adopt a new law on peaceful assembly that complies with international standards.</p><p> </p><p>Kiai also expressed serious concern about restrictions on public associations, political parties, religious groups, and trade unions. In August, an Almaty court closed down the opposition Communist Party of Kazakhstan for failing to meet membership requirements, a decision that the party head described as politically motivated.</p><p> </p><h2 id="e4d0d6">Torture</h2><p> </p><p>Despite some efforts by the government to tackle torture, including by prosecuting some officers, torture remains a pressing issue and impunity is the norm. There have been no further steps to credibly investigate allegations of torture made by persons detained in connection with the 2011 violence in the town of Zhanaozen. The NGO Coalition against Torture in Kazakhstan reported 80 complaints of torture in the first half of the year.</p><p> </p><p>In 2014, the UN Committee against Torture (CAT) found Kazakhstan responsible for torturing Rasim Bairamov. Bairamov was apprehended for alleged robbery and severely beaten by police and prison personnel in 2008. In partial implementation of the CAT decision, Kazakhstan granted Bairamov compensation and opened a criminal investigation into his treatment in custody. However, in September, authorities closed the case for lack of “evidence of a crime.” As of May, five other complaints against Kazakhstan are pending before CAT.</p><p> </p><h2 id="ada87c">Freedom of Religion</h2><p> </p><p>Some religious groups continued to be subjected to fines and short-term detention for violating a restrictive religion law, and some individual members faced criminal charges. A mosque in the city of Petropavlovsk has been repeatedly denied registration, according to Forum 18, an international religious freedom watchdog.</p><p> </p><p>In July, Saken Tulbaev was imprisoned for almost five years for “inciting religious discord” and “membership in a banned religious organization.” He was banned from “activity directed at meeting the religious needs of believers” for three years after his release. In January, alleged members of Tabligi Jamaat were imprisoned for belonging to a banned religious organization. Four were sentenced to 20 months in prison, and another to 18 months.</p><p> </p><p>In November, an Astana court sentenced Ykylas Kabduakasov, a Seventh-day Adventist, to seven years’ restricted freedom for “inciting religious discord.” Officials raided a children’s Bible camp in August, claiming the organizers had violated the religion law.</p><p> </p><h2 id="6a43ba">Labor Rights</h2><p> </p><p>A 2014 trade union law restricts the right of workers to join trade unions of their choice and to freely determine their structure. In 2015, some unions, including the Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Kazakhstan (KSPK), were unable to re-register in accordance with the new law. Worker members expressed serious concern about the law at the June session of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The government failed to attend the session, prompting heavy criticism from the ILO.</p><p> </p><p>Other legislation governing the financing and collective bargaining rights of trade unions remains restrictive. A new labor code was adopted in November. Oil unions expressed concern that the draft labor code would restrict workers’ rights.</p><p> </p><h2 id="e81181">Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity</h2><p> </p><p>Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Kazakhstan live in a climate of fear fuelled by harassment, discrimination, and violence. On the rare occasions when LGBT people report abuse, they often face indifference and hostility.</p><p> </p><p>In March, parliament passed bills that sought to introduce a broad ban on “propaganda of non-traditional sexual orientation,” but final drafts were not made public and the end-stage of the legislative process was non-transparent. In May, the “propaganda” legislation was found unconstitutional for being too vague, but the Constitutional Council did not address the bills’ discriminatory elements.</p><p> </p><h2 id="73fccc">Key International Actors</h2><p> </p><p>Despite the absence of meaningful political reform in Kazakhstan, and European Union pledges to link upgraded relations to human rights improvements, the EU and Kazakhstan initialed an Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement on January 20. In April, following presidential elections, the EU issued a rare public message urging Kazakh authorities to “enhance their efforts to honour their international commitments regarding democratic principles and human rights.”</p><p> </p><p>The United States continues to be largely silent on publicly registering human rights concerns in Kazakhstan, and the bilateral relationship focuses prominently on security, nuclear nonproliferation, the economy, and trade.</p><p> </p><p>During his June trip to Kazakhstan, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on the government to continue to make human rights progress and remember that “all religious and minority groups should be guaranteed [freedom of religion] on an equal footing.”</p><p> </p><p>In April, Baskut Tuncak, the UN special rapporteur on human rights and hazardous substances and waste, concluded after a mission to Kazakhstan that the government was not properly implementing or enforcing environmental legislation and needed to protect people from hazardous waste, including in Berezovka, a village whose residents, particularly children, continue to live in a toxic environment and suffer chronic health problems.</p><p> </p><p>In April, Kazakhstan ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and in August, signed on to the Safe Schools Declaration, a political commitment to better protect students, teachers, schools, and universities in armed conflict.</p><p> </p><p>In its October concluding observations on Kazakhstan, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child issued comprehensive recommendations, including on the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment, corporal punishment, and sexual violence against children, and addressing the needs of children with disabilities.</p><p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article__select my-20"> <div class="simple-select flex justify-between flex-wrap px-6 py-3 my-1 mt-8 bg-blue-700"> <label for="world-report-chapter-country-select" class="simple-select__title flex my-1 sm:my-0 text-xl font-sans capitalize text-white items-center">Browse countries</label> <div class="simple-select__button w-full lg:w-3/5 flex items-baseline"> <select id="world-report-chapter-country-select" class="simple-select__nav py-2 text-lg px-4 text-white bg-blue-500 capitalize appearance-none rounded-none w-full my-1 sm:my-0" hrw-redirect="true"> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none hidden lg:flex" value="#">Choose</option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/afghanistan"> Afghanistan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/algeria"> Algeria </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/angola"> Angola </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/argentina"> Argentina </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/armenia"> Armenia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/australia"> Australia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/azerbaijan"> Azerbaijan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/bahrain"> Bahrain </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/bangladesh"> Bangladesh </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/belarus"> Belarus </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/bolivia"> Bolivia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/bosnia-and-herzegovina"> Bosnia and Herzegovina </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/brazil"> Brazil </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/burma"> Burma </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/burundi"> Burundi </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/cambodia"> Cambodia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/canada"> Canada </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/central-african-republic"> Central African Republic </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/chile"> Chile </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/china"> China </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/colombia"> Colombia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/cote-divoire"> Côte d'Ivoire </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/cuba"> Cuba </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/democratic-republic-congo"> Democratic Republic of Congo </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/dominican-republic"> Dominican Republic </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/ecuador"> Ecuador </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/egypt"> Egypt </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/eritrea"> Eritrea </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/ethiopia"> Ethiopia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/european-union"> European Union </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/gambia"> Gambia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/node/284946"> Georgia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/guatemala"> Guatemala </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/guinea"> Guinea </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/haiti"> Haiti </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/honduras"> Honduras </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/india"> India </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/indonesia"> Indonesia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/iran"> Iran </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/iraq"> Iraq </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/israel/palestine"> Israel/Palestine </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/jordan"> Jordan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan"> Kazakhstan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kenya"> Kenya </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kuwait"> Kuwait </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kyrgyzstan"> Kyrgyzstan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/lebanon"> Lebanon </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/libya"> Libya </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/malaysia"> Malaysia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/mali"> Mali </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/mexico"> Mexico </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/morocco-and-western-sahara"> Morocco and Western Sahara </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/nepal"> Nepal </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/nigeria"> Nigeria </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/north-korea"> North Korea </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/oman"> Oman </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/pakistan"> Pakistan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/papua-new-guinea"> Papua New Guinea </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/peru"> Peru </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/philippines"> Philippines </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/qatar"> Qatar </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/russia"> Russia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/rwanda"> Rwanda </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/saudi-arabia"> Saudi Arabia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/serbia"> Serbia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/singapore"> Singapore </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/somalia"> Somalia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/south-africa"> South Africa </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/south-sudan"> South Sudan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/sri-lanka"> Sri Lanka </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/sudan"> Sudan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/swaziland-0"> Swaziland </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/syria"> Syria </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/tajikistan"> Tajikistan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/thailand"> Thailand </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/tunisia"> Tunisia </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/turkey"> Turkey </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/turkmenistan"> Turkmenistan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/uganda"> Uganda </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/ukraine"> Ukraine </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/united-arab-emirates"> United Arab Emirates </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/united-states"> United States </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/uzbekistan"> Uzbekistan </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/venezuela"> Venezuela </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/vietnam"> Vietnam </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/yemen"> Yemen </option> <option class="simple-select__option bg-blue-300 appearance-none" value="/world-report/2016/country-chapters/zimbabwe"> Zimbabwe </option> </select> <div class="simple-select__icon text-white -ml-8 hover-focus:hidden"> <div class="icon fill-current w-4 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-chevron-down"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div id="block-hrwlightboxes"> </div> </div> <div> <div id="block-donationfooterblock"> <div class="donation-footer-block"> <div class="donation__outer w-full mx-auto bg-orange-500"> <a href="https://donate.hrw.org/page/107245/donate/1?ea.tracking.id=EP2022EVpgfooter&promo_id=1005" class="donation__wrapper block hover:bg-orange-600 focus:bg-orange-600 px-6"> <div class="donation__inner mx-auto pt-6 pb-6 flex flex-col justify-between max-w-sm xl:flex-row"> <div class="donation__main text-white xl:w-3/5"> <h3 class="donation__standard-title text-white mb-2 text-2xl md:text-4xl">Protecting Rights, Saving Lives</h3> <p class="donation__standard-subtitle hrw-large-text-bold">Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in close to 100 countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice </p> </div> <div class="donation__secondary flex xl:border-l border-orange-400 xl:w-3/10"> <div class="self-center mx-auto sm:m-0 pt-4 xl:p-0 xl:ml-auto"> <div class="uppercase btn btn-secondary-invert btn-lg-wide font-bold"> <span class="btn-text ">Donate Now</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div> <footer class="footer bg-gray-900 text-gray-500 w-full pt-16 pb-32 px-6 xl:px-0" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer__content flex max-w-sm mx-auto flex-wrap-reverse md:flex-no-wrap"> <div class="footer__main flex flex-col w-full"> <div class="footer__upper flex flex-col h-fit justify-between border-b border-gray-600 lg:flex-row"> <div class="footer__signup pb-4 border-b border-gray-600 lg:border-0"> <div class="signup-form" id="signup-form--footer-md-signup"> <label class="signup-form__header text-2xl font-sans text-white leading-snug" for="signup-email-address">Get Updates On Rights Issues Worldwide</label> <div class="signup-form__content pt-2"> <form id="footer-md-signup" action="/hrw-newsletter/subscribe" class="signup-form__form flex flex-wrap" method="post"> <input type="email" autocomplete="email" class="signup-form__input bg-gray-800 px-2 py-1 text-sm text-white" name="supporter.emailAddress" id="signup-email-address" required placeholder="Enter an email address" > <div class="hidden"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterFirstName">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.firstName" id="supporterFirstName" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterLastName">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.lastName" id="supporterLastName" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterCountry">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.country" id="supporterCountry" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <input type="hidden" name="hp" value="supporter.country"> </div> <button type="submit" value="Sign Up" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm" onclick="if (!this.form.reportValidity()) {return false;} this.form.submit(); this.disabled = true;"> <span class="btn-text ">Sign Up</span> </button> <input name="supporter.questions.96991" type="hidden" value="Y"> <input checked="checked" name="supporter.questions.1748" type="hidden" value="Y"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribeTo" value="a2X3i0000001Nn4EAE"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribemd" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="hrw_footer"> <input type="hidden" name="origin" value="Www_Global_Footer"> <input type="hidden" name="submitF" value="true"> </form> </div> </div> <div class="signup-form" id="signup-form--footer-alt-signup"> <label class="signup-form__header text-2xl font-sans text-white leading-snug" for="signup-email-address">Get Daily Updates On Rights Issues Worldwide</label> <div class="signup-form__content pt-2"> <form id="footer-alt-signup" action="/hrw-newsletter/subscribe" class="signup-form__form flex flex-wrap" method="post"> <input type="email" autocomplete="email" class="signup-form__input bg-gray-800 px-2 py-1 text-sm text-white" name="supporter.emailAddress" id="signup-email-address" required placeholder="Enter an email address" > <div class="hidden"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterFirstName">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.firstName" id="supporterFirstName" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterLastName">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.lastName" id="supporterLastName" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <label class="absolute text-md text-white w-full" for="supporterCountry">Leave blank</label> <input type="text" name="supporter.country" id="supporterCountry" class="form-text" autocomplete="off"> <input type="hidden" name="hp" value="supporter.country"> </div> <button type="submit" value="Sign Up" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm" onclick="if (!this.form.reportValidity()) {return false;} this.form.submit(); this.disabled = true;"> <span class="btn-text ">Sign Up</span> </button> <input name="supporter.questions.96991" type="hidden" value="Y"> <input checked="checked" name="supporter.questions.1748" type="hidden" value="Y"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribeTo" value="a2X3i0000001NmbEAE"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribemd" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="hrw_footer"> <input type="hidden" name="origin" value="Www_Global_Footer"> <input type="hidden" name="submitF" value="true"> </form> </div> </div> <script> const formIds = ['signup-form--footer-md-signup', 'signup-form--footer-alt-signup']; let idToRemove = formIds[Math.floor(Math.random() * formIds.length)]; if (window.location.href.indexOf('location_override') > 0) { idToRemove = 'signup-form--footer-alt-signup'; } document.getElementById(idToRemove).remove(); </script> </div> <div class="footer__social pt-4 lg:pt-0"> <div class="social-links flex flex-wrap justify-between py-1 lg:flex-col lg:items-end"> <h2 class="social-links__heading text-white text-2xl font-light font-sans">Connect With Us</h2> <div class="social-links__content"> <ul class="social-links__items flex"> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://twitter.com/hrw" class="text-white text-3xl link-icon font-sans font-medium" title="X"> <span class="sr-only">X</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-twitter-nopad"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/HumanRightsWatch" class="text-white text-3xl link-icon font-sans font-medium" title="Facebook"> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-facebook"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/HumanRightsWatch" class="text-white text-3xl link-icon font-sans font-medium" title="YouTube"> <span class="sr-only">YouTube</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-youtube"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/humanrightswatch/" class="text-white text-3xl link-icon font-sans font-medium" title="Instagram"> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-instagram"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/human-rights-watch/" class="text-white text-3xl link-icon font-sans font-medium" title="LinkedIn"> <span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-linkedin"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> <li class="social-link__item px-1"> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@humanrightswatch" class="text-white text-3xl link-icon font-sans font-medium" title="TikTok"> <span class="sr-only">TikTok</span> <div class="icon fill-current w-6 inline-block"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/hrw_design/dist/app-drupal/assets/spritemap.svg?cacheBuster=240611#sprite-tiktok"></use> </svg> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__lower flex flex-col max-w-sm"> <div class="flex flex-col justify-between border-b border-gray-600 lg:flex-row"> <div class="footer__region-content"> <nav role="navigation" class="inline-block" aria-labelledby="block-hrw-design-footer-menu" id="block-hrw-design-footer"><h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-hrw-design-footer-menu">Footer menu</h2><div class="footer-nav"><ul class="nav-list py-2"><li class="nav-item inline-block my-2 px-2 leading-none border-r border-gray-500"><a href="/contact-us" class="nav-lint text-sm text-white hover:underline focus:underline">Contact Us</a></li><li class="nav-item inline-block my-2 px-2 leading-none border-r border-gray-500"><a href="/corrections" class="nav-lint text-sm text-white hover:underline focus:underline">Corrections</a></li><li class="nav-item inline-block my-2 px-2 leading-none border-r border-gray-500"><a href="/privacy-policy" class="nav-lint text-sm text-white hover:underline focus:underline">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="nav-item inline-block my-2 px-2 leading-none border-r border-gray-500"><a href="/permissions" class="nav-lint text-sm text-white hover:underline focus:underline">Permissions</a></li><li class="nav-item inline-block my-2 px-2 leading-none border-r border-gray-500"><a href="/sitemap" class="nav-lint text-sm text-white hover:underline focus:underline">Site Map</a></li><li class="nav-item inline-block my-2 px-2 leading-none border-r border-gray-500"><a href="/child-safeguarding-human-rights-watch" class="nav-lint text-sm text-white hover:underline focus:underline">Child Safeguarding</a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="inline-block my-4" id="block-hrw-textonly-link"> <a href="//text.hrw.org/" class="inline-block text-sm text-white leading-none px-2 hover:underline focus:underline">Text Version</a> </div> </div> <span class="copyright text-sm text-gray-500 py-4 border-t border-gray-600 my-auto lg:py-2 lg:border-0">© 2024 Human Rights Watch</span> </div> <div class="footer__info flex-col"> <div class="footer__info-address v-card font-sans text-gray-500 text-sm py-2 flex-row"> <strong>Human Rights Watch</strong> | 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor | New York, <abbr>NY</abbr> 10118-3299 <abbr>USA</abbr> | <strong>t</strong> 1.212.290.4700 </div> <div class="footer__info-reg py-2"> <p class="text-sm text-gray-500 font-sans"><strong>Human Rights Watch </strong> is a 501(C)(3) nonprofit registered in the US under EIN: 13-2875808</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__logo block w-24 text-white mx-auto mb-10 md:m-0 md:ml-auto md:pl-8 md:w-auto"> <a href="https://www.hrw.org/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="180" height="180" viewBox="0 0 700 700" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin" class="max-w-full h-auto"><title>Human Rights Watch</title><path fill="#0071CE" d="M0 700h700V0H0z"/><path fill="#fff" d="M177 232v-56h-12v22h-16v-22h-11v56h11v-25h16v25zm94-18v-38h-12v41c0 4-3 6-8 6-4 0-7-1-8-4l-1-6v-37h-11v39c0 5 0 7 2 10 3 5 9 8 18 8 12 0 18-6 19-11l1-8zm110 18l-5-56h-14l-8 28-2 9-2-9-7-28h-15l-5 56h11l2-29 1-11 2 10 8 30h10l8-31 3-8v9l2 30h11zm94 0l-17-56h-12l-19 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-18-23h-11l3-10 2-11 3 10 3 11zm105 23v-56h-11l1 23 1 15-7-16-10-22h-13v56h11v-24l-1-16 8 18 9 22h12zM178 380l-13-22-2-3c7 0 12-7 12-15 0-10-6-17-16-17h-21v57h11v-24l2 1c2 1 3 3 9 13l5 10h13zm-15-40c0 3 0 5-2 6-1 1-3 2-8 2h-4v-15h10c3 1 4 4 4 7zm70 40v-57h-12v57zm88-5v-27h-22l2 10h8v12l-6 2c-4 0-7-1-9-3-3-3-4-8-4-16 0-9 1-15 5-18 2-2 4-3 8-3s8 1 11 4l6-7c-4-4-11-6-17-6s-10 1-14 4c-8 5-12 13-12 25 0 8 2 14 6 20 5 5 11 8 19 8 7 0 13-1 19-5zm85 5v-57h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v57h12v-25h16v25zm83-57h-41v10h14v47h12v-47h13zm78 39c0-8-5-14-14-17l-7-2c-5-1-6-2-6-5 0-4 3-7 8-7 4 0 8 1 13 5l5-9c-5-3-12-5-19-5-12 0-20 7-20 17l3 9c2 3 5 5 11 7l6 1c5 2 7 4 7 8 0 5-3 7-10 7-5 0-10-1-15-4l-4 9c5 3 13 5 19 5 14 0 23-8 23-19zM199 471h-12l-4 21-3 19-3-15-5-25h-12l-5 23-3 18-3-19-5-22h-12l14 57h12l5-23 3-16 2 16 5 23h13l13-57zm95 56l-17-56h-13l-18 56h12l4-13h16l4 13h12zm-19-22h-10a160 160 0 005-22 1386 1386 0 015 22zm103-34h-40v10h14v46h11v-46h13zm90 52l-5-7c-4 3-7 3-10 3-5 0-8-2-11-6-1-3-2-7-2-15 0-6 1-11 3-14s6-5 10-5l9 3 5-8c-3-2-9-4-15-4-9 0-17 5-21 13-3 5-4 10-4 17 0 9 2 15 7 20 5 6 11 8 18 8s11-1 16-5zm94 4v-56h-11v22h-16v-22h-12v56h12v-25h16v25z"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="hrw-design-cookie-container"></div> </div> </div> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"drupalLanguage":"en","drupalCountry":null,"siteName":"Human Rights Watch","entityCreated":"1451943658","entityType":"node","entityBundle":"world_report_chapter","entityId":"284947","entityTitle":"Kazakhstan","entityTaxonomy":{"region_country":{"9604":"Kazakhstan"}},"userUid":0});</script> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/284947","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":-40},"hy":{"id":"hy","name":"Armenian","direction":"ltr","weight":-39},"sq":{"id":"sq","name":"Albanian","direction":"ltr","weight":-38},"am":{"id":"am","name":"Amharic","direction":"ltr","weight":-37},"ar":{"id":"ar","name":"Arabic","direction":"rtl","weight":-36},"ay":{"id":"ay","name":"Aymara","direction":"ltr","weight":-35},"az":{"id":"az","name":"Azerbaijani","direction":"ltr","weight":-34},"be":{"id":"be","name":"Belarusian","direction":"ltr","weight":-33},"bn":{"id":"bn","name":"Bengali","direction":"ltr","weight":-32},"bs":{"id":"bs","name":"Bosnian","direction":"ltr","weight":-31},"sh":{"id":"sh","name":"Bosnian\/Croatian\/Serbian","direction":"ltr","weight":-30},"bg":{"id":"bg","name":"Bulgarian","direction":"ltr","weight":-29},"my":{"id":"my","name":"Burmese","direction":"ltr","weight":-28},"ca":{"id":"ca","name":"Catalan","direction":"ltr","weight":-27},"ceb":{"id":"ceb","name":"Cebuano","direction":"ltr","weight":-26},"zh-hans":{"id":"zh-hans","name":"Chinese, Simplified","direction":"ltr","weight":-25},"zh-hant":{"id":"zh-hant","name":"Chinese, Traditional","direction":"ltr","weight":-24},"hr":{"id":"hr","name":"Croatian","direction":"ltr","weight":-23},"cs":{"id":"cs","name":"Czech","direction":"ltr","weight":-22},"da":{"id":"da","name":"Danish","direction":"ltr","weight":-21},"gbz":{"id":"gbz","name":"Dari","direction":"rtl","weight":-20},"dv":{"id":"dv","name":"Dhivehi","direction":"rtl","weight":-19},"nl":{"id":"nl","name":"Dutch","direction":"ltr","weight":-18},"et":{"id":"et","name":"Estonian","direction":"ltr","weight":-17},"fi":{"id":"fi","name":"Finnish","direction":"ltr","weight":-16},"fr":{"id":"fr","name":"French","direction":"ltr","weight":-15},"ka":{"id":"ka","name":"Georgian","direction":"ltr","weight":-14},"de":{"id":"de","name":"German","direction":"ltr","weight":-13},"el":{"id":"el","name":"Greek","direction":"ltr","weight":-12},"ht":{"id":"ht","name":"Haitian Creole","direction":"ltr","weight":-11},"he":{"id":"he","name":"Hebrew","direction":"rtl","weight":-10},"hi":{"id":"hi","name":"Hindi","direction":"ltr","weight":-9},"hu":{"id":"hu","name":"Hungarian","direction":"ltr","weight":-8},"id":{"id":"id","name":"Indonesian","direction":"ltr","weight":-7},"it":{"id":"it","name":"Italian","direction":"ltr","weight":-6},"ja":{"id":"ja","name":"Japanese","direction":"ltr","weight":-5},"kk":{"id":"kk","name":"Kazakh","direction":"ltr","weight":-4},"km":{"id":"km","name":"Khmer","direction":"ltr","weight":-3},"rw":{"id":"rw","name":"Kinyarwanda","direction":"ltr","weight":-2},"ko":{"id":"ko","name":"Korean","direction":"ltr","weight":-1},"ku":{"id":"ku","name":"Kurdish","direction":"ltr","weight":0},"ky":{"id":"ky","name":"Kyrgyz","direction":"ltr","weight":1},"lv":{"id":"lv","name":"Latvian","direction":"ltr","weight":2},"lt":{"id":"lt","name":"Lithuanian","direction":"ltr","weight":3},"mk":{"id":"mk","name":"Macedonian","direction":"ltr","weight":4},"ms":{"id":"ms","name":"Malay","direction":"ltr","weight":5},"mr":{"id":"mr","name":"Marathi","direction":"ltr","weight":6},"ne":{"id":"ne","name":"Nepali","direction":"ltr","weight":7},"nb":{"id":"nb","name":"Norwegian Bokm\u00e5l","direction":"ltr","weight":8},"nn":{"id":"nn","name":"Norwegian Nynorsk","direction":"ltr","weight":9},"om":{"id":"om","name":"Oromo","direction":"ltr","weight":10},"ps":{"id":"ps","name":"Pashto","direction":"rtl","weight":11},"fa":{"id":"fa","name":"Persian","direction":"rtl","weight":12},"pl":{"id":"pl","name":"Polish","direction":"ltr","weight":13},"pt":{"id":"pt","name":"Portuguese, International","direction":"ltr","weight":14},"qu":{"id":"qu","name":"Quechua","direction":"ltr","weight":15},"rom":{"id":"rom","name":"Romani","direction":"ltr","weight":16},"ro":{"id":"ro","name":"Romanian","direction":"ltr","weight":17},"ru":{"id":"ru","name":"Russian","direction":"ltr","weight":18},"sr":{"id":"sr","name":"Serbian","direction":"ltr","weight":19},"si":{"id":"si","name":"Sinhalese","direction":"ltr","weight":20},"sk":{"id":"sk","name":"Slovak","direction":"ltr","weight":21},"sl":{"id":"sl","name":"Slovenian","direction":"ltr","weight":22},"so":{"id":"so","name":"Somali","direction":"ltr","weight":23},"ku-so":{"id":"ku-so","name":"Sorani","direction":"rtl","weight":24},"es":{"id":"es","name":"Spanish","direction":"ltr","weight":25},"sw":{"id":"sw","name":"Swahili","direction":"ltr","weight":26},"sv":{"id":"sv","name":"Swedish","direction":"ltr","weight":27},"tl":{"id":"tl","name":"Tagalog","direction":"ltr","weight":28},"tg":{"id":"tg","name":"Tajik","direction":"ltr","weight":29},"ta":{"id":"ta","name":"Tamil","direction":"ltr","weight":30},"tet":{"id":"tet","name":"Tetum","direction":"ltr","weight":31},"th":{"id":"th","name":"Thai","direction":"ltr","weight":32},"vi":{"id":"vi","name":"Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t","direction":"ltr","weight":33},"ti":{"id":"ti","name":"Tigrinya","direction":"ltr","weight":34},"tr":{"id":"tr","name":"Turkish","direction":"ltr","weight":35},"tk":{"id":"tk","name":"Turkmen","direction":"ltr","weight":36},"uk":{"id":"uk","name":"Ukrainian","direction":"ltr","weight":37},"ur":{"id":"ur","name":"Urdu","direction":"rtl","weight":38},"uz":{"id":"uz","name":"Uzbek","direction":"ltr","weight":39}}},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetNoOverride":true,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"0","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":false,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":["hrw.org","www.hrw.org"]}},"notification_message_ip_lookup":"\/modules\/custom\/hrw_notification_message\/iplookup.php","notification_message":[{"content":"\u003Cdiv id=\u0022graphene--modal\u0022 class=\u0022graphene--modal-init graphene--modal--small \u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022graphene--modal-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022graphene--modal-content-wrapper\u0022\u003E\n \n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022hrw-notification-message--small\u0022 \u003E\n \u003Ca class=\u0022graphene--modal-action-btn\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/donate.hrw.org\/page\/160486\/donate\/1?ea.tracking.id=EL2024FClb11\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \n \n \u003Cdiv data-field=\u0022field-media-image\u0022\u003E \u003Cimg srcset=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/320w\/public\/media_2024\/11\/202411DEV_MARKETING_Nov%2022.jpg?itok=9iBJZ95U 320w, \/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/720w\/public\/media_2024\/11\/202411DEV_MARKETING_Nov%2022.jpg?itok=H78BIMkI 700w\u0022 sizes=\u0022(min-width:700px) 700px, 95vw\u0022 width=\u0022700\u0022 height=\u0022467\u0022 data-responsive-image-style=\u0022lightbox_small_modal\u0022 loading=\u0022eager\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/720w\/public\/media_2024\/11\/202411DEV_MARKETING_Nov%2022.jpg?itok=H78BIMkI\u0022 alt=\u0022Buildings, shops, and vehicles lie in ruins after more than two weeks of intense Israeli airstrikes on the southern suburbs of the capital, on October 9, 2024, in Beirut, Lebanon.\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cbutton class=\u0022graphene--modal-close-btn graphene--modal-close\u0022 href=\u0022\u0022 aria-label=\u0022Close\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022graphene--modal-visuallyhide\u0022\u003EClose\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022graphene--modal-overlay\u0022 class=\u0022graphene--modal-close graphene--modal-close-btn\u0022 aria-label=\u0022Close\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022graphene--modal-visuallyhide\u0022\u003EClose\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","type":"small","id":"85","entity_id":"85","values":{"field_user_location":["UM","US"],"field_content_alignment":null,"field_displayed_as":"modal","field_duration_between_actions":null,"field_duration_between_views":null,"field_hide_on_mobile":"0"}}],"statistics":{"data":{"nid":"284947"},"url":"\/core\/modules\/statistics\/statistics.php"},"minimalShare":{"sizes":{"printer":{"width":600,"height":600},"telegram":{"width":600,"height":500},"reddit":{"width":600,"height":500},"linkedin":{"width":520,"height":570},"share":{"width":600,"height":500},"twitter":{"width":600,"height":260},"facebook":{"width":600,"height":500}}},"hrwHeader":{"data":[{"id":"node:284212","text":"World Report 2016","url":"\/world-report\/2016"},{"id":"node:284212-essays","text":"Essays","url":"#","sub":{"data":{"titles":{"keynote":"keynote","essays":"essays"},"keynote":[{"id":"node:285378","title":"Twin Threats","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/global-0","authors":[{"name":"Kenneth Roth","position":"Former Executive Director","link":"\/about\/people\/kenneth-roth","url":"\/about\/people\/kenneth-roth","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/media_2021\/04\/202104staff_ken_headshot.jpg?h=5282c872\u0026itok=yc99UAtl","alt":"Headshot of Kenneth Roth, seen wearing a jacket and facing the camera","height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/kenroth","handle":"kenroth"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":false}],"author":{"name":"Kenneth Roth","position":"Former Executive Director","link":"\/about\/people\/kenneth-roth","url":"\/about\/people\/kenneth-roth","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/media_2021\/04\/202104staff_ken_headshot.jpg?h=5282c872\u0026itok=yc99UAtl","alt":"Headshot of Kenneth Roth, seen wearing a jacket and facing the camera","height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/kenroth","handle":"kenroth"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":false},"subtitle":"How the Politics of Fear and the Crushing of Civil Society Imperil Global Rights","image":{"alt":"Afghan refugees in Greece","src":"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/multimedia_images_2016\/wr2016_ken.jpg"}}],"essays":[{"id":"node:284977","title":"Ending Child Marriage","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/africa","authors":[{"name":"Nisha Varia","position":"Advocacy Director, Women\u2019s Rights Division","link":"\/about\/people\/nisha-varia","url":"\/about\/people\/nisha-varia","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/multimedia_images_2015\/2015_nisha-varia_06_web-bio.jpg?itok=e9dHB4cu","alt":"Nisha Varia Headshot","height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Nisha_Varia","handle":"Nisha_Varia"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":true}],"author":{"name":"Nisha Varia","position":"Advocacy Director, Women\u2019s Rights Division","link":"\/about\/people\/nisha-varia","url":"\/about\/people\/nisha-varia","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/multimedia_images_2015\/2015_nisha-varia_06_web-bio.jpg?itok=e9dHB4cu","alt":"Nisha Varia Headshot","height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Nisha_Varia","handle":"Nisha_Varia"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":true},"subtitle":"Meeting the Global Development Goals\u2019 Promise to Girls","image":{"alt":"Thirteen-year-old Sifola in the home she shares with her husband and in-laws in Bangladesh. Sifola\u2019s parents, struggling with poverty, took her out of school and arranged for her marriage so that the money saved could pay for her brothers\u2019 schooling. \u00a9 20","src":"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/multimedia_images_2016\/2016-childmarriage.jpg"}},{"id":"node:285052","title":"Rights in Transition","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/africa-americas-asia-europe\/central-asia-middle-east\/north-0","authors":[{"name":"Neela Ghoshal","position":"Associate Director, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program","link":"\/about\/people\/neela-ghoshal","url":"\/about\/people\/neela-ghoshal","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/multimedia_images_2017\/201710lgbt_neelaheadshot_ozer_shoot.jpg?itok=xXJAbui-","alt":"Neela Ghoshal, LGBT Rights Program Senior Researcher.","height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NeelaGhoshal","handle":"NeelaGhoshal"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":true},{"name":"Kyle Knight","position":"Associate Director, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program","link":"\/about\/people\/kyle-knight","url":"\/about\/people\/kyle-knight","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/multimedia_images_2019\/201904lgbt_japan_kyle_headshot.jpg?itok=rlC8BkH8","alt":"Kyle Knight","height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/knightktm","handle":"knightktm"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":false}],"author":{"name":"Neela Ghoshal","position":"Associate Director, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Program","link":"\/about\/people\/neela-ghoshal","url":"\/about\/people\/neela-ghoshal","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/multimedia_images_2017\/201710lgbt_neelaheadshot_ozer_shoot.jpg?itok=xXJAbui-","alt":"Neela Ghoshal, LGBT Rights Program Senior Researcher.","height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NeelaGhoshal","handle":"NeelaGhoshal"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":true},"subtitle":"Making Legal Recognition for Transgender People a Global Priority","image":{"alt":"Bhumika Shrestha, a transgender woman in Nepal, holds her citizenship certificate, which listed her as male in 2011. Nepal legally recognized a third gender category beginning in 2007, but it took Shrestha and other activists and transgender citizens unti","src":"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/multimedia_images_2016\/2016-transgender.jpg"}},{"id":"node:284859","title":"Children Behind Bars","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/africa-americas-asia-europe\/central-asia-middle-east\/north","authors":[{"name":"Michael Garcia Bochenek","position":"Senior Counsel, Children\u2019s Rights Division","link":"\/about\/people\/michael-garcia-bochenek","url":"\/about\/people\/michael-garcia-bochenek","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/media\/images\/photographs\/2015_Michael-Bochenek_03_web_1.jpg?itok=3kX7STDt","alt":null,"height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MichaelBochenek","handle":"MichaelBochenek"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":false}],"author":{"name":"Michael Garcia Bochenek","position":"Senior Counsel, Children\u2019s Rights Division","link":"\/about\/people\/michael-garcia-bochenek","url":"\/about\/people\/michael-garcia-bochenek","image":{"src":"\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/square_bw\/public\/media\/images\/photographs\/2015_Michael-Bochenek_03_web_1.jpg?itok=3kX7STDt","alt":null,"height":108,"width":108},"twitter":{"url":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MichaelBochenek","handle":"MichaelBochenek"},"profile_link":"1","hidden_profile":false},"subtitle":"The Global Overuse of Detention of Children","image":{"alt":"The door of a cell at Lusaka Central Prison. Children are routinely incarcerated in Zambia for minor offenses and frequently held together with adults, putting them at increased risk of sexual violence and other abuses. \u00a9 2010 Jo\u00e3o Silva","src":"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/multimedia_images_2016\/2016-childrenindetention.jpg"}}],"translated":{"keynote":"Keynote"}},"type":"essays"}},{"id":"node:284212-countries","text":"Countries","url":"#","sub":{"data":[{"id":"term:9450","sub":{"data":[{"id":"term:9457","text":"Angola","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/angola"},{"id":"term:9461","text":"Burundi","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/burundi"},{"id":"term:9464","text":"Central African Republic","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/central-african-republic"},{"id":"term:9468","text":"C\u00f4te d\u0027Ivoire","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/cote-divoire"},{"id":"term:9469","text":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/democratic-republic-congo"},{"id":"term:9472","text":"Eritrea","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/eritrea"},{"id":"term:9498","text":"Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/swaziland-0"},{"id":"term:9473","text":"Ethiopia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/ethiopia"},{"id":"term:9475","text":"Gambia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/gambia"},{"id":"term:9477","text":"Guinea","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/guinea"},{"id":"term:9479","text":"Kenya","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kenya"},{"id":"term:9484","text":"Mali","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/mali"},{"id":"term:9489","text":"Nigeria","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/nigeria"},{"id":"term:9490","text":"Rwanda","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/rwanda"},{"id":"term:9494","text":"Somalia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/somalia"},{"id":"term:9495","text":"South Africa","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/south-africa"},{"id":"term:9496","text":"South Sudan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/south-sudan"},{"id":"term:9497","text":"Sudan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/sudan"},{"id":"term:9501","text":"Uganda","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/uganda"},{"id":"term:9503","text":"Zimbabwe","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/zimbabwe"}]},"text":"Africa","url":"#"},{"id":"term:9451","sub":{"data":[{"id":"term:9505","text":"Argentina","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/argentina"},{"id":"term:9509","text":"Bolivia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/bolivia"},{"id":"term:9510","text":"Brazil","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/brazil"},{"id":"term:9511","text":"Canada","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/canada"},{"id":"term:9512","text":"Chile","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/chile"},{"id":"term:9513","text":"Colombia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/colombia"},{"id":"term:9515","text":"Cuba","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/cuba"},{"id":"term:9516","text":"Dominican Republic","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/dominican-republic"},{"id":"term:9517","text":"Ecuador","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/ecuador"},{"id":"term:9521","text":"Guatemala","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/guatemala"},{"id":"term:9523","text":"Haiti","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/haiti"},{"id":"term:9524","text":"Honduras","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/honduras"},{"id":"term:9526","text":"Mexico","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/mexico"},{"id":"term:9530","text":"Peru","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/peru"},{"id":"term:9537","text":"Venezuela","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/venezuela"}]},"text":"Americas","url":"#"},{"id":"term:9452","sub":{"data":[{"id":"term:9538","text":"Afghanistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/afghanistan"},{"id":"term:9539","text":"Australia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/australia"},{"id":"term:9540","text":"Bangladesh","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/bangladesh"},{"id":"term:9544","text":"Cambodia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/cambodia"},{"id":"term:9545","text":"China and Tibet","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/china"},{"id":"term:9550","text":"India","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/india"},{"id":"term:9551","text":"Indonesia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/indonesia"},{"id":"term:9555","text":"Malaysia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/malaysia"},{"id":"term:9543","text":"Myanmar (Burma)","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/burma"},{"id":"term:9560","text":"Nepal","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/nepal"},{"id":"term:9563","text":"North Korea","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/north-korea"},{"id":"term:9564","text":"Pakistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/pakistan"},{"id":"term:9566","text":"Papua New Guinea","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/papua-new-guinea"},{"id":"term:9567","text":"Philippines","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/philippines"},{"id":"term:9569","text":"Singapore","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/singapore"},{"id":"term:9572","text":"Sri Lanka","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/sri-lanka"},{"id":"term:9574","text":"Thailand","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/thailand"},{"id":"term:9578","text":"Vietnam","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/vietnam"}]},"text":"Asia","url":"#"},{"id":"term:9453","sub":{"data":[{"id":"term:9581","text":"Armenia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/armenia"},{"id":"term:9583","text":"Azerbaijan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/azerbaijan"},{"id":"term:9584","text":"Belarus","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/belarus"},{"id":"term:9586","text":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/bosnia-and-herzegovina"},{"id":"term:9588","text":"Croatia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9592","text":"Estonia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9593","text":"European Union","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9595","text":"France","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9596","text":"Georgia","url":"\/node\/284946"},{"id":"term:9597","text":"Germany","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9598","text":"Greece","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9600","text":"Hungary","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9603","text":"Italy","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9604","text":"Kazakhstan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kazakhstan"},{"id":"term:9605","text":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kyrgyzstan"},{"id":"term:9606","text":"Latvia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9614","text":"Netherlands","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9616","text":"Poland","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9619","text":"Russia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/russia"},{"id":"term:9621","text":"Serbia\/Kosovo","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/serbia"},{"id":"term:9624","text":"Spain","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9627","text":"Tajikistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/tajikistan"},{"id":"term:9628","text":"T\u00fcrkiye","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/turkey"},{"id":"term:9629","text":"Turkmenistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/turkmenistan"},{"id":"term:9630","text":"Ukraine","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/ukraine"},{"id":"term:9631","text":"United Kingdom","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union"},{"id":"term:9632","text":"Uzbekistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/uzbekistan"}]},"text":"Europe\/Central Asia","url":"#"},{"id":"term:9455","sub":{"data":[{"id":"term:9633","text":"Algeria","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/algeria"},{"id":"term:9634","text":"Bahrain","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/bahrain"},{"id":"term:9635","text":"Egypt","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/egypt"},{"id":"term:9636","text":"Iran","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/iran"},{"id":"term:9637","text":"Iraq","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/iraq"},{"id":"term:9638","text":"Israel\/Palestine","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/israel\/palestine"},{"id":"term:9639","text":"Jordan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/jordan"},{"id":"term:9640","text":"Kuwait","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kuwait"},{"id":"term:9641","text":"Lebanon","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/lebanon"},{"id":"term:9642","text":"Libya","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/libya"},{"id":"term:9644","text":"Morocco\/Western Sahara","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/morocco-and-western-sahara"},{"id":"term:9645","text":"Oman","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/oman"},{"id":"term:9646","text":"Qatar","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/qatar"},{"id":"term:9647","text":"Saudi Arabia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/saudi-arabia"},{"id":"term:9648","text":"Syria","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/syria"},{"id":"term:9649","text":"Tunisia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/tunisia"},{"id":"term:9650","text":"United Arab Emirates","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/united-arab-emirates"},{"id":"term:9651","text":"Yemen","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/yemen"}]},"text":"Middle East\/North Africa","url":"#"},{"id":"term:9456","sub":{"data":[{"id":"term:9456","text":"United States","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/united-states"}]},"text":"United States","url":"#"}],"type":"countries"}}],"buttons":[{"id":"menu:purchase","text":"Purchase","url":"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/node\/285970"},{"id":"menu:download","text":"Download","url":"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/sites\/default\/files\/world_report_download\/wr2016_web.pdf"}],"header_type":"world_report_chapter","countryUpdates":[{"name":"Afghanistan ","id":"node:284993","text":"Afghanistan ","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/afghanistan","published":true},{"name":"Algeria","id":"node:285233","text":"Algeria","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/algeria","published":true},{"name":"Angola","id":"node:285272","text":"Angola","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/angola","published":true},{"name":"Argentina","id":"node:284980","text":"Argentina","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/argentina","published":true},{"name":"Armenia","id":"node:285246","text":"Armenia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/armenia","published":true},{"name":"Australia ","id":"node:285132","text":"Australia ","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/australia","published":true},{"name":"Azerbaijan","id":"node:285021","text":"Azerbaijan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/azerbaijan","published":true},{"name":"Bahrain","id":"node:284846","text":"Bahrain","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/bahrain","published":true},{"name":"Bangladesh","id":"node:286118","text":"Bangladesh","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/bangladesh","published":true},{"name":"Belarus","id":"node:284943","text":"Belarus","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/belarus","published":true},{"name":"Bolivia","id":"node:284981","text":"Bolivia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/bolivia","published":true},{"name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","id":"node:284955","text":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/bosnia-and-herzegovina","published":true},{"name":"Brazil","id":"node:284979","text":"Brazil","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/brazil","published":true},{"name":"Burma","id":"node:285135","text":"Burma","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/burma","published":true},{"name":"Burundi","id":"node:285130","text":"Burundi","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/burundi","published":true},{"name":"Cambodia","id":"node:285137","text":"Cambodia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/cambodia","published":true},{"name":"Canada ","id":"node:285041","text":"Canada ","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/canada","published":true},{"name":"Central African Republic","id":"node:285134","text":"Central African Republic","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/central-african-republic","published":true},{"name":"Chile","id":"node:284982","text":"Chile","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/chile","published":true},{"name":"China","id":"node:285138","text":"China","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/china","published":true},{"name":"Colombia","id":"node:285031","text":"Colombia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/colombia","published":true},{"name":"C\u00f4te d\u0027Ivoire","id":"node:284861","text":"C\u00f4te d\u0027Ivoire","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/cote-divoire","published":true},{"name":"Cuba","id":"node:285032","text":"Cuba","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/cuba","published":true},{"name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","id":"node:285139","text":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/democratic-republic-congo","published":true},{"name":"Dominican Republic","id":"node:285033","text":"Dominican Republic","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/dominican-republic","published":true},{"name":"Ecuador","id":"node:285034","text":"Ecuador","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/ecuador","published":true},{"name":"Egypt","id":"node:285238","text":"Egypt","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/egypt","published":true},{"name":"Eritrea","id":"node:285264","text":"Eritrea","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/eritrea","published":true},{"name":"Ethiopia","id":"node:285265","text":"Ethiopia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/ethiopia","published":true},{"name":"European Union","id":"node:284959","text":"European Union","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/european-union","published":true},{"name":"Gambia","id":"node:284864","text":"Gambia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/gambia","published":true},{"name":"Georgia","id":"node:284946","text":"Georgia","url":"\/node\/284946","published":true},{"name":"Guatemala","id":"node:285035","text":"Guatemala","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/guatemala","published":true},{"name":"Guinea","id":"node:284865","text":"Guinea","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/guinea","published":true},{"name":"Haiti","id":"node:285036","text":"Haiti","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/haiti","published":true},{"name":"Honduras","id":"node:285037","text":"Honduras","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/honduras","published":true},{"name":"India","id":"node:285140","text":"India","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/india","published":true},{"name":"Indonesia","id":"node:285143","text":"Indonesia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/indonesia","published":true},{"name":"Iran","id":"node:285239","text":"Iran","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/iran","published":true},{"name":"Iraq","id":"node:284841","text":"Iraq","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/iraq","published":true},{"name":"Israel\/Palestine","id":"node:285242","text":"Israel\/Palestine","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/israel\/palestine","published":true},{"name":"Jordan","id":"node:285243","text":"Jordan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/jordan","published":true},{"name":"Kazakhstan","id":"node:284947","text":"Kazakhstan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kazakhstan","published":true},{"name":"Kenya","id":"node:285257","text":"Kenya","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kenya","published":true},{"name":"Kuwait","id":"node:285244","text":"Kuwait","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kuwait","published":true},{"name":"Kyrgyzstan","id":"node:284842","text":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kyrgyzstan","published":true},{"name":"Lebanon","id":"node:285245","text":"Lebanon","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/lebanon","published":true},{"name":"Libya","id":"node:285248","text":"Libya","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/libya","published":true},{"name":"Malaysia ","id":"node:285145","text":"Malaysia ","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/malaysia","published":true},{"name":"Mali","id":"node:284879","text":"Mali","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/mali","published":true},{"name":"Mexico","id":"node:285038","text":"Mexico","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/mexico","published":true},{"name":"Morocco and Western Sahara","id":"node:285249","text":"Morocco and Western Sahara","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/morocco-and-western-sahara","published":true},{"name":"Nepal","id":"node:285147","text":"Nepal","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/nepal","published":true},{"name":"Nigeria","id":"node:284997","text":"Nigeria","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/nigeria","published":true},{"name":"North Korea","id":"node:285325","text":"North Korea","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/north-korea","published":true},{"name":"Oman","id":"node:285250","text":"Oman","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/oman","published":true},{"name":"Pakistan","id":"node:285326","text":"Pakistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/pakistan","published":true},{"name":"Papua New Guinea","id":"node:285327","text":"Papua New Guinea","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/papua-new-guinea","published":true},{"name":"Peru","id":"node:285039","text":"Peru","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/peru","published":true},{"name":"Philippines","id":"node:285328","text":"Philippines","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/philippines","published":true},{"name":"Qatar","id":"node:285251","text":"Qatar","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/qatar","published":true},{"name":"Russia","id":"node:284948","text":"Russia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/russia","published":true},{"name":"Rwanda","id":"node:285144","text":"Rwanda","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/rwanda","published":true},{"name":"Saudi Arabia","id":"node:285252","text":"Saudi Arabia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/saudi-arabia","published":true},{"name":"Serbia","id":"node:284957","text":"Serbia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/serbia","published":true},{"name":"Singapore","id":"node:285329","text":"Singapore","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/singapore","published":true},{"name":"Somalia","id":"node:285263","text":"Somalia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/somalia","published":true},{"name":"South Africa","id":"node:285010","text":"South Africa","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/south-africa","published":true},{"name":"South Sudan","id":"node:285001","text":"South Sudan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/south-sudan","published":true},{"name":"Sri Lanka","id":"node:285330","text":"Sri Lanka","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/sri-lanka","published":true},{"name":"Sudan","id":"node:285000","text":"Sudan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/sudan","published":true},{"name":"Swaziland","id":"node:285008","text":"Swaziland","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/swaziland-0","published":true},{"name":"Syria","id":"node:285253","text":"Syria","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/syria","published":true},{"name":"Tajikistan","id":"node:284949","text":"Tajikistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/tajikistan","published":true},{"name":"Thailand","id":"node:285331","text":"Thailand","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/thailand","published":true},{"name":"Tunisia","id":"node:285254","text":"Tunisia","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/tunisia","published":true},{"name":"Turkey","id":"node:284964","text":"Turkey","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/turkey","published":true},{"name":"Turkmenistan","id":"node:284950","text":"Turkmenistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/turkmenistan","published":true},{"name":"Uganda","id":"node:285260","text":"Uganda","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/uganda","published":true},{"name":"Ukraine","id":"node:284965","text":"Ukraine","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/ukraine","published":true},{"name":"United Arab Emirates ","id":"node:285255","text":"United Arab Emirates ","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/united-arab-emirates","published":true},{"name":"United States","id":"node:284978","text":"United States","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/united-states","published":true},{"name":"Uzbekistan","id":"node:284966","text":"Uzbekistan","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/uzbekistan","published":true},{"name":"Venezuela","id":"node:285040","text":"Venezuela","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/venezuela","published":true},{"name":"Vietnam","id":"node:285332","text":"Vietnam","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/vietnam","published":true},{"name":"Yemen","id":"node:285256","text":"Yemen","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/yemen","published":true},{"name":"Zimbabwe","id":"node:284999","text":"Zimbabwe","url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/zimbabwe","published":true}]},"csp":{"nonce":"N8HMwTcwd0P_f-6wufoUQQ"},"hrw_suggestion":{"language":{"currentLangcode":"en","options":{"en":{"prompt":"Would you like to read this page in English?","string_yes":"Yes","string_dismiss":"No, don\u0027t ask again","link_url":"\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kazakhstan","direction":"ltr"},"ru":{"prompt":"\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435?","string_yes":"\u0434\u0430","string_dismiss":"\u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c","link_url":"\/ru\/world-report\/2016\/country-chapters\/kazakhstan","direction":"ltr"}}}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"bc8921424f39d39c64af84232b603fadae46f840a8176c1b2436a5ee00791ac5"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_BZ1LL9y2yW8L2MTyr_yrIdmFnk3e8hjdCpgm4_7SuG8.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=hrw_design&include=eJx1jW0OAiEMRC-E9kikQmUboZi2-HF7XbIbo4k_38zkTUbHik9SONGCN-5qYdF7zGRcBFJXCvTwynKBrOOK9bjhnEl3PnNC5y6xkRkWgn9FMH-zOSfbXZ8kNBZuWKMtqAQbHSbNKxulkK0-qChlrMKf_BtffJBXnA"></script> </body> </html>