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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical_cyclone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_cyclone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tropical cyclone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical_cyclone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Associated weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Low-pressure area</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%B6_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="منخفض جوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منخفض جوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="নিম্ন-চাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিম্ন-চাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressi%C3%B3_atmosf%C3%A8rica" title="Depressió atmosfèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Depressió atmosfèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlakov%C3%A1_n%C3%AD%C5%BEe" title="Tlaková níže – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tlaková níže" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwasgedd" title="Diwasgedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwasgedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jtryk_og_lavtryk" title="Højtryk og lavtryk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højtryk og lavtryk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiefdruckgebiet" title="Tiefdruckgebiet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tiefdruckgebiet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrasca" title="Borrasca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Borrasca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malalta_aeropremo" title="Malalta aeropremo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malalta aeropremo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresio_(meteorologia)" title="Depresio (meteorologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Depresio (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مرکز کم‌فشار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرکز کم‌فشار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_(m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie)" title="Dépression (météorologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dépression (météorologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legedrukgebiet" title="Legedrukgebiet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Legedrukgebiet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrach" title="Lagrach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lagrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrasca" title="Borrasca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Borrasca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%95" title="저기압 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저기압" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="निम्न दाब क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निम्न दाब क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiono_di_bas_aero-preso" title="Regiono di bas aero-preso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Regiono di bas aero-preso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_bertekanan_rendah" title="Wilayah bertekanan rendah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilayah bertekanan rendah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6g%C3%B0_(ve%C3%B0urfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Lægð (veðurfræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lægð (veðurfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="שקע ברומטרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שקע ברומטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ವಾಯುಭಾರ ಕುಸಿತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಯುಭಾರ ಕುಸಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="დეპრესია (მეტეოროლოგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეპრესია (მეტეოროლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwaskedh" title="Diwaskedh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Diwaskedh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ന്യൂനമർദ്ദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂനമർദ്ദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagedrukgebied" title="Lagedrukgebied – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lagedrukgebied" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B0%97%E5%9C%A7" title="低気圧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="低気圧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavtrykk" title="Lavtrykk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lavtrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5gtrykk" title="Lågtrykk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lågtrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(meteorologia)" title="Depression (meteorologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Depression (meteorologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BC_baryczny" title="Niż baryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niż baryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_de_baixa_press%C3%A3o" title="Área de baixa pressão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Área de baixa pressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Депрессия (метеорология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Депрессия (метеорология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_pressure_area" title="Low pressure area – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Low pressure area" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matalapaine" title="Matalapaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matalapaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5gtryck" title="Lågtryck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lågtryck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="தாழ்வழுத்தப் பகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாழ்வழுத்தப் பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3" title="บริเวณความกดอากาศต่ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริเวณความกดอากาศต่ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A7ak_bas%C4%B1n%C3%A7" title="Alçak basınç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alçak basınç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area with air pressures lower than adjacent areas</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_pressure_system_over_Iceland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Low_pressure_system_over_Iceland.jpg/290px-Low_pressure_system_over_Iceland.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Low_pressure_system_over_Iceland.jpg/435px-Low_pressure_system_over_Iceland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Low_pressure_system_over_Iceland.jpg/580px-Low_pressure_system_over_Iceland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5200" /></a><figcaption>A low-pressure system over <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, a <b>low-pressure area</b>, <b>low area </b>or <b>low</b> is a region where the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> is lower than that of surrounding locations. It is the opposite of a <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure area</a>. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclement weather (such as cloudy, windy, with possible rain or storms),<sup id="cite_ref-AMS-GlossMet-2008-cyclone_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-GlossMet-2008-cyclone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure areas</a> are associated with lighter winds and clear skies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winds circle anti-clockwise around lows in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, due to opposing <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis forces</a>. Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a> (aloft). The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as <a href="/wiki/Cyclogenesis" title="Cyclogenesis">cyclogenesis</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Meteorology#Dynamic_meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two kinds of places: </p> <ul><li>The first is in the area on the east side of upper <a href="/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)" title="Trough (meteorology)">troughs</a>, which form half of a <a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)" title="Trough (meteorology)">trough</a> with large <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> that extends through the troposphere).</li> <li>A second is an area where wind divergence aloft occurs ahead of <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_(meteorology)" title="Shortwave (meteorology)">embedded shortwave troughs</a>, which are of smaller wavelength.</li></ul> <p>Diverging winds aloft, ahead of these troughs, cause atmospheric lift within the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> below as air flows upwards away from the surface, which lowers surface pressures as this upward motion partially counteracts the force of gravity packing the air close to the ground. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">Thermal lows</a> form due to localized heating caused by greater <a href="/wiki/Solar_incidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar incidence">solar incidence</a> over deserts and other land masses. Since localized areas of warm air are less dense than their surroundings, this warmer air rises, which lowers atmospheric pressure near that portion of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface. Large-scale thermal lows over <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> help drive <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> circulations. Low-pressure areas can also form due to organized thunderstorm activity over warm water. When this occurs over the tropics in concert with the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>, it is known as a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">monsoon trough</a>. Monsoon troughs reach their northerly extent in August and their southerly extent in February. When a convective low acquires a well-hot circulation in the tropics it is termed a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a>. Tropical cyclones can form during any month of the year globally but can occur in either the northern or southern hemisphere during December. </p><p>Atmospheric lift will also generally produce <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloud cover</a> through <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_Lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic Lapse">adiabatic cooling</a> once the air temperature drops below the <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> as it rises, the cloudy skies typical of low-pressure areas act to dampen <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature extremes</a>. Since clouds reflect <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, incoming <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave radiation">shortwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> decreases, which causes lower <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a> during the day. At night the absorptive effect of clouds on <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">outgoing longwave radiation</a>, such as heat energy from the surface, allows for warmer night-time minimums in all seasons. The stronger the area of low pressure, the stronger the <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a> experienced in its vicinity. Globally, low-pressure systems are most frequently located over the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">lee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. In Europe (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>), recurring low-pressure weather systems are typically known as "low levels". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-pressure_area&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyclogenesis" title="Cyclogenesis">Cyclogenesis</a></div> <p>Cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclonic</a> circulations, or low-pressure areas, within the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclogenesis is the opposite of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cyclolysis" class="extiw" title="wikt:cyclolysis">cyclolysis</a>, and has an anticyclonic (high-pressure system) equivalent which deals with the formation of <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure areas</a>—<a href="/wiki/Anticyclogenesis" title="Anticyclogenesis">anticyclogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CyclogenesisDef_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CyclogenesisDef-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for several different processes, all of which result in the development of some sort of <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a>. Meteorologists use the term "cyclone" where circular pressure systems flow in the direction of the Earth's rotation,<sup id="cite_ref-AMSCcDef_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMSCcDef-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMSCycDef_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMSCycDef-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which normally coincides with areas of low pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCCycDef_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCCycDef-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCARCycDef_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCARCycDef-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest low-pressure systems are cold-core polar cyclones and extratropical cyclones which lie on the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic scale">synoptic scale</a>. Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones, <a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">mesocyclones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">polar lows</a> lie within the smaller <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_meteorology" title="Mesoscale meteorology">mesoscale</a>. Subtropical cyclones are of intermediate size.<sup id="cite_ref-AnlFcastHelp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnlFcastHelp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cyclogenesis</i> can occur at various scales, from the microscale to the synoptic scale. Larger-scale troughs, also called Rossby waves, are synoptic in scale.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortwave troughs embedded within the flow around larger scale troughs are smaller in scale, or mesoscale in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Rossby waves and shortwaves embedded within the flow around Rossby waves migrate equatorward of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar cyclone">polar cyclones</a> located in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All share one important aspect, that of upward vertical motion within the troposphere. Such upward motions decrease the mass of local atmospheric columns of air, which lowers surface pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extratropical cyclones form as waves along <a href="/wiki/Weather_fronts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather fronts">weather fronts</a> due to a passing by shortwave aloft or upper-level jet streak<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> before occluding later in their life cycle as cold-core cyclones.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NorCycMod_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NorCycMod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polar lows are small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low-pressure systems that occur over the ocean areas poleward of the main <a href="/wiki/Polar_front" title="Polar front">polar front</a> in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather-systems. Polar lows can be difficult to detect using conventional weather reports and are a hazard to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and <a href="/wiki/Offshore_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore platform">offshore platforms</a>. They are vigorous systems that have near-surface winds of at least 17 metres per second (38 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HadleyCross-sec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HadleyCross-sec.jpg/220px-HadleyCross-sec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HadleyCross-sec.jpg/330px-HadleyCross-sec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/HadleyCross-sec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>This depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_cell" title="Hadley cell">Hadley cell</a> shows the process which sustains low-pressure areas. Diverging winds aloft allow for lower pressure and convergence at the Earth's surface, which leads to upward motion.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclones</a> form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity, and are warm-core with well-defined circulations.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_A7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain criteria need to be met for their formation. In most situations, <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">water temperatures</a> of at least 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) are needed down to a depth of at least 50 m (160 ft);<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_A15_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> waters of this temperature cause the overlying atmosphere to be unstable enough to sustain convection and thunderstorms.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_A16_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A16-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor is rapid cooling with height, which allows the release of the <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_condensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of condensation">heat of condensation</a> that powers a tropical cyclone.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_A15_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High humidity is needed, especially in the lower-to-mid <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>; when there is a great deal of moisture in the atmosphere, conditions are more favorable for disturbances to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_A15_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low amounts of <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> are needed, as high shear is disruptive to the storm's circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_A15_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, a formative tropical cyclone needs a pre-existing system of disturbed weather, although without a circulation no cyclonic development will take place.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_A15_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclones</a> form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation.<sup id="cite_ref-MesocyloneDef_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MesocyloneDef-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspouts</a> can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability and low vertical <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, lack of ground and plant moisture that would normally provide <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative cooling">evaporative cooling</a> can lead to intense, rapid solar heating of the lower layers of air. The hot air is less dense than surrounding cooler air. This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in a low-pressure area called a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">thermal low</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thermal_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thermal-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> circulations are caused by thermal lows which form over large areas of land and their strength is driven by how land heats more quickly than the surrounding nearby ocean. This generates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it.<sup id="cite_ref-cause_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cause-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">rainfall</a> is caused by the moist ocean-air being lifted <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">upwards by mountains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MT_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surface heating,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> convergence at the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a>. In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer due to its higher specific heat. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-cause_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cause-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monsoons resemble <a href="/wiki/Sea_breezes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea breezes">sea and land breezes</a>, terms usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale - also stronger and seasonal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climatology">Climatology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-pressure_area&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-latitudes_and_subtropics">Mid-latitudes and subtropics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-pressure_area&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mid-latitudes and subtropics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quikscatcyclone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Quikscatcyclone.jpg/250px-Quikscatcyclone.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Quikscatcyclone.jpg/375px-Quikscatcyclone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Quikscatcyclone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a> image of typical extratropical cyclones over the ocean. Note the maximum winds on the poleward side of the <a href="/wiki/Occluded_front" title="Occluded front">occluded front</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">Thermal low</a></div> <p>Large polar cyclones help determine the steering of systems moving through the mid-latitudes, south of the Arctic and north of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a> provides an index used to gauge the magnitude of this effect in the Northern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclones</a> tend to form east of climatological trough positions aloft near the east coast of continents, or west side of oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-extra_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extra-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of extratropical cyclones in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> shows that between the <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_south" title="30th parallel south">30th</a> and <a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_south" title="70th parallel south">70th parallels</a> there are an average of 37 cyclones in existence during any 6-hour period.<sup id="cite_ref-VarSouthCyc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VarSouthCyc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate study in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> suggests that approximately 234 significant extratropical cyclones form each winter.<sup id="cite_ref-WinterStormsNorth_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinterStormsNorth-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, particularly in the United Kingdom and in the Netherlands, recurring extratropical low-pressure weather systems are typically known as depressions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tend to bring wet weather throughout the year. <i>Thermal lows</i> also occur during the summer over continental areas across the subtropics - such as the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Plateau" title="Mexican Plateau">Mexican Plateau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-thermal_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thermal-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lows are most commonly located over the Tibetan Plateau and in the lee of the Rocky Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-extra_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extra-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monsoon_trough">Monsoon trough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-pressure_area&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Monsoon trough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Februarystreamlinesnavy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Februarystreamlinesnavy.jpg/250px-Februarystreamlinesnavy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Februarystreamlinesnavy.jpg/375px-Februarystreamlinesnavy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Februarystreamlinesnavy.jpg/500px-Februarystreamlinesnavy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>February position of the ITCZ and monsoon trough in the Pacific Ocean, depicted by area of convergent streamlines offshore Australia and in the equatorial eastern Pacific</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">Monsoon trough</a></div> <p>Elongated areas of low pressure form at the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">monsoon trough</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_cell" title="Hadley cell">Hadley cell</a> circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monsoon troughing in the western Pacific reaches its zenith in latitude during the late summer when the wintertime surface ridge in the opposite hemisphere is the strongest. It can reach as far as the <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40th parallel</a> in East Asia during August and <a href="/wiki/20th_parallel_south" title="20th parallel south">20th parallel</a> in Australia during February. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure over the warmest part of the various continents.<sup id="cite_ref-NCFMRF_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCFMRF-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large-scale thermal lows over <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> help create pressure gradients which drive <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> circulations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern hemisphere, the monsoon trough associated with the Australian monsoon reaches its most southerly latitude in February,<sup id="cite_ref-NAVY2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAVY2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oriented along a west-northwest/east-southeast axis. Many of the world's <a href="/wiki/Rainforests" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainforests">rainforests</a> are associated with these climatological low-pressure systems.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropical_cyclone">Tropical cyclone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-pressure_area&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tropical cyclone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg/220px-Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg/330px-Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg/440px-Dennis_2005-07-07_1550Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="7200" /></a><figcaption>A visible image of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis" title="Hurricane Dennis">Hurricane Dennis</a> intensifying in the Jamaica Channel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tropical cyclones generally need to form more than 555 km (345 mi) or poleward of the <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_north" title="5th parallel north">5th parallel north</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_south" title="5th parallel south">5th parallel south</a>, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a> to deflect winds blowing towards the low-pressure center and creating a circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_A15_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_A15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month while September is the most active month.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly one-third of the world's tropical cyclones form within the western Pacific Ocean, making it the most active <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins" title="Tropical cyclone basins">tropical cyclone basin</a> on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enso_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enso-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_weather">Associated weather</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-pressure_area&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Associated weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coriolis_effect10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coriolis_effect10.svg/220px-Coriolis_effect10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coriolis_effect10.svg/330px-Coriolis_effect10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coriolis_effect10.svg/440px-Coriolis_effect10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of flow (represented in black) around a low-pressure area in the Northern hemisphere. The pressure-gradient force is represented by blue arrows, the Coriolis acceleration (always perpendicular to the velocity) by red arrows.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_wind" title="Geostrophic wind">Geostrophic wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation (meteorology)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> is initially accelerated from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> (or temperature and moisture) differences between two <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a>. Since stronger high-pressure systems contain cooler or drier air, the air mass is denser and flows towards areas that are warm or moist, which are in the vicinity of low-pressure areas in advance of their associated <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a>. The stronger the pressure difference, or <a href="/wiki/Pressure_gradient" title="Pressure gradient">pressure gradient</a>, between a high-pressure system and a low-pressure system, the stronger the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-jet_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, stronger areas of low pressure are associated with stronger winds. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s rotation is what gives winds around low-pressure areas (such as in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">hurricanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a>) their counter-clockwise (anticlockwise) circulation in the northern hemisphere (as the wind moves inward and is deflected right from the center of high pressure) and clockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere (as the wind moves inward and is deflected left from the center of high pressure).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tropical cyclone differs from a hurricane or typhoon based only on geographic location.<sup id="cite_ref-HCT_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCT-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tropical cyclone is fundamentally different from a mid-latitude cyclone.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">hurricane</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storm</a> that occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> occurs in the south Pacific or <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HCT_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCT-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friction with land slows down the wind flowing into low-pressure systems and causes wind to flow more inward, or flowing more <a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_wind" title="Geostrophic wind">ageostrophically</a>, toward their centers.<sup id="cite_ref-jet_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jet-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornadoes</a> are often too small, and of too short duration, to be influenced by the Coriolis force, but may be so-influenced when arising from a low-pressure system.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-pressure_area&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Monsoon">East Asian Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">High-pressure area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Monsoon">North American Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis" title="Surface weather analysis">Surface weather analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_wave" title="Tropical wave">Tropical wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_(meteorology)" title="Trough (meteorology)">Trough (meteorology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_map" title="Weather map">Weather map</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-pressure_area&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span 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selflink">Low-pressure area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_intensification" title="Rapid intensification">Rapid intensification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_cyclogenesis" title="Explosive cyclogenesis">Explosive cyclogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dense_overcast" title="Central dense overcast">Central dense overcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annular_tropical_cyclone" title="Annular tropical cyclone">Annular tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(tropical_cyclone)" title="Bar (tropical cyclone)">Bar (tropical cyclone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstorm">Superstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tropical_cyclone" title="Post-tropical cyclone">Post-tropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_jet" title="Sting jet">Sting jet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sting_jet_cyclones" title="List of sting jet cyclones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">Rainband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_high" title="Polar high">North Polar High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberian High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_High" title="Azores High">Azores High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_High" title="North American High">North American High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_High" title="North Pacific High">North Pacific High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge" title="Ridiculously Resilient Ridge">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">Subtropical ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Hemisphere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_high" title="Polar high">South Polar High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_High" title="South Atlantic High">South Atlantic High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_High" title="South Pacific High">South Pacific High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_High" title="Kalahari High">Kalahari High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_High" title="Australian High">Australian High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">Subtropical ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">Synoptic scale</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Surface-based</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">North Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">South Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Arctic_Cyclone_of_2012" title="Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012">Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Extratropical cyclones">Extratropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">North America</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lee Cyclone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_clipper" title="Alberta clipper">Alberta clipper</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_low" title="Colorado low">Colorado low</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Basin_low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Basin low (page does not exist)">Great Basin low</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bighorn_Low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bighorn Low (page does not exist)">Bighorn Low</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_hook" title="Panhandle hook">Panhandle hook</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/November_gale" title="November gale">November gale</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Low" title="Aleutian Low">Aleutian Low</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatteras_low&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatteras low (page does not exist)">Hatteras low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_low" title="Gulf low">Gulf low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_windstorm" title="Pacific Northwest windstorm">Pacific Northwest windstorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Low" title="Icelandic Low">Icelandic Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_low" title="Genoa low">Genoa low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Low" title="Asiatic Low">Asiatic Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Disturbance">Western Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_North_Asian_storms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continental North Asian storms (page does not exist)">Continental North Asian storms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Asian-northwest_Pacific_storms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Asian-northwest Pacific storms (page does not exist)">East Asian-northwest Pacific storms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Southern Hemisphere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Southern_Ocean_cyclone" title="October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone">Southern Ocean cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudestada" title="Sudestada">Sudestada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kona_storm" title="Kona storm">Kona storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_east_coast_low" title="Australian east coast low">Australian east coast low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nor%27easter" title="Black nor'easter">Black nor'easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Lake_Huron_cyclone" title="1996 Lake Huron cyclone">Lake Huron cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">Thermal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tropical_cyclones" title="Outline of tropical cyclones">Outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Northern Hemisphere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></span> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_hurricane" title="Cape Verde hurricane">Cape Verde hurricane</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_hurricane" title="Pacific hurricane">Pacific hurricane</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_tropical-like_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea tropical-like cyclone">Black Sea tropical-like cyclone</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Southern Hemisphere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/South-West_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Australian_region_tropical_cyclone" title="Australian region tropical cyclone">Australian region tropical cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_tropical_cyclone" title="South Pacific tropical cyclone">South Pacific tropical cyclone</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone" title="South Atlantic tropical cyclone">South Atlantic tropical cyclone</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-core_low" title="Cold-core low">Cold-core low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-off_low" title="Cut-off low">Cut-off low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_tropospheric_cyclonic_vortex" title="Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex">Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_meteorology" title="Mesoscale meteorology">Mesoscale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_ocean_eddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoscale ocean eddies">Mesoscale ocean eddies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_eddy" title="Catalina eddy">Catalina eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_Eddies" title="Haida Eddies">Haida Eddies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_system" title="Mesoscale convective system">Mesoscale convective system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wake_low" title="Wake low">Wake Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesohigh" title="Mesohigh">Mesohigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_vortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoscale convective vortex">Mesoscale convective vortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_echo_wave_pattern" title="Line echo wave pattern">Line echo wave pattern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whirlwind" title="Whirlwind">Whirlwind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-supercell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-supercell">Low-topped supercell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_cloud" title="Wall cloud">Wall cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnel_cloud" title="Funnel cloud">Funnel cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-vortex_tornado" title="Multiple-vortex tornado">Multiple-vortex tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_tornado" title="Satellite tornado">Satellite tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustnado" title="Gustnado">Gustnado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_devil" title="Steam devil">Steam devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/32px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/48px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG/64px-Cyclone_Catarina_from_the_ISS_on_March_26_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2004" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones" title="Portal:Tropical cyclones">Tropical cyclones portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/32px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/48px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg/64px-F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tornadoes" title="Portal:Tornadoes">Tornadoes portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209190#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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