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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fall campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John B. Anderson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A._%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون بي. أندرسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون بي. أندرسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان بی. اندرسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان بی. اندرسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bayard_Anderson" title="John Bayard Anderson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Bayard Anderson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان بی. اندرسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان بی. اندرسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anderson_(homme_politique,_1922)" title="John Anderson (homme politique, 1922) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Anderson (homme politique, 1922)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99)" title="ג'ון אנדרסון (פוליטיקאי אמריקאי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון אנדרסון (פוליטיקאי אמריקאי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%89._%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون بى. اندرسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون بى. اندرسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Андерсон, Джон Байард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андерсон, Джон Байард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John B. Anderson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Баярд Андерсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Баярд Андерсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE" title="约翰·B·安德森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·B·安德森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1922–2017)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American general, see <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="John B. Anderson (United States Army officer)">John B. Anderson (United States Army officer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John B. Anderson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_B._Anderson_in_New_Jersey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of John B. Anderson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_B._Anderson_in_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_B._Anderson_in_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_B._Anderson_in_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_B._Anderson_in_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_B._Anderson_in_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_B._Anderson_in_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1873" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Gotfryd" title="Bernard Gotfryd">Bernard Gotfryd</a>, 1980</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_House_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the House Republican Conference">Chair of the House Republican Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1969 – June 8, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a><br />(1969–1973)<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">John Jacob Rhodes</a><br />(1973–1979)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Devine" title="Samuel L. Devine">Samuel L. Devine</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Illinois16 !"><a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 16th congressional district">16th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">Leo E. Allen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Morley_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Morley Martin">Lynn Morley Martin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Bayard Anderson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-02-15</span>)</span>February 15, 1922<br /><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 3, 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-12-03)</span> (aged 95)<br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (from 1980)<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (until 1980)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Keke Machakos</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1953)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_WWII_SSGT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Army_WWII_SSGT.svg/15px-US_Army_WWII_SSGT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Army_WWII_SSGT.svg/23px-US_Army_WWII_SSGT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Army_WWII_SSGT.svg/30px-US_Army_WWII_SSGT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="147" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Staff_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff Sergeant">Staff Sergeant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Bayard Anderson</b> (February 15, 1922 – December 3, 2017) was an American lawyer and politician who served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, representing <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 16th congressional district">Illinois's 16th congressional district</a> from 1961 to 1981. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he also served as the Chairman of the House Republican Conference from 1969 until 1979. In <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>, he ran an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> campaign for president, receiving 6.6% of the popular vote. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>, Anderson practiced law after serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After a stint in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service">United States Foreign Service</a>, he won election as the State's Attorney for <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Illinois" title="Winnebago County, Illinois">Winnebago County, Illinois</a>. He won election to the House of Representatives in 1960 in a strongly Republican district. Initially one of the most <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> members of the House, Anderson's views moderated during the 1960s, particularly regarding social issues. He became chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives">House Republican Conference</a> in 1969 and remained in that position until 1979. He strongly criticized the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> as well as President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s actions during the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. Anderson entered the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980">1980 Republican presidential primaries</a>, introducing his signature campaign proposal of raising the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Fuel taxes in the United States">gas tax</a> while cutting <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)#Taxation" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security taxes</a>. </p><p>Anderson established himself as a contender for the nomination in the early primaries but eventually dropped out of the Republican race, choosing to pursue an independent campaign for president. In the election, he finished third behind Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. He won support among Democrats who became disillusioned with Carter, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">Rockefeller Republicans</a>, independents, liberal intellectuals, and college students. After the election, he resumed his legal career and helped found <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a>, an organization that advocates <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">electoral reform</a>, including an <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> system. He also won a lawsuit against the state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Celebrezze" title="Anderson v. Celebrezze">Anderson v. Celebrezze</a></i>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> struck down early filing deadlines for independent candidates. Anderson served as a visiting professor at numerous universities and was on the boards of several organizations. He endorsed <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> in <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anderson was born in <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>, where he grew up, the son of Mabel Edna (née Ring) and E. Albin Anderson. His father was a Swedish immigrant, as were his maternal grandparents.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1980_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9pOZthhF1ygCq22MabelEdnaRing22pgPA8_8]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9pOZthhF1ygCq22MabelEdnaRing22pgPA8_8]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his youth, he worked in his family's grocery store.<sup id="cite_ref-Ad_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated as the valedictorian of his class (1939) at <a href="/wiki/Rockford_Central_High_School" title="Rockford Central High School">Rockford Central High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> in 1942, and started law school; his education was interrupted by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1980_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> in 1943, and served as a <a href="/wiki/Staff_sergeant" title="Staff sergeant">staff sergeant</a> in the U.S. Field Artillery in France and Germany until the end of the war, receiving four <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star">service stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ad_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Anderson returned to complete his education, earning a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> (J.D.) from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Law" title="University of Illinois College of Law">University of Illinois College of Law</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anderson was admitted to the Illinois <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a> the same year, and practiced law in Rockford. Soon after, he moved east to attend <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, obtaining a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a> (LL.M.) in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Harvard, he served on the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_School_of_Law" title="Northeastern University School of Law">Northeastern University School of Law</a> in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-CTobit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another brief return to Rockford, Anderson practiced at the law firm Large, Reno & Zahm (now Reno & Zahm LLP).<sup id="cite_ref-CTobit_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Anderson joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service">Foreign Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1980_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1952 to 1955, he served in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, as the Economic Reporting Officer in the Eastern Affairs Division, as an adviser on the staff of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_High_Commission" title="Allied High Commission">United States High Commissioner for Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CTobit_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of his tour, he left the foreign service and once again returned to the practice of law in Rockford.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason20119–10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason20119–10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_B._Anderson_congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_B._Anderson_congress.jpg/180px-John_B._Anderson_congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_B._Anderson_congress.jpg/270px-John_B._Anderson_congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_B._Anderson_congress.jpg/360px-John_B._Anderson_congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of Anderson in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after his return, Anderson was approached about running for public office. In 1956, Anderson was elected <a href="/wiki/State%27s_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="State's attorney">State's Attorney</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Illinois" title="Winnebago County, Illinois">Winnebago County, Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first winning a four-person race in the April primary by 1,330 votes and then the general election in November by 11,456 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After serving for one term, he was ready to leave that office when the local congressman, 28-year incumbent <a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">Leo E. Allen</a>, announced his retirement. Anderson joined the Republican primary for Allen's 16th District seat—the real contest in this then-solidly Republican district based in Rockford and stretching across the state's northwest corner. He won a five-way primary in April (by 5,900 votes) in April and then the general election in November (by 45,000 votes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201110–14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201110–14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> for ten terms, from 1961 to 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Anderson was among the most conservative members of the Republican caucus. Three times (in 1961, 1963, and 1965) in his early terms as a Congressman, Anderson introduced a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> to attempt to "recognize the law and authority of Jesus Christ" over the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bills died quietly but later came back to haunt Anderson in his presidential candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201114–15_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201114–15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011234–235_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011234–235-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Acts of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/24th_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially supportive of <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s candidacy for president in 1964 and believing Goldwater to be a "honest, sincere man", Anderson came to believe that most of his ideas would not work on a national scale, and described <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s victory over Goldwater in the 1964 election as a vote for moderation, believing that the Republican Party needed to go in a moderate direction. Other factors such as attending the funerals of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a>, as well as the street riots happening in America at that point, led to Anderson shift from the right to the left on social issues, although his fiscal positions largely remained conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1980_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The riots led Anderson to vote in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1968" title="Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968">Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_B_Anderson_1974_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_B_Anderson_1974_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_B_Anderson_1974_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_B_Anderson_1974_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_B_Anderson_1974_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_B_Anderson_1974_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_B_Anderson_1974_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Anderson in 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1964, Anderson won appointment to a seat on the powerful <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">Rules Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, he became <a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives">House Republican Conference</a>, the number three position in the <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of the United States House of Representatives">House Republican hierarchy</a> in what was (at that time) the minority party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201116–21_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201116–21-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson increasingly found himself at odds with conservatives in his home district and other members of the House.<sup id="cite_ref-CTobit_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was not always a faithful supporter of the Republican agenda, despite his high rank in the Republican caucus. He was very critical of the Vietnam War, and was a very controversial critic of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> during <a href="/wiki/Watergate" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate">Watergate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CTobit_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, despite his criticism of Nixon, the strong anti-Republican tide in that year's election held him to 55% of the vote, what would be the lowest percentage of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson described Nixon as a "man of great duplicity". </p><p>His spot as the chairman of the House Republican Committee was challenged three times after his election<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, when <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential campaign</a>, Anderson lost a key ally in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201124–27_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201124–27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970 and 1972, Anderson had a Democratic challenger in Rockford Professor John E. Devine. In both years, Anderson defeated Devine by a wide margin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1977, a fundamentalist television minister from Rockford, Don Lyon, announced that he would challenge Anderson in the Republican primary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201130–35_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201130–35-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a contentious campaign, where Lyon, with his experience before the camera, proved to be a formidable candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-RMS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyon raised a great deal of money, won backing from many conservatives in the community and party, and put quite a scare into the Anderson team.<sup id="cite_ref-RMS_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Anderson was a leader in the House and the campaign commanded national attention, Anderson won the primary by 16% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1980_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson was aided in this campaign by strong newspaper endorsements and crossover support from independents and Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201128–36_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201128–36-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980_presidential_campaign">1980 presidential campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1980 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_campaign">Early campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_Debate_with_Ronald_Reagan,_Philip_Crane,_George_Bush_and_John_Anderson_with_moderator_Eric_Sevareid_in_Chicago,_Illinois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Republican_Debate_with_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Philip_Crane%2C_George_Bush_and_John_Anderson_with_moderator_Eric_Sevareid_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois.jpg/280px-Republican_Debate_with_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Philip_Crane%2C_George_Bush_and_John_Anderson_with_moderator_Eric_Sevareid_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Republican_Debate_with_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Philip_Crane%2C_George_Bush_and_John_Anderson_with_moderator_Eric_Sevareid_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois.jpg/420px-Republican_Debate_with_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Philip_Crane%2C_George_Bush_and_John_Anderson_with_moderator_Eric_Sevareid_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Republican_Debate_with_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Philip_Crane%2C_George_Bush_and_John_Anderson_with_moderator_Eric_Sevareid_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois.jpg/560px-Republican_Debate_with_Ronald_Reagan%2C_Philip_Crane%2C_George_Bush_and_John_Anderson_with_moderator_Eric_Sevareid_in_Chicago%2C_Illinois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Anderson (far right) in a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>-sponsored presidential forum alongside fellow Republican candidates, March 13, 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, Anderson formed a presidential campaign <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_committee" title="Exploratory committee">exploratory committee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finding little public or media interest. In late April 1979, Anderson made the decision to enter the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980">Republican primary</a>, joining a field that included <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the last weeks of 1979, Anderson introduced his signature campaign proposal, advocating that a 50-cent a gallon <a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Fuel taxes in the United States">gas tax</a> be enacted with a corresponding 50% reduction in <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)#Taxation" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson built <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1980">state campaigns</a> in four targeted states—<a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CTobit_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won some political support among Republicans, picking up endorsements along the way that helped legitimize him in the race.<sup id="cite_ref-WPobit_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to build support among media elites, who appreciated his articulateness, straightforward manner, moderate positions, and his refusal to walk down the conservative path that all of the other Republicans were traveling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201153–119_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201153–119-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anderson often referred to his candidacy as "a campaign of ideas". He supported tax credits for businesses' research-and-development budgets, which he believed would increase American productivity; he also supported increasing funding for research at universities. He supported lowering interest rates, antitrust action, conservation, environmental protection and limit oil companies from absorbing small businesses through legislation. He opposed Ronald Reagan's proposal to cut taxes broadly, which he feared would increase the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a> and the inflation rate (which was very high at the time of the campaign), believing it to be "Coolidge-era economics".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also supported a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Fuel taxes in the United States">tax on gasoline</a> to reduce dependence on foreign oil.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">gay rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion rights</a> generally; he also touted his perfect record of having supported all civil rights legislation since 1960. He opposed the requirement for registration for the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">military draft</a>, which Jimmy Carter had reinstated. This made him appealing to many liberal college students who were dissatisfied with Carter.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also voiced support for a strong, flexible military and support for <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> against the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, as well as several other positions associated with Republicans, including deregulation of some industries such as natural gas and oil prices, and a balanced budget to be achieved mainly by reductions in government spending.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_primary">Republican primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Republican primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 5, 1980, in the Republican candidates' debate in <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike the other candidates, Anderson said lowering taxes, increasing defense spending, and balancing the budget were an impossible combination.<sup id="cite_ref-WPobit_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a stirring summation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011120–127_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011120–127-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson invoked his father's immigration to the United States and said that Americans would have to make sacrifices "for a better tomorrow."<sup id="cite_ref-WPobit_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next week, Anderson's name and face were all over the national news programs, in newspapers, and in national news magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011120–127_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011120–127-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson spent less than $2000 in Iowa, but he finished with 4.3% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-CTobit_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The television networks were covering the event, portraying Anderson to a national audience as a man of character and principle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011133–156_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011133–156-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the voters in New Hampshire went to the polls, Anderson again exceeded the expectations, finishing fourth with just under 10% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011133–156_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011133–156-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anderson was declared the winner in both Massachusetts and Vermont by the Associated Press,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisnow1983146_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisnow1983146-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the following morning ended up losing both primaries by a slim margin.<sup id="cite_ref-WPobit_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Massachusetts, he lost to George Bush by 0.3% and in Vermont he lost to Reagan by 690 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-WPobit_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson arrived in Illinois following the New England primaries and had a lead in the state polls,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his Illinois campaign struggled despite endorsements from the state's two largest newspapers. Reagan defeated him, 48% to 37%. Anderson carried Chicago and Rockford, the state's two largest cities at the time, but he lost in the more conservative <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois" title="Southern Illinois">southern section of the state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CTobit_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next week, there was a primary in Connecticut, which (while Anderson was on the ballot) his team had chosen not to campaign actively in.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finished third in Connecticut with 22% of the vote, and it seemed to most observers like any other loss, whether Anderson said he was competing or not.<sup id="cite_ref-WPobit_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next was Wisconsin, and this was thought to be Anderson's best chance for victory, but he again finished third, winning 27% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011238_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011238-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_campaign">Independent campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independent campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AndersonButton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/AndersonButton.jpg/180px-AndersonButton.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/AndersonButton.jpg/270px-AndersonButton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/AndersonButton.jpg/360px-AndersonButton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Campaign_button" title="Campaign button">campaign button</a> for Anderson's independent campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>The Republican platform failed to endorse the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> or support extension of time for its ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson was a strong supporter of both.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollsters were finding that Anderson was much more popular across the country with all voters than he was in the Republican primary states.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSobit_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSobit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without any campaigning, he was running at 22% nationally in a three-way race.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSobit_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSobit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson's personal aide and confidant, Tom Wartowski, encouraged him to remain in the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011264_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011264-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson faced a huge number of obstacles as a non-major party candidate: having to qualify for 51 ballots (which the major parties appeared on automatically), having to raise money to run a campaign (the major parties received close to $30 million in <a href="/wiki/Presidential_election_campaign_fund_checkoff" title="Presidential election campaign fund checkoff">government money for their campaigns</a>), having to win national coverage, having to build a campaign overnight, and having to find a suitable running mate among them.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSobit_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSobit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built a new campaign team, qualified for every ballot, raised a great deal of money, and rose in the polls to as high as 26% in one <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011264–308_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011264–308-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the summer of 1980, he had an overseas campaign tour to show his foreign policy credentials and it took a drubbing on national television. The major parties, particularly the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">Republicans</a>, basked in the spotlight of their <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national conventions</a> where Anderson was left out of the coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSobit_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSobit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson made an appearance with <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> and it, too, was a huge error.<sup id="cite_ref-WPobit_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the third week of August he was in the 13–15% range in the polls.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A critical issue for Anderson was appearing in the fall <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1980 United States presidential debates">presidential debates</a> after the League of Women Voters invited him to appear due to popular interest in his candidacy, although he was only polling 12% at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late August, he named <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lucey" title="Patrick Lucey">Patrick Lucey</a>, the former two-term Democratic Governor of Wisconsin and Ambassador to Mexico as his running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSobit_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSobit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in August, Anderson released a 317-page comprehensive platform, under the banner of the National Unity Party,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011352_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011352-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was very well received. In early September, a court challenge to Federal Election Campaign Act was successful and Anderson qualified for post-election public funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Anderson submitted his petitions for his fifty-first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, the League ruled that the polls showed that he had met the qualification threshold and said he would appear in the debates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011332–369_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011332–369-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_campaign">Fall campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fall campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windblown_Independent_Presidential_Candidate_John_Anderson_speaks_to_students_at_the_University_of_Michigan,_September_3,_1980._(7670512080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windblown_Independent_Presidential_Candidate_John_Anderson_speaks_to_students_at_the_University_of_Michigan%2C_September_3%2C_1980._%287670512080%29.jpg/210px-Windblown_Independent_Presidential_Candidate_John_Anderson_speaks_to_students_at_the_University_of_Michigan%2C_September_3%2C_1980._%287670512080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windblown_Independent_Presidential_Candidate_John_Anderson_speaks_to_students_at_the_University_of_Michigan%2C_September_3%2C_1980._%287670512080%29.jpg/315px-Windblown_Independent_Presidential_Candidate_John_Anderson_speaks_to_students_at_the_University_of_Michigan%2C_September_3%2C_1980._%287670512080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windblown_Independent_Presidential_Candidate_John_Anderson_speaks_to_students_at_the_University_of_Michigan%2C_September_3%2C_1980._%287670512080%29.jpg/420px-Windblown_Independent_Presidential_Candidate_John_Anderson_speaks_to_students_at_the_University_of_Michigan%2C_September_3%2C_1980._%287670512080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Anderson speaking to students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, September 3, 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>Carter said that he would not appear on stage with Anderson, and sat out the debate, which hurt the President in the eyes of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reagan and Anderson had a <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates#First_presidential_debate_(Convention_Center)" title="1980 United States presidential debates">debate</a> in Baltimore on September 21, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSobit_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSobit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson did well, and polls showed he won a modest debate victory over Reagan, but Reagan, who had been portrayed by Carter throughout the campaign as something of a warmonger, was seen as a reasonable candidate who carried himself well in the debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate was Anderson's big opportunity as he needed a break-out performance, but what he got was a modest victory.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSobit_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSobit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following weeks, Anderson slowly faded out of the picture with his support dropping from 16% to 10–12% in the first half of October.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1980_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the month, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates#Second_presidential_debate_(Music_Hall)" title="1980 United States presidential debates">Reagan debated Carter</a> alone, but <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> attempted to let Anderson participate in the 2nd debate by tape delay. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schorr" title="Daniel Schorr">Daniel Schorr</a> asked Anderson the questions from the Carter-Reagan debate,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then CNN interspersed Anderson's live answers with tape delayed responses from Carter and Reagan.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anderson's support continued to fade down to 5%, although rose up to 8% just before election day.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1980_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Reagan would win a sizable victory, the polls showed the two major party candidates closer (Gallup's final poll was 47–44–8<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> going into the election and it was clear that many would-be Anderson supporters had been pulled away by Carter and Reagan.<sup id="cite_ref-WPobit_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Anderson finished with 6.6% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011366–408_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011366–408-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Anderson's support came from those <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">Liberal Republicans</a> who were suspicious of, or even hostile to, Reagan's conservative record.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many prominent intellectuals, including <i><a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a></i> creator <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a>, and the editors of the liberal magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, also endorsed the Anderson campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Garry_Trudeau" title="Garry Trudeau">Garry Trudeau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Doonesbury" title="Doonesbury">Doonesbury</a></i> ran several strips sympathetic to the Anderson campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Doonesbury_@_30_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doonesbury_@_30-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former First Lady <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> were also reported to be Anderson supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Carter campaign feared Anderson could be a <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler</a>, Anderson's campaign turned out to be "simply another option" for frustrated voters who had already decided not to back Carter for another term. Polls found that around 37% of Anderson voters favored Reagan as their second choice over Carter.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson did not carry a single precinct in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011409_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011409-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011529_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011529-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson's finish was still the best showing for a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third-party</a> candidate since <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>'s 14% in 1968 and stands as the seventh-best for any such candidate since <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">the Civil War</a> (trailing <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>'s 8.5% in 1892, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s 27% in 1912, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. La Follette, Sr.">Robert La Follette</a>'s 17% in 1924, Wallace, and <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a>'s 19% and 8% in 1992 and 1996, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pursued Ohio's refusal to provide ballot access to the U.S. Supreme Court and won 5–4 in <i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Celebrezze" title="Anderson v. Celebrezze">Anderson v. Celebrezze</a></i>. His inability to make headway against the <i>de facto</i> two-party system as an independent in that election would later lead him to become an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>, helping to found <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Anderson_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Anderson_1999.jpg/250px-John_Anderson_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Anderson_1999.jpg/375px-John_Anderson_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Anderson_1999.jpg/500px-John_Anderson_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Anderson speaking at a rally, 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the campaign, much of Anderson's support came from college students.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a> stated during an interview that he voted for Anderson in 1980. Anderson capitalized on that by becoming a visiting professor at a series of universities: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_College_of_Law" title="University of Illinois College of Law">University of Illinois College of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Southeastern_University" title="Nova Southeastern University">Nova Southeastern University</a> and delivered the lecture at the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Family_Lecture_Series_on_International_Relations" title="Waldo Family Lecture Series on International Relations">Waldo Family Lecture Series on International Relations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Anderson endorsed <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> over <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was chair of <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> from 1996 to 2008, after helping to found the organization in 1992, and continued to serve on its board until 2014. He also served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Global_Solutions" title="Citizens for Global Solutions">World Federalist Association</a> and on the advisory board of <a href="/wiki/Public_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Campaign">Public Campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/Of_counsel" title="Of counsel">of counsel</a> to the Washington, D.C.-based law firm of <a href="/wiki/Greenberg_%26_Lieberman" title="Greenberg & Lieberman">Greenberg & Lieberman</a>, LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was the first executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_National_Interest" title="Council for the National Interest">Council for the National Interest</a>, founded in 1989 by former Congressmen <a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">Paul Findley</a> (R-IL) and <a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a> (R-CA) to promote American interests in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2000_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 U.S. presidential election">2000 U.S. presidential election</a>, he was briefly considered as possible candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a> nomination but instead endorsed <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign">was nominated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2008, Anderson indicated strong support for the candidacy of a fellow Illinoisan, Democratic contender <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, he played a role in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> party organized to support the candidacy of former <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a> (no relation) for the <a href="/wiki/2012_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 U.S. presidential election">2012 U.S. presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocky_Anderson_returns_this_time_shooting_for_nation's_top_office_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocky_Anderson_returns_this_time_shooting_for_nation's_top_office-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 6, 2014, he endorsed the campaign for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="United Nations Parliamentary Assembly">United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</a> (UNPA), one of only six persons who served in Congress ever to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anderson died in Washington, D.C., on December 3, 2017, at the age of 95.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> on June 22, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT1980-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1980_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1980_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1980_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1980_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1980_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1980_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1980_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeaver_Jr1980" class="citation news cs1">Weaver Jr, Warren (August 26, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/08/26/archives/anderson-chooses-lucey-for-his-ticket-praises-exwisconsin-governor.html">"Anderson Chooses Lucey for his Ticket; Praises Ex-Wisconsin Governor as Qualified for the White House Seeking Broader Support Anderson Picks Lucey, Ex-Governor of Wisconsin, as Running Mate Matter of Prominence Sees Effect on Congressmen Gives Carter 'No Chance'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anderson+Chooses+Lucey+for+his+Ticket%3B+Praises+Ex-Wisconsin+Governor+as+Qualified+for+the+White+House+Seeking+Broader+Support+Anderson+Picks+Lucey%2C+Ex-Governor+of+Wisconsin%2C+as+Running+Mate+Matter+of+Prominence+Sees+Effect+on+Congressmen+Gives+Carter+%27No+Chance%27&rft.date=1980-08-26&rft.aulast=Weaver+Jr&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F08%2F26%2Farchives%2Fanderson-chooses-lucey-for-his-ticket-praises-exwisconsin-governor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod1980" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">Axelrod, David</a> (March 6, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024111321/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/623990942.html?dids=623990942:623990942&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+06,+1980&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Wife+a+prime+mover+in+the+primary+campaign&pqatl=google">"Wife a prime mover in the primary campaign"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/623990942.html?dids=623990942:623990942&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+06%2C+1980&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Wife+a+prime+mover+in+the+primary+campaign&pqatl=google">the original</a> on October 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Wife+a+prime+mover+in+the+primary+campaign&rft.date=1980-03-06&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F623990942.html%3Fdids%3D623990942%3A623990942%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DMar%2B06%252C%2B1980%26author%3D%26pub%3DChicago%2BTribune%26desc%3DWife%2Ba%2Bprime%2Bmover%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bprimary%2Bcampaign%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Kestenbaum" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence Kestenbaum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/anderson5.html">"Index to Politicians: Anderson, J"</a>. <i>The Political Graveyard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Graveyard&rft.atitle=Index+to+Politicians%3A+Anderson%2C+J&rft.au=Lawrence+Kestenbaum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalgraveyard.com%2Fbio%2Fanderson5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9pOZthhF1ygCq22MabelEdnaRing22pgPA8_8]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9pOZthhF1ygCq22MabelEdnaRing22pgPA8_8]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9pOZthhF1ygC&q=%22Mabel+Edna+Ring%22&pg=PA8">8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ad-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ad_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ad_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1980/john-anderson">"The Living Room Candidate"</a>. <i>www.livingroomcandidate.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livingroomcandidate.org&rft.atitle=The+Living+Room+Candidate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingroomcandidate.org%2Fcommercials%2F1980%2Fjohn-anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTobit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer2017" class="citation news cs1">Clymer, Adam (December 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/us/politics/john-anderson-who-ran-against-reagan-and-carter-in-1980-is-dead-at-95.html">"John Anderson, Who Ran Against Reagan and Carter in 1980, Is Dead at 95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Anderson%2C+Who+Ran+Against+Reagan+and+Carter+in+1980%2C+Is+Dead+at+95&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F12%2F04%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjohn-anderson-who-ran-against-reagan-and-carter-in-1980-is-dead-at-95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=a000195">"Anderson, John Bayard"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anderson%2C+John+Bayard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3Da000195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTobit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTobit_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTobit_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTobit_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTobit_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTobit_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTobit_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTobit_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTobit_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ct-john-anderson-dead-20171204-story.html">"Illinois Republican John B. Anderson, third-party candidate for President in 1980, Dies at 95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. December 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Illinois+Republican+John+B.+Anderson%2C+third-party+candidate+for+President+in+1980%2C+Dies+at+95&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fct-john-anderson-dead-20171204-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason20119–10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason20119–10_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2017" class="citation web cs1">Burnett, Sara (December 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/989f24377982423e846248db67c86c3a">"Ex-Illinois Rep. John Anderson, who ran for president, dies"</a>. <i>AP News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Ex-Illinois+Rep.+John+Anderson%2C+who+ran+for+president%2C+dies&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F989f24377982423e846248db67c86c3a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower1980" class="citation news cs1">Hornblower, Margot (October 23, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/10/23/anderson-steady-and-self-confident/6401908d-fc90-4eaa-8243-a0cec5b3989e/">"Anderson: Steady and Self-Confident"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Anderson%3A+Steady+and+Self-Confident&rft.date=1980-10-23&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1980%2F10%2F23%2Fanderson-steady-and-self-confident%2F6401908d-fc90-4eaa-8243-a0cec5b3989e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201110–14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201110–14_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 10–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debates.org/index.php?page=september-21-1980-debate-transcript">"Debate Transcript"</a>. <i>Commission on Presidential Debates</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commission+on+Presidential+Debates&rft.atitle=Debate+Transcript&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debates.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dseptember-21-1980-debate-transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201114–15-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201114–15_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011234–235-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011234–235_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf">"House – February 10, 1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>110</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 2804–2805. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317215522/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+February+10%2C+1964&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2804-2805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1964-pt2%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf">"House – July 2, 1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>110</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 15897. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317215801/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+July+2%2C+1964&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=15897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1964-pt12%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf">"House – August 16, 1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>113</b> (17). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 22778. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202124/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+August+16%2C+1967&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=22778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1967-pt17%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf">"House – April 10, 1968"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>114</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 9621. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228022757/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+April+10%2C+1968&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=9621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1968-pt8%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt13/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt13-7-1.pdf">"House – August 27, 1962"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>108</b> (13). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 17670. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317215704/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt13/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt13-7-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+August+27%2C+1962&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=17670&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1962-pt13%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1962-pt13-7-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf">"House – July 9, 1965"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>111</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 16285–16286. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204070445/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+July+9%2C+1965&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=16285-16286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1965-pt12%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf">"House – August 3, 1965"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>111</b> (14). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 19201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306104521/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+August+3%2C+1965&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=19201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1965-pt14%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">No Holding Back: The 1980 John B. Anderson Presidential Campaign</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1968/h405">"To Agree to Conference Report on S. 3497, The Housing … – House Vote #405 – Jul 26, 1968"</a>. <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=To+Agree+to+Conference+Report+on+S.+3497%2C+The+Housing+%E2%80%A6+%E2%80%93+House+Vote+%23405+%E2%80%93+Jul+26%2C+1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F90-1968%2Fh405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/03/06/john-b-anderson-12-years-on-the-road-to-discovery/93e4c63d-cc39-4125-a1c5-02bbb39657a8/">"John B. Anderson: 12 Years On the Road to Discovery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=John+B.+Anderson%3A+12+Years+On+the+Road+to+Discovery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1980%2F03%2F06%2Fjohn-b-anderson-12-years-on-the-road-to-discovery%2F93e4c63d-cc39-4125-a1c5-02bbb39657a8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201116–21-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201116–21_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 16–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201124–27-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201124–27_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKestenbaum" class="citation web cs1">Kestenbaum, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/devine.html">"The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Devine"</a>. <i>politicalgraveyard.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=politicalgraveyard.com&rft.atitle=The+Political+Graveyard%3A+Index+to+Politicians%3A+Devine&rft.aulast=Kestenbaum&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalgraveyard.com%2Fbio%2Fdevine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201130–35-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201130–35_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 30–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RMS_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMS_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira Teinowitz, "Anderson–Lyon Race is Top Attraction", <i>Rockford Morning Star</i>, February 26, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201128–36-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201128–36_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 28–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campaign Jon Moore, ed., The Campaign for President: 1980 in Retrospect (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1981), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1979/07/29/page/J12/article/from-back-in-the-pack-john-anderson-begins-to-move">"From back in the pack John Anderson begins to move (July 29, 1979)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+back+in+the+pack+John+Anderson+begins+to+move+%28July+29%2C+1979%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1979%2F07%2F29%2Fpage%2FJ12%2Farticle%2Ffrom-back-in-the-pack-john-anderson-begins-to-move&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CBS Evening News, December 10, 1979; NBC Nightly News, December 13, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPobit-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPobit_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPobit_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPobit_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPobit_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPobit_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPobit_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPobit_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPobit_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-b-anderson-fiery-third-party-candidate-in-1980-presidential-race-dies-at-95/2017/12/04/dd25dfda-d92a-11e7-b1a8-62589434a581_story.html">"John B. Anderson, fiery third-party candidate in 1980 presidential race, dies at 95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. December 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=John+B.+Anderson%2C+fiery+third-party+candidate+in+1980+presidential+race%2C+dies+at+95&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fjohn-b-anderson-fiery-third-party-candidate-in-1980-presidential-race-dies-at-95%2F2017%2F12%2F04%2Fdd25dfda-d92a-11e7-b1a8-62589434a581_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason201153–119-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason201153–119_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 53–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204070103/http://www.4president.org/brochures/andersonlucey1980brochure.htm">"John Anderson for President 1980 Campaign Brochure"</a>. <i>www.4president.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4president.org/brochures/andersonlucey1980brochure.htm">the original</a> on December 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.4president.org&rft.atitle=John+Anderson+for+President+1980+Campaign+Brochure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4president.org%2Fbrochures%2Fandersonlucey1980brochure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Campaign of Ideas: The 1980 Anderson/Lucey Platform (Contributions in American Studies)</i> by Clifford W Brown Jr. (Author), Robert J. Walker (Author) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313245350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313245350">978-0313245350</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1980" class="citation magazine cs1">Shapiro, Walter (February 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1980/02/john-anderson-the-nice-guy-syndrome/306028/">"John Anderson: The Nice Guy Syndrome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=John+Anderson%3A+The+Nice+Guy+Syndrome&rft.date=1980-02&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1980%2F02%2Fjohn-anderson-the-nice-guy-syndrome%2F306028%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0514/051419.html">"John Anderson: the independent and issues"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=John+Anderson%3A+the+independent+and+issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1980%2F0514%2F051419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygGL9DGeSGM">"Republican Debate, Iowa 1980"</a>. YouTube. January 5, 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ygGL9DGeSGM">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republican+Debate%2C+Iowa+1980&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=1980-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DygGL9DGeSGM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011120–127-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011120–127_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011120–127_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 120–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011133–156-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011133–156_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011133–156_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 133–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CBS Evening News, western edition, March 4, 1980; MacPherson, "Wow! Said John Anderson", March 6, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisnow1983146-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBisnow1983146_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBisnow1983">Bisnow 1983</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011238-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011238_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25844">Republican Party Platform of 1980</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219225439/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25844">Archived</a> December 19, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, July 15, 1980. <i>The American Presidency Project</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4president.org/brochures/andersonlucey1980brochure.htm">John Anderson for President 1980 Campaign Brochure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204070103/http://www.4president.org/brochures/andersonlucey1980brochure.htm">Archived</a> December 4, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, www.4president.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBSobit-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBSobit_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSobit_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSobit_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSobit_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSobit_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSobit_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSobit_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-anderson-former-illinois-congressman-presidential-candidate-dead-at-95/">"John Anderson, former congressman and 1980 presidential candidate, dies at 95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. December 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=John+Anderson%2C+former+congressman+and+1980+presidential+candidate%2C+dies+at+95&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-anderson-former-illinois-congressman-presidential-candidate-dead-at-95%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011264-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011264_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011264–308-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011264–308_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 264–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/08/19/archives/with-kennedy-aid-carter-cuts-reagan-lead-in-poll-carter-gains-in.html">"With Kennedy Aid, Carter Cuts Reagan Lead in Poll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. August 19, 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=With+Kennedy+Aid%2C+Carter+Cuts+Reagan+Lead+in+Poll&rft.date=1980-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F08%2F19%2Farchives%2Fwith-kennedy-aid-carter-cuts-reagan-lead-in-poll-carter-gains-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2016/8/18/open_up_the_debates_green_partys">"Open Up the Debates: Green Party's Jill Stein Accuses Democrats & GOP of Rigging Debate Rules"</a>. <i>Democracy Now!</i>. August 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Open+Up+the+Debates%3A+Green+Party%27s+Jill+Stein+Accuses+Democrats+%26+GOP+of+Rigging+Debate+Rules&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2016%2F8%2F18%2Fopen_up_the_debates_green_partys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011352-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011352_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_55-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-04/john-anderson-third-party-candidate-for-president-dies-at-95">"John Anderson, Independent Who Ran for President, Dies at 95"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. December 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=John+Anderson%2C+Independent+Who+Ran+for+President%2C+Dies+at+95&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-12-04%2Fjohn-anderson-third-party-candidate-for-president-dies-at-95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011332–369-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011332–369_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 332–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiAf2Ch9QbM">"1980 Presidential Candidate Debate: Governor Ronald Reagan and Congressman John Anderson – 9/21/80"</a>. YouTube. September 21, 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/wiAf2Ch9QbM">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1980+Presidential+Candidate+Debate%3A+Governor+Ronald+Reagan+and+Congressman+John+Anderson+%E2%80%93+9%2F21%2F80&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=1980-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwiAf2Ch9QbM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608021410/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEHGr4VuBYI&gl=US&hl=en">"Carter/Reagan/Anderson Debate"</a>. YouTube. October 28, 1980. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEHGr4VuBYI">the original</a> on June 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carter%2FReagan%2FAnderson+Debate&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=1980-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdEHGr4VuBYI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/1027/102722.html">"Anderson to debate, too, via cable-TV network"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. October 27, 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Anderson+to+debate%2C+too%2C+via+cable-TV+network&rft.date=1980-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1980%2F1027%2F102722.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2016" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Alan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3q0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263"><i>Presidential Debates: Risky Business on the Campaign Trail</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231541503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231541503"><bdi>978-0231541503</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Debates%3A+Risky+Business+on+the+Campaign+Trail&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0231541503&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3q0CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/10/29/archives/a-carter-flipflop-is-seen-by-anderson-responding-to-2-debaters.html">"A Carter 'Flip-Flop' is Seen by Anderson; Responding to 2 Debaters' Views, He Says on Cable TV That Tax Cuts Are 'Irresponsible' Carter's Earlier Position Repeating Charges of Past Service in World War II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. October 29, 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Carter+%27Flip-Flop%27+is+Seen+by+Anderson%3B+Responding+to+2+Debaters%27+Views%2C+He+Says+on+Cable+TV+That+Tax+Cuts+Are+%27Irresponsible%27+Carter%27s+Earlier+Position+Repeating+Charges+of+Past+Service+in+World+War+II&rft.date=1980-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F10%2F29%2Farchives%2Fa-carter-flipflop-is-seen-by-anderson-responding-to-2-debaters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216181548/http://www.gallup.com/poll/9442/election-polls-accuracy-record-presidential-elections.aspx">"Election Polls – Accuracy Record in Presidential Elections"</a>. <i>Gallup</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doonesbury%27s+Timeline%3A+1980s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoonesbury.washingtonpost.com%2Fstrip%2Farchive%2Ftimeline%2F1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinman2017" class="citation web cs1">Feinman, Ronald L. (March 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/165276">"The Last Serious, Qualified Third-Party Candidate for President Was … ?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=The+Last+Serious%2C+Qualified+Third-Party+Candidate+for+President+Was+%E2%80%A6+%3F&rft.date=2017-03-05&rft.aulast=Feinman&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F165276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornacki2011" class="citation web cs1">Kornacki, Steve (April 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2011/04/04/third_party_myth_easterbrook/">"The myths that just won't die"</a>. <i>Salon</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+myths+that+just+won%27t+die&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.aulast=Kornacki&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2Fthird_party_myth_easterbrook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011409-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011409_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2011529-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2011529_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason2011">Mason 2011</a>, pp. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrBenensonMoore2012" class="citation book cs1">Tarr, David R; Benenson, Bob; Moore, John Leo (2012). <i>Elections A to Z</i> (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press/Sage Publications. p. 629. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872897694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872897694"><bdi>978-0872897694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+A+to+Z&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=629&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=CQ+Press%2FSage+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0872897694&rft.aulast=Tarr&rft.aufirst=David+R&rft.au=Benenson%2C+Bob&rft.au=Moore%2C+John+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016175520/http://dc.lib.odu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/waldoseries">"Waldo Family Lecture Series Digital Collection"</a>. <i>Old Dominion University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dc.lib.odu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/waldoseries">the original</a> on October 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Dominion+University&rft.atitle=Waldo+Family+Lecture+Series+Digital+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdc.lib.odu.edu%2Fcdm%2Flandingpage%2Fcollection%2Fwaldoseries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson To Endorse Mondale; The Washington Post, David S. Broder, August 28, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010121121/http://www.aplegal.com/ourattorneys.html">"Washington DC Lawyer – Washington Attorney – Patent Lawyer"</a>. <i>Aplegal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aplegal.com/ourattorneys.html">the original</a> on October 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aplegal.com&rft.atitle=Washington+DC+Lawyer+%E2%80%93+Washington+Attorney+%E2%80%93+Patent+Lawyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aplegal.com%2Fourattorneys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWa_Aza2010" class="citation web cs1">Wa Aza, Ayoon (November 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518221949/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-242066683.html">"How Pro-Israeli Lobbies Destroy U.S. Interests"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat" title="Al-Hayat">Dar Al Hayat, International</a> ed.). 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(January 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518215609/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1952602901.html">"CNI Cruises into a New Decade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Report_on_Middle_East_Affairs" title="Washington Report on Middle East Affairs">Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1952602901.html">the original</a> on May 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Report+on+Middle+East+Affairs&rft.atitle=CNI+Cruises+into+a+New+Decade&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.aulast=Hanely&rft.aufirst=Delinda+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-1952602901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317082438/http://www.politics1.com/greens.htm">"Presidency 2000: Ralph Nader of Connecticut, Green Party Presidential Nominee"</a>. <i>Politics1</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics1.com/greens.htm">the original</a> on March 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politics1&rft.atitle=Presidency+2000%3A+Ralph+Nader+of+Connecticut%2C+Green+Party+Presidential+Nominee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics1.com%2Fgreens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Campaign digest". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. January 7, 2008. p. A5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Campaign+digest&rft.pages=A5&rft.date=2008-01-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocky_Anderson_returns_this_time_shooting_for_nation's_top_office-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rocky_Anderson_returns_this_time_shooting_for_nation's_top_office_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2011" class="citation news cs1">Robert, Gehrke (November 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/53014248-90/anderson-party-rocky-ballot.html.csp?page=2">"Rocky Anderson returns – this time shooting for nation's top office"</a>. <i>Salt Lake Tribune</i>. Salt Lake City: Kearns-Tribune LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Rocky+Anderson+returns+%E2%80%93+this+time+shooting+for+nation%27s+top+office&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Gehrke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fsltrib%2Fpolitics%2F53014248-90%2Fanderson-party-rocky-ballot.html.csp%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomboy2011" class="citation web cs1">Romboy, Dennis (November 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201221022/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705395124/Rocky-Anderson-forms-Justice-Party-plans-to-run-for-president.html">"Rocky Anderson forms Justice Party, plans to run for president"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705395124/Rocky-Anderson-forms-Justice-Party-plans-to-run-for-president.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Rocky+Anderson+forms+Justice+Party%2C+plans+to+run+for+president&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.aulast=Romboy&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F705395124%2FRocky-Anderson-forms-Justice-Party-plans-to-run-for-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/overview/?mapcountry=US&mapgroup=cur">"Overview » Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly"</a>. <i>UNPA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNPA&rft.atitle=Overview+%C2%BB+Campaign+for+a+UN+Parliamentary+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.unpacampaign.org%2Fsupporters%2Foverview%2F%3Fmapcountry%3DUS%26mapgroup%3Dcur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2018" class="citation news cs1">Robbins, Jeff (June 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonherald.com/opinion/op_ed/2018/06/congressman_and_candidate_john_b_anderson_an_honorable_man_who_spoke_his_mind">"Congressman and candidate John B. Anderson an honorable man who spoke his mind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Congressman+and+candidate+John+B.+Anderson+an+honorable+man+who+spoke+his+mind&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonherald.com%2Fopinion%2Fop_ed%2F2018%2F06%2Fcongressman_and_candidate_john_b_anderson_an_honorable_man_who_spoke_his_mind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy2002" class="citation book cs1">Amy, Douglas J. (2002). <i>Real Choices/New Voices</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231125496" title="Special:BookSources/0231125496"><bdi>0231125496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Choices%2FNew+Voices&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0231125496&rft.aulast=Amy&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisnow1983" class="citation book cs1">Bisnow, Mark (1983). <i>Diary of a Dark Horse: The 1980 Anderson Presidential Campaign</i>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809311143" title="Special:BookSources/0809311143"><bdi>0809311143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+a+Dark+Horse%3A+The+1980+Anderson+Presidential+Campaign&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0809311143&rft.aulast=Bisnow&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2011" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Jim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noholdingbackbook.com/"><i>No Holding Back: The 1980 John B. Anderson Presidential Campaign</i></a>. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761852261" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761852261"><bdi>978-0761852261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Holding+Back%3A+The+1980+John+B.+Anderson+Presidential+Campaign&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0761852261&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noholdingbackbook.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_B._Anderson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Bayard_Anderson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Bayard Anderson"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">John Bayard Anderson</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_B._Anderson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressA000195" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000195">"John B. Anderson (id: A000195)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+B.+Anderson+%28id%3A+A000195%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DA000195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+B.+Anderson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?33355">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CghhbmRlcnNvbhIEam9obiiD14OABA--/">Arlington National Cemetery</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">Leo E. Allen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Illinois">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 16th congressional district">Illinois's 16th congressional district</a> </b><br />1961–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Morley_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Morley Martin">Lynn Morley Martin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_House_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the House Republican Conference">Chair of the House Republican Conference</a> </b><br />1969–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Devine" title="Samuel L. Devine">Samuel L. Devine</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Republican_Conference_chairs_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference chairs of the United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Robeson" title="George M. Robeson">Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Grosvenor" title="Charles H. Grosvenor">Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Peters_Hepburn" class="mw-redirect" title="William Peters Hepburn">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dunklee_Currier" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Dunklee Currier">Currier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_Towner" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Mann Towner">Towner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Anderson" title="Sydney Anderson">S. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_R._Lehlbach" title="Frederick R. Lehlbach">Lehlbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_R._Hope" title="Clifford R. Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Hoeven" title="Charles B. Hoeven">Hoeven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Devine" title="Samuel L. Devine">Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">D. Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_(California_politician)" title="Jerry Lewis (California politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Watts" title="J. C. Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Pryce" title="Deborah Pryce">Pryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Putnam" title="Adam Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Hensarling" title="Jeb Hensarling">Hensarling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_McMorris_Rodgers" title="Cathy McMorris Rodgers">McMorris Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">L. Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Stefanik</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1976)_1980_United_States_presidential_election_(1984_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1980 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1976)_1980_United_States_presidential_election_(1984_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">← 1976</a>) <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John B. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1980_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">Phil Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die" title="The Dream Shall Never Die">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Ron Dellums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Candidate</dt> <dd><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John B. Anderson</a></b></dd> <dt>Running mate</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lucey" title="Patrick Lucey">Patrick Lucey</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_independent_and_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1980">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Ed Clark</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF90;"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/LaDonna_Harris" title="LaDonna Harris">LaDonna Harris</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (United States)">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Smith" title="Maureen Smith">Maureen Smith</a></b></li> <li><b>VP Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cervantes_Barron" title="Elizabeth Cervantes Barron">Elizabeth Cervantes Barron</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bubar_Jr." title="Benjamin Bubar Jr.">Ben Bubar</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Diane_Drufenbrock" title="Diane Drufenbrock">Diane Drufenbrock</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominees</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Congress" title="Richard Congress">Richard Congress</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Griswold" title="Deirdre Griswold">Deirdre Griswold </a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gavrielle_Holmes" title="Gavrielle Holmes">Gavrielle Holmes</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Spannaus" title="Warren Spannaus">Warren Spannaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1980 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1980 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illinois&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_87th–96th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illinois&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_87th–96th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s delegation(s) to the 87th–96th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress" title="87th United States Congress">87th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Noah_M._Mason" title="Noah M. Mason">N. Mason</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">R. Chiperfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Mack_Jr." title="Peter F. Mack Jr.">P. Mack</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_S._Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite S. Church">M. Church</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roland_V._Libonati" title="Roland V. Libonati">R. Libonati</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elmer_J._Hoffman" title="Elmer J. Hoffman">E. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">B. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rowan_Finnegan" title="Edward Rowan Finnegan">E. Finnegan</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress" title="88th United States Congress">88th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Brien_(Illinois_politician)" title="Thomas J. O'Brien (Illinois politician)">T. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roland_V._Libonati" title="Roland V. Libonati">R. Libonati</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elmer_J._Hoffman" title="Elmer J. Hoffman">E. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">W. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rowan_Finnegan" title="Edward Rowan Finnegan">E. Finnegan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._McLoskey" title="Robert T. McLoskey">R. McLoskey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">D. Rumsfeld</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid">C. Reid</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress" title="89th United States Congress">89th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">P. Douglas</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">W. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">D. Rumsfeld</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid">C. Reid</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Ronan" title="Daniel J. Ronan">D. Ronan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gale_Schisler" title="Gale Schisler">G. Schisler</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/90th_United_States_Congress" title="90th United States Congress">90th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">E. Dirksen</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">C. Percy</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barratt_O%27Hara" title="Barratt O'Hara">B. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">W. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">D. Rumsfeld</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid">C. Reid</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Ronan" title="Daniel J. Ronan">D. Ronan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Railsback" title="Tom Railsback">T. Railsback</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress" title="91st United States Congress">91st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen"><i>E. Dirksen</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">C. Percy</a> (R)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Tyler_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Tyler Smith"><i>R. Smith</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III"><i>A. Stevenson III</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(politician)" title="William L. Dawson (politician)">W. Dawson</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_T._Murphy" title="William T. Murphy">W. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">D. Rumsfeld</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid">C. Reid</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Ronan" title="Daniel J. Ronan"><i>D. Ronan</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Railsback" title="Tom Railsback">T. Railsback</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Abner_Mikva" title="Abner Mikva">A. Mikva</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">P. Crane</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_W._Collins" title="George W. Collins"><i>G. Collins</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">C. Percy</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">A. Stevenson III</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_L._Springer" title="William L. Springer">W. Springer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pucinski" title="Roman Pucinski">R. Pucinski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Thompson_Reid" title="Charlotte Thompson Reid"><i>C. Reid</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Railsback" title="Tom Railsback">T. Railsback</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Abner_Mikva" title="Abner Mikva">A. Mikva</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">P. Crane</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_W._Collins" title="George W. Collins">G. Collins</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Metcalfe" title="Ralph Metcalfe">R. Metcalfe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Morgan_F._Murphy" title="Morgan F. Murphy">M. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cliffard_D._Carlson" title="Cliffard D. Carlson"><i>C. Carlson</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">C. Percy</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">A. Stevenson III</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">L. Arends</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski">J. Kluczynski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gray" title="Kenneth J. Gray">K. Gray</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Collier" title="Harold R. Collier">H. Collier</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Railsback" title="Tom Railsback">T. Railsback</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">P. Crane</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Metcalfe" title="Ralph Metcalfe">R. Metcalfe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Morgan_F._Murphy" title="Morgan F. Murphy">M. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Hanrahan" title="Robert P. Hanrahan">R. Hanrahan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rell Madigan">E. Madigan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_M._O%27Brien" title="George M. O'Brien">G. O'Brien</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Young" title="Samuel H. Young">S. Young</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cardiss_Collins" title="Cardiss Collins">C. Collins</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">C. Percy</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">A. Stevenson III</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Kluczynski" title="John C. Kluczynski"><i>J. Kluczynski</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Railsback" title="Tom Railsback">T. Railsback</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">P. Crane</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Metcalfe" title="Ralph Metcalfe">R. Metcalfe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Morgan_F._Murphy" title="Morgan F. Murphy">M. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Abner_Mikva" title="Abner Mikva">A. Mikva</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rell Madigan">E. Madigan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_M._O%27Brien" title="George M. O'Brien">G. O'Brien</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cardiss_Collins" title="Cardiss Collins">C. Collins</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tim_Lee_Hall" title="Tim Lee Hall">T. Hall</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">H. Hyde</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marty_Russo" title="Marty Russo">M. Russo</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">P. Simon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_G._Fary" title="John G. Fary"><i>J. Fary</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">C. Percy</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">A. Stevenson III</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_E._Shipley" title="George E. Shipley">G. Shipley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Railsback" title="Tom Railsback">T. Railsback</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">P. Crane</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Metcalfe" title="Ralph Metcalfe">R. Metcalfe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Morgan_F._Murphy" title="Morgan F. Murphy">M. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Abner_Mikva" title="Abner Mikva">A. Mikva</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rell Madigan">E. Madigan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_M._O%27Brien" title="George M. O'Brien">G. O'Brien</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cardiss_Collins" title="Cardiss Collins">C. Collins</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">H. Hyde</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marty_Russo" title="Marty Russo">M. Russo</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">P. Simon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_G._Fary" title="John G. Fary">J. Fary</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Corcoran_(politician)" title="Tom Corcoran (politician)">T. Corcoran</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">C. Percy</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">A. Stevenson III</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">M. Price</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sidney_R._Yates" title="Sidney R. Yates">S. Yates</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">B. Michel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ed_Derwinski" title="Ed Derwinski">E. Derwinski</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">D. Rostenkowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Findley" title="Paul Findley">P. Findley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClory" title="Robert McClory">R. McClory</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Frank_Annunzio" title="Frank Annunzio">F. Annunzio</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_N._Erlenborn" title="John N. Erlenborn">J. Erlenborn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Railsback" title="Tom Railsback">T. Railsback</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Phil_Crane" title="Phil Crane">P. Crane</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Morgan_F._Murphy" title="Morgan F. Murphy">M. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Abner_Mikva" title="Abner Mikva"><i>A. Mikva</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rell_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Rell Madigan">E. Madigan</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_M._O%27Brien" title="George M. O'Brien">G. O'Brien</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cardiss_Collins" title="Cardiss Collins">C. Collins</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">H. Hyde</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marty_Russo" title="Marty Russo">M. Russo</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">P. Simon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_G._Fary" title="John G. Fary">J. Fary</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom_Corcoran_(politician)" title="Tom Corcoran (politician)">T. Corcoran</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Crane" title="Dan Crane">D. Crane</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Stewart" title="Bennett Stewart">B. Stewart</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Porter_(Illinois_politician)" title="John Porter (Illinois politician)"><i>J. Porter</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936548#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463245105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01158769?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000195">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027716937">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582392">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v13610">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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