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genes</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: mecA genes"> <meta name="keywords" content="mecA genes"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="mecA genes"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 934</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: mecA genes</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">754</span> Gene Expression Analysis for Corals / Zooxanthellae under High Seawater Temperature Stress</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruka%20Ito">Haruka Ito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toru%20Maruyama"> Toru Maruyama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michihiro%20Ito"> Michihiro Ito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuya%20Shinzato"> Chuya Shinzato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroyuki%20Fujimura"> Hiroyuki Fujimura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshikatsu%20Nakano"> Yoshikatsu Nakano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoichiro%20Suda"> Shoichiro Suda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sachiyo%20Aburatani"> Sachiyo Aburatani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruko%20Takeyama"> Haruko Takeyama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Clarifying symbiotic relationships is one of the most important theme for understanding the marine eco-system. Coral reef has been regarded as an important environmental resource. Coral holobiont composed by coral, symbiotic microalgae zooxanthellae, and bacteria have complexed relationship. Zooxanthellae mainly supply organic matter to the host corals through their photosynthetic activity. The symbiotic relationship is indispensable for corals but may easily collapses due to the rise of seawater temperature. However, the molecular mechanism how seawater temperature influences their relationships still remain unclear. In this study, the transcriptomic analysis has applied to elucidate the coral-zooxanthellae relationships under high seawater temperature stress. To observe reactions of corals and zooxanthellae against the rise of seawater temperature, meta-gene expression in coral have been analyzed. The branches from six different colonies of a stony coral, Acropora tenuis, were sampled at nine times by 2016 at two locations, Ishikawabaru and South of Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan. The mRNAs extracted from the branches including zooxanthellae were sequenced by illumina HiSeq. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) based on hyper geometric distribution was performed. The seawater temperature at 2016 summer was unusually high, which was caused by El Niño event, and the number of zooxanthellae in coral was decreased in August. GSEA derived the several specific genes expressed in A. tenuis under heat stress conditions. The upregulated genes under heat stress highly related with infection immunity. The downregulated genes significantly contained cell cycle related genes. Thu, it is considered that heat stress cause disorder in cell metabolism of A. tenuis, resulting in serious influence to coral holobiont. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coral" title="coral">coral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symbiosis" title=" symbiosis"> symbiosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stress%20response" title=" thermal stress response"> thermal stress response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcriptome%20analysis" title=" transcriptome analysis"> transcriptome analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65544/gene-expression-analysis-for-corals-zooxanthellae-under-high-seawater-temperature-stress" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65544.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">753</span> Competition Between the Effects of Pesticides and Immune-activation on the Expression of Toll Pathway Genes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dani%20Sukkar">Dani Sukkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Kanso"> Ali Kanso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Laval-Gilly"> Philippe Laval-Gilly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jairo%20Falla-Angel"> Jairo Falla-Angel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The honeybees' immune system is challenged by different risk factors that induce various responses. However, complex scenarios where bees are exposed to different pesticides simultaneously with immune activation are not well evaluated. The Toll pathway is one of the main signaling pathways studied in invertebrate immune responses, and it is a good indicator of the effect of such complex interactions in addition to key signaling elements of other pathways like Relish of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway or Eater, the phagocytosis receptor or vitellogenin levels. Honeybee hemocytes extracted from 5th instar larvae were exposed to imidacloprid and/or amitraz with or without the presence of the zymosan a as an immune activator. The gene expression of multiple immune related genes were studied, including spaetzle, Toll, myD88, relish, eater and vitellogenin, by real-time polymerase chain reaction after RNA extraction. The results demonstrated that the Toll pathway is mainly affected by the pesticides; imidacloprid and amitraz, especially by their different combinations. Furthermore, immune activation by zymosan A, a fungal cell-wall component, acts to mitigate to some extent the effect of pesticides on the different levels of the Toll pathway. In addition, imidacloprid, amitraz, and zymosan A have complex and context-specific interactions depending on the levels of immune activation and the pathway evaluated affecting immune-gene expression differently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toll%20pathway" title="toll pathway">toll pathway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20modulation" title=" immune modulation"> immune modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B2-glucan" title=" β-glucan"> β-glucan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imidacloprid" title=" imidacloprid"> imidacloprid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amitraz" title=" amitraz"> amitraz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honeybees" title=" honeybees"> honeybees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20genes" title=" immune genes"> immune genes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172811/competition-between-the-effects-of-pesticides-and-immune-activation-on-the-expression-of-toll-pathway-genes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172811.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">752</span> PARP1 Links Transcription of a Subset of RBL2-Dependent Genes with Cell Cycle Progression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ewelina%20Wisnik">Ewelina Wisnik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zsolt%20Regdon"> Zsolt Regdon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kinga%20Chmielewska"> Kinga Chmielewska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laszlo%20Virag"> Laszlo Virag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agnieszka%20Robaszkiewicz"> Agnieszka Robaszkiewicz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Apart from protecting genome, PARP1 has been documented to regulate many intracellular processes inter alia gene transcription by physically interacting with chromatin bound proteins and by their ADP-ribosylation. Our recent findings indicate that expression of PARP1 decreases during the differentiation of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells to monocytes as a consequence of differentiation-associated cell growth arrest and formation of E2F4-RBL2-HDAC1-SWI/SNF repressive complex at the promoter of this gene. Since the RBL2 complexes repress genes in a E2F-dependent manner and are widespread in the genome in G0 arrested cells, we asked (a) if RBL2 directly contributes to defining monocyte phenotype and function by targeting gene promoters and (b) if RBL2 controls gene transcription indirectly by repressing PARP1. For identification of genes controlled by RBL2 and/or PARP1,we used primer libraries for surface receptors and TLR signaling mediators, genes were silenced by siRNA or shRNA, analysis of gene promoter occupation by selected proteins was carried out by ChIP-qPCR, while statistical analysis in GraphPad Prism 5 and STATISTICA, ChIP-Seq data were analysed in Galaxy 2.5.0.0. On the list of 28 genes regulated by RBL2, we identified only four solely repressed by RBL2-E2F4-HDAC1-BRM complex. Surprisingly, 24 out of 28 emerged genes controlled by RBL2 were co-regulated by PARP1 in six different manners. In one mode of RBL2/PARP1 co-operation, represented by MAP2K6 and MAPK3, PARP1 was found to associate with gene promoters upon RBL2 silencing, which was previously shown to restore PARP1 expression in monocytes. PARP1 effect on gene transcription was observed only in the presence of active EP300, which acetylated gene promoters and activated transcription. Further analysis revealed that PARP1 binding to MA2K6 and MAPK3 promoters enabled recruitment of EP300 in monocytes, while in proliferating cancer cell lines, which actively transcribe PARP1, this protein maintained EP300 at the promoters of MA2K6 and MAPK3. Genome-wide analysis revealed a similar distribution of PARP1 and EP300 around transcription start sites and the co-occupancy of some gene promoters by PARP1 and EP300 in cancer cells. Here, we described a new RBL2/PARP1/EP300 axis which controls gene transcription regardless of the cell type. In this model cell, cycle-dependent transcription of PARP1 regulates expression of some genes repressed by RBL2 upon cell cycle limitation. Thus, RBL2 may indirectly regulate transcription of some genes by controlling the expression of EP300-recruiting PARP1. Acknowledgement: This work was financed by Polish National Science Centre grants nr DEC-2013/11/D/NZ2/00033 and DEC-2015/19/N/NZ2/01735. L.V. is funded by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office grants GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00020 TUMORDNS, GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00048-STAYALIVE and OTKA K112336. AR is supported by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education 776/STYP/11/2016. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retinoblastoma%20transcriptional%20co-repressor%20like%202%20%28RBL2%29" title="retinoblastoma transcriptional co-repressor like 2 (RBL2)">retinoblastoma transcriptional co-repressor like 2 (RBL2)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly%28ADP-ribose%29%20polymerase%201%20%28PARP1%29" title=" poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)"> poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E1A%20binding%20protein%20p300%20%28EP300%29" title=" E1A binding protein p300 (EP300)"> E1A binding protein p300 (EP300)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monocytes" title=" monocytes"> monocytes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79896/parp1-links-transcription-of-a-subset-of-rbl2-dependent-genes-with-cell-cycle-progression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">751</span> Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Enterococci in Treated Wastewater Effluent in Durban, South Africa and Characterization of Vancomycin and High-Level Gentamicin-Resistant Strains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20H.%20Gasa">S. H. Gasa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Singh"> L. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Pillay"> B. Pillay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Olaniran"> A. O. Olaniran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been implicated as the leading reservoir for antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), including Enterococci spp. and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), worldwide. Enterococci are a group of clinically significant bacteria that have gained much attention as a result of their antibiotic resistance. They play a significant role as the principal cause of nosocomial infections and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment. The main objective of this study was to ascertain the role of WWTPs in Durban, South Africa as potential reservoirs for antibiotic resistant Enterococci (ARE) and their related ARGs. Furthermore, the antibiogram and resistance gene profile of Enterococci species recovered from treated wastewater effluent and receiving surface water in Durban were also investigated. Using membrane filtration technique, Enterococcus selective agar and selected antibiotics, ARE were enumerated in samples (influent, activated sludge, before chlorination and final effluent) collected from two WWTPs, as well as from upstream and downstream of the receiving surface water. Two hundred Enterococcus isolates recovered from the treated effluent and receiving surface water were identified by biochemical and PCR-based methods, and their antibiotic resistance profiles determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay, while PCR-based assays were used to detect the presence of resistance and virulence genes. High prevalence of ARE was obtained at both WWTPs, with values reaching a maximum of 40%. The influent and activated sludge samples contained the greatest prevalence of ARE with lower values observed in the before and after chlorination samples. Of the 44 vancomycin and high-level gentamicin-resistant isolates, 11 were identified as E. faecium, 18 as E. faecalis, 4 as E. hirae while 11 are classified as “other” Enterococci species. High-level aminoglycoside resistance for gentamicin (39%) and vancomycin (61%) was recorded in species tested. The most commonly detected virulence gene was the gelE (44%), followed by asa1 (40%), while cylA and esp were detected in only 2% of the isolates. The most prevalent aminoglycoside resistance genes were aac(6')-Ie-aph(2''), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(6')-Ia detected in 43%, 45% and 41% of the isolates, respectively. Positive correlation was observed between resistant phenotypes to high levels of aminoglycosides and presence of all aminoglycoside resistance genes. Resistance genes for glycopeptide: vanB (37%) and vanC-1 (25%), and macrolide: ermB (11%) and ermC (54%) were detected in the isolates. These results show the need for more efficient wastewater treatment and disposal in order to prevent the release of virulent and antibiotic resistant Enterococci species and safeguard public health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiogram" title="antibiogram">antibiogram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterococci" title=" enterococci"> enterococci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gentamicin" title=" gentamicin"> gentamicin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vancomycin" title=" vancomycin"> vancomycin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence%20signatures" title=" virulence signatures"> virulence signatures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61312/prevalence-of-antibiotic-resistant-enterococci-in-treated-wastewater-effluent-in-durban-south-africa-and-characterization-of-vancomycin-and-high-level-gentamicin-resistant-strains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">750</span> Uncovering Anti-Hypertensive Obesity Targets and Mechanisms of Metformin, an Anti-Diabetic Medication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lu%20Yang">Lu Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keng%20Po%20Lai"> Keng Po Lai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metformin, a well-known clinical drug against diabetes, is found with potential anti-diabetic and anti-obese benefits, as reported in increasing evidences. However, the current clinical and experimental investigations are not to reveal the detailed mechanisms of metformin-anti-obesity/hypertension. We have used the bioinformatics strategy, including network pharmacology and molecular docking methodology, to uncover the key targets and pathways of bioactive compounds against clinical disorders, such as cancers, coronavirus disease. Thus, in this report, the in-silico approach was utilized to identify the hug targets, pharmacological function, and mechanism of metformin against obesity and hypertension. The networking analysis identified 154 differentially expressed genes of obesity and hypertension, 21 interaction genes, and 6 hug genes of metformin treating hypertensive obesity. As a result, the molecular docking findings indicated the potent binding capability of metformin with the key proteins, including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 (CCL2), in hypertensive obesity. The metformin-exerted anti-hypertensive obesity action involved in metabolic regulation, inflammatory reaction. And the anti-hypertensive obesity mechanisms of metformin were revealed, including regulation of inflammatory and immunological signaling pathways for metabolic homeostasis in tissue and microenvironmental melioration in blood pressure. In conclusion, our identified findings with bioinformatics analysis have demonstrated the detailed hug and pharmacological targets, biological functions, and signaling pathways of metformin treating hypertensive obesity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metformin" title="metformin">metformin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obesity" title=" obesity"> obesity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypertension" title=" hypertension"> hypertension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics%20findings" title=" bioinformatics findings"> bioinformatics findings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134103/uncovering-anti-hypertensive-obesity-targets-and-mechanisms-of-metformin-an-anti-diabetic-medication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134103.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">749</span> Computational Investigation on Structural and Functional Impact of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes on Cancer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdoulie%20K.%20Ceesay">Abdoulie K. Ceesay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within the sequence of the whole genome, it is known that 99.9% of the human genome is similar, whilst our difference lies in just 0.1%. Among these minor dissimilarities, the most common type of genetic variations that occurs in a population is SNP, which arises due to nucleotide substitution in a protein sequence that leads to protein destabilization, alteration in dynamics, and other physio-chemical properties’ distortions. While causing variations, they are equally responsible for our difference in the way we respond to a treatment or a disease, including various cancer types. There are two types of SNPs; synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (sSNP) and non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP). sSNP occur in the gene coding region without causing a change in the encoded amino acid, while nsSNP is deleterious due to its replacement of a nucleotide residue in the gene sequence that results in a change in the encoded amino acid. Predicting the effects of cancer related nsSNPs on protein stability, function, and dynamics is important due to the significance of phenotype-genotype association of cancer. In this thesis, Data of 5 oncogenes (ONGs) (AKT1, ALK, ERBB2, KRAS, BRAF) and 5 tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) (ESR1, CASP8, TET2, PALB2, PTEN) were retrieved from ClinVar. Five common in silico tools; Polyphen, Provean, Mutation Assessor, Suspect, and FATHMM, were used to predict and categorize nsSNPs as deleterious, benign, or neutral. To understand the impact of each variation on the phenotype, Maestro, PremPS, Cupsat, and mCSM-NA in silico structural prediction tools were used. This study comprises of in-depth analysis of 10 cancer gene variants downloaded from Clinvar. Various analysis of the genes was conducted to derive a meaningful conclusion from the data. Research done indicated that pathogenic variants are more common among ONGs. Our research also shows that pathogenic and destabilizing variants are more common among ONGs than TSGs. Moreover, our data indicated that ALK(409) and BRAF(86) has higher benign count among ONGs; whilst among TSGs, PALB2(1308) and PTEN(318) genes have higher benign counts. Looking at the individual cancer genes predisposition or frequencies of causing cancer according to our research data, KRAS(76%), BRAF(55%), and ERBB2(36%) among ONGs; and PTEN(29%) and ESR1(17%) among TSGs have higher tendencies of causing cancer. Obtained results can shed light to the future research in order to pave new frontiers in cancer therapies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tumor%20suppressor%20genes%20%28TSGs%29" title="tumor suppressor genes (TSGs)">tumor suppressor genes (TSGs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oncogenes%20%28ONGs%29" title=" oncogenes (ONGs)"> oncogenes (ONGs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20synonymous%20single%20nucleotide%20polymorphism%20%28nsSNP%29" title=" non synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP)"> non synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20nucleotide%20polymorphism%20%28SNP%29" title=" single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)"> single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159590/computational-investigation-on-structural-and-functional-impact-of-oncogenes-and-tumor-suppressor-genes-on-cancer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159590.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">748</span> The Genetic Architecture Underlying Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Singaporeans</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feng%20Ji%20Mervin%20Goh">Feng Ji Mervin Goh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edmund%20Chee%20Jian%20Pua"> Edmund Chee Jian Pua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stuart%20Alexander%20Cook"> Stuart Alexander Cook</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cause of heart failure. Genetic mutations account for 50% of DCM cases with TTN mutations being the most common, accounting for up to 25% of DCM cases. However, the genetic architecture underlying Asian DCM patients is unknown. We evaluated 68 patients (female= 17) with DCM who underwent follow-up at the National Heart Centre, Singapore from 2013 through 2014. Clinical data were obtained and analyzed retrospectively. Genomic DNA was subjected to next-generation targeted sequencing. Nextera Rapid Capture Enrichment was used to capture the exons of a panel of 169 cardiac genes. DNA libraries were sequenced as paired-end 150-bp reads on Illumina MiSeq. Raw sequence reads were processed and analysed using standard bioinformatics techniques. The average age of onset of DCM was 46.1±10.21 years old. The average left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular diastolic internal diameter (LVIDd), left ventricular systolic internal diameter (LVIDs) were 26.1±11.2%, 6.20±0.83cm, and 5.23±0.92cm respectively. The frequencies of mutations in major DCM-associated genes were as follows TTN (5.88% vs published frequency of 20%), LMNA (4.41% vs 6%), MYH7 (5.88% vs 4%), MYH6 (5.88% vs 4%), and SCN5a (4.41% vs 3%). The average callability at 10 times coverage of each major gene were: TTN (99.7%), LMNA (87.1%), MYH7 (94.8%), MYH6 (95.5%), and SCN5a (94.3%). In conclusion, TTN mutations are not common in Singaporean DCM patients. The frequencies of other major DCM-associated genes are comparable to frequencies published in the current literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heart%20failure" title="heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dilated%20cardiomyopathy" title=" dilated cardiomyopathy"> dilated cardiomyopathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetics" title=" genetics"> genetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=next-generation%20sequencing" title=" next-generation sequencing"> next-generation sequencing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18107/the-genetic-architecture-underlying-dilated-cardiomyopathy-in-singaporeans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">747</span> Heterogeneity of Genes Encoding the Structural Proteins of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahid%20Hussain%20Abro">Shahid Hussain Abro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siamak%20Zohari"> Siamak Zohari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lena%20H.%20M.%20Renstr%C3%B6m"> Lena H. M. Renström</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e%20S.%20Jansson"> Désirée S. Jansson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faruk%20Otman"> Faruk Otman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karin%20Ullman"> Karin Ullman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudia%20Baule"> Claudia Baule</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Infectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious respiratory, nephropathogenic and reproductive disease of poultry that is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The present study used a large data set of structural gene sequences, including newly generated ones and sequences available in the GenBank database to further analyze the diversity and to identify selective pressures and recombination spots. There were some deletions or insertions in the analyzed regions in isolates of the Italy-02 and D274 genotypes. Whereas, there were no insertions or deletions observed in the isolates of the Massachusetts and 4/91 genotype. The hypervariable nucleotide sequence regions spanned positions 152–239, 554–582, 686–737 and 802–912 in the S1 sub-unit of the all analyzed genotypes. The nucleotide sequence data of the E gene showed that this gene was comparatively unstable and subjected to a high frequency of mutations. The M gene showed substitutions consistently distributed except for a region between nucleotide positions 250–680 that remained conserved. The lowest variation in the nucleotide sequences of ORF5a was observed in the isolates of the D274 genotype. While, ORF5b and N gene sequences showed highly conserved regions and were less subjected to variation. Genes ORF3a, ORF3b, M, ORF5a, ORF5b and N presented negative selective pressure among the analyzed isolates. However, some regions of the ORFs showed favorable selective pressure(s). The S1 and E proteins were subjected to a high rate of mutational substitutions and non-synonymous amino acids. Strong signals of recombination breakpoints and ending break point were observed in the S and N genes. Overall, the results of this study revealed that very likely the strong selective pressures in E, M and the high frequency of substitutions in the S gene can probably be considered the main determinants in the evolution of IBV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IBV" title="IBV">IBV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avian%20infectious%20bronchitis" title=" avian infectious bronchitis"> avian infectious bronchitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20genes" title=" structural genes"> structural genes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genotypes" title=" genotypes"> genotypes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20diversity" title=" genetic diversity"> genetic diversity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24427/heterogeneity-of-genes-encoding-the-structural-proteins-of-avian-infectious-bronchitis-virus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">746</span> Application of Deep Learning and Ensemble Methods for Biomarker Discovery in Diabetic Nephropathy through Fibrosis and Propionate Metabolism Pathways</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluwafunmibi%20Omotayo%20Fasanya">Oluwafunmibi Omotayo Fasanya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Augustine%20Kena%20Adjei"> Augustine Kena Adjei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes, with fibrosis and propionate metabolism playing critical roles in its progression. Identifying biomarkers linked to these pathways may provide novel insights into DN diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to identify biomarkers associated with fibrosis and propionate metabolism in DN. Analyze the biological pathways and regulatory mechanisms of these biomarkers. Develop a machine learning model to predict DN-related biomarkers and validate their functional roles. Publicly available transcriptome datasets related to DN (GSE96804 and GSE104948) were obtained from the GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds), and 924 propionate metabolism-related genes (PMRGs) and 656 fibrosis-related genes (FRGs) were identified. The analysis began with the extraction of DN-differentially expressed genes (DN-DEGs) and propionate metabolism-related DEGs (PM-DEGs), followed by the intersection of these with fibrosis-related genes to identify key intersected genes. Instead of relying on traditional models, we employed a combination of deep neural networks (DNNs) and ensemble methods such as Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM) and XGBoost to enhance feature selection and biomarker discovery. Recursive feature elimination (RFE) was coupled with these advanced algorithms to refine the selection of the most critical biomarkers. Functional validation was conducted using convolutional neural networks (CNN) for gene set enrichment and immunoinfiltration analysis, revealing seven significant biomarkers—SLC37A4, ACOX2, GPD1, ACE2, SLC9A3, AGT, and PLG. These biomarkers are involved in critical biological processes such as fatty acid metabolism and glomerular development, providing a mechanistic link to DN progression. Furthermore, a TF–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network was constructed using natural language processing models to identify 8 transcription factors and 60 miRNAs that regulate these biomarkers, while a drug–gene interaction network revealed potential therapeutic targets such as UROKINASE–PLG and ATENOLOL–AGT. This integrative approach, leveraging deep learning and ensemble models, not only enhances the accuracy of biomarker discovery but also offers new perspectives on DN diagnosis and treatment, specifically targeting fibrosis and propionate metabolism pathways. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetic%20nephropathy" title="diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20neural%20networks" title=" deep neural networks"> deep neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gradient%20boosting%20machines%20%28GBM%29" title=" gradient boosting machines (GBM)"> gradient boosting machines (GBM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XGBoost" title=" XGBoost"> XGBoost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194139/application-of-deep-learning-and-ensemble-methods-for-biomarker-discovery-in-diabetic-nephropathy-through-fibrosis-and-propionate-metabolism-pathways" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">8</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">745</span> Molecular Timeline Analysis of Acropora: Review of Coral Development, Growth and Environmental Resilience</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ariadna%20Jalife%20G%C3%B3mez">Ariadna Jalife Gómez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudia%20Rangel%20Escare%C3%B1o"> Claudia Rangel Escareño</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Acropora coral genus has experienced impactful consequences of climate change, especially in terms of population reduction related to limited thermal tolerance, however, comprehensive resources for genetic responses of these corals to phenomena are lacking. Thus, this study aims to identify key genes expressed across different developmental stages and conditions of Acropora spp. highlighted in published studies given the shared tissue and polyp-level characteristics among the species comprising the genus, as it is hypothesized that common reproductive, developmental, and stress response mechanisms are conserved. The presented resources, aiming to streamline the genus’ biology, elucidate several signaling pathways of development and stress response that contribute to the understanding of researchers of overall biological responses, while providing a genetic framework for potential further studies that might contribute to reef preservation strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acropora" title="acropora">acropora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genes" title=" genes"> genes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcriptomics" title=" transcriptomics"> transcriptomics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189372/molecular-timeline-analysis-of-acropora-review-of-coral-development-growth-and-environmental-resilience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189372.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">10</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">744</span> Characterization of Defense-Related Genes and Metabolite Profiling in Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis during Interaction with Ganoderma boninense</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Nazri%20Abdul%20Bahari">Mohammad Nazri Abdul Bahari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurshafika%20Mohd%20Sakeh"> Nurshafika Mohd Sakeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Nor%20Akmar%20Abdullah"> Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Basal stem rot (BSR) is the most devastating disease in oil palm. Among the oil palm pathogenic fungi, the most prevalent and virulent species associated with BSR is Ganoderma boninense. Early detection of G. boninense attack in oil palm wherein physical symptoms has not yet appeared can offer opportunities to prevent the spread of the necrotrophic fungus. However, poor understanding of molecular defense responses and roles of antifungal metabolites in oil palm against G. boninense has complicated the resolving measures. Hence, characterization of defense-related molecular responses and production of antifungal compounds during early interaction with G. boninense is of utmost important. Four month-old oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings were artificially infected with G. boninense-inoculated rubber wood block via sitting technique. RNA of samples were extracted from roots and leaves tissues at 0, 3, 7 and 11 days post inoculation (d.p.i) followed with sequencing using RNA-Seq method. Differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) of oil palm-G. boninense interaction were identified, while changes in metabolite profile will be scrutinized related to the DEGs. The RNA-Seq data generated a total of 113,829,376 and 313,293,229 paired-end clean reads from untreated (0 d.p.i) and treated (3, 7, 11 d.p.i) samples respectively, each with two biological replicates. The paired-end reads were mapped to Elaeis guineensis reference genome to screen out non-oil palm genes and subsequently generated 74,794 coding sequences. DEG analysis of phytohormone biosynthetic genes in oil palm roots revealed that at p-value ≤ 0.01, ethylene and jasmonic acid may act in antagonistic manner with salicylic acid to coordinate defense response at early interaction with G. boninense. Findings on metabolite profiling of G. boninense-infected oil palm roots and leaves are hoped to explain the defense-related compounds elicited by Elaeis guineensis in response to G. boninense colonization. The study aims to shed light on molecular defense response of oil palm at early interaction with G. boninense and promote prevention measures against Ganoderma infection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ganoderma%20boninense" title="Ganoderma boninense">Ganoderma boninense</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metabolites" title=" metabolites"> metabolites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytohormones" title=" phytohormones"> phytohormones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RNA-Seq" title=" RNA-Seq"> RNA-Seq</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70218/characterization-of-defense-related-genes-and-metabolite-profiling-in-oil-palm-elaeis-guineensis-during-interaction-with-ganoderma-boninense" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70218.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">743</span> Investigation on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Candidate Genes and Their Association with Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection in Cattle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ran%20Vir%20Singh">Ran Vir Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuj%20Chauhan"> Anuj Chauhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhodh%20Kumar"> Subhodh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20Rathore"> Rajesh Rathore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satish%20Kumar"> Satish Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B%20Gopi"> B Gopi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sushil%20Kumar"> Sushil Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarun%20Kumar"> Tarun Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramji%20Yadav"> Ramji Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Donna%20Phangchopi"> Donna Phangchopi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoor%20Vir%20Singh"> Shoor Vir Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting ruminants. It is responsible for significant economic losses in livestock industry worldwide. This organism is also of public health concern due to an unconfirmed link to Crohn’s disease. Susceptibility to paratuberculosis has been suggested to have genetic component with low to moderate heritability. Number of SNPs in various candidates genes have been observed to be affecting the susceptibility toward paratuberculosis. The objective of this study was to explore the association of various SNPs in the candidate genes and QTL region with MAP. A total of 117 SNPs from SLC11A1, IFNG, CARD15, TLR2, TLR4, CLEC7A, CD209, SP110, ANKARA2, PGLYRP1 and one QTL were selected for study. A total of 1222 cattle from various organized herds, gauhsalas and farmer herds were screened for MAP infection by Johnin intradermal skin test, AGID, serum ELISA, fecal microscopy, fecal culture and IS900 blood PCR. Based on the results of these tests, a case and control population of 200 and 183 respectively was established for study. A total of 117 SNPs from 10 candidate genes and one QTL were selected and validated/tested in our case and control population by PCR-RFLP technique. Data was analyzed using SAS 9.3 software. Statistical analysis revealed that, 107 out of 117 SNPs were not significantly associated with occurrence of MAP. Only SNP rs55617172 of TLR2, rs8193046 and rs8193060 of TLR4, rs110353594 and rs41654445 of CLEC7A, rs208814257of CD209, rs41933863 of ANKRA2, two loci {SLC11A1(53C/G)} and {IFNG (185 G/r) } and SNP rs41945014 in QTL region was significantly associated with MAP. Six SNP from 10 significant SNPs viz., rs110353594 and rs41654445 from CLEC7A, rs8193046 and rs8193060 from TLR4, rs109453173 from SLC11A1 rs208814257 from CD209 were validated in new case and control population. Out of these only one SNP rs8193046 of TLR4 gene was found significantly associated with occurrence of MAP in cattle. ODD ratio indicates that animals with AG genotype were more susceptible to MAP and this finding is in accordance with the earlier report. Hence it reaffirms that AG genotype can serve as a reliable genetic marker for indentifying more susceptible cattle in future selection against MAP infection in cattle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SNP" title="SNP">SNP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=candidate%20genes" title=" candidate genes"> candidate genes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paratuberculosis" title=" paratuberculosis"> paratuberculosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cattle" title=" cattle"> cattle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57493/investigation-on-single-nucleotide-polymorphism-in-candidate-genes-and-their-association-with-occurrence-of-mycobacterium-avium-subspecies-paratuberculosis-infection-in-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57493.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">742</span> RNA Expression Analysis of Mycobacterial Methyltransferases Genes in Different Resistant Strains of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Davar%20Siadat">Seyed Davar Siadat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samira%20Tarashi"> Samira Tarashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abolfazl%20Fateh"> Abolfazl Fateh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arfa%20Moshiri"> Arfa Moshiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The global health issue of tuberculosis (TB) still affects patients in every country. TB control may not be as effective as it should be, especially when resistant strains are involved. In this regard, mycobacterial MTases play a major role in tuberculosis, but the mechanisms underlying their function have yet to be fully deciphered. Methods: Five resistant isolates of M.tb were accumulated. As a reference strain, M.tb H37Rv (ATCC 27249) was used. For this analysis, seven putative mycobacterial MTase genes (Rv0645c, Rv1694, Rv2966c, Rv3919c, Rv2756c, Rv1988, and Rv3263), as well as Rv1392 as SAM synthase, were selected. Comparing mutations and expression levels of MTases in different strains was accomplished by PCR-sequencing and qRT-PCR. The relative expression levels of these genes were calculated using the 2 -ΔΔCt method. Results: The Rv3919c gene (T to G in codon 341) and Rv1392 gene (G to A in codon 97) were the only mutations found in the INHR strain. In all sensitive and resistant isolates, Rv0645c, Rv3263, Rv2756c, and Rv2966c were overexpressed. However, the expression of Rv1988 and Rv3919c decreased in the sensitive strains, whereas the expression of Rv1694 increased. There was also a decreased expression of Rv1392 in the INHR isolate. Conclusion: The presence of mycobacterial MTases as well as resistance to antibiotics were found to be correlated in M.tb strains. Undoubtedly, there are some MTases that are associated with the virulence process. It is necessary to conduct additional studies to fully explore the impact of mycobacterial MTases within specific strains of M.tb to develop novel diagnostic and treatment strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycobacterium%20tuberculosis" title="mycobacterium tuberculosis">mycobacterium tuberculosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20resistance" title=" drug resistance"> drug resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methyltransferases" title=" methyltransferases"> methyltransferases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=s-adenosylmethionine" title=" s-adenosylmethionine"> s-adenosylmethionine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150632/rna-expression-analysis-of-mycobacterial-methyltransferases-genes-in-different-resistant-strains-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">741</span> The Impact of P108L Genetic Variant on Calcium Release and Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Althobiti">Mohammed Althobiti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20Booms"> Patrick Booms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dorota%20Fiszer"> Dorota Fiszer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philip%20Hopkins"> Philip Hopkins</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle. MH results from anaesthetics induced breakdown of calcium homeostasis. RYR1 and CACN1AS mutations represent the aetiology in ~70% of the MH population. Previous studies indicate that up to 25% of MH patients carry no variants in these genes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between MH susceptibility and genes encoding skeletal muscle Ca2+ channels as well as accessory proteins. The JSRP, encoding JP-45, was previously sequenced and novel genetic variants were identified. The variant p.P108L (c.323C > T) was identified in exon 4 and encodes a change from a proline at amino acid 108 to leucine residue. The variant P108L was detected in two patients out of 50 with 4% frequency in the sample population. The alignment of DNA sequences in different species indicates highly conserved proline sequences involved in the substitution of the P108L variant. In this study, the variant P108L co-segregates with the SNP p.V92A (c.275T > C) at the same exon, both variants being inherited in the same two patients only. This indicates that the two variants may represent a haplotype. Therefore, a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms and statistical analysis will be used to investigate the effects of haplotypes on MH susceptibility. Furthermore, investigating the effect of the P108L variant in combination with RYR1 mutations or other genetic variants in other genes as a combination of two or more genetic variants, haplotypes may then provide stronger genetic evidence indicating that JSRP1 is associated with MH susceptibility. In conclusion, these preliminary results lend a potential modifier role of the variant P108L in JSRP1 in MH susceptibility and further investigations are suggested to confirm these results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JSRP1" title="JSRP1">JSRP1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malignant%20hyperthermia" title=" malignant hyperthermia"> malignant hyperthermia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RyR1" title=" RyR1"> RyR1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skeletal%20muscle" title=" skeletal muscle"> skeletal muscle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35641/the-impact-of-p108l-genetic-variant-on-calcium-release-and-malignant-hyperthermia-susceptibility" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35641.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">740</span> Promoter Methylation of RASSF1A and MGMT Genes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vitor%20Rafael%20Regiani">Vitor Rafael Regiani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Henrique%20Viesi%20Do%20Nascimento%20Filho"> Carlos Henrique Viesi Do Nascimento Filho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patricia%20Matos%20Biselli-Chicote"> Patricia Matos Biselli-Chicote</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudia%20Aparecida%20Rainho"> Claudia Aparecida Rainho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luiz%20Sergio%20Raposo"> Luiz Sergio Raposo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Victor%20Maniglia"> José Victor Maniglia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eny%20Maria%20Goloni-Bertollo"> Eny Maria Goloni-Bertollo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erika%20Cristina%20Pavarino"> Erika Cristina Pavarino</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Promoter hypermethylation of tumor-related genes has been associated with prognosis in early-stage head-and-neck cancers, providing strong evidence that these hypermethylated genes are valuable biomarkers for prognostic evaluation. Hence, we selected the MGMT and RASSF1A genes to examine the methylation status in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) samples matched with non-tumor tissues (tumor-surrounding tissues or peripheral blood samples). DNA methylation analysis was based on Methylation-Sensitive High Resolution Melting, and the methylation status was correlated with clinic-pathological characteristics of the patients. RASSF1A and MGMT promoter methylation was detected in 43.24% (16/37) and in 44.44% (16/36) of the tumors, respectively. RASSF1A and MGMT methylation was significantly more frequent in tumor tissue than non-tumor tissues, as well as, simultaneous methylation of RASSF1A and MGMT also was higher in tumor tissue than non-tumor tissues. In relation to anatomic site, larynx cancer presented significant methylation of MGMT gene compared to tumor-surrounding tissue. The frequency of RASSF1A and MGMT promoter methylated was higher in tumor tissues in relation to peripheral blood from the same patient. No association was found between methylation and the variables analyzed, including gender, age, smoking or alcohol drinking habits. Clinic-pathological characteristics also showed no association in the presence of methylation. The Kaplan–Meier's method showed no association of methylation and both disease-free and overall survival. In conclusion, the presence of epigenetic abnormalities in normal-appearing tissue corroborates the hypothesis of the ‘field cancerization', or it can reflect preneoplastic and/or preinvasive. Moreover, MGMT methylation may serve as an important laryngeal cancer biomarker because it showed significant difference between laryngeal cancer and surrounding tumor tissues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=head%20and%20neck%20cancer" title="head and neck cancer">head and neck cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20methylation" title=" DNA methylation"> DNA methylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MGMT%20promoter%20methylation" title=" MGMT promoter methylation"> MGMT promoter methylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RASSF1A%20promoter%20methylation" title=" RASSF1A promoter methylation"> RASSF1A promoter methylation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55549/promoter-methylation-of-rassf1a-and-mgmt-genes-in-head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">739</span> Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance to Biocides in Enterobacter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebiahi%20Sid%20Ahmed">Rebiahi Sid Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boutarfi%20Zakaria"> Boutarfi Zakaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmoun%20Malika"> Rahmoun Malika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20Galvez"> Antonio Galvez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to explore the possible correlation between resistance to antibiotics and tolerance to biocides in Gram-negative bacilli isolated from the University Hospital Center of Tlemcen. This study focused on 175 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli, it is a question of exploring: their level and profile of resistance to antibiotics, their tolerance to biocides, as well as the identification of the genetic supports of this resistance. Enterobacter spp. was the most predominant bacterial genus, all isolates harbored at least one of the studied genes with significant resistance capacity. Our results show, in some cases, a possible positive correlation between the presence of biocide tolerance genes and those of antibiotic resistance; in fact, tolerance to biocides could be one of the co-selection factors for antibiotic resistance. The results of this study should encourage the good practice of hygiene measures as well as the rational use of antimicrobials in order to hinder the development and emergence of resistance in our hospital departments.Mots clés : Antibiotiques, Biocides, Enterobacter, Hôpital, Résistance, <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic" title="antibiotic">antibiotic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocides" title=" biocides"> biocides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterobacter" title=" enterobacter"> enterobacter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospital" title=" hospital"> hospital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159663/antibiotic-resistance-and-tolerance-to-biocides-in-enterobacter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159663.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">738</span> Transcriptomic Analysis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Cafeteria Diet Induced Obese Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Jamal">Mohammad Jamal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most chronic liver diseases, prevalent among people with morbid obesity. NAFLD does not develop clinically significant liver disease, however cirrhosis and liver cancer develop in subset and currently there are no approved therapies for the treatment of NAFLD. The study is aimed to understand the various key genes involved in the mechanism of NAFLD which can be valuable for developing diagnostic and predictive biomarkers based on their histologic stage of liver. The study was conducted on 16 male Sprague Dawley rats. The animals were divided in two groups: control group (n=8) fed on ad libitum normal chow and regular water and the cafeteria group (CAF)) (n=8) fed on high fatty/ carbohydrate diet. The animals received their respective diet from 4 weeks onwards from D.O.B until 25 weeks. Liver was extracted and RT² Profiler PCR Array was used to assess the NAFLD related genes. Histological evaluation was performed using H&E stain in liver tissue sections. Our PCR array results showed that genes involved in anti-inflammatory activity (Ifng, IL10), fatty acid uptake/oxidation (Fabp5), apoptosis (Fas), lipogenesis (Gck and Srebf1), Insulin signalling (Igfbp1) and metabolic pathway (pdk4) were upregulated in the liver of cafeteria fed obese rats. Bloated hepatocytes, displaced nucleus and higher lipid content were seen in the liver of cafeteria fed obese rats. Although Liver biopsies remain the gold standard in evaluating NAFLD, however an approach towards non-invasive markers could be used in understanding the physiology, therapeutic potential, and the targets to combat NAFLD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomarkers" title="biomarkers">biomarkers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cafeteria%20diet" title=" cafeteria diet"> cafeteria diet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obesity" title=" obesity"> obesity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NAFLD" title=" NAFLD"> NAFLD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151478/transcriptomic-analysis-of-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-in-cafeteria-diet-induced-obese-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">737</span> Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophage against Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guna%20Raj%20Dhungana">Guna Raj Dhungana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roshan%20Nepal"> Roshan Nepal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apshara%20Parajuli"> Apshara Parajuli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q="> </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Archana%20Maharjan"> Archana Maharjan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shyam%20K.%20Mishra"> Shyam K. Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pramod%20Aryal"> Pramod Aryal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajani%20Malla"> Rajani Malla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a well-known opportunistic human pathogen, primarily causing healthcare-associated infections. The global emergence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniaeis a major public health burden, which is often extensively multidrug resistant.Thus, because of the difficulty to treat these ‘superbug’ and menace and some term as ‘apocalypse’ of post antibiotics era, an alternative approach to controlling this pathogen is prudent and one of the approaches is phage mediated control and/or treatment. Objective: In this study, we aimed to isolate novel bacteriophage against carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniaeand characterize for potential use inphage therapy. Material and Methods: Twenty lytic phages were isolated from river water using double layer agar assay and purified. Biological features, physiochemical characters, burst size, host specificity and activity spectrum of phages were determined. One most potent phage: Phage TU_Kle10O was selected and characterized by electron microscopy. Whole genome sequences of the phage were analyzed for presence/absence of virulent factors, and other lysin genes. Results: Novel phage TU_Kle10O showed multiple host range within own genus and did not induce any BIM up to 5th generation of host’s life cycle. Electron microscopy confirmed that the phage was tailed and belonged to Caudovirales family. Next generation sequencing revealed its genome to be 166.2 Kb. bioinformatical analysis further confirmed that the phage genome ‘did not’ contain any ‘bacterial genes’ within phage genome, which ruled out the concern for transfer of virulent genes. Specific 'lysin’ enzyme was identified phages which could be used as 'antibiotics'. Conclusion: Extensively multidrug resistant bacteria like carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniaecould be treated efficiently by phages.Absence of ‘virulent’ genes of bacterial origin and presence of lysin proteins within phage genome makes phages an excellent candidate for therapeutics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriophage" title="bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Klebsiella%20pneumoniae" title=" Klebsiella pneumoniae"> Klebsiella pneumoniae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MDR" title=" MDR"> MDR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20therapy" title=" phage therapy"> phage therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbapenemase" title=" carbapenemase"> carbapenemase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=" "> </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77284/isolation-and-molecular-characterization-of-lytic-bacteriophage-against-carbapenem-resistant-klebsiella-pneumoniae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77284.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">736</span> Disturbed Cellular Iron Metabolism Genes in Neurodevelopmental Disorders is Different from Neurodegenerative Disorders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20H.%20Gebril">O. H. Gebril</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20A.%20Meguid"> N. A. Meguid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Iron had been a focus of interest recently as a main exaggerating factor for oxidative stresses in the central nervous system and a link to various neurological disorders is suspected. Many studies with various techniques showed evidence of disturbed iron-related proteins in the cell in human and animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. Also, linkage to significant pathological changes had been evidenced e.g. apoptosis and cell signaling. On the other hand, the role of iron in neurodevelopmental disorders is still unclear. With increasing prevalence of autism worldwide, some changes in iron parameters and its stores were documented in many studies. This study includes Haemochromatosis HFE gene polymorphisms (p.H63D and p.C282Y) and ferroportin gene (SLC40A1) Q248H polymorphism in autism and control children. Materials and Methods: Whole genome DNA was extracted; p.H63D and p.C282Y genotyping was studied using specific sequence amplification followed by restriction enzyme digestion on a sample of autism patients (25 cases) and twenty controls. Results: The p.H63D is seen more than the C282Y among both autism and control samples, with no significant association of p.H63D or p.C282Y polymorphism and autism was revealed. Also, no association with Q248H polymorphism was evidenced. Conclusion: The study results do not prove the role of cellular iron genes polymorphisms as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders, and in turn highlights the specificity of cellular iron related pathways in neurodegeneration. These results demand further gene expression studies to elucidate the main pathophysiological pathways that are disturbed in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iron" title="iron">iron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurodevelopmental" title=" neurodevelopmental"> neurodevelopmental</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title=" oxidative stress"> oxidative stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haemohromatosis" title=" haemohromatosis"> haemohromatosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferroportin" title=" ferroportin"> ferroportin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genes" title=" genes"> genes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29144/disturbed-cellular-iron-metabolism-genes-in-neurodevelopmental-disorders-is-different-from-neurodegenerative-disorders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29144.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">735</span> Genomic Surveillance of Bacillus Anthracis in South Africa Revealed a Unique Genetic Cluster of B- Clade Strains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kgaugelo%20Lekota">Kgaugelo Lekota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Hassim"> Ayesha Hassim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henriette%20Van%20Heerden"> Henriette Van Heerden</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax that is composed of three genetic groups, namely A, B, and C. Clade-A is distributed world-wide, while sub-clades B has been identified in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. KNP is one of the endemic anthrax regions in South Africa with distinctive genetic diversity. Genomic surveillance of KNP B. anthracis strains was employed on the historical culture collection isolates (n=67) dated from the 1990’s to 2015 using a whole genome sequencing approach. Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and pan-genomics analysis were used to define the B. anthracis genetic population structure. This study showed that KNP has heterologous B. anthracis strains grouping in the A-clade with more prominent ABr.005/006 (Ancient A) SNP lineage. The 2012 and 2015 anthrax isolates are dispersed amongst minor sub-clades that prevail in non-stabilized genetic evolution strains. This was augmented with non-parsimony informative SNPs of the B. anthracis strains across minor sub-clades of the Ancient A clade. Pan-genomics of B. anthracis showed a clear distinction between A and B-clade genomes with 11 374 predicted clusters of protein coding genes. Unique accessory genes of B-clade genomes that included biosynthetic cell wall genes and multidrug resistant of Fosfomycin. South Africa consists of diverse B. anthracis strains with unique defined SNPs. The sequenced B. anthracis strains in this study will serve as a means to further trace the dissemination of B. anthracis outbreaks globally and especially in South Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacillus%20anthracis" title="bacillus anthracis">bacillus anthracis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whole%20genome%20single%20nucleotide%20polymorphisms" title=" whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms"> whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pangenomics" title=" pangenomics"> pangenomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kruger%20national%20park" title=" kruger national park"> kruger national park</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149901/genomic-surveillance-of-bacillus-anthracis-in-south-africa-revealed-a-unique-genetic-cluster-of-b-clade-strains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149901.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">734</span> Evaluation of Gene Expression after in Vitro Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells to Insulin-Producing Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20M.%20Zakaria">Mahmoud M. Zakaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omnia%20F.%20Elmoursi"> Omnia F. Elmoursi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20M.%20Gabr"> Mahmoud M. Gabr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camelia%20A.%20AbdelMalak"> Camelia A. AbdelMalak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20A.%20Ghoneim"> Mohamed A. Ghoneim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many protocols were publicized for differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCS) into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in order to excrete insulin hormone ingoing to treat diabetes disease. Our aim is to evaluate relative gene expression for each independent protocol. Human bone marrow cells were derived from three volunteers that suffer diabetes disease. After expansion of mesenchymal stem cells, differentiation of these cells was done by three different protocols (the one-step protocol was used conophylline protein, the two steps protocol was depending on trichostatin-A, and the three-step protocol was started by beta-mercaptoethanol). Evaluation of gene expression was carried out by real-time PCR: Pancreatic endocrine genes, transcription factors, glucose transporter, precursor markers, pancreatic enzymes, proteolytic cleavage, extracellular matrix and cell surface protein. Quantitation of insulin secretion was detected by immunofluorescence technique in 24-well plate. Most of the genes studied were up-regulated in the in vitro differentiated cells, and also insulin production was observed in the three independent protocols. There were some slight increases in expression of endocrine mRNA of two-step protocol and its insulin production. So, the two-step protocol was showed a more efficient in expressing of pancreatic endocrine genes and its insulin production than the other two protocols. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesenchymal%20stem%20cells" title="mesenchymal stem cells">mesenchymal stem cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulin%20producing%20cells" title=" insulin producing cells"> insulin producing cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conophylline%20protein" title=" conophylline protein"> conophylline protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trichostatin-A" title=" trichostatin-A"> trichostatin-A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta-mercaptoethanol" title=" beta-mercaptoethanol"> beta-mercaptoethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression" title=" gene expression"> gene expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunofluorescence%20technique" title=" immunofluorescence technique"> immunofluorescence technique</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85954/evaluation-of-gene-expression-after-in-vitro-differentiation-of-human-bone-marrow-derived-stem-cells-to-insulin-producing-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85954.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">733</span> Difference in Virulence Factor Genes Between Transient and Persistent Streptococcus Uberis Intramammary Infection in Dairy Cattle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anyaphat%20Srithanasuwan">Anyaphat Srithanasuwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noppason%20Pangprasit"> Noppason Pangprasit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montira%20Intanon"> Montira Intanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phongsakorn%20Chuammitri"> Phongsakorn Chuammitri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Witaya%20Suriyasathaporn"> Witaya Suriyasathaporn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ynte%20H.%20Schukken"> Ynte H. Schukken</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Streptococcus uberis is one of the most common mastitis-causing pathogens, with a wide range of intramammary infection (IMI) durations and pathogenicity. This study aimed to compare shared or unique virulence factor gene clusters distinguishing persistent and transient strains of S. uberis. A total of 139 S. uberis strains were isolated from three small-holder dairy herds with a high prevalence of S. uberis mastitis. The duration of IMI was used to categorize bacteria into two groups: transient and persistent strains with an IMI duration of less than 1 month and longer than 2 months, respectively. Six representative S. uberis strains, three from each group (transience and persistence) were selected for analysis. All transient strains exhibited multi-locus sequence types (MLST), indicating a highly diverse population of transient S. uberis. In contrast, MLST of persistent strains was available in an online database (pubMLST). Identification of virulence genes was performed using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. Differences in genomic size and number of virulent genes were found. For example, the BCA gene or alpha-c protein and the gene associated with capsule formation (hasAB), found in persistent strains, are important for attachment and invasion, as well as the evasion of the antimicrobial mechanisms and survival persistence, respectively. These findings suggest a genetic-level difference between the two strain types. Consequently, a comprehensive study of 139 S. uberis isolates will be conducted to perform an in-depth genetic assessment through WGS analysis on an Illumina platform. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Streptococcus%20Uberis" title="Streptococcus Uberis">Streptococcus Uberis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mastitis" title=" mastitis"> mastitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whole%20genome%20sequence" title=" whole genome sequence"> whole genome sequence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intramammary%20infection" title=" intramammary infection"> intramammary infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persistent%20S.%20Uberis" title=" persistent S. Uberis"> persistent S. Uberis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20s.%20Uberis" title=" transient s. Uberis"> transient s. Uberis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183360/difference-in-virulence-factor-genes-between-transient-and-persistent-streptococcus-uberis-intramammary-infection-in-dairy-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">732</span> Identification of Conserved Domains and Motifs for GRF Gene Family </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jafar%20Ahmadi">Jafar Ahmadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nafiseh%20Noormohammadi"> Nafiseh Noormohammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sedegeh%20Fabriki%20Ourang"> Sedegeh Fabriki Ourang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> GRF, Growth regulating factor, genes encode a novel class of plant-specific transcription factors. The GRF proteins play a role in the regulation of cell numbers in young and growing tissues and may act as transcription activations in growth and development of plants. Identification of GRF genes and their expression are important in plants to performance of the growth and development of various organs. In this study, to better understanding the structural and functional differences of GRFs family, 45 GRF proteins sequences in A. thaliana, Z. mays, O. sativa, B. napus, B. rapa, H. vulgare, and S. bicolor, have been collected and analyzed through bioinformatics data mining. As a result, in secondary structure of GRFs, the number of alpha helices was more than beta sheets and in all of them QLQ domains were completely in the biggest alpha helix. In all GRFs, QLQ, and WRC domains were completely protected except in AtGRF9. These proteins have no trans-membrane domain and due to have nuclear localization signals act in nuclear and they are component of unstable proteins in the test tube. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domain" title="domain">domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20family" title=" gene family"> gene family</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GRF" title=" GRF"> GRF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motif" title=" motif"> motif</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18842/identification-of-conserved-domains-and-motifs-for-grf-gene-family" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18842.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">457</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">731</span> Identification of Genomic Mutations in Prostate Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells By Single Cell RNAseq Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen-Yang%20Hu">Wen-Yang Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranli%20Lu"> Ranli Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Maienschein-Cline"> Mark Maienschein-Cline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danping%20Hu"> Danping Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Larisa%20Nonn"> Larisa Nonn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshi%20Shioda"> Toshi Shioda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gail%20S.%20Prins"> Gail S. Prins</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Genetic mutations are highly associated with increased prostate cancer risk. In addition to whole genome sequencing, somatic mutations can be identified by aligning transcriptome sequences to the human genome. Here we analyzed bulk RNAseq and single cell RNAseq data of human prostate cancer cells and their matched non-cancer cells in benign regions from 4 individual patients. Methods: Sequencing raw reads were aligned to the reference genome hg38 using STAR. Variants were annotated using Annovar with respect to overlap gene annotation information, effect on gene and protein sequence, and SIFT annotation of nonsynonymous variant effect. We determined cancer-specific novel alleles by comparing variant calls in cancer cells to matched benign cells from the same individual by selecting unique alleles that were only detected in the cancer samples. Results: In bulk RNAseq data from 3 patients, the most common variants were the noncoding mutations at UTR3/UTR5, and the major variant types were single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) including frameshift mutations. C>T transversion is the most frequently presented substitution of SNP. A total of 222 genes carrying unique exonic or UTR variants were revealed in cancer cells across 3 patients but not in benign cells. Among them, transcriptome levels of 7 genes (CITED2, YOD1, MCM4, HNRNPA2B1, KIF20B, DPYSL2, NR4A1) were significantly up or down regulated in cancer stem cells. Out of the 222 commonly mutated genes in cancer, 19 have nonsynonymous variants and 11 are damaged genes with variants including SIFT, frameshifts, stop gain/loss, and insertions/deletions (indels). Two damaged genes, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and histone demethylase KDM3A are of particular interest; the former is a survival factor for certain cancer cells while the later positively activates androgen receptor target genes in prostate cancer. Further, single cell RNAseq data of cancer cells and their matched non-cancer benign cells from both primary 2D and 3D tumoroid cultures were analyzed. Similar to the bulk RNAseq data, single cell RNAseq in cancer demonstrated that the exonic mutations are less common than noncoding variants, with SNPs including frameshift mutations the most frequently presented types in cancer. Compared to cancer stem cell enriched-3D tumoroids, 2D cancer cells carried 3-times higher variants, 8-times more coding mutations and 10-times more nonsynonymous SNP. Finally, in both 2D primary and 3D tumoroid cultures, cancer stem cells exhibited fewer coding mutations and noncoding SNP or insertions/deletions than non-stem cancer cells. Summary: Our study demonstrates the usefulness of bulk and single cell RNAseaq data in identifying somatic mutations in prostate cancer, providing an alternative method in screening candidate genes for prostate cancer diagnosis and potential therapeutic targets. Cancer stem cells carry fewer somatic mutations than non-stem cancer cells due to their inherited immortal stand DNA from parental stem cells that explains their long-lived characteristics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prostate%20cancer" title="prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stem%20cell" title=" stem cell"> stem cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genomic%20mutation" title=" genomic mutation"> genomic mutation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RNAseq" title=" RNAseq"> RNAseq</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193081/identification-of-genomic-mutations-in-prostate-cancer-and-cancer-stem-cells-by-single-cell-rnaseq-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193081.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">730</span> Selection of Potential Starter Using Their Transcription Level</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elif%20Coskun%20Daggecen">Elif Coskun Daggecen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyma%20Dokucu"> Seyma Dokucu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yekta%20Gezginc"> Yekta Gezginc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Akyol"> Ismail Akyol</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fermented dairy food quality is mainly determined by the sensory perception and influenced by many factors. Today, starter cultures for fermented foods are being developed to have a constant quality in these foods. Streptococcus thermophilus is one of the main species of most a starter cultures of yogurt fermentation. This species produces lactate by lactose fermentation from pyruvate. On the other hand, a small amount of pyruvate can alternatively be converted to various typical yoghurt flavor compounds such as diacetyl, acetoin, acetaldehyde, or acetic acid, for which the activity of three genes are shown to be especially important; ldh, nox and als. Up to date, commercially produced yoghurts have not yet met the desired aromatic properties that Turkish consumers find in traditional homemade yoghurts. Therefore, it is important to select starters carrying favorable metabolic characteristics from natural isolates. In this study, 30 strains of Str. Thermophilus were isolated from traditional Turkish yoghurts obtained from different regions of the country. In these strains, transcriptional levels of ldh, nox and als genes were determined via a newly developed qPCR protocol, which is a more reliable and precision method for analyzing the quantitative and qualitative expression of specific genes in different experimental conditions or in different organisms compared to conventional analytical methods. Additionally, the metabolite production potentials of the isolates were measured. Of all the strains examined, 60% were found to carry the metabolite production potential and the gene activity which appeared to be suitable to be used as a starter culture. Probable starter cultures were determined according to real-time PCR results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression" title="gene expression">gene expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RT-PCR" title=" RT-PCR"> RT-PCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=starter%20culture" title=" starter culture"> starter culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Streptococcus%20thermophilus" title=" Streptococcus thermophilus"> Streptococcus thermophilus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91926/selection-of-potential-starter-using-their-transcription-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">729</span> Biofilm Formation Due to the Proteome Changes Of Enterococcus Faecium in Response to Sub-Mic of Gentamicin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Abbasi">Amin Abbasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Asghari%20Ozma"> Mahdi Asghari Ozma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Objective:Enterococcus faecium is a normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract that causes infection in the host body under conditions such as biofilm formation, in which the use of antibiotics causes changes in these pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to evaluate comprehensively the changes in E.faecium when exposed to sub-MIC of the gentamicin,especiallythe biofilm formation rate. Materials and Methods: For this study, the keywords "Enterococcus faecium ", "Biofilm", and "Gentamicin" in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Sid, and MagIran between 2015 and 2021 were searched, and 14 articles were chosen, studied, and analyzed. Results: Gentamicin significantly had increased biofilm formation in most of the isolates in the studies. Increased expression of the genes (efaA and esp) and proteins involved in biofilm formation and decreased expression of the genes (gelE and cylA) involved in spreading and proteins involved in metabolism and cell division in E.faecium were the most significant cause of the biofilm formation, which were increased in sub-MIC gentamicin-treated situation. Conclusion: Inadequate use of gentamicin intensify biofilm formation of E.faecium, which can make the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium difficult. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm" title="biofilm">biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterococcus%20faecium" title=" enterococcus faecium"> enterococcus faecium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gentamicin" title=" gentamicin"> gentamicin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proteome" title=" proteome"> proteome</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150995/biofilm-formation-due-to-the-proteome-changes-of-enterococcus-faecium-in-response-to-sub-mic-of-gentamicin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">110</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">728</span> Transcriptome Sequencing of the Spleens Reveals Genes Involved in Antiviral Response in Chickens Infected with Castv</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajewicz-Krukowska%20Joanna">Sajewicz-Krukowska Joanna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doma%C5%84ska-Blicharz%20Katarzyna"> Domańska-Blicharz Katarzyna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarasiuk%20Karolina"> Tarasiuk Karolina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marzec-Kotarska%20Barbara"> Marzec-Kotarska Barbara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Astroviral infections pose a significant problem in the poultry industry, leading to multiple adverse effects such as decreased egg production, breeding disorders, poor weight gain, and even increased mortality. Commonly observed chicken astrovirus (CAstV) was recently reported to be responsible for "white chicks syndrome" associated with increased embryo/chick mortality. The CAstV-mediated pathogenesis in chicken occurs due to complex interactions between the infectious pathogen and the immune system. Many aspects of CAstV-chicken interactions remain unclear, and there is no information available regarding gene expression changes in the chicken's spleen in response to CAstV infection. We aimed to investigate the molecular background triggered by CAstV infection. Ten 21-day-old SPF White Leghorn chickens were divided into two groups of 5 birds each. One group was inoculated with CAstV, and the other was used as the negative control. On 4th dpi, spleen samples were collected and immediately frozen at -70°C for RNA isolation. We analysed transcriptional profiles of the chickens' spleens at the 4th day following infection using RNA-seq to establish differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The RNA-seq findings were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 31959 transcripts were identified in response to CAstV infection. Eventually 45 DEGs (p-value<0.05; Log2Foldchange>1)were recognized in the spleen after CAstV infection (26 upregulated DEGs and 19 downregulated DEGs). qRT-PCR performed on 4 genes (IFIT5, OASL, RASD1, DDX60) confirmed RNAseq results. Top differentially expressed genes belonged to novel putative IFN-induced CAstV restriction factors. Most of the DEGs were associated with RIG-I–like signalling pathway or, more generally, with an innate antiviral response(upregulated: BLEC3, CMPK2, IFIT5, OASL, DDX60, IFI6, and downregulated: SPIK5, SELENOP, HSPA2, TMEM158, RASD1, YWHAB). The study provided a global analysis of host transcriptional changes that occur during CAstV infection in vivo and proved the cell cycle in the spleen and immune signalling in chickens were predominantly affected upon CAstV infection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chicken%20astrovirus" title="chicken astrovirus">chicken astrovirus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CastV" title=" CastV"> CastV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RNA-seq" title=" RNA-seq"> RNA-seq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcriptome" title=" transcriptome"> transcriptome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spleen" title=" spleen"> spleen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141921/transcriptome-sequencing-of-the-spleens-reveals-genes-involved-in-antiviral-response-in-chickens-infected-with-castv" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141921.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">727</span> Relationship Between tcdA and tcdB Genes of Clostridium difficile with Duration of Diarrhea in Elderly Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ni%20Luh%20Putu%20Harta%20Wedari">Ni Luh Putu Harta Wedari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Clostridium difficile has two main virulence factors, namely TcdA and TcdB. TcdA encoded by the tcdA gene acts as an enterotoxin, pro-inflammatory and fluid accumulation, while TcdB encoded by the tcdB gene is cytotoxic, causes disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, and causes disruption of tight junctions in colon cells. This study aims to explore the relationship between the tcdA and tcdB genes and the duration of diarrhea in elderly patients. Method: This research was an observational analytic with a prospective cross-sectional with samples of elderly diarrhea patients who met the inclusion criteria in Denpasar City health service facilities from 1 December 2022 until 30 June 2023, and then their feces were analyzed using the real-time PCR method. Results: In this study, 40 elderly diarrhea patients met the inclusion criteria and in accordance with the minimum sample size, 28 (70%) men and 12 (30%) women. 5 patients (12.5%) had a history of azithromycin, 4 (10%) levofloxacin, 17 (42.5%) ciprofloxacin, 8 (20%) metronidazole, 1 (2.5%) cefoperazone, 5 (12, 5%) doxycycline. Comorbids, namely 13 (32.5%) type II diabetes mellitus, 4 (10%) chronic kidney disease, 10 (25%) malignancies, 7 (17.5%) urinary tract infections, 3 (7.5%) %) immunocompromised, 2 (5%) cardiac heart failure, and 1 (2.5%) acute on chronic kidney disease. The overall diarrhea duration average was 5 days. 8 samples (20%) were positive for 16s rRNA, and there was no significant difference in diarrhea duration with negative samples (p=0.166). The relationship between the tcdA gene and the duration of diarrhea could not be performed because all samples were negative. Likewise, relationship analysis between the coexistence of tcdA and tcdB could not be performed. There was no significant difference between tcdB positive 3 (7.5%) and negative with diarrhea duration (p=0.739). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between the presence of the 16s rRNA and tcdB C. difficile genes with the duration of diarrhea in elderly patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clostridium" title="clostridium">clostridium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=difficile" title=" difficile"> difficile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhea" title=" diarrhea"> diarrhea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elderly" title=" elderly"> elderly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tcdA" title=" tcdA"> tcdA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tcdB" title=" tcdB"> tcdB</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183772/relationship-between-tcda-and-tcdb-genes-of-clostridium-difficile-with-duration-of-diarrhea-in-elderly-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">726</span> Impact of Ocean Acidification on Gene Expression Dynamics during Development of the Sea Urchin Species Heliocidaris erythrogramma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hannah%20R.%20Devens">Hannah R. Devens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phillip%20L.%20Davidson"> Phillip L. Davidson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dione%20Deaker"> Dione Deaker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kathryn%20E.%20Smith"> Kathryn E. Smith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gregory%20A.%20Wray"> Gregory A. Wray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Byrne"> Maria Byrne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Marine invertebrate species with calcifying larvae are especially vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA) caused by rising atmospheric CO₂ levels. Acidic conditions can delay development, suppress metabolism, and decrease the availability of carbonate ions in the ocean environment for skeletogenesis. These stresses often result in increased larval mortality, which may lead to significant ecological consequences including alterations to the larval settlement, population distribution, and genetic connectivity. Importantly, many of these physiological and developmental effects are caused by genetic and molecular level changes. Although many studies have examined the effect of near-future oceanic pH levels on gene expression in marine invertebrates, little is known about the impact of OA on gene expression in a developmental context. Here, we performed mRNA-sequencing to investigate the impact of environmental acidity on gene expression across three developmental stages in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. We collected RNA from gastrula, early larva, and 1-day post-metamorphic juvenile sea urchins cultured at present-day and predicted future oceanic pH levels (pH 8.1 and 7.7, respectively). We assembled an annotated reference transcriptome encompassing development from egg to ten days post-metamorphosis by combining these data with datasets from two previous developmental transcriptomic studies of H. erythrogramma. Differential gene expression and time course analyses between pH conditions revealed significant alterations to developmental transcription that are potentially associated with pH stress. Consistent with previous investigations, genes involved in biomineralization and ion transport were significantly upregulated under acidic conditions. Differences in gene expression between the two pH conditions became more pronounced post-metamorphosis, suggesting a development-dependent effect of OA on gene expression. Furthermore, many differences in gene expression later in development appeared to be a result of broad downregulation at pH 7.7: of 539 genes differentially expressed at the juvenile stage, 519 of these were lower in the acidic condition. Time course comparisons between pH 8.1 and 7.7 samples also demonstrated over 500 genes were more lowly expressed in pH 7.7 samples throughout development. Of the genes exhibiting stage-dependent expression level changes, over 15% of these diverged from the expected temporal pattern of expression in the acidic condition. Through these analyses, we identify novel candidate genes involved in development, metabolism, and transcriptional regulation that are possibly affected by pH stress. Our results demonstrate that pH stress significantly alters gene expression dynamics throughout development. A large number of genes differentially expressed between pH conditions in juveniles relative to earlier stages may be attributed to the effects of acidity on transcriptional regulation, as a greater proportion of mRNA at this later stage has been nascent transcribed rather than maternally loaded. Also, the overall downregulation of many genes in the acidic condition suggests that OA-induced developmental delay manifests as suppressed mRNA expression, possibly from lower transcription rates or increased mRNA degradation in the acidic environment. Further studies will be necessary to determine in greater detail the extent of OA effects on early developing marine invertebrates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title="development">development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression" title=" gene expression"> gene expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ocean%20acidification" title=" ocean acidification"> ocean acidification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RNA-sequencing" title=" RNA-sequencing"> RNA-sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea%20urchins" title=" sea urchins"> sea urchins</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98537/impact-of-ocean-acidification-on-gene-expression-dynamics-during-development-of-the-sea-urchin-species-heliocidaris-erythrogramma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">725</span> A Comparison of Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Diabetic versus Non-Diabetic Infections </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zainab%20Dashti">Zainab Dashti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Vali"> Leila Vali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The Middle East, in particular Kuwait, contains one of the highest rates of patients with Diabetes in the world. Generally, infections resistant to antibiotics among the diabetic population has been shown to be on the rise. This is the first study in Kuwait to compare the antibiotic resistance profiles and genotypic differences between the resistant isolates of Enterobacteriaceae obtained from diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Material/Methods: In total, 65 isolates were collected from diabetic patients consisting of 34 E. coli, 15 K. pneumoniae and 16 other Enterobacteriaceae species (including Salmonella spp. Serratia spp and Proteus spp.). In our control group, a total of 49 isolates consisting of 37 E. coli, 7 K. pneumoniae and 5 other species (including Salmonella spp. Serratia spp and Proteus spp.) were included. Isolates were identified at the species level and antibiotic resistance profiles, including Colistin, were determined using initially the Vitek system followed by double dilution MIC and E-test assays. Multi drug resistance (MDR) was defined as isolates resistant to a minimum of three antibiotics from three different classes. PCR was performed to detect ESBL genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM & blaSHV), flouroquinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS & aac(6’)-lb-cr) and carbapenem resistance genes (blaOXA, blaVIM, blaGIM, blaKPC, blaIMP, & blaNDM) in both groups. Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed to compare clonal relatedness of both E. coli and K.pneumonaie isolates. Results: Colistin resistance was determined in three isolates with MICs of 32-128 mg/L. A significant difference in resistance to ampicillin (Diabetes 93.8% vs control 72.5%, P value <0.002), augmentin (80% vs 52.5%, p value < 0.003), cefuroxime (69.2% vs 45%, p value < 0.0014), ceftazadime (73.8% vs 42.5%, p value <0.001) and ciprofloxacin (67.6% vs 40%, p value < 0.005) were determined. Also, a significant difference in MDR rates between the two groups (Diabetes 76.9%, control 57.5%, p value <0.036 were found. All antibiotic resistance genes showed a higher prevalence among the diabetic group, except for blaCTX-M, which was higher among the control group. PFGE showed a high rate of diversity between each group of isolates. Conclusions: Our results suggested an alarming rate of antibiotic resistance, in particular Colistin resistance (1.8%) among K. pneumoniea isolated from diabetic patients in Kuwait. MDR among Enterobacteriaceae infections also seems to be a worrying issue among the diabetics of Kuwait. More efforts are required to limit the issue of antibiotic resistance in Kuwait, especially among patients with diabetes mellitus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic%20resistance" title="antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetes" title=" diabetes"> diabetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterobacreriacae" title=" enterobacreriacae"> enterobacreriacae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi%20antibiotic%20resistance" title=" multi antibiotic resistance "> multi antibiotic resistance </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56509/a-comparison-of-antibiotic-resistant-enterobacteriaceae-diabetic-versus-non-diabetic-infections" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56509.pdf" target="_blank" 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