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id="toc-Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Ynhâld" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ynhâldsopjefte omklappe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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ডিষ্ট’পিয়ান কল্পকাহিনী – Assameesk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইউট'পিয়ান আৰু ডিষ্ট’পিয়ান কল্পকাহিনী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assameesk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction – Ingelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Utopian and dystopian fiction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ingelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficci%C3%B3n_ut%C3%B3pica_y_dist%C3%B3pica" title="Ficción utópica y distópica – Spaansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ficción utópica y distópica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ادبیات داستانی آرمان‌شهری و ویران‌شهری – Perzysk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات داستانی آرمان‌شهری و ویران‌شهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_utopique_et_dystopique" title="Fiction utopique et dystopique – Frânsk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fiction utopique et dystopique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frânsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utop%C3%ADa_e_distop%C3%ADa_na_literatura" title="Utopía e distopía na literatura – Galisysk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Utopía e distopía na literatura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-skeealaght_launyssagh_as_yee-launyssagh" title="Far-skeealaght launyssagh as yee-launyssagh – Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Far-skeealaght launyssagh as yee-launyssagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%81%A8%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2" title="フィクションにおけるユートピアとディストピア – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィクションにおけるユートピアとディストピア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Утопічна та антиутопічна фантастика – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Утопічна та антиутопічна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q358998#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Yntertaalkeppelings bewurkje" class="wbc-editpage">Keppelings bewurkje</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nammeromten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje" title="De sideynhâld sjen litte [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemien </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Wat_is_hjirmei_keppele/Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje" title="List fan alle siden dy't nei dizze side ferwize [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hjirmei keppele</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Folgje_keppelings/Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje" rel="nofollow" title="De lêste feroarings yn siden dêr't dizze side nei ferwiist [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Keppelings folgje</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Bys%C3%BBndere_siden" title="List fan alle bysûndere siden [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Bysûndere siden</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&oldid=1022336" title="Bliuwende keppeling nei dizze ferzje fan 'e side"><span>Fêste keppeling</span></a></li><li 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mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ofdrukke/eksportearje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Utopyske+en+dystopyske+fiksje"><span>Boek meitsje</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiki:DownloadAsPdf&page=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ynlade as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&printable=yes" title="Ofdrukferzje fan dizze side [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Ofdrukferzje</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Yn oare projekten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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title="Feministyske utopyske fiksje">Feministyske utopyske fiksje</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fy" dir="ltr"><p><b>Utopyske</b> en <b>dystopyske fiksje</b> foarmje twa nau besibbe <a href="/wiki/Subsjenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsjenre">subsjenres</a> fan <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_(sjenre)" title="Fantasy (sjenre)">fantasy</a> en <a href="/wiki/Horror" title="Horror">horror</a> of fan <a href="/wiki/Spekulative_fiksje" title="Spekulative fiksje">spekulative fiksje</a> yn 'e bredere sin, dy't yngeane op <a href="/wiki/Tsjinstelde_(taalkunde)" title="Tsjinstelde (taalkunde)">tsjinstelde</a> <a href="/wiki/Maatskiplik" class="mw-redirect" title="Maatskiplik">maatskiplike</a> en <a href="/wiki/Politike" class="mw-redirect" title="Politike">politike</a> ûntjouwings. Yn utopyske fiksje wurdt in ideäle <a href="/wiki/Maatskippij" title="Maatskippij">maatskippij</a> foarsteld, of alteast in maatskippij dy't stikken better is as de hjoeddeistige. Yn dystopyske fiksje, dat gauris mank giet mei <a href="/wiki/Apokalyptyske_fiksje" class="mw-redirect" title="Apokalyptyske fiksje">apokalyptyske</a> of <a href="/wiki/Post-apokalyptyske_fiksje" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apokalyptyske fiksje">post-apokalyptyske fiksje</a>, wurdt krekt in maatskippij foarsteld dy't slim yn ferfal rekke is, of dy't alhielendal ynstoart is. It wurd 'utopysk' komt fan '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utopy (noch net skreaun)">utopy</a>', wêrmei't in ideäle mar net reälistyske sitewaasje oantsjut wurdt. Dy term komt wer fan 'e maatskippij fan it optochte lân Utopia yn it <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(boek)" title="Utopia (boek)">boek mei deselde namme</a> fan 'e <a href="/wiki/16e_iuw" title="16e iuw">sechstjinde-iuwske</a> <a href="/wiki/Keninkryk_Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Keninkryk Ingelân">Ingelske</a> <a href="/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof">filosoof</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>. It wurd 'dystopysk' is dêr as tsjinstelling fan ôflaat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utopyske_fiksje">Utopyske fiksje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Dielside bewurkje: Utopyske fiksje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Utopyske fiksje"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It bekenste wurk fan utopyske fiksje is fansels it yn it <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> skreaune boek <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(boek)" title="Utopia (boek)">Utopia</a></i>, dat yn <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a> troch de <a href="/wiki/Keninkryk_Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Keninkryk Ingelân">Ingelske</a> <a href="/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof">filosoof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Politikus" title="Politikus">politikus</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> publisearre waard. Yn it boek beskriuwt er op <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">iroanyske</a> wize in ideäle <a href="/wiki/Steat" title="Steat">steat</a>, dy't er de namme Utopia joech. Dy namme liket, perfoarst net tafallich, op 'e <a href="/wiki/Gryksk" title="Gryksk">Grykske</a> wurden <i>outopos</i> ("gjin plak" of "nearne") en <i>eutopos</i> ("goed plak"). It ludike aard fan <i>Utopia</i> kin ek ôflaat wurde út 'e namme fan 'e ferteller dy't More yn it twadde diel fan it wurk opfiert: Raphael Hythloday. De Grykske woartel fan 'Hythloday' suggerearje in <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> fan sokssawat as "ekspêr op it mêd fan ûnsin". </p><p>In earder en folle serieuzer wurk fan utopyske fiksje <i>avant la lettre</i> wie it boek <i><a href="/wiki/Steat_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steat (Plato)">Steat</a></i> fan 'e <a href="/wiki/Grikel%C3%A2n" title="Grikelân">Grykske</a> <a href="/wiki/Wiisgear" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiisgear">wiisgear</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato_(wiisgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato (wiisgear)">Plato</a>, út omtrint <a href="/wiki/380_f.Kr." title="380 f.Kr.">380 f.Kr.</a> Dêryn beskreau dyselde syn fyzje fan in ideäle maatskippij mei in ideaal <a href="/wiki/Polityk" title="Polityk">polityk systeem</a>. Lettere foarbylden binne <i>The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia</i>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Johnson (noch net skreaun)">Samuel Johnson</a>, út <a href="/wiki/1759" title="1759">1759</a>, en <i>Erewhon</i>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Butler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Butler (noch net skreaun)">Samuel Butler</a>, út <a href="/wiki/1872" title="1872">1872</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Titel_(namme)" title="Titel (namme)">titel</a> fan <i>Erewhon</i> is in <a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">anagram</a> fan it <a href="/wiki/Ingelsk" title="Ingelsk">Ingelske</a> wurd <i>nowhere</i> ("nearne"). Lykas in grut diel fan 'e utopyske fiksje, kin dat wurk sjoen wurde as in <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>. Butler ferwikselet bygelyks <a href="/wiki/Sykte" title="Sykte">sykte</a> en <a href="/wiki/Misdie" title="Misdie">misdie</a>, mei't yn Erewhon sykte <a href="/wiki/Bestraffing" title="Bestraffing">bestraft</a>, en misdie genêzen wurdt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feministyske_utopyske_fiksje">Feministyske utopyske fiksje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Dielside bewurkje: Feministyske utopyske fiksje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Feministyske utopyske fiksje"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Subsjenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsjenre">subsjenre</a> fan utopyske fiksje is <a href="/wiki/Feministysk" class="mw-redirect" title="Feministysk">feministyske</a> utopyske fiksje, dy't yn 'e regel oerlapet mei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feministyske_science_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feministyske science fiction (noch net skreaun)">feministyske science fiction</a>. Yn sokke literatuer wurde de konsekwinsjes ferkend fan 'e ideeën dat <a href="/wiki/Geslacht_(sekse)" title="Geslacht (sekse)">geslacht</a> òf in poer maatskiplik begryp is, òf in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biologyske</a> needsaak. Yn <i>Golden Witchbreed</i>, út <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Gentle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Gentle (noch net skreaun)">Mary Gentle</a>, wurdt jins geslacht bygelyks pas keazen as de <a href="/wiki/Folwoeksenens" class="mw-redirect" title="Folwoeksenens">folwoeksenens</a> berikt wurdt, en hat jins geslacht boppedat gjin inkele ynfloed op jins maatskiplike rol. Yn <i>The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five</i>, út <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doris_Lessing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doris Lessing (noch net skreaun)">Doris Lessing</a>, foarmet jins geslacht in ynherint ûnderdiel fan jins persoanlikheid, sadat foar in súksesfolle <a href="/wiki/Relaasje_(ynterpersoanlike_b%C3%A2n)" title="Relaasje (ynterpersoanlike bân)">relaasje</a> in kompromis nedich is. Yn <i>My Own Utopia</i>, út <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Mann_Borgese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Mann Borgese (noch net skreaun)">Elisabeth Mann Borgese</a>, besteane geslachtsferskillen wol, mar binne se ôfhinklik fan <a href="/wiki/Leeftyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeftyd">leeftyd</a>: geslachtsleaze <a href="/wiki/Bern_(persoan)" title="Bern (persoan)">bern</a> wurde folwoeksen as <a href="/wiki/Froulju" class="mw-redirect" title="Froulju">froulju</a>, fan wa't in diel úteinlik <a href="/wiki/Manlju" class="mw-redirect" title="Manlju">man</a> wurdt. </p><p>Utopyske maatskippijen mei mar ien <a href="/wiki/Sekse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekse">sekse</a> binne al hiel lang ien fan 'e wichtichste manearen om 'e gefolgen te ferkennen fan geslachtsferskillen en sosjale geslachtspatroanen. In oplossing foar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geslachts%C3%BBnderdrukking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geslachtsûnderdrukking (noch net skreaun)">geslachtsûnderdrukking</a> fan froulju dy't gauris foarbykomt yn feministyske utopyske fiksje is om manlju hielendal út in maatskippij te ferwiderjen, troch isolearre froulike <a href="/wiki/Kultuer" title="Kultuer">kultueren</a> sjen te litten, lykas yn <i>Herland</i> (<a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a>) fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman (noch net skreaun)">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a>, of troch 'natuerliker' kultueren te beskriuwen dêr't manlju útstoarn of ferfongen binne, lykas yn it <a href="/wiki/Koarte_ferhaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Koarte ferhaal">koarte ferhaal</a> <i>A Few Things I Know About Whileaway</i> (<a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>) fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Russ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joanna Russ (noch net skreaun)">Joanna Russ</a>, wêryn't "it giftige binêre geslacht" útstoarn is. Sokke inkeld froulike maatskippijen komme yn 'e <a href="/wiki/Spekulative_fiksje" title="Spekulative fiksje">spekulative fiksje</a> yn 'e regel ta stân troch <a href="/wiki/Sykte" title="Sykte">sykten</a> dy't manlju útrûgje, wêrnei't se ferfongen wurde troch de ûntwikkeling fan <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technologyske</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mystyk" title="Mystyk">mystike</a> metoaden dy't froulike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partenogenese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partenogenese (noch net skreaun)">partenogenetyske</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuortplanting" title="Fuortplanting">fuortplanting</a> mooglik meitsje. </p><p>De dêrút resultearjende maatskippij wurdt troch feministyske auteurs faak as in utopy beskreaun, lykas yn <i>The Female Man</i> (<a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>) fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Russ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joanna Russ (noch net skreaun)">Joanna Russ</a>, en <i>The Holdfast Chronicles</i> (<a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>-<a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>) fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzy_McKee_Charnas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzy McKee Charnas (noch net skreaun)">Suzy McKee Charnas</a>. De ynwenners fan sokke maatskippijen wurde yn 'e moderne literatuer ornaris as <a href="/wiki/Lesbysk" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbysk">lesbysk</a> beskreaun, mar yn âldere feministyske utopyske fiksje giet it almeast om folslein <a href="/wiki/Seks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seks">seksleaze</a> maatskippijen, lykas yn <i>Herland</i> (<a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a>), fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman (noch net skreaun)">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a>. Oan 'e oare kant beskreau <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> yn har roman <i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_of_Athos" title="Ethan of Athos">Ethan of Athos</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Homoseksu%C3%ABle" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoseksuële">homoseksuële</a> utopy fan in wrâld sûnder froulju, dêr't alle <a href="/wiki/Bern_(persoan)" title="Bern (persoan)">bern</a> (jonkjes) troch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reagearbuisbefruchting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reagearbuisbefruchting (noch net skreaun)">reagearbuisbefruchting</a> oanset wurde en foldroegen wurde yn '<a href="/wiki/Uterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterus">uterusreplikators</a>'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dystopyske_fiksje">Dystopyske fiksje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Dielside bewurkje: Dystopyske fiksje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Dystopyske fiksje"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yn wurken fan dystopyske fiksje wurde maatskippijen ôfskildere mei bygelyks massale <a href="/wiki/Earmoede" title="Earmoede">earmoede</a> en/of ûnmeilydsume ûnderdrukking yn in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plysjesteat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plysjesteat (noch net skreaun)">plysjesteat</a>, of dêr't de steat alhielendal ynstoart is, sadat der in maatskippij sûnder <a href="/wiki/Noarmen_en_wearden" title="Noarmen en wearden">noarmen en wearden</a> ûntstien is dêr't inkeld it <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rjocht_fan_%27e_sterkste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rjocht fan 'e sterkste (noch net skreaun)">rjocht fan 'e sterkste</a> jildt. De measte <a href="/wiki/Auteur" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteur">auteurs</a> fan sokke <a href="/wiki/Literatuer" title="Literatuer">literatuer</a> geane djipper yn op teminsten ien reden wêrom't it safier komme kinnen hat, en dêrby ferwize se faak op subtile of net sa subtile wize nei analoge swierrichheden yn 'e echte wrâld. Op dy wize wurdt dystopyske fiksje brûkt om nije perspektiven te bieden op problematyske maatskiplike en politike praktiken dy't oars sûnder fierdere diskusje akseptearre wurde kinne soene. In trúkje dat guon auteurs dêrby brûke, is om te bewearen dat harren dystopy in utopy is, en dan de lêzer sels ûntdekke te litten dat dat net wier is. Sa'n boek is <i>Erewhon</i>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Butler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Butler (noch net skreaun)">Samuel Butler</a>, wêryn't de siken bestraft wurde as wiene se kriminelen, wylst kriminelen yn <a href="/wiki/Sikehuzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikehuzen">sikehuzen</a> opnommen wurde om se te genêzen, twa praktiken dy't troch de ynwenners fan Erewhon beskôge wurde as folslein natuerlik en rjochtfeardich. </p><p>Foar it beskriuwen fan maatskippijen yn dystopyske fiksje nimme auteurs gauris eleminten fan 'e hjoeddeistige echte maatskippij as útgongspunt om te tsjinjen as sosjale en politike warskôgings. Yn 'e <a href="/wiki/Russysk" title="Russysk">Russysktalige</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman" title="Roman">roman</a> <i>My</i> ("Wy"), fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jevgeny_Zamjatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jevgeny Zamjatin (noch net skreaun)">Jevgeny Zamjatin</a>, út <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>, wurdt bygelyks in <a href="/wiki/Post-apokalyptyske_fiksje" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apokalyptyske fiksje">post-apokalyptyske</a> <a href="/wiki/Takomst" title="Takomst">takomst</a> foarsein, wêryn't de maatskippij folslein basearre is op <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a> en foarmjûn is nei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meganyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meganyk (noch net skreaun)">meganyske systemen</a>. It bekendste foarbyld fan dystopyske fiksje is lykwols it boek <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nineteen_Eighty-Four&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four (noch net skreaun)">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>, fan <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, út <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>. Dêryn beskreau er in steat dy't oanhâldend yn <a href="/wiki/Oarloch" title="Oarloch">oarloch</a> is, mei in <a href="/wiki/Befolking" title="Befolking">befolking</a> dy't ûnder in <a href="/wiki/Diktatuer" title="Diktatuer">diktatuer</a> suchtet sûnder it te beseffen en folslein behearske wurdt troch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda (noch net skreaun)">propaganda</a>. Big Brother, dy't alles sjocht, en de deistige Twa Minuten fan Haat sette de toan foar in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selssensuer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selssensuer (noch net skreaun)">selssensuer</a> dy't allestrochkringend is. </p><p>In oar bekend foarbyld fan dystopyske fiksje is de roman <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i>, fan <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, út <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>. Dêryn wurdt in <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> op in utopyske maatskippij yn it jier 2540 beskreaun, mei <a href="/wiki/Yndustri%C3%ABle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yndustriële">yndustriële</a> en <a href="/wiki/Maatskiplik" class="mw-redirect" title="Maatskiplik">maatskiplike</a> feroarings basearre op 'e ûntwikkelings út 'e <a href="/wiki/1920-er_jierren" title="1920-er jierren">1920-er jierren</a>. Yn it boek is der in yndustrieel súksesfolle wrâldsteat ûntstien mei in befolking dy't ferdield is yn fiif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastestelsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastestelsel (noch net skreaun)">kasten</a>, wylst eltsenien dy't sechstich jier wurdt, <a href="/wiki/Eutanasy" title="Eutanasy">eutanasy</a> kriget. Yn 'e roman <i>A Clockwork Orange</i>, út <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>, beskriuwt auteur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Burgess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Burgess (noch net skreaun)">Antony Burgess</a> in takomstich <a href="/wiki/Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Ingelân">Ingelân</a> mei in <a href="/wiki/Subkultuer" title="Subkultuer">subkultuer</a> fan ekstreem jeugd<a href="/wiki/Geweld" title="Geweld">geweld</a> en in <a href="/wiki/Oerheid" title="Oerheid">oerheid</a> dy't mient it rjocht te hawwen om 'e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persoanlikheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persoanlikheid (noch net skreaun)">persoanlikheid</a> fan boargers nei beleavjen oanpasse te meien. Yn <i>The Handmaid's Tale</i>, út <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Atwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Atwood (noch net skreaun)">Margaret Atwood</a>, wurde de <a href="/wiki/Feriene_Steaten" title="Feriene Steaten">Feriene Steaten</a> fan 'e takomst beskreaun as in <a href="/wiki/Diktatuer" title="Diktatuer">totalitêre</a> <a href="/wiki/Teokrasy" title="Teokrasy">teokrasy</a> dêr't <a href="/wiki/Froulju" class="mw-redirect" title="Froulju">froulju</a> alle rjochten ûntnommen binne. Foarbylden fan dystopyske fiksje foar <a href="/wiki/Jongfolwoeksene" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongfolwoeksene">jongfolwoeksenen</a> binne de <a href="/wiki/Romansearje" title="Romansearje">romansearjes</a> <i>The Hunger Games</i>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzanne Collins (noch net skreaun)">Suzanne Collins</a>, en <i>Divergent</i>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veronica_Roth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veronica Roth (noch net skreaun)">Veronica Roth</a>, dy't beide mei grut súkses <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">ferfilme</a> binne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekotopyske_fiksje">Ekotopyske fiksje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Dielside bewurkje: Ekotopyske fiksje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewurkje seksje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ekotopyske fiksje"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wurken fan utopyske fiksje dy't te krijen hawwe mei <a href="/wiki/Ekology" title="Ekology">ekology</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miljeu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miljeu (noch net skreaun)">miljeu</a> wurde ek wol oantsjut as <b>ekotopyske fiksje</b>. Yn <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> waard de term <i>cli fi</i> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atspr." class="mw-redirect" title="Útspr.">útspr.</a>: "klaai faai"; in <a href="/wiki/Wurdboarterij" title="Wurdboarterij">wurdboarterij</a> op 'e <a href="/wiki/%C3%94fkoarting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ôfkoarting">ôfkoarting</a> <i>sci fi</i> foar <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>) betocht foar fiksje mei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klimaatferoaring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klimaatferoaring (noch net skreaun)">klimaatferoaring</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tema" title="Tema">tema</a>. Foarbylden fan ekotopyske fiksje binne <i>Ecotopia</i>, fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Callenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Callenbach (noch net skreaun)">Ernest Callenbach</a>, út <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>, en de <i>Mars</i>-<a href="/wiki/Trilogy" title="Trilogy">trilogy</a> (<a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>-<a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>) fan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Stanley_Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Stanley Robinson (noch net skreaun)">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>. Dy lêste skreau ek de <i>Three Californias Trilogy</i> (<a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>-<a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>), wêryn't er foar <a href="/wiki/Kalifornje" title="Kalifornje">Kalifornje</a> in eko-utopy kontrastearre mei in eko-dystopy en in takomst dy't de midden tusken dy beiden hâldt. </p> <div style="position:absolute; visibility:hidden; height:0; margin-top:1em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boarnen,_noaten_en_referinsjes"><span id="Boarnen.2C_noaten_en_referinsjes"></span>Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berjocht:Boarnen&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes"><span>boarne bewurkje</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> </div> <table class="toccolours" style="font-size:85%; margin-top:1em; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px; clear: both;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Boarnen, noaten en/as referinsjes:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p>Foar boarnen en oare literatuer, sjoch ûnder: <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction"><i>References</i> en <i>Bibliography</i>, op dizze side</a>. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Opfrege fan "<a dir="ltr" href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&oldid=1022336#Feministyske_utopyske_fiksje">https://fy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utopyske_en_dystopyske_fiksje&oldid=1022336#Feministyske_utopyske_fiksje</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wiki:Kategoryen" title="Wiki:Kategoryen">Kategoryen</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Utopyske_fiksje" title="Kategory:Utopyske fiksje">Utopyske fiksje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Dystopyske_fiksje" title="Kategory:Dystopyske fiksje">Dystopyske fiksje</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Science_fiction-sjenre" title="Kategory:Science fiction-sjenre">Science fiction-sjenre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Fantasysjenre" title="Kategory:Fantasysjenre">Fantasysjenre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Horrorsjenre" title="Kategory:Horrorsjenre">Horrorsjenre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Filmsjenre" title="Kategory:Filmsjenre">Filmsjenre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Telefyzjesjenre" title="Kategory:Telefyzjesjenre">Telefyzjesjenre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Liter%C3%AAr_sjenre" title="Kategory:Literêr sjenre">Literêr sjenre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategory:Spekulative_fiksje" title="Kategory:Spekulative fiksje">Spekulative fiksje</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Dizze side is it lêst bewurke op 28 okt 2020 om 08.20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beskikber ûnder de lisinsje <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fy">Creative Commons Nammefermelding-Lyk diele</a>; der kinne oanfoljende betingsten fan tapassing wêze. 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