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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A4%D8%AC%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ذات الرئة بالمتكيسة الجؤجؤية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذات الرئة بالمتكيسة الجؤجؤية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumocistosi" title="Pneumocistosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pneumocistosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سینه‌پهلو پنوموسیستیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینه‌پهلو پنوموسیستیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumocystose" title="Pneumocystose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pneumocystose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia_pneumosistis" title="Pneumonia pneumosistis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pneumonia pneumosistis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E" title="ニューモシスチス肺炎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューモシスチス肺炎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumocystis-pneumoni" title="Pneumocystis-pneumoni – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pneumocystis-pneumoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnevmosistoz" title="Pnevmosistoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pnevmosistoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumocystoza" title="Pneumocystoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pneumocystoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumocistose" title="Pneumocistose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pneumocistose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмоцистная пневмония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пневмоцистная пневмония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnevmocisti%C4%8Dna_plju%C4%8Dnica" title="Pnevmocistična pljučnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pnevmocistična pljučnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81_pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="โรคปอดอักเสบจาก pneumocystis jirovecii – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคปอดอักเสบจาก pneumocystis jirovecii" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пневмоцистна пневмонія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пневмоцистна пневмонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E5%9B%8A%E8%9F%B2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E" title="肺囊蟲肺炎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肺囊蟲肺炎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15401586#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_pneumonia" title="Pneumococcal pneumonia">Pneumococcal pneumonia</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc"><i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Pneumocystis pneumonia; <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia; <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i> pneumonia; <i>Pneumocystis carinii</i> pneumonia [outdated term]; pneumocystosis;<sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pneumocystiasis;<sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interstitial plasma cell pneumonia;<sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plasma cell pneumonia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pneumocystis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pneumocystis.jpg/220px-Pneumocystis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pneumocystis.jpg/330px-Pneumocystis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pneumocystis.jpg/440px-Pneumocystis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> cysts from bronchoalveolar lavage, stained with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toluidine_blue_O_stain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toluidine blue O stain (page does not exist)">Toluidine blue O stain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">Infectious disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-cdc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Weakened immune system</a><sup id="cite_ref-cdc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Other types of pneumonia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">co-trimoxazole</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">pentamidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimetrexate" title="Trimetrexate">trimetrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">dapsone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primaquine" title="Primaquine">primaquine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pafuramidine_maleate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pafuramidine maleate">pafuramidine maleate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b><i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia</b> (<b>PCP</b>), also known as <b><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia</b> (<b>PJP</b>), is a form of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> that is caused by the yeast-like <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aliouat-Denis_2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliouat-Denis_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pneumocystis</i> specimens are commonly found in the lungs of healthy people although it is usually not a cause for disease.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they are a source of <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infection</a> and can cause lung infections in people with a <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">weak immune system</a> or other predisposing health conditions. PCP is seen in people with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> (who account for 30-40% of PCP cases), those using medications that suppress the immune system, and people with cancer, autoimmune or inflammatory conditions, and chronic lung disease.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signs and symptoms may develop over several days or weeks<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may include: <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">shortness of breath and/or difficulty breathing</a> (of gradual onset), <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, dry/non-productive cough, weight loss, <a href="/wiki/Night_sweats" title="Night sweats">night sweats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chills, and fatigue.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncommonly, the infection may progress to involve other visceral organs (such as the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Cough</b> - typically dry/non-productive because sputum becomes too viscous to be coughed up. The dry cough distinguishes PCP from typical pneumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_and_CT_of_ground_glass_opacities_and_pneumothorax_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/X-ray_and_CT_of_ground_glass_opacities_and_pneumothorax_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/220px-X-ray_and_CT_of_ground_glass_opacities_and_pneumothorax_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/X-ray_and_CT_of_ground_glass_opacities_and_pneumothorax_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/330px-X-ray_and_CT_of_ground_glass_opacities_and_pneumothorax_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/X-ray_and_CT_of_ground_glass_opacities_and_pneumothorax_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/440px-X-ray_and_CT_of_ground_glass_opacities_and_pneumothorax_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>X-ray and CT of ground glass opacities and pneumothorax in pneumocystis pneumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a> is a well-known complication of PCP.<sup id="cite_ref-Kanne2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanne2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a condition similar to <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a> (ARDS) may occur in patients with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, and such individuals may require <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The risk of PCP increases when <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">CD4-positive T-cell</a> levels are less than 400 cells/μL. In these <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppressed</a> individuals, the manifestations of the infection are highly variable.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease attacks the interstitial, fibrous tissue of the lungs, with marked thickening of the alveolar septa and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a>, leading to significant <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, which can be fatal if not treated aggressively. In this situation, <a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">lactate dehydrogenase</a> levels increase and gas exchange is compromised. Oxygen is less able to diffuse into the blood, leading to hypoxia, which along with high arterial <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) levels, stimulates <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">hyperventilatory effort</a>, thereby causing <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> (breathlessness).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition, in symptomatic cases of <i>P. jirovecii</i> pneumonia, the overgrowth of the fungus is associated to a co-infection with trichomonads, unicellular flagellated parabasalid protist (<a href="/wiki/Parabasalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabasalia">Parabasalia</a>) of the family <a href="/wiki/Trichomonadidae" title="Trichomonadidae">Trichomonadidae</a>. These parasites (including the <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensal</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_tenax" title="Trichomonas tenax">Trichomonas tenax</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis" title="Trichomonas vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tritrichomonas_foetus" title="Tritrichomonas foetus">Tritrichomonas foetus</a></i>) exhibit an amoeboid form, without flagellum, which makes it difficult to identify them under the microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amoeboid transformation is an argument in favor of a deleterious action, which nevertheless remains conjectural.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnosis can be confirmed by the characteristic appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Chest_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-ray">chest X-ray</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">arterial oxygen level</a> (PaO<sub>2</sub>) that is strikingly lower than would be expected from symptoms. <a href="/wiki/Gallium_67_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium 67 scan">Gallium 67 scans</a> are also useful in the diagnosis. They are abnormal in about 90% of cases and are often positive before the chest X-ray becomes abnormal. Chest X-ray typically shows widespread pulmonary infiltrates. <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> may show <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary cyst">pulmonary cysts</a> (not to be confused with the cyst-forms of the pathogen).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PCPxray.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chest X-ray of increased opacification (whiteness) in the lower lungs."><img alt="Chest X-ray of increased opacification (whiteness) in the lower lungs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PCPxray.jpg/138px-PCPxray.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PCPxray.jpg/208px-PCPxray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PCPxray.jpg/276px-PCPxray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chest_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-ray">Chest X-ray</a> of increased opacification (whiteness) in the lower lungs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 298.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 296.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_of_ground_glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="These chest radiographs are of two patients. Both show ground glass opacities. The left X-ray shows a much more subtle ground-glass appearance while the right X-ray shows a much more gross ground-glass appearance mimicking pulmonary edema.[7]"><img alt="These chest radiographs are of two patients. Both show ground glass opacities. The left X-ray shows a much more subtle ground-glass appearance while the right X-ray shows a much more gross ground-glass appearance mimicking pulmonary edema.[7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/X-ray_of_ground_glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/445px-X-ray_of_ground_glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/X-ray_of_ground_glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/669px-X-ray_of_ground_glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/X-ray_of_ground_glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/890px-X-ray_of_ground_glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">These chest radiographs are of two patients. Both show <a href="/wiki/Ground_glass_opacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground glass opacity">ground glass opacities</a>. The left X-ray shows a much more subtle ground-glass appearance while the right X-ray shows a much more gross ground-glass appearance mimicking pulmonary edema.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_of_cyst_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X-ray of a cyst in pneumocystis pneumonia[7]"><img alt="X-ray of a cyst in pneumocystis pneumonia[7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/X-ray_of_cyst_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia_1.jpg/245px-X-ray_of_cyst_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/X-ray_of_cyst_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia_1.jpg/368px-X-ray_of_cyst_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/X-ray_of_cyst_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia_1.jpg/490px-X-ray_of_cyst_in_pneumocystis_pneumonia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X-ray of a cyst in pneumocystis pneumonia<sup id="cite_ref-Khan2010_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HRCT_of_mosaic_ground-glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showing ground-glass attenuation with a geographic or mosaic distribution.[7]"><img alt="High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showing ground-glass attenuation with a geographic or mosaic distribution.[7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HRCT_of_mosaic_ground-glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia_2.jpg/249px-HRCT_of_mosaic_ground-glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HRCT_of_mosaic_ground-glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia_2.jpg/374px-HRCT_of_mosaic_ground-glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HRCT_of_mosaic_ground-glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia_2.jpg/498px-HRCT_of_mosaic_ground-glass_opacities_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution computed tomography</a> (HRCT) showing ground-glass attenuation with a geographic or mosaic distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan2010_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 259.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 257.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HRCT_of_cysts_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HRCT of cysts of pneumocystis pneumonia. These are usually multiple and bilateral, but range in size, shape and distribution.[7]"><img alt="HRCT of cysts of pneumocystis pneumonia. These are usually multiple and bilateral, but range in size, shape and distribution.[7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HRCT_of_cysts_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/386px-HRCT_of_cysts_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HRCT_of_cysts_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/580px-HRCT_of_cysts_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HRCT_of_cysts_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg/772px-HRCT_of_cysts_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HRCT of cysts of pneumocystis pneumonia. These are usually multiple and bilateral, but range in size, shape and distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan2010_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The diagnosis can be definitively confirmed by histological identification of the causative organism in sputum or <a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">bronchoalveolar lavage</a> (lung rinse). Staining with <a href="/wiki/Toluidine_blue" title="Toluidine blue">toluidine blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grocott%27s_methenamine_silver_stain" title="Grocott's methenamine silver stain">silver stain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid-Schiff_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic acid-Schiff stain">periodic acid-Schiff stain</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">immunofluorescence assay</a> shows the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cysts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cysts resemble crushed ping-pong balls and are present in aggregates of two to eight (and not to be confused with <i>Histoplasma</i> or <i>Cryptococcus</i>, which typically do not form aggregates of spores or cells). A lung biopsy would show thickened alveolar septa with fluffy eosinophilic exudate in the alveoli. Both the thickened septa and the fluffy exudate contribute to dysfunctional diffusion capacity that is characteristic of this pneumonia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Pneumocystis</i> infection can also be diagnosed by <a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">immunofluorescent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Histochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Histochemistry">histochemical staining</a> of the specimen, and more recently by molecular analysis of <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> products comparing <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> samples. Notably, simple molecular detection of <i>P. jirovecii</i> in lung fluids does not mean that a person has PCP or infection by <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>. The fungus appears to be present in healthy individuals in the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-Medrano_2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medrano_2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A blood test to detect <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">β-D-glucan</a> (a part of the cell wall of many different types of fungi) can also help in the diagnosis of PCP.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Immunocompromised" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocompromised">immunocompromised</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylaxis">prophylaxis</a> with co-trimoxazole (<a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Stern2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a>, or regular <a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">pentamidine</a> inhalations may help prevent PCP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antipneumocystic medication is used with concomitant <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a> to avoid inflammation, which causes an exacerbation of symptoms about 4 days after treatment begins if steroids are not used. By far, the most commonly used medication is <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a>, but patients are often unable to tolerate this treatment due to adverse reactions, especially if they are HIV positive. Other medications that are used, alone or in combination, include <a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">pentamidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimetrexate" title="Trimetrexate">trimetrexate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">dapsone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atovaquone" title="Atovaquone">atovaquone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primaquine" title="Primaquine">primaquine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pafuramidine_maleate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pafuramidine maleate">pafuramidine maleate</a> (under investigation), and <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a>. Treatment is usually for a period of about 21 days. <a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">Pentamidine</a> is less often used, as its major limitation is the high frequency of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">side effects</a>. These include acute <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatic inflammation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">liver toxicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">decreased white blood cell count</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">low blood sugar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_epidemiology">Current epidemiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pneumocystisjiroveci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pneumocystisjiroveci.jpg/220px-Pneumocystisjiroveci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pneumocystisjiroveci.jpg/330px-Pneumocystisjiroveci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pneumocystisjiroveci.jpg/440px-Pneumocystisjiroveci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The disease PCP is relatively rare in people with normal immune systems, but common among people with weakened <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a>, such as premature or severely malnourished children, the elderly, and especially persons living with HIV/AIDS (in whom it is most commonly observed).<sup id="cite_ref-Aliouat-Denis_2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliouat-Denis_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PCP can also develop in patients who are taking <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressive medications</a>. It can occur in patients who have undergone <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">solid organ transplantation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplantation">bone marrow transplantation</a> and after surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19517677_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19517677-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infections with <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia are also common in infants with <a href="/wiki/Hyper_IgM_syndrome" title="Hyper IgM syndrome">hyper IgM syndrome</a>, an X-linked or autosomal recessive trait.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The causative organism of PCP is distributed worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia has been described in all continents except Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2004_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 75% of children are <a href="/wiki/Seropositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Seropositive">seropositive</a> by the age of four, which suggests a high background exposure to the organism. A <i>post mortem</i> study conducted in Chile of 96 persons who died of unrelated causes (suicide, traffic accidents, and so forth) found that 65 (68%) of them had pneumocystis in their lungs, which suggests that asymptomatic pneumocystis infection is extremely common.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 20% of adults may be asymptomatic carriers at any given time, and asymptomatic infection may persist for months before being cleared by an immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>P. jirovecii</i> is commonly believed to be a commensal organism (dependent upon its human host for survival). The possibility of person-to-person transmission has recently gained credence, with supporting evidence coming from many different genotyping studies of <i>P. jirovecii</i> isolates from human lung tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in one outbreak of 12 cases among transplant patients in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, it was suggested as likely, but not proven, that human-to-human spread may have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PCP_and_AIDS">PCP and AIDS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: PCP and AIDS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> epidemic, PCP has been closely associated with AIDS. Because it only occurs in an immunocompromised host, it may be the first clue to a new AIDS diagnosis if the patient has no other reason to be immunocompromised (e.g. taking immunosuppressive drugs for <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a>). An unusual rise in the number of PCP cases in North America, noticed when physicians began requesting large quantities of the rarely used antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">pentamidine</a>, was the first clue to the existence of AIDS in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the development of more effective treatments, PCP was a common and rapid cause of death in persons living with AIDS. Much of the incidence of PCP has been reduced by instituting a standard practice of using oral <a href="/wiki/Co-trimoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-trimoxazole">co-trimoxazole</a> (Bactrim / Septra) to prevent the disease in people with <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a> counts less than 200/μL. In populations who do not have access to preventive treatment, PCP continues to be a major cause of death in AIDS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first cases of <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia were described in premature infants in Europe following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carm2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carm2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then known as plasma cellular interstitial pneumonitis of the newborn.<sup id="cite_ref-Carm2011_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carm2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the era before the existence of HIV/AIDS in humans, clinical transplant immunology, and widespread immunomodulatory therapy for autoimmune diseases, the neonatal and infantile population was the principal immunity-limited population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, a 1955 review article stated,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-14368443_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-14368443-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Interstitial plasma cell pneumonia is a type of infantile pneumonia, occurring chiefly in Europe." It also stated, "The etiology is unknown, but the disease acts like an infection in its epidemiology. No present-day therapeutic measures seem to be of any definite value."<sup id="cite_ref-pmid-14368443_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-14368443-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia and <i>pneumocystis pneumonia</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">orthographically</a> correct; one uses the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> name per se and the other uses the common noun based on it. (This is the same reason, for example, why "group A <i>Streptococcus</i>" and "group A streptococcus" are both valid.) Synonyms for PCP include <i>pneumocystosis</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (pneumocystis + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-osis#Suffix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-osis">-osis</a>), <i>pneumocystiasis</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (pneumocystis + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-iasis#Suffix" class="extiw" title="wikt:-iasis">-iasis</a>), and <i>interstitial plasma cell pneumonia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The older species name <i>Pneumocystis carinii</i> (which now applies only to the <i>Pneumocystis</i> species that is found in rats<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is still in common usage. As a result, <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia (PCP) is also known as <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci[i]</i> pneumonia<i> and (incorrectly) as </i>Pneumocystis carinii<i> pneumonia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cushion_1998_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushion_1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cushion_1998b_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushion_1998b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cushion_2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushion_2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding nomenclature, when the name of <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia (PCP) changed from <i>P. carinii</i> pneumonia to <i>P. jirovecii</i> pneumonia, it was at first asked whether "PJP" should replace "PCP". However, because the short name "PCP" was already well established among physicians that managed patients with <i>Pneumocystis</i> infection, it was widely accepted that this name could continue to be used, as it could now stand for <i>p</i>neumo<i>c</i>ystis <i>p</i>neumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumocystis_pneumonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Pneumocystis%3A+unraveling+the+cloak+of+obscurity&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2004.03.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15120144&rft.aulast=Cushion&rft.aufirst=MT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumocystis+pneumonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringerBeardMillerWakefield2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stringer JR, Beard CB, Miller RF, Wakefield AE (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732539">"A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from humans"</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>8</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">891–</span>896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0809.020096">10.3201/eid0809.020096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732539">2732539</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12194762">12194762</a>.</cite><span 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401586" class="extiw" title="d:Q15401586">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B59">B59</a>† <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J17.3">J17.3</a>*</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=136.3">136.3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011020">D011020</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb10160.htm">10160</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000671.htm">000671</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/1850-overview">med/1850</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea496" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycoses" title="Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mycoses" title="Template talk:Mycoses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea496" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Fungal infection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">mesomycetozoea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Superficial_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Superficial</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Cutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">cutaneous</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dermatomycosis" title="Dermatomycosis">dermatomycosis</a>):<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea">Tinea</a> = <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Piedra" title="Piedra">Piedra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exothrix" title="Exothrix">exothrix</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Endothrix" title="Endothrix">endothrix</a>) = <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Dermatophytosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_barbae" title="Tinea barbae">Tinea barbae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">tinea capitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerion" title="Kerion">Kerion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Tinea corporis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytid" title="Dermatophytid">Dermatophytids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Tinea cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Tinea manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Tinea unguium/onychomycosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_superficial_onychomycosis" title="White superficial onychomycosis">White superficial onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Distal subungual onychomycosis">Distal subungual onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Proximal subungual onychomycosis">Proximal subungual onychomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis_gladiatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea corporis gladiatorum">Tinea corporis gladiatorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Tinea faciei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_imbricata" title="Tinea imbricata">Tinea imbricata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_incognito" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea incognito">Tinea incognito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favus" title="Favus">Favus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epidermophyton_floccosum" title="Epidermophyton floccosum">Epidermophyton floccosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_canis" title="Microsporum canis">Microsporum canis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_audouinii" title="Microsporum audouinii">Microsporum audouinii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_interdigitale" title="Trichophyton interdigitale">Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_tonsurans" title="Trichophyton tonsurans">Trichophyton tonsurans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton" title="Trichophyton">Trichophyton schoenleini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_rubrum" title="Trichophyton rubrum">Trichophyton rubrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_verrucosum" title="Trichophyton verrucosum">Trichophyton verrucosum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortaea_werneckii" title="Hortaea werneckii">Hortaea werneckii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_nigra" title="Tinea nigra">Tinea nigra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piedraia_hortae" title="Piedraia hortae">Piedraia hortae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_piedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Black piedra">Black piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malassezia" title="Malassezia">Malassezia furfur</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia_folliculitis" title="Malassezia folliculitis">Malassezia folliculitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_piedra" title="White piedra">White piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Subcutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Subcutaneous</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_primary_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">systemic</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_opportunistic_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">opportunistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic</a><br />(yeast+mold)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onygenales" title="Onygenales">Onygenales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis" title="Coccidioides immitis">Coccidioides immitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_posadasii" title="Coccidioides posadasii">Coccidioides posadasii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_coccidioidomycosis" title="Disseminated coccidioidomycosis">Disseminated coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis">Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis">Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum" title="Histoplasma capsulatum">Histoplasma capsulatum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_histoplasmosis" title="Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis">Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_histoplasmosis" title="Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis">Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_disseminated_histoplasmosis" title="Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis">Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_duboisii" title="Histoplasma duboisii">Histoplasma duboisii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_histoplasmosis" title="African histoplasmosis">African histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacazia" title="Lacazia">Lacazia loboi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobomycosis" title="Lobomycosis">Lobomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis" title="Paracoccidioides brasiliensis">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">Paracoccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blastomyces_dermatitidis" title="Blastomyces dermatitidis">Blastomyces dermatitidis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">Blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">North American blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">South American blastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sporothrix_schenckii" title="Sporothrix schenckii">Sporothrix schenckii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sporotrichosis" title="Sporotrichosis">Sporotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei" title="Talaromyces marneffei">Talaromyces marneffei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaromycosis" title="Talaromycosis">Talaromycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scedosporiosis" title="Scedosporiosis">Scedosporiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsiosis" title="Emmonsiosis">Emmonsiosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emmonsia_parva" title="Emmonsia parva">Emmonsia parva</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaspiromycosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiaspiromycosis (page does not exist)">Adiaspiromycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Esophageal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">Vulvovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" title="Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic candidiasis">Antibiotic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_intertrigo" title="Candidal intertrigo">Candidal intertrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_onychomycosis" title="Candidal onychomycosis">Candidal onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Candidal paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper candidiasis">Diaper candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cutaneous_candidiasis" title="Congenital cutaneous candidiasis">Congenital cutaneous candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianal_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianal candidiasis">Perianal candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic candidiasis">Systemic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosio_interdigitalis_blastomycetica" title="Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica">Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_auris" title="Candida auris">C. auris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida glabrata">C. glabrata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_lusitaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida lusitaniae">C. lusitaniae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_tropicalis" title="Candida tropicalis">C. tropicalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystosis" title="Pneumocystosis">Pneumocystosis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pneumocystis pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">Mold</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">Aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergilloma" title="Aspergilloma">Aspergilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_aspergillosis" title="Primary cutaneous aspergillosis">Primary cutaneous aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exophiala_jeanselmei" title="Exophiala jeanselmei">Exophiala jeanselmei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumycetoma" title="Eumycetoma">Eumycetoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_pedrosoi" title="Fonsecaea pedrosoi">Fonsecaea pedrosoi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_compacta" title="Fonsecaea compacta">Fonsecaea compacta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phialophora_verrucosa" title="Phialophora verrucosa">Phialophora verrucosa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis" title="Chromoblastomycosis">Chromoblastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichosis" title="Geotrichosis">Geotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Pseudallescheria boydii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Allescheriasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcosis" title="Cryptococcosis">Cryptococcosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a></i> spp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporonosis" title="Trichosporonosis">Trichosporonosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Zygomycosis" title="Zygomycosis">Zygomycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Mucormycosis" title="Mucormycosis">Mucormycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oryzae" title="Rhizopus oryzae">Rhizopus oryzae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucor_indicus" title="Mucor indicus">Mucor indicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia_corymbifera" title="Lichtheimia corymbifera">Lichtheimia corymbifera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syncephalastrum_racemosum" title="Syncephalastrum racemosum">Syncephalastrum racemosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apophysomyces_variabilis" title="Apophysomyces variabilis">Apophysomyces variabilis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entomophthorales" title="Entomophthorales">Entomophthorales</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Entomophthoramycosis" title="Entomophthoramycosis">Entomophthoramycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolus_ranarum" title="Basidiobolus ranarum">Basidiobolus ranarum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycosis" title="Basidiobolomycosis">Basidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_coronatus" title="Conidiobolus coronatus">Conidiobolus coronatus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_incongruus" title="Conidiobolus incongruus">Conidiobolus incongruus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolomycosis" title="Conidiobolomycosis">Conidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Microsporidiosis" title="Microsporidiosis">Microsporidiosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterocytozoon_bieneusi" title="Enterocytozoon bieneusi">Enterocytozoon bieneusi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Encephalitozoon_intestinalis" title="Encephalitozoon intestinalis">Encephalitozoon intestinalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidium_seeberi" title="Rhinosporidium seeberi">Rhinosporidium seeberi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidiosis" title="Rhinosporidiosis">Rhinosporidiosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternariosis" title="Alternariosis">Alternariosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_folliculitis" title="Fungal folliculitis">Fungal folliculitis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusariosis" title="Fusariosis">Fusariosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_gluteale_infantum" title="Granuloma gluteale infantum">Granuloma gluteale infantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyalohyphomycosis" title="Hyalohyphomycosis">Hyalohyphomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomycosis" title="Otomycosis">Otomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratomycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratomycosis">Keratomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeohyphomycosis" title="Phaeohyphomycosis">Phaeohyphomycosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template talk:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Diseases of the respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Upper RT</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">URTIs</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">Rhinitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis" title="Nonallergic rhinitis">Vasomotor rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_atrophic_rhinitis" title="Chronic atrophic rhinitis">Atrophic rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Hay fever</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_polyp" title="Nasal polyp">Nasal polyp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_deviation" title="Nasal septum deviation">Nasal septum deviation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation" title="Nasal septum perforation">Nasal septum perforation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septal_hematoma" title="Nasal septal hematoma">Nasal septal hematoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_hypertrophy" title="Adenoid hypertrophy">Adenoid hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">Peritonsillar abscess</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_abscess" title="Retropharyngeal abscess">Retropharyngeal abscess</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">Laryngomalacia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cyst" title="Laryngeal cyst">Laryngeal cyst</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">Laryngitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">Vocal fold nodule</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis" title="Vocal cord paresis">Vocal fold paresis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction" title="Vocal cord dysfunction">Vocal cord dysfunction</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">Epiglottitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheitis" title="Tracheitis">Tracheitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_stenosis" title="Laryngotracheal stenosis">Laryngotracheal stenosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">lung disease</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">LRTIs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i>acute</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>chronic</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Chronic bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Acute exacerbation of COPD</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Status_asthmaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Status asthmaticus">Status asthmaticus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspirin-exacerbated_respiratory_disease" title="Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease">AERD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise-induced asthma">Exercise-induced</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">Bronchiectasis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>unspecified</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">Bronchiolitis obliterans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_panbronchiolitis" title="Diffuse panbronchiolitis">Diffuse panbronchiolitis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">Interstitial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">restrictive</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">fibrosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External agents/<br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">occupational</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_lung_disease" title="Occupational lung disease">lung disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aluminosis" title="Aluminosis">Aluminosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baritosis" title="Baritosis">Baritosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_fibrosis" title="Bauxite fibrosis">Bauxite fibrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome" title="Caplan's syndrome">Caplan's syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siderosis" title="Siderosis">Siderosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_talcosis" title="Pulmonary talcosis">Talcosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bagassosis" title="Bagassosis">Bagassosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bird_fancier%27s_lung" title="Bird fancier's lung">Bird fancier's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycoperdonosis" title="Lycoperdonosis">Lycoperdonosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">ARDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_pulmonary_fibrosis_and_emphysema" title="Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema">Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6ffler%27s_syndrome" title="Löffler's syndrome">Löffler's syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory hypersensitivity">Respiratory hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamman%E2%80%93Rich_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamman–Rich syndrome">Hamman–Rich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">Vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstructive /<br /> Restrictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae#Klebsiella_pneumonia" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">Atypical bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionellosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">Legionnaires' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pneumocystis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic</a></li> <li><i>noninfectious</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pneumonia">Chemical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mendelson%27s_syndrome" title="Mendelson's syndrome">Mendelson's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">Lipid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By vector/route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">Healthcare-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">Broncho-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobar_pneumonia" title="Lobar pneumonia">Lobar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">IIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usual_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Usual interstitial pneumonia">UIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Desquamative interstitial pneumonia">DIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans_organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia">BOOP-COP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonspecific_interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia">NSIP</a></li> <li><a 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