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Zheng Zhegu - Wikipedia

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(surname)" title="Zheng (surname)">Zheng</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Zheng Zhegu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zheng_Zhegu_as_Zhang_Jiayun_in_Zhang_Xinsheng_(1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A monochrome image of a man in Chinese garb looking over his glasses, with a large moustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Zhang_Jiayun_in_Zhang_Xinsheng_%281922%29.jpg/220px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Zhang_Jiayun_in_Zhang_Xinsheng_%281922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Zhang_Jiayun_in_Zhang_Xinsheng_%281922%29.jpg/330px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Zhang_Jiayun_in_Zhang_Xinsheng_%281922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Zhang_Jiayun_in_Zhang_Xinsheng_%281922%29.jpg/440px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Zhang_Jiayun_in_Zhang_Xinsheng_%281922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="872" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Zheng Zhegu in <i>Zhang Xinsheng</i> (1922)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Zheng Lian (<span lang="zh">郑廉</span>)</div><br />1880<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1925 (aged&#160;44&#8211;45)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other&#160;names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Zheng Jiecheng (<span lang="zh">郑介诚</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Actor, entrepreneur</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional&#160;Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄭">鄭</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B7%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:鷓">鷓</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:鴣">鴣</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified&#160;Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:郑">郑</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B9%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:鹧">鹧</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B8%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:鸪">鸪</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhèng Zhègū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Cheng<sup>4</sup> Che<sup>4</sup>ku<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zheng Zhegu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>&#58; <span lang="zh-Hans">郑鹧鸪</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>&#58; <span lang="zh-Hant">鄭鷓鴣</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>&#58; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhèng Zhègū</span></i>, 1880–1925) was a Chinese actor and entrepreneur. The son of a <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> official, he served in the military before joining the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">anti-Qing movement</a>. Forced into hiding, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> military after the <a href="/wiki/1911_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 revolution">1911 revolution</a> but left government service and moved to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> after growing disillusioned. Long interested in <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a> and other forms of drama, Zheng joined several troupes while also gaining a reputation as a stage performer. In the late 1910s, he also became involved in publishing through the Xinmin Library. </p><p>In 1922, Zheng co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Mingxing" title="Mingxing">Mingxing Film Company</a> together with Ren Jinping, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shichuan" title="Zhang Shichuan">Zhang Shichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhengqiu" title="Zheng Zhengqiu">Zheng Zhengqiu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianyun" title="Zhou Jianyun">Zhou Jianyun</a>. While heading the company's screenwriting department and teaching at its film school, he starred in several of its early productions, making his film debut with the simultaneously released <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Comedy_Visits_Shanghai" title="The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai">The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Laborer%27s_Love" title="Laborer&#39;s Love">Labourer's Love</a></i> (both 1922). In the next three years, Zheng appeared in several further films, gaining critical acclaim for his diverse roles and, later, his naturalistic performances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zheng was born Zheng Lian (<span lang="zh">郑廉</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>, in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenZou200534–37_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenZou200534–37-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The son of Zheng Moqin, a government official who traced his roots to <a href="/wiki/She_County,_Anhui" title="She County, Anhui">She County, Anhui</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> he attended the Jiangnan Military Academy and became a junior officer in the Seventh Town of the <a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A 1921 retrospective, published after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, described him as gaining a hatred of the regime and seeking "the restoration of China as his own duty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022262-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He thus joined the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">anti-Qing movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201475_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201475-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Facing suspicion for these activities, he left the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022262-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>To evade capture, Zheng entered the world of business,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201475_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201475-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> becoming the manager of two <a href="/wiki/Customs_broker" title="Customs broker">customs brokers</a>, Jinyuan and Gongji. He also became a member of the Jiangning Chamber of Commerce, acting as communications officer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022262-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as a broker on the China Stock Exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022263_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022263-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/1911_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 revolution">1911 revolution</a>, which resulted in the Qing dynasty being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, Zheng returned to the military. However, amidst the political tumult of the early republic, he grew disillusioned, left the military, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022262-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As an adult, he took the <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> Zheng Jiecheng (<span lang="zh">郑介诚</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1998715_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1998715-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama_and_publishing">Drama and publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Drama and publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zheng had an interest in the theatre from his youth, including <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a>, becoming a leading member of the Eternal Memory Society fan-club in the 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201478_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201478-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1914, he established the River East Society, later joining Lu Jingruo's New Play Comrade Society. In the latter, he interacted with Song Chiping, Dong Tianya, Dong Tianmin, and <a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Yuqian" title="Ouyang Yuqian">Ouyang Yuqian</a>, all of whom would later enter Shanghai cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201481_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201481-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Shanghai, Zheng was hired by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhengqiu" title="Zheng Zhengqiu">Zheng Zhengqiu</a> to teach at the Yaofeng Drama Academy. While teaching, he also performed on stage, gaining recognition for his "solemn attitude, upright speech, sense of concision, moderation, and possessing the air of a knowledgeable person". He specialized in playing older men, but at times portrayed younger characters, sometimes humourous, sometimes stoic. He adopted the stage name Zheng Zhegu while performing in spoken-word dramas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022263_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022263-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Zheng participated in several publication ventures. With Zheng Zhengqiu and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianyun" title="Zhou Jianyun">Zhou Jianyun</a>, he established the Xinmin Library in late 1918 or early 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201483_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201483-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The company, with Zheng Zhegu as its general manager, published magazines such as the <i>Yaofeng Monthly</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Pictorial" title="Emancipation Pictorial">Emancipation Pictorial</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022263_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022263-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another of the company's publications, the newspaper <i>Spring Voice Daily</i>, frequently featured articles penned by Zheng.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201485_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201485-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a result of his involvement with Xinmin, Zheng was elected to the judicial board of the Shanghai Book Company, serving as its chairman. He also sat on the committees of several business associations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022263_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022263-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and served as the chairman of the Shanghai Hui-ning Native-place Association.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022262-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mingxing_Film_Company_and_death">Mingxing Film Company and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Mingxing Film Company and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:222px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_splitting_a_melon_in_Labourer%27s_Love_(1922).jpg" title="File:Zheng Zhegu as Carpenter Zheng splitting a melon in Labourer&#39;s Love (1922).jpg"><img alt="A black-and-white image of a grinning man cutting a melon with a saw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_splitting_a_melon_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg/288px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_splitting_a_melon_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_splitting_a_melon_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg/432px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_splitting_a_melon_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_splitting_a_melon_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg/576px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_splitting_a_melon_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2783" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Zheng as Carpenter Zheng in <i><a href="/wiki/Laborer%27s_Love" title="Laborer&#39;s Love">Labourer's Love</a></i> (1922)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style=";height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helen_Wang_in_Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather_(1923).jpg" title="File:Helen Wang in Orphan Rescues Grandfather (1923).jpg"><img alt="A black-and-white image of a young woman kneeling beside a bedridden man, with three people standing to her left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Helen_Wang_in_Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather_%281923%29.jpg/288px-Helen_Wang_in_Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Helen_Wang_in_Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather_%281923%29.jpg/432px-Helen_Wang_in_Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Helen_Wang_in_Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather_%281923%29.jpg/576px-Helen_Wang_in_Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Zheng as a bedridden grandfather in <i><a href="/wiki/Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather" title="Orphan Rescues Grandfather">Orphan Rescues Grandfather</a></i> (1923), with <a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanlun" title="Wang Hanlun">Wang Hanlun</a> at his side</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1922, Zheng established the <a href="/wiki/Mingxing" title="Mingxing">Mingxing Film Company</a> together with Ren Jinping, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shichuan" title="Zhang Shichuan">Zhang Shichuan</a>, Zheng Zhengqiu, and Zhou Jianyun.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He had worked with several of them at the Mutual Stock and Produce Exchange Company, which collapsed in 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201430_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201430-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the men were required to use their own funds as start-up capital after fundraising efforts failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201433_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201433-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The oldest of the company's founders, he headed its screenwriting department and served as the registrar of its film school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022264-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although the school offered courses for both male and female students,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201435-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> no women initially showed interest. Zheng thus urged his students to invite their girlfriends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing202186_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing202186-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zheng also regularly performed on screen, drawing on his dramatic experience to star in the company's films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022264-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His first appearances were two comedies, released simultaneously: <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Comedy_Visits_Shanghai" title="The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai">The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Laborer%27s_Love" title="Laborer&#39;s Love">Labourer's Love</a></i> (both 1922).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2022278_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2022278-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The former film depicted a fictional visit by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> to Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201435-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the latter, Zheng portrayed a carpenter-turned-fruitmonger who falls in love with a doctor's daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zheng gained acclaim for his performance in <i>Labourer's Love</i>, with one critic identifying him as setting a new benchmark for acting and another lauding him as an East-Asian <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stone" title="Lewis Stone">Lewis Stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Neither film, however, was commercial success, and other cinemas failed to pick them up after their initial four-day run.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201435-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1922, Zheng portrayed a violent bandit in <i>Good Elder Brother</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as the character Zhang Jiayun in the crime drama <i>Zhang Xinsheng</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022269_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022269-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Based on a real-life court-case, the film was Mingxing's first commercial success, earning more than 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">yuan</a> (equivalent to ¥600,000 in 2019) during its 27-day run. Although this film helped ameliorate Mingxing's finances, the company remained in a precarious state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201435-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and its next film&#160;&#8211;&#32; <i>Havoc in a Bizarre Theatre</i> (1923), a <a href="/wiki/Slapstick_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Slapstick comedy">slapstick comedy</a> in which Zheng portrayed a chef with dreams of stardom<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#160;&#8211;&#32; likewise failed to entice audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201435-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Mingxing close to bankruptcy, the company committed to one more feature length film: <i><a href="/wiki/Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather" title="Orphan Rescues Grandfather">Orphan Rescues Grandfather</a></i>, a melodrama wherein Zheng portrayed a kindly grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2005127_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2005127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This film, which premiered on 21 December 1923, was an immediate commercial success, running for almost 100 days in Shanghai alone;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435–36_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201435–36-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> further screenings were held in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, Nanjing, and <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> in subsequent months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2009125_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2009125-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One distributor offered up to nine thousand yuan (equivalent to ¥800,000 in 2019) for the right to show the film in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2005127_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2005127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The success of this film enabled Mingxing not only to survive but to expand in subsequent years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiang2009140_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiang2009140-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Zheng continued to act for Mingxing, he honed his craft. He later described himself as initially having no knowledge of cinema, instead just "rushing around". Later, after receiving guidance from an American shooting a film in China, he sought to present a "clean and natural" performance, "without meaningless actions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022267_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022267-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the same time, he coached Mingxing's new hires, including the actresses <a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanlun" title="Wang Hanlun">Wang Hanlun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Naimei" title="Yang Naimei">Yang Naimei</a> as well as the actors Wang Jiting and Shao Zhuanglin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He taught students to balance cautiousness and dramatization, urging them to "express the identity, situation, and temperament of the movie role step-by-step".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022267_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022267-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, Zheng took another three roles for Mingxing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264–266_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022264–266-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <i>Jade Pear Spirit</i>, adapted from the novel by Xu Zhenya, he portrayed a young teacher named Qin Shichi. This film, a modest success that ran in Shanghai for forty days,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2014202–203_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2014202–203-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was followed by <i>The Poor Children</i>, in which Zheng played a lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264–266_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022264–266-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Finally, in <i>Love and Vanity</i>, he took on a villainous role; the reviewer Chigong wrote in <i>SB</i> that Zheng "portrays a vivid picture of a sinister villain, and his facial expression can change anytime and anywhere".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While filming <i>The Last Conscience</i> (1925), Zheng fell seriously ill, later dying of his illness. The contemporary critic Linfu wrote in <i>Yingxi Chunqiu</i>, "when Zheng Zhegu died, the Chinese film industry seemed to have lost half of its soul".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>The Last Conscience</i> was completed with actor Wang Xianzhai taking over the starring role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_with_Lloydian_glasses_in_Labourer%27s_Love_(1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white image of a young man wearing large spectacles, an expression of shock on his face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_with_Lloydian_glasses_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg/220px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_with_Lloydian_glasses_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_with_Lloydian_glasses_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg/330px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_with_Lloydian_glasses_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_with_Lloydian_glasses_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg/440px-Zheng_Zhegu_as_Carpenter_Zheng_with_Lloydian_glasses_in_Labourer%27s_Love_%281922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>Zheng as Carpenter Zheng in <i>Labourer's Love</i>; the character has been likened to those of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In their review of Chinese cinematic history, Chen Jingliang and Zou Jianwen describe Zheng as one of the silent era's most important actors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenZou200534_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenZou200534-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although most of his films are lost, contemporary reviews provide insight into his performances. Generally, his stylings were lauded by contemporary viewers, as was his versatility. Letianxiannong, in a 1925 review of Zheng's career, gave particular praise to his performance in <i>Orphan Rescues Grandfather</i>, claiming that "all the moods of joy, anger, and sorrow are true to life. Every action is very similar to a spirited old man".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similar acclaim was received for his "heroic" performance in <i>Jade Pear Spirit</i> and his villainous turn in <i>Love and Vanity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As debate over the tendency for spoken-word dramatists&#160;&#8211;&#32; who made up the majority of China's early actors&#160;&#8211;&#32; to overact, Zheng was presented as an example of one stage actor who had adapted well to the specific needs of the film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022270–274_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022270–274-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a 1925 <i><a href="/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao">Shen Bao</a></i> article, the reviewer Qiyu praised Zheng as the greatest of China's male actors, writing that he was the only one who had "removed the mask of new plays, while the others remain not very good".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics noted Zheng's proclivity for comedy during his stage days, with one writing in <i>Xibao</i> in 1918 that he was "witty but not frivolous and gimmicky, but not exploitative [with a] refined difference from those who just want to mess around."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Such comedic stylings continued into his early films, which featured a variety of gags. In <i>Havoc in a Bizarre Theatre</i>, Zheng's chef character is a fan of cinematic comedy who distractedly serves live animals to patrons then, when fired, replaces a sugar thief's prize with gravel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2022284_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2022284-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the same time, criticism of Zheng's performances focused primarily on his early comic roles, with the contemporary critic Tang Bihua noting a tendency towards pretentiousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022267_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022267-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Labourer's Love</i> is the earliest surviving work of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Chinese cinema</a>, and consequently it has become the primary source on early Chinese comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2022277_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2022277-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Reviewing it, the film scholar Jia Binwu notes that Zheng provided a much more naturalistic approach than his co-star Zheng Zhengqiu. While the performance is characterized as "rough", it also shows careful consideration of the appropriate expressions when showing affection, proposing marriage, and challenging wrongdoers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Rea">Christopher Rea</a> notes that the film seems to draw from <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a>'s "Glasses" character, with Zheng's character putting on comically strong spectacles and conversing with his beloved through a connection device similar to that featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Never_Weaken" title="Never Weaken">Never Weaken</a></i> (1921).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERea202123–26_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERea202123–26-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The character also made allusions to <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a>, with the film historian Dong Xinyu likening his pushing of a street thug into hot water to a gag in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_House_(1921_film)" title="The Haunted House (1921 film)">The Haunted House</a></i> (1921).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2022282_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2022282-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Comedy_Visits_Shanghai" title="The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai">The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai</a></i> (<span lang="zh">滑稽大王游沪记</span>, 1922)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022264-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborer%27s_Love" title="Laborer&#39;s Love">Labourer's Love</a></i> (<span lang="zh">劳工之爱情</span>, 1922)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022261_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022261-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Good Elder Brother</i> (<span lang="zh">好兄弟</span>, 1922)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022262-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Zhang Xinsheng</i> (<span lang="zh">张欣生</span>, 1922)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022267_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022267-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Havoc in a Bizarre Theatre</i> (<span lang="zh">大闹怪戏场</span>, 1923)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather" title="Orphan Rescues Grandfather">Orphan Rescues Grandfather</a></i> (<span lang="zh">孤兒救祖記</span>, 1923)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jade Pear Spirit</i> (<span lang="zh">玉梨魂</span>, 1924)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Poor Children</i> (<span lang="zh">苦儿弱女</span>, 1924)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Love and Vanity</i> (<span lang="zh">诱婚</span>, 1924)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Last Conscience</i> (<span lang="zh">最后之良心</span>, 1925, unfinished)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>&#32; </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenZou200534–37-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenZou200534–37_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenZou2005">Chen &amp; Zou 2005</a>, pp.&#160;34–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenZou2005">Chen &amp; Zou 2005</a>, pp.&#160;34–37; <a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;74; <a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022262-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022262_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201475-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201475_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201475_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022263-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022263_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022263_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022263_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022263_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1998715-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1998715_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang1998">Wang 1998</a>, p.&#160;715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201478-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201478_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201481-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201481_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201483-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201483_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201485-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201485_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;30; <a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201430-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201430_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201433-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201433_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022264-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201435-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDing202186-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDing202186_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDing2021">Ding 2021</a>, p.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2022278-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2022278_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2022">Huang 2022</a>, p.&#160;278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, p.&#160;35; <a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, p.&#160;21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022266-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022266_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022265-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022265_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022269-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022269_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2005127-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2005127_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2005127_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2005">Zhang 2005</a>, p.&#160;127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang201435–36-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang201435–36_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, pp.&#160;35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2009125-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2009125_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang2009">Zhang 2009</a>, p.&#160;125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiang2009140-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiang2009140_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJiang2009">Jiang 2009</a>, p.&#160;140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022267-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022267_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022267_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022267_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022267_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022264–266-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264–266_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022264–266_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, pp.&#160;264–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2014202–203-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2014202–203_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2014">Huang 2014</a>, pp.&#160;202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in and translated by <a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia (2022</a>, p.&#160;267)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenZou200534-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenZou200534_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenZou2005">Chen &amp; Zou 2005</a>, p.&#160;34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in and translated by <a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia (2022</a>, p.&#160;266)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022270–274-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022270–274_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, pp.&#160;270–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in and translated by <a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia (2022</a>, p.&#160;274)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in and translated by <a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia (2022</a>, p.&#160;268)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2022284-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2022284_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2022">Huang 2022</a>, p.&#160;284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2022277-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2022277_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2022">Huang 2022</a>, p.&#160;277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERea202123–26-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERea202123–26_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp.&#160;23–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2022282-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2022282_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2022">Huang 2022</a>, p.&#160;282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJia2022261-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJia2022261_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJia2022">Jia 2022</a>, p.&#160;261.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChenZou2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chen Jingliang (陳景亮), Zou Jianwen (鄒建文) (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YagvAQAAIAAJ"><bdi lang="zh">百年中国电影精选</bdi></a> &#91;<i>A Century of Chinese Film Selections</i>&#93; (in Chinese). Vol.&#160;1. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5004-5250-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5004-5250-8"><bdi>978-7-5004-5250-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%89&amp;rft.place=Beijing&amp;rft.pub=China+Social+Sciences+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-5004-5250-8&amp;rft.aulast=Chen&amp;rft.aufirst=Jingliang&amp;rft.au=Zou%2C+Jianwen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYagvAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDing2021" class="citation book cs1">Ding, Yaping (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KNGEAAAQBAJ"><i>General History of Chinese Film I: 1896–1949</i></a>. Translated by Jin, Haina. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003204695">10.4324/9781003204695</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-43485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-43485-9"><bdi>978-1-000-43485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=General+History+of+Chinese+Film+I%3A+1896%E2%80%931949&amp;rft.place=London+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003204695&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-000-43485-9&amp;rft.aulast=Ding&amp;rft.aufirst=Yaping&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KNGEAAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2014" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Xuelei (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UW8woAEACAAJ"><i>Shanghai Filmmaking: Crossing Borders, Connecting to the Globe, 1922–1938</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27933-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27933-9"><bdi>978-90-04-27933-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shanghai+Filmmaking%3A+Crossing+Borders%2C+Connecting+to+the+Globe%2C+1922%E2%80%931938&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-27933-9&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.aufirst=Xuelei&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUW8woAEACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Xuelei (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcfs-2022-0024/html?lang=en&amp;srsltid=AfmBOoppdgjq7o5HLffFYrV652ZV0EhUNnqpA5Tc8WsbaL1BmbkYQcQq">"Beyond <i>Labourer's Love</i>: Rethinking Early Chinese Film Comedy"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Film Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 277–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjcfs-2022-0024">10.1515/jcfs-2022-0024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Film+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Beyond+Labourer%27s+Love%3A+Rethinking+Early+Chinese+Film+Comedy&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=277-297&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjcfs-2022-0024&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.aufirst=Xuelei&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fjcfs-2022-0024%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den%26srsltid%3DAfmBOoppdgjq7o5HLffFYrV652ZV0EhUNnqpA5Tc8WsbaL1BmbkYQcQq&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJia2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jia, Binwu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcfs-2022-0002/html">"Zheng Zhegu and Performances in Early Chinese Film"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Film Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 261–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjcfs-2022-0002">10.1515/jcfs-2022-0002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Film+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Zheng+Zhegu+and+Performances+in+Early+Chinese+Film&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=261-276&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjcfs-2022-0002&amp;rft.aulast=Jia&amp;rft.aufirst=Binwu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fjcfs-2022-0002%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jiang Zhen (姜贞) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&amp;dbname=CJFD2009&amp;filename=DYYS200904028&amp;v=MjYzOTlLSVRUU2ZiRzRIdGpNcTQ5SGJJUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSN3FmWStSdEZ5amxXcnI="><bdi lang="zh">周剑云:中国电影业的儒商</bdi></a> &#91;Zhou Jianyun: A Confucian Businessman in China's Film Industry&#93;. <i>Film and Art</i> (in Chinese): 139–145<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Film+and+Art&amp;rft.atitle=%E5%91%A8%E5%89%91%E4%BA%91%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E4%B8%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%84%92%E5%95%86&amp;rft.pages=139-145&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.aulast=Jiang&amp;rft.aufirst=Zhen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkns.cnki.net%2FKCMS%2Fdetail%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fdbcode%3DCJFQ%26dbname%3DCJFD2009%26filename%3DDYYS200904028%26v%3DMjYzOTlLSVRUU2ZiRzRIdGpNcTQ5SGJJUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSN3FmWStSdEZ5amxXcnI%3D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRea2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Rea" title="Christopher G. Rea">Rea, Christopher</a> (2021). <i>Chinese Film Classics, 1922-1949</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-18813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-18813-5"><bdi>978-0-231-18813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+Film+Classics%2C+1922-1949&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-231-18813-5&amp;rft.aulast=Rea&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Guangxi (王广西) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzktAQAAIAAJ"><bdi lang="zh">中国近现代文学艺术辞典</bdi></a> &#91;<i>Dictionary of Modern Chinese Literature and Art</i>&#93; (in Chinese). Henan: Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5348-0971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5348-0971-2"><bdi>978-7-5348-0971-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%BF%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&amp;rft.place=Henan&amp;rft.pub=Zhongzhou+Ancient+Books+Publishing+House&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-5348-0971-2&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=Guangxi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzktAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhang Wei (張偉) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofWMPc8uY1gC"><bdi lang="zh">談影小集——中國現代影壇的塵封一隅</bdi></a> &#91;<i>A Collection of Shorts about Movies—A Dusty Corner of China's Modern Film World</i>&#93; (in Chinese). Showway Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-221-308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-221-308-7"><bdi>978-986-221-308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%E8%AB%87%E5%BD%B1%E5%B0%8F%E9%9B%86%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%BD%B1%E5%A3%87%E7%9A%84%E5%A1%B5%E5%B0%81%E4%B8%80%E9%9A%85&amp;rft.pub=Showway+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-986-221-308-7&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang&amp;rft.aufirst=Wei&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofWMPc8uY1gC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2005" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Zhen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooYt5VKHLFAC"><i>An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896-1937</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-98238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-98238-0"><bdi>978-0-226-98238-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Amorous+History+of+the+Silver+Screen%3A+Shanghai+Cinema%2C+1896-1937&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-98238-0&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang&amp;rft.aufirst=Zhen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooYt5VKHLFAC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZheng+Zhegu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhegu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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