CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Charles Thomson Rees Wilson - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d51f14d8-ca91-404d-8356-2c3eeb5a49a8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson","wgTitle":"Charles Thomson Rees Wilson","wgCurRevisionId":1258653141,"wgRevisionId":1258653141,"wgArticleId":577665,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from July 2016","Use dmy dates from November 2024","Pages using Template:Post-nominals with missing parameters","Articles with hCards","Commons category link from Wikidata","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","1869 births","1959 deaths","20th-century British physicists", "Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge","Alumni of the University of Manchester","British Nobel laureates","Fellows of the Royal Society","Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour","Nobel laureates in Physics","People from Midlothian","Recipients of the Copley Medal","Scottish chemists","Scottish Nobel laureates","Scottish physicists","Royal Medal winners","Experimental physicists","Aerosol scientists","Jacksonian Professors of Natural Philosophy","Howard N. Potts Medal recipients","Scottish meteorologists","Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh","Recipients of Franklin Medal","Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson","wgRelevantArticleId":577665,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive": false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q162900","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1697"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1131"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="905"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson rootpage-Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Charles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Charles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Charles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Charles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Education and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards,_honours_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards,_honours_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards, honours and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards,_honours_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تشارلز ويلسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز ويلسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilson" title="Charles Wilson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Charles Wilson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Tomson_Ris_Vilson" title="Çarlz Tomson Ris Vilson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çarlz Tomson Ris Vilson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلز تامسون ریس ویلسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز تامسون ریس ویلسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="চার্লস টমসন রিস উইলসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লস টমসন রিস উইলসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Томсан Рыз Вільсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлз Томсан Рыз Вільсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Ўілсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарлз Ўілсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Уилсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлс Уилсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τσαρλς Τόμσον Ρις Γουίλσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαρλς Τόμσον Ρις Γουίλσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilson" title="Charles Wilson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Wilson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلز تامسون ریس ویلسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز تامسون ریس ویلسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8_%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9C%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="찰스 톰슨 리스 윌슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 톰슨 리스 윌슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Չառլզ Թոմսոն Ռիս Վիլսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չառլզ Թոմսոն Ռիս Վիլսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="सी टी आर विल्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सी टी आर विल्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.T.R._Wilson" title="C.T.R. Wilson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="C.T.R. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99)" title="צ'ארלס וילסון (פיזיקאי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס וילסון (פיזיקאי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ ვილსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ ვილსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Томсон Риз Вильсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарлз Томсон Риз Вильсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._T._R._Wilson" title="C. T. R. Wilson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="C. T. R. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlzs_Vilsons" title="Čārlzs Vilsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čārlzs Vilsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Вилсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чарлс Вилсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ചാൾസ് തോംസൺ റീസ് വിൽസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാൾസ് തോംസൺ റീസ് വിൽസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स थॉमसन रीस विल्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्स थॉमसन रीस विल्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ ვილსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩარლზ ვილსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="تشارلز ويلسون (عالم الارصاد الغويه من المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز ويلسون (عالم الارصاد الغويه من المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلز تامسون ریس ویلسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چارلز تامسون ریس ویلسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="सी टी आर विल्सन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सी टी आर विल्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="チャールズ・トムソン・リーズ・ウィルソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・トムソン・リーズ・ウィルソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਥਾਮਸਨ ਰੀਸ ਵਿਲਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਥਾਮਸਨ ਰੀਸ ਵਿਲਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="چارلس تھامسن ریز ولسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارلس تھامسن ریز ولسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilson" title="Charles Wilson – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Charles Wilson" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Вильсон, Чарлз Томсон Рис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильсон, Чарлз Томсон Рис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="सी टी आर विल्सन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सी टी आर विल्सन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%B5%D8%B3%D9%86" title="چارڵز تۆمسن ڕیس ویڵسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارڵز تۆمسن ڕیس ویڵسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Томсон Рис Вилсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Томсон Рис Вилсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.T.R._Wilson" title="C.T.R. Wilson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="C.T.R. Wilson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சார்ல்ஸ் தாம்சன் ரீசு வில்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்ல்ஸ் தாம்சன் ரீசு வில்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Томсон Риз Вилсон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чарлз Томсон Риз Вилсон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Томсон Рис Вилсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чарлз Томсон Рис Вилсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilson_(fizik%C3%A7i)" title="Charles Wilson (fizikçi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Wilson (fizikçi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Томсон Різ Вільсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарльз Томсон Різ Вільсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="چارلس تھومسن ریس ولسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلس تھومسن ریس ولسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E5%AD%99%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="查尔斯·汤姆孙·里斯·威尔逊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯·汤姆孙·里斯·威尔逊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="查理斯威爾遜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查理斯威爾遜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="查爾斯·湯姆森·里斯·威爾遜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查爾斯·湯姆森·里斯·威爾遜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162900#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&oldid=1258653141" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&id=1258653141&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCharles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCharles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162900" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish physicist and meteorologist (1869–1959)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Charles Wilson, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Charles Wilson (disambiguation)">Charles Wilson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CTR_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/220px-CTR_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wilson in 1927</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1869-02-14</span>)</span>14 February 1869<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Glencorse" title="Glencorse">Glencorse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1959<span style="display:none">(1959-11-15)</span> (aged 90)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Carlops" title="Carlops">Carlops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Owens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens College">Owens College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge" title="Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge">Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilson_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson chamber">Wilson chamber</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity" title="Atmospheric electricity">Atmospheric electricity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Jessie Fraser</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1908)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1900" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1900">FRS (1900)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1911)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1922)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_N._Potts_Medal" title="Howard N. Potts Medal">Howard N. Potts Medal</a> (1925)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1927)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1929)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Duddell_Medal_and_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Duddell Medal and Prize">Duddell Medal and Prize</a> (1931)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1935)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Dee" title="Philip Dee">Philip Dee</a><br /><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (14 February 1869 – 15 November 1959) was a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a> who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1927 for his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_life">Education and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson was born in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Glencorse" title="Glencorse">Glencorse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a> to Annie Clark Harper and John Wilson, a sheep farmer. After his father died in 1873, he moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. With financial support from his step-brother he studied biology at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Owens College</a>, now the University of Manchester, with the intent of becoming a doctor. In 1887, he graduated from the college with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a>. He won a scholarship to attend <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge" title="Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge">Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge</a>, where he became interested in physics and chemistry. In 1892 he received 1st class honours in both parts of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences (Cambridge)">Natural Science Tripos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Laureate_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Laureate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He became particularly interested in <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, and in 1893 he began to study clouds and their properties. Beginning in 1894, he worked for some time at the <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_and_context_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_and_context-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he made observations of cloud formation. He was particularly fascinated by the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Glory_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Glory (optical phenomenon)">glories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brocklehurst-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then tried to reproduce this effect on a smaller scale at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> in Cambridge, expanding humid air within a sealed container. </p><p>In 1895 he discovered that at a large enough expansion ratio supersaturated water vapour condensates even without dust which he removed by previous condensations, contrary to the previous research by <a href="/wiki/John_Aitken_(meteorologist)" title="John Aitken (meteorologist)">John Aitken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a>'s mentorship by 1896 he found out that <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> stimulate the condensation just as well as dust.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He later experimented with the creation of cloud trails in his chamber by condensation onto <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> generated by <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. Several of his cloud chambers survive.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson was made Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, and University Lecturer and Demonstrator in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known by some as a poor lecturer, due to a pronounced stutter,<sup id="cite_ref-Halliday_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliday-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he did teach a course on <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity" title="Atmospheric electricity">atmospheric electricity</a> as a visiting lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906 he hypothesized that <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a> might generate the ions causing condensation without apparent reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invention of the cloud chamber was by far Wilson's signature accomplishment, earning him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Laureate_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Laureate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cavendish laboratory praised him for the creation of "a novel and striking method of investigating the properties of ionized gases".<sup id="cite_ref-Collotype_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collotype-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cloud chamber allowed huge experimental leaps forward in the study of subatomic particles and the field of particle physics, generally. Some have credited Wilson with making the study of particles possible at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brocklehurst-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Observatory_Ben_Nevis_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Observatory_Ben_Nevis_memorial.jpg/310px-Observatory_Ben_Nevis_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Observatory_Ben_Nevis_memorial.jpg/465px-Observatory_Ben_Nevis_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Observatory_Ben_Nevis_memorial.jpg/620px-Observatory_Ben_Nevis_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4858" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque at <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a> about the observatory there, and C.T.R. Wilson's cloud chamber</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilson published numerous papers on meteorology and physics, on topics including <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Investigations_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investigations-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Making_Visible_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_Visible-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thundercloud formation,<sup id="cite_ref-Theory_of_Thundercloud_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theory_of_Thundercloud-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other meteorological events.<sup id="cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brocklehurst-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson may also have observed a <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(lightning)" title="Sprite (lightning)">sprite</a> in 1924, 65 years before their official discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowler_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowler-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather was a focus of his work throughout his career, from his early observations at Ben Nevis to his final paper, on thunderclouds.<sup id="cite_ref-CTR_Wilson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTR_Wilson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theory_of_Thundercloud_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theory_of_Thundercloud-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retrospectively, Wilson's experimental method has received some attention from scholars. </p><p>In a period of scientific inquiry characterized by a divide between "analytical" and "morphological" scientists, Wilson's method of inquiry represented a hybrid. While some scientists believed phenomena should be observed in pure nature, others proposed laboratory-controlled experiments as the premier method for inquiry. Wilson used a combination of methods in his experiments and investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gooding_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gooding-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's work "made things visible whose properties had only previously been deduced indirectly".<sup id="cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brocklehurst-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been called "almost the last of the great individual experimenters in physics".<sup id="cite_ref-Halliday_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliday-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his cloud chamber in various ways to demonstrate the operating principles of things like subatomic particles and X-rays.<sup id="cite_ref-Investigations_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investigations-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Making_Visible_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_Visible-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But his primary interest, and the subject of the bulk of his papers, was meteorology.<sup id="cite_ref-Gooding_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gooding-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards,_honours_and_legacy"><span id="Awards.2C_honours_and_legacy"></span>Awards, honours and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards, honours and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilson was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1900">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1900</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CTRwilsonCloudChamberCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-09-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CTRwilsonCloudChamberCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-09-40.jpg/220px-CTRwilsonCloudChamberCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-09-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CTRwilsonCloudChamberCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-09-40.jpg/330px-CTRwilsonCloudChamberCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-09-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CTRwilsonCloudChamberCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-09-40.jpg/440px-CTRwilsonCloudChamberCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-09-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4193" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>The original cloud chamber of C.T.R. Wilson</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson_Cloud_Chamber_at_AEC%27s_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wilson_Cloud_Chamber_at_AEC%27s_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg/220px-Wilson_Cloud_Chamber_at_AEC%27s_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wilson_Cloud_Chamber_at_AEC%27s_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg/330px-Wilson_Cloud_Chamber_at_AEC%27s_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wilson_Cloud_Chamber_at_AEC%27s_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg/440px-Wilson_Cloud_Chamber_at_AEC%27s_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2427" /></a><figcaption>Wilson's Cloud Chamber at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">AEC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For the invention of the cloud chamber he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brocklehurst-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Laureate_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Laureate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He shared this prize with the American physicist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a>, rewarded for his work on the particle nature of radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-CTR_Wilson_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTR_Wilson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Wilson's great contribution to particle physics, he remained interested in atmospheric physics, specifically <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity" title="Atmospheric electricity">atmospheric electricity</a>, for his entire career.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aplin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aplin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, his last research paper, published in 1956 when he was in his late eighties (at that time he was the oldest FRS to publish a paper in the Royal Society's journals), was on atmospheric electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-Theory_of_Thundercloud_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theory_of_Thundercloud-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wilson_(crater)" title="Wilson (crater)">Wilson crater</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is named after him, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Wilson (mathematician)">Alexander Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Elmer_Wilson" title="Ralph Elmer Wilson">Ralph Elmer Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wilson Condensation Cloud formations that occur after large explosions, such as <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">nuclear detonations</a>, are named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wilson Society, the scientific society of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge is named in his honour,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctrwiae.org/">CTR Wilson Institute for Atmospheric Electricity</a>, the Atmospheric Electricity Special Interest Group of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmets.org/">Royal Meteorological Society</a>. </p><p>The archives of C.T.R. Wilson are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Archives of the University of Glasgow">Archives of the University of Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the Royal Society of Edinburgh held a meeting in honour of Wilson, the "Great Scottish Physicist".<sup id="cite_ref-Aplin_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aplin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1908, Wilson married Jessie Fraser, the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Religious_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minister">minister</a> from <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>. The couple had four children. His family knew him as patient and curious, and fond of taking walks in the hills near his home.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowler_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowler-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died at his home in <a href="/wiki/Carlops" title="Carlops">Carlops</a> on 15 November 1959, surrounded by his family.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlackett1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Blackett, P. M. S.</a> (1960). "Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 1869–1959". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>6</b>: 269–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0037">10.1098/rsbm.1960.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73384198">73384198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Charles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson+1869%E2%80%931959&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=269-295&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73384198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blackett&rft.aufirst=P.+M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i>, Isaac Asimov, 2nd ed., Doubleday & C., Inc., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-17771-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-17771-2">0-385-17771-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html">"Charles Thomson Rees Wilson's biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803142232/http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson%27s+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobel.se%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1927%2Fwilson-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongair2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Longair, Malcolm S. (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36950">"Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees (1869–1959)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36950">10.1093/ref:odnb/36950</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+Charles+Thomson+Rees+%281869%E2%80%931959%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36950&rft.aulast=Longair&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F36950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADWL888CT" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WL888CT&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees (WL888CT)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+Charles+Thomson+Rees+%28WL888CT%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DWL888CT%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Laureate-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Laureate_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Laureate_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Laureate_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html">"C.T.R. Wilson - Biographical"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i>. Nobel Media AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727024611/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/wilson-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=C.T.R.+Wilson+-+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1927%2Fwilson-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin_and_context-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_and_context_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Earle R. (1 August 2010). "Origin and context of C. T. R. Wilson's ideas on electron runaway in thunderclouds". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics</i>. <b>115</b> (A8): A00E50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..115.0E50W">2010JGRA..115.0E50W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009JA014581">10.1029/2009JA014581</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202">2156-2202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Space+Physics&rft.atitle=Origin+and+context+of+C.+T.+R.+Wilson%27s+ideas+on+electron+runaway+in+thunderclouds&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=A8&rft.pages=A00E50&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.issn=2156-2202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009JA014581&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JGRA..115.0E50W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Earle+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brocklehurst-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brocklehurst_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrocklehurst2012" class="citation news cs1">Brocklehurst, Steven (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-20608377">"Charles Thomson Rees Wilson: The man who made clouds"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205065203/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-20608377">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Charles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson%3A+The+man+who+made+clouds&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Brocklehurst&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-20608377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety1895" class="citation book cs1">Society, Cambridge Philosophical (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fPpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA306"><i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society: Mathematical and physical sciences</i></a>. Cambridge Philosophical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society%3A+Mathematical+and+physical+sciences&rft.pub=Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=Cambridge+Philosophical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfPpJAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1895.0101">"The effect of Röntgen's rays on cloudy condensation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>59</b> (353–358): 338–339. 1896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0101">10.1098/rspl.1895.0101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0370-1662">0370-1662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+R%C3%B6ntgen%27s+rays+on+cloudy+condensation&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=353%E2%80%93358&rft.pages=338-339&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0101&rft.issn=0370-1662&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Phillipson, Tacye (December 2016). "Surviving Apparatus Showing the Early Development of the Cloud Chamber". <i>Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Scientific+Instrument+Society&rft.atitle=Surviving+Apparatus+Showing+the+Early+Development+of+the+Cloud+Chamber&rft.date=2016-12&rft.aulast=Phillipson&rft.aufirst=Tacye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halliday-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halliday_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halliday_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday1970" class="citation journal cs1">Halliday, E.C. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281970%29051%3C1133%3Asmopct%3E2.0.co%3B2">"Some Memories of Prof. C.T.R. Wilson, English Pioneer in work on Thunderstorms and Lightning"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</i>. <b>51</b> (12): 1133–1135. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970BAMS...51.1133H">1970BAMS...51.1133H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281970%29051%3C1133%3Asmopct%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1175/1520-0477(1970)051<1133:smopct>2.0.co;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Some+Memories+of+Prof.+C.T.R.+Wilson%2C+English+Pioneer+in+work+on+Thunderstorms+and+Lightning&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1133-1135&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0477%281970%29051%3C1133%3Asmopct%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970BAMS...51.1133H&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=E.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0477%25281970%2529051%253C1133%253Asmopct%253E2.0.co%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Toumi, Ralf (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wea.3951">"100 Years of meteorology at Imperial College"</a>. <i>Weather</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Wthr...76..119T">2021Wthr...76..119T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwea.3951">10.1002/wea.3951</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1656">0043-1656</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919001014/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wea.3951">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+meteorology+at+Imperial+College&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2021-04&rft.issn=0043-1656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwea.3951&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Wthr...76..119T&rft.aulast=Toumi&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fwea.3951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Earle R. (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009ja014581">"Origin and context of C. T. R. Wilson's ideas on electron runaway in thunderclouds"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics</i>. <b>115</b> (A8). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..115.0E50W">2010JGRA..115.0E50W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009ja014581">10.1029/2009ja014581</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919001021/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009JA014581">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Space+Physics&rft.atitle=Origin+and+context+of+C.+T.+R.+Wilson%27s+ideas+on+electron+runaway+in+thunderclouds&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=A8&rft.date=2010-08&rft.issn=0148-0227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009ja014581&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JGRA..115.0E50W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Earle+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1029%2F2009ja014581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collotype-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collotype_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A history of the Cavendish laboratory 1871–1910.With 3 portraits in a collotype and 8 other illustrations</i>. London. 1910. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft0ns19f2h">2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t0ns19f2h</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Cavendish+laboratory+1871%E2%80%931910.With+3+portraits+in+a+collotype+and+8+other+illustrations.&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft0ns19f2h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Investigations-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Investigations_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Investigations_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1923" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, C. T. R. (1 August 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1923.0090">"Investigations on X-Rays and $ \beta $-Rays by the Cloud Method. Part I. X-Rays"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>104</b> (724): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923RSPSA.104....1W">1923RSPSA.104....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1923.0090">10.1098/rspa.1923.0090</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Investigations+on+X-Rays+and+%24+%5Cbeta+%24-Rays+by+the+Cloud+Method.+Part+I.+X-Rays&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=724&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=1923-08-01&rft.issn=1364-5021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1923.0090&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1923RSPSA.104....1W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=C.+T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1923.0090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Making_Visible-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making_Visible_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making_Visible_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1911" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, C. T. R. (9 June 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1911.0041">"On a Method of Making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>85</b> (578): 285–288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911RSPSA..85..285W">1911RSPSA..85..285W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1911.0041">10.1098/rspa.1911.0041</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+a+Method+of+Making+Visible+the+Paths+of+Ionising+Particles+through+a+Gas&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=578&rft.pages=285-288&rft.date=1911-06-09&rft.issn=1364-5021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1911.0041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1911RSPSA..85..285W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=C.+T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1911.0041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theory_of_Thundercloud-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theory_of_Thundercloud_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theory_of_Thundercloud_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theory_of_Thundercloud_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1956" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, C. T. R. (2 August 1956). "A Theory of Thundercloud Electricity". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>236</b> (1206): 297–317. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956RSPSA.236..297W">1956RSPSA.236..297W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1956.0137">10.1098/rspa.1956.0137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98637297">98637297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+Thundercloud+Electricity&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=1206&rft.pages=297-317&rft.date=1956-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1956.0137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98637297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1364-5021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956RSPSA.236..297W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=C.+T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowler-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowler_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowler_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler2012" class="citation web cs1">Bowler, Sue (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/events/reports/2012-2013/CTRWilson_Conference.pdf">"C T R Wilson, a Great Scottish Physicist: His Life, Work and Legacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022142433/https://www.rse.org.uk/cms/files/events/reports/2012-2013/CTRWilson_Conference.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C+T+R+Wilson%2C+a+Great+Scottish+Physicist%3A+His+Life%2C+Work+and+Legacy&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rse.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Fevents%2Freports%2F2012-2013%2FCTRWilson_Conference.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTR_Wilson-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTR_Wilson_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTR_Wilson_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"C. T. R. Wilson". <i>Physics Today</i> (2): 9306. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhT..2017b9306.">2017PhT..2017b9306.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2Fpt.5.031417">10.1063/pt.5.031417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=C.+T.+R.+Wilson&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9306&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2Fpt.5.031417&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PhT..2017b9306.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gooding-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gooding_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gooding_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodingPinchSchaffer1989" class="citation book cs1">Gooding, David; Pinch, Trevor; Schaffer, Simon (18 May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk4sUpSx1LsC&pg=PA225"><i>The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521337687" title="Special:BookSources/9780521337687"><bdi>9780521337687</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919001123/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk4sUpSx1LsC&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uses+of+Experiment%3A+Studies+in+the+Natural+Sciences&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989-05-18&rft.isbn=9780521337687&rft.aulast=Gooding&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Pinch%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Schaffer%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBk4sUpSx1LsC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, Giles (1 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/24950/1/Harrison2011_CTRWilson_Weather.pdf">"The cloud chamber and CTR Wilson's legacy to atmospheric science"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Weather</i>. <b>66</b> (10): 276–279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Wthr...66..276H">2011Wthr...66..276H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwea.830">10.1002/wea.830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-8696">1477-8696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2428610">2428610</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906023839/https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/24950/1/Harrison2011_CTRWilson_Weather.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather&rft.atitle=The+cloud+chamber+and+CTR+Wilson%27s+legacy+to+atmospheric+science&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=276-279&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwea.830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2428610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-8696&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Wthr...66..276H&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentaur.reading.ac.uk%2F24950%2F1%2FHarrison2011_CTRWilson_Weather.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aplin-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aplin_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aplin_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAplin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Aplin, Karen L. (1 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwea.2095">"CTR Wilson – Honouring a Great Scottish Physicist"</a>. <i>Weather</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 96. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Wthr...68...96A">2013Wthr...68...96A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwea.2095">10.1002/wea.2095</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-8696">1477-8696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather&rft.atitle=CTR+Wilson+%E2%80%93+Honouring+a+Great+Scottish+Physicist&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft.issn=1477-8696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwea.2095&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Wthr...68...96A&rft.aulast=Aplin&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fwea.2095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6556">"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Wilson on Moon"</a>. <i>planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230183542/https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6556">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Planetary+Names%3A+Crater%2C+craters%3A+Wilson+on+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F6556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasstoneDolan1977" class="citation book cs1">Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977). <i>The effects of nuclear weapons</i> (3rd ed.). Washington: U.S. Department of Defense. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.31822004829784">2027/uc1.31822004829784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+effects+of+nuclear+weapons&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.31822004829784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~sidscisoc/about/">"About | Wilson Society"</a>. <i>www.srcf.ucam.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064717/http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~sidscisoc/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.srcf.ucam.org&rft.atitle=About+%7C+Wilson+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srcf.ucam.org%2F~sidscisoc%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/77f9c743-7e41-38c9-8fdf-e020f5be4ac7">"Papers of Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, 1869–1959, Nobel Prize winner and Professor of Natural Philosophy, University of Cambridge – Archives Hub"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207121448/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/77f9c743-7e41-38c9-8fdf-e020f5be4ac7">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papers+of+Charles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson%2C+1869%E2%80%931959%2C+Nobel+Prize+winner+and+Professor+of+Natural+Philosophy%2C+University+of+Cambridge+%E2%80%93+Archives+Hub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fsearch%2Farchives%2F77f9c743-7e41-38c9-8fdf-e020f5be4ac7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Thomson+Rees+Wilson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/34">C.T.R. Wilson</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162900#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1511">The Papers of C. T. R. Wilson</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Professor_of_Natural_Philosophy" title="Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy">Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy</a> </b><br />1875–1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1927_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1927 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1927_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1927 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Otto Wieland</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (United States)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a> (Austria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1922_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1922 Nobel Prize winners">1922</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1923_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1923 Nobel Prize winners">1923</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1924_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1924 Nobel Prize winners">1924</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1925_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1925 Nobel Prize winners">1925</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners">1926</a></dd> <dd><b>1927 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1928 Nobel Prize winners">1928</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners">1929</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners">1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners">1931</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners">1932</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162900#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162900#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162900#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078579623">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45812924">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1858319/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMpp7tqgXJTbMWkrbjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11758116X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87127525">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p129681474">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548852105606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=151106">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24769819300">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:wilson.t">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/28135">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11758116X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083852778">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bc40qn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&oldid=1258653141">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&oldid=1258653141</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_births" title="Category:1869 births">1869 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1959_deaths" title="Category:1959 deaths">1959 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_physicists" title="Category:20th-century British physicists">20th-century British physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge">Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Manchester" title="Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester">Alumni of the University of Manchester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:British Nobel laureates">British Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society">Fellows of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Physics">Nobel laureates in Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Midlothian" title="Category:People from Midlothian">People from Midlothian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Copley_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal">Recipients of the Copley Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_chemists" title="Category:Scottish chemists">Scottish chemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:Scottish Nobel laureates">Scottish Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_physicists" title="Category:Scottish physicists">Scottish physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Medal_winners" title="Category:Royal Medal winners">Royal Medal winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_physicists" title="Category:Experimental physicists">Experimental physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerosol_scientists" title="Category:Aerosol scientists">Aerosol scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jacksonian_Professors_of_Natural_Philosophy" title="Category:Jacksonian Professors of Natural Philosophy">Jacksonian Professors of Natural Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Howard_N._Potts_Medal_recipients" title="Category:Howard N. Potts Medal recipients">Howard N. Potts Medal recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_meteorologists" title="Category:Scottish meteorologists">Scottish meteorologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_Franklin_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal">Recipients of Franklin Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society">Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_July_2016" title="Category:EngvarB from July 2016">EngvarB from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Template:Post-nominals_with_missing_parameters" title="Category:Pages using Template:Post-nominals with missing parameters">Pages using Template:Post-nominals with missing parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l2lmx","wgBackendResponseTime":192,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.819","walltime":"1.041","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6377,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":158820,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7928,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":142640,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 867.717 1 -total"," 32.02% 277.869 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.20% 218.668 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 17.20% 149.264 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.44% 116.596 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.62% 100.846 1 Template:Copley_Medallists_1901-1950"," 7.84% 68.008 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.17% 44.899 1 Template:Birth_date"," 5.00% 43.393 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.63% 40.179 1 Template:Marriage"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.475","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9494754,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fhqv7","timestamp":"20241122141829","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Charles Thomson Rees Wilson","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q162900","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q162900","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-18T10:01:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T21:34:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/20\/CTR_Wilson.jpg","headline":"Scottish physicist and meteorologist (1869-1959)"}</script> </body> </html>