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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_segmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Word segmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_segmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publication history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedagogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedagogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pedagogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedagogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="mw-page-title-main">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="كؤيولؤمتسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كؤيولؤمتسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu romatzyh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gwoyeu romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu romatzyh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gwoyeu romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90" title="국어라마자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국어라마자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97" title="国語ローマ字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国語ローマ字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Гоюй ломацзы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гоюй ломацзы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Гвоји Ромадзи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвоји Ромадзи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AF_La_M%C3%A3_t%E1%BB%B1" title="Quốc ngữ La Mã tự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc ngữ La Mã tự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="國語羅馬字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國語羅馬字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="國語羅馬字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國語羅馬字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1926 romanization system for Chinese</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Gwoyeu Romatzyh<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/220px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/330px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/440px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Comparison between Gwoyeu Romatzyh (top) and <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> (bottom) for Gwoyeu Romatzyh's official name <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">國音字母第二式</span></span> ('Second Pattern of the National Alphabet'; middle)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div> romanization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jinxi" title="Li Jinxi">Li Jinxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a></li> <li>Wang Yi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">汪怡</span></span>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">1925–1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></span> <span class="nowrap">(1928–1986)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: lightblue;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">國語羅馬字</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">国语罗马字</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">National language romanization</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guóyǔ Luómǎzì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo"><span class="nowrap">ㄍㄨㄛˊ</span><span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span><span class="nowrap">ㄩˇ</span><span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span><span class="nowrap">ㄌㄨㄛˊ</span><span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span><span class="nowrap">ㄇㄚˇ</span><span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span><span class="nowrap">ㄗˋ</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Kuo<sup>2</sup>-yü<sup>3</sup> Lo<sup>2</sup>-ma<sup>3</sup>-tzu<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guó-yǔ Luó-mǎ-zìh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gwóyǔ Lwómǎdz̀</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwǒỳ lwǒmàtsɹ̩̂]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwok-yu Lòh-máh-jih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwok3 jyu3 Lo4 ma5 zi6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔ̄ːk<span class="wrap"> </span>jȳː<span class="wrap"> </span>lɔ̀ː<span class="wrap"> </span>mɐ̬<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕìː]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Kok-gí Lô-má-jī</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: lightblue;">Official name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">國音字母第二式</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">国音字母第二式</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Second pattern of the national alphabet</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guóyīn zìmǔ dì'èr shì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄍㄨㄛˊ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄧ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄣㄗˋ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄇㄨˇ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄉㄧˋ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄦˋ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄕˋ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gwoin tzyhmuu dihell shyh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Kuo<sup>2</sup>-yin<sup>1</sup> tzu<sup>4</sup>-mu<sup>3</sup> ti<sup>4</sup>-erh<sup>4</sup> shih<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guó-yin zìh-mǔ dì-èr shìh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gwóyīn dz̀mǔ dìèr shr̀</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwǒín tsîmù tîɤɻ ʂî]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwok-yām jih-móuh daih-yih sīk</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwok3 jam1 zi6 mou5 dai6 ji6 sik1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔk̚˧ jɐm˥ tsi˨ mɔw˩˧ tɐj˨ ji˨ sɪk̚˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gwoyeu Romatzyh</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GWOH</span>-yoo roh-<span style="font-size:90%">MAHT</span>-sə</i></a>; <abbr title="abbreviated">abbr.</abbr> <b>GR</b>) is a system for writing <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. It was primarily conceived by <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a> (1892–1982), who led a group of <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a> in refining the system between 1925 and 1926. In September 1928, it was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> as the national romanization system for Standard Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GR indicates the four <a href="/wiki/Tones_of_Standard_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Tones of Standard Chinese">tones of Standard Chinese</a> by varying the spelling of syllables, a method originally proposed by team member <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a> (1895–1976). Distinct sets of spellings are assigned to syllables in GR according to particular rules. This differs from approaches used by other systems to denote tones, like the <a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">numerals</a> used by the earlier <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system, or the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> used by the later <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> system. </p><p>Despite support from linguists both in China and overseas—including some early proponents who hoped it would eventually replace <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> altogether—GR never achieved widespread use among the Chinese public, who generally lacked interest in the system or viewed it with hostility due to its complex spelling rules. In places where GR had gained traction, it was eventually replaced—largely by Hanyu Pinyin (or simply "pinyin"), which became the international standard during the 1980s, and itself follows principles originally introduced by GR. Widespread adoption of the system was also hindered by its narrow calibration to the Beijing dialect, during a period when China lacked the strong central government needed to impose use of a national spoken language. </p><p>From 1942 to 2000, a small number of reference works published in Hong Kong and overseas also used the system, and Chao would use it throughout his later linguistics work, including in his most influential publications. Chao said that tonal spelling could possibly aid students of Chinese learning to articulate tones. However, later study of tonal accuracy in students has not substantiated Chao's hypothesis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linyutang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Linyutang.jpg/220px-Linyutang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Linyutang.jpg/330px-Linyutang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Linyutang.jpg/440px-Linyutang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a>, who first proposed tonal spelling, in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> was founded in 1912, following the overthrow of the imperial <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>. During the final decades of the Qing, liberal reformers among the Chinese intelligentsia had begun seeking ways to modernize the country's institutions. Proposed language reforms included the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> as China's primary written language with a <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular</a> that more closely reflected ordinary speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, even though <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Mandarin</a> was spoken in an official capacity by the imperial bureaucracy in the north of the country, most of China's population spoke mutually unintelligible <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>; many also saw adoption of a single spoken dialect nationwide as being necessary for China's modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201624–29_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201624–29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tumultuous <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Unification_of_Pronunciation" title="Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation">Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation</a> held in 1913 resulted in the adoption of a "national pronunciation"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed as a compromise featuring characteristics of numerous varieties spoken across China; however, this meant a form of speech that was itself artificial and spoken by no one, and the struggling <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> had few means to promote its use among the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201654–57_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201654–57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, the linguist <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a> (1892–1982) was among the first to propose—in an English-language essay co-authored with the poet <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a> (1891–1962)—that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> should be replaced with an alphabet designed to write the sounds of a national form of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28DeFrancis1950a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28DeFrancis1950a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1921, Chao had joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a>, and was tasked with the creation of audio recordings demonstrating the new national pronunciation, which he did in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201658–61_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201658–61-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it had become increasingly clear that the Republican government was not capable of promoting the national pronunciation, and during the 1920s efforts shifted instead towards basing the national language on Mandarin as spoken in Beijing. While Chao had supported the compromise national pronunciation, factors including his correspondence with the prominent linguist <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren">Bernhard Karlgren</a> (1889–1978) encouraged his work on a new romanization system attuned to the Beijing dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201939–41_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201939–41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonal spelling, Gwoyeu Romatzyh's most distinctive feature, was first suggested to Yuen Ren Chao by <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a> (1895–1976);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811"Without_disclaiming_responsibility,_as_a_very_active_member_of_the_Committee_on_Unification,_for_the_merits_and_defects_of_the_system,_I_must_give_credit_to_my_colleague_Lin_Yutang_for_the_idea_of_varying_the_spelling_to_indicate_difference_in_tone."_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811"Without_disclaiming_responsibility,_as_a_very_active_member_of_the_Committee_on_Unification,_for_the_merits_and_defects_of_the_system,_I_must_give_credit_to_my_colleague_Lin_Yutang_for_the_idea_of_varying_the_spelling_to_indicate_difference_in_tone."-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 1922, Chao had already established the main principles of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950an._43,_46_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950an._43,_46-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1925 and 1926, its details were developed by a team of five linguists under the auspices of the National Languages Committee: Chao, Lin, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jinxi" title="Li Jinxi">Li Jinxi</a> (1890–1978), <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a> (1887–1939), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Yi_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Yi (linguist) (page does not exist)">Wang Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E6%80%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:汪怡">ja</a>]</span> (<span lang="zh">汪怡</span>; 1875–1960<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeng2018623_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeng2018623-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195074Chao197614_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195074Chao197614-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status_and_adoption">Official status and adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official status and adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 September 1928, Gwoyeu Romatzyh was officially adopted by the Republic's <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">nationalist government</a>—led at the time by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXingFeng2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXingFeng2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corresponding entry in Chao's diary, written in GR, reads <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">G.R. yii yu jeou yueh 26 ry gong buh le. Hoo-ray!!!</i></span> ("G.R. was officially announced on September 26. Hooray!!!")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201941_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201941-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended for GR to be used alongside the existing <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> system, hence its designation as the "Second Pattern of the National Alphabet".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1947lxxiTable_X_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1947lxxiTable_X-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both systems were used to indicate the revised standard of pronunciation in the new official <i>Vocabulary of National Pronunciation for Everyday Use</i> of 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designers of Gwoyeu Romatzyh generally represented what has been termed the "Romanization" movement, one among several interested in large-scale reform of the Chinese writing system; many within the Romanization movement sought to adopt Gwoyeu Romatzyh as a primary, practical script for the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968c"While_the_official_position_was_that_it_was_to_be_used_whenever_Chinese_was_to_be_spelled_in_Latin_letters,_such_as_in_dealing_with_foreigners,_those_who_devised_the_system,_of_whom_I_was_one,_had_in_our_minds_the_design_of_a_practical_system_of_writing."_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968c"While_the_official_position_was_that_it_was_to_be_used_whenever_Chinese_was_to_be_spelled_in_Latin_letters,_such_as_in_dealing_with_foreigners,_those_who_devised_the_system,_of_whom_I_was_one,_had_in_our_minds_the_design_of_a_practical_system_of_writing."-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, two short-lived attempts were made to teach Gwoyeu Romatzyh to railway workers and peasants in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195077–78_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195077–78-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for GR was confined to a small number of trained linguists and sinologists, including <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luo_Changpei" title="Luo Changpei">Luo Changpei</a> in China and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Simon_(sinologist)" title="Walter Simon (sinologist)">Walter Simon</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195075_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195075-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, GR faced increasing hostility because of the complexity of its tonal spelling. A competing "Latinization" movement coalesced around leaders like <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a> (1899–1935), and the <a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a> systems—often identifying with the Communists, and likewise opposing the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201954_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201954-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, Karlgren criticized GR for its lack of phonetic rigour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren192820"[GR]_is_based_on_a_series_of_very_fatal_phonetic_lies,_and_for_this_reason_it_will_be_very_difficult_to_learn,_and_consequently_impractical."_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren192820"[GR]_is_based_on_a_series_of_very_fatal_phonetic_lies,_and_for_this_reason_it_will_be_very_difficult_to_learn,_and_consequently_impractical."-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, like Latinxua Sin Wenz, GR failed to gain widespread support, principally because the "national" language was too narrowly based on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195076_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195076-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "a sufficiently precise and strong language norm had not yet become a reality in China".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical use of Gwoyeu Romatzyh is reflected in the official spelling of the name for the province of <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, which distinguishes it from that of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>; these names differ only by tone, and their systematic pinyin romanizations would be identical without the use of diacritics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHu202439_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHu202439-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a> is often spelled as such to distinguish it from the more prominent <a href="/wiki/State_of_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Wei">state of Wei</a>, whose names are homophonous in Mandarin, but were likely distinct in <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>. Several prominent Chinese people have used GR to transliterate their names, such as the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a>; however, neither Chao nor Lin did. Following the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, GR was practically unused on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, the Chinese government officially replaced it with <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, which had been developed by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a> (1906–2017) over the previous two years. Pinyin is now the predominant system and an international standard used by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, as well as by most students learning Standard Chinese. GR saw considerable use in Taiwan during the 20th century, alongside Hanyu Pinyin, the autochthonous <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>, and the bopomofo syllabary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiedenhof2004391_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiedenhof2004391-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used there as a pronunciation aid until the 1970s, as in the monolingual <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guoyu_Cidian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guoyu Cidian (page does not exist)">Guoyu Cidian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:教育部國語辭典">zh</a>]</span></i> dictionary. In 1986, the Taiwanese government officially replaced GR with the modified <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiung2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg/220px-TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg/330px-TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg/440px-TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4415" data-file-height="3311" /></a><figcaption>Gwoyeu Romatzyh on a park sign in Taipei – <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Taytzyy</i></span> (<span lang="zh">太子</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tàizǐ</span></i>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_first_tone_forms">Basic first tone forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basic first tone forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important feature of Gwoyeu Romatzyh, inspired by its precursors and later adopted by pinyin, is the use of consonant pairs with a <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing</a> distinction from Latin to instead represent the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a> distinction present in Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194819–24Chao1968a20–25_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194819–24Chao1968a20–25-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span>, compared to <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨p'⟩</span> in Wade–Giles. Another distinctive feature is Gwoyeu Romatzyh's use of <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> to represent two different phonetic series. When followed by <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, these letters correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolo-palatal">alveolo-palatal</a> series written in pinyin as <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>; otherwise, they correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> series written in pinyin as <span class="nowrap">⟨zh⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span>. </p><p>Other notable features of Gwoyeu Romatzyh <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> include: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨iu⟩</span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>, which in pinyin is spelled either as <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> depending on context</li> <li>Final <span class="nowrap">⟨-y⟩</span> represents the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɨ]</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> <dl><dd>Examples: GR <span class="nowrap">⟨shy⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨sy⟩</span> correspond to pinyin <span class="nowrap">⟨shi⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨si⟩</span> respectively.</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨el⟩</span> corresponds to pinyin <span class="nowrap">⟨er⟩</span>, with <span class="nowrap">⟨-r⟩</span> being reserved to indicate the second tone. The most important use of <span class="nowrap">⟨-el⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨-l⟩</span> is as a <a href="/wiki/R-coloured_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="R-coloured vowel">rhotacization</a> suffix. <dl><dd>Example: <span class="nowrap">⟨ideal⟩</span> ← <span class="nowrap">⟨i dean⟩</span> + <span class="nowrap">⟨-l⟩</span> for <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">一點兒</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yìdiǎnr</i></span>; 'a little').</dd></dl></li> <li>A number of frequently occurring <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> have abbreviated spellings in GR <dl><dd>Examples: <span class="nowrap">⟨-g⟩</span> compared to pinyin <span class="nowrap">⟨-ge⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨-j⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨-zhe⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨-m⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨-me⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨shi⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨-tz⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨-zi⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968axxx_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968axxx-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonal_spelling">Tonal spelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tonal spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By default, the basic Gwoyeu Romatzyh spelling described above is used for syllables with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tones#First_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese tones">first tone</a>. The basic form is then modified to indicate tones 2, 3, and 4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194828–30,_336Chao1968a29–30,_847Simon1947lviiiTable_IX_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194828–30,_336Chao1968a29–30,_847Simon1947lviiiTable_IX-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is accomplished in one of three ways, with the concise first method used whenever possible: </p> <ul><li><b>either</b> a letter is changed to another letter resembling it in sound, for example <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> to either <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span></li> <li><b>or</b> a letter is doubled</li> <li><b>or</b> a silent <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is added after the vowel</li></ul> <p>Syllables beginning with a sonorant—i.e. pinyin <span class="nowrap">⟨l-⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨m-⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨n-⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨r-⟩</span>—are an exception: the basic form is then used for tone 2, and tone 1 is indicated by adding an <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> after the initial letter. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border:none;text-align:center"> <caption>Examples of tonal spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="border:none;background:none"> </th> <th scope="col">Tone 1</th> <th scope="col">Tone 2</th> <th scope="col">Tone 3</th> <th scope="col">Tone 4 </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="border:none;background:none"> </td> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">貪</span></span> 'corrupt'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彈</span></span> 'pluck'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">毯</span></span> 'blanket'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">炭</span></span> 'charcoal'</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="margin-top 2em">GR </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tan</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tarn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">taan</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tann</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pinyin </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tān</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tán</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tǎn</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">tàn</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="border:none;background:none"> </th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">优</span></span> 'superior'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">油</span></span> 'oil'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">有</span></span> 'to have'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">右</span></span> 'rightward'</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">GR </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">iou</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">you</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yeou</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yow</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pinyin </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yōu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yóu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yǒu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yòu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="border:none;background:none"> </td> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">輕</span></span> 'gentle'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">情</span></span> 'sentiment'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">請</span></span> 'invite'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">慶</span></span> 'celebrate'</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">GR </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ching</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chyng</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chiing</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">chinq</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pinyin </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qīng</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qíng</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qǐng</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qìng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="border:none;background:none"> </td> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">咪</span></span> 'meow'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彌</span></span> 'full'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">米</span></span> 'rice'</span></th> <th><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宓</span></span> 'silent'</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">GR </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mhi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mi</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mii</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mih</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pinyin </th> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mī</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mí</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mǐ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">mì</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_segmentation"><span class="anchor" id="compounds"></span>Word segmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Word segmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important principle of Gwoyeu Romatzyh is that text should use <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">spaces</a> as <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">word dividers</a>. The concept of a "word" as understood in Western linguistics has been adapted for Chinese comparatively recently. The basic unit of speech is popularly thought to be the syllable; in Chinese, each syllable almost always represents a <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>—a language's basic unit of meaning—and written <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> generally correspond with these morpheme–syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968a138–143Kratochvíl196889–99_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968a138–143Kratochvíl196889–99-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characters are written without spaces between words. However, most words used in modern <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a> are two-syllable compounds; Chao reflected this in GR's orthography by grouping syllables in words together without hyphenation, as in Wade–Giles (e.g. <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><span>Pei<sup>3</sup>-ching<sup>1</sup></span></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950anote_46_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950anote_46-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_Yuanren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zhao_Yuanren.jpg/170px-Zhao_Yuanren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zhao_Yuanren.jpg/255px-Zhao_Yuanren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Zhao_Yuanren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Yuen Ren Chao as a young man, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1916</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Chao used Gwoyeu Romatzyh in four influential works: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Dictionary_of_Spoken_Chinese" title="Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese">Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese</a></i> (1947; in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Yang_Lien-sheng" title="Yang Lien-sheng">Yang Lien-sheng</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaoYang1947_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaoYang1947-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mandarin Primer</i> – originally used in the <a href="/wiki/Army_Specialized_Training_Program" title="Army Specialized Training Program">Army Specialized Training Program</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> School for Overseas Administration from 1943 to 1944, and subsequently in civilian courses; republished in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1948v_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1948v-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was written "to supply the advanced student of spoken Chinese with reading matter which he can actually use in his speech".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_iv_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_iv-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work consists of three volumes of Chinese text with facing GR romanization, including audio recordings of dialogue,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1955_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1955-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fragments of an autobiography, two plays, and a translation of Lewis Carroll's <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i>.</li> <li><i>A Grammar of Spoken Chinese</i> (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968187_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968187-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="sayable"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Readings in Sayable Chinese</span></span></i> (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968b_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968b-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – in this context, <i>sayable</i> means <i>colloquial</i>, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a> often read by students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_vi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_vi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Simon_(sinologist)" title="Walter Simon (sinologist)">Walter Simon</a> introduced Gwoyeu Romatzyh to English-speaking sinologists in a pamphlet entitled <i>The New Official Chinese Latin Script</i>. Over the remainder of the 1940s he published a series of textbooks and readers, as well as a Chinese-English dictionary using GR. His son Harry Simon later went on to use GR in papers he published on Chinese linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1958_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1958-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, Y. C. Liu, who was a colleague of Walter Simon at <a href="/wiki/SOAS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS">SOAS</a>, published <i>Fifty Chinese Stories</i>, comprising selections from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">parallel text</a> featuring the original <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> as well as vernacular translation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu1960xii"[The_book's]_primary_aim_is_to_introduce_students_to_the_Classical_style_through_the_medium_of_the_modern_spoken_language."_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1960xii"[The_book's]_primary_aim_is_to_introduce_students_to_the_Classical_style_through_the_medium_of_the_modern_spoken_language."-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to GR and <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized Japanese">romanized Japanese</a> transliterations prepared by Simon. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang%27s_Chinese-English_Dictionary_of_Modern_Usage" title="Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage">Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage</a></i> (1972) incorporated a number of novelties, which included a simplified romanization scheme derived from GR,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1972"In_the_original_edition,_'Guoryuu_Romatzyh'_(<span_title="Chinese-language_text"><span_lang="zh">國語羅馬字</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text]])_was_used_as_the_scheme_for_romanization."_Another_feature_was_an_"Instant_Index_System":_"an_invention_by_Lin_Yutang_with_the_intention_of_providing_a_simple_and_unambiguous_rule_to_call_up_any_given_Chinese_character_..._[T]his_index_system_has_not_been_widely_used_since_its_inception."_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1972"In_the_original_edition,_'Guoryuu_Romatzyh'_(<span_title="Chinese-language_text"><span_lang="zh">國語羅馬字</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text]])_was_used_as_the_scheme_for_romanization."_Another_feature_was_an_"Instant_Index_System":_"an_invention_by_Lin_Yutang_with_the_intention_of_providing_a_simple_and_unambiguous_rule_to_call_up_any_given_Chinese_character_..._[T]his_index_system_has_not_been_widely_used_since_its_inception."-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1975_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1975-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Lin eliminated most of the spelling rules. </p><p>The first 3 issues of <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shin Tarng</i></span></i> magazine (1982–1989; <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xīntáng</i></span>) also used a simplified version of Gwoyeu Romatzyh. The fourth issue, now rendered as <i><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xin Talng</i></span></i>, used a system that adapted pinyin to use tonal spelling akin to GR.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pedagogy"><span class="anchor" id="Language_learning"></span><span class="anchor" id="Use_in_education"></span>Pedagogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pedagogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chao believed that the benefit of tonal spelling was to make the use of tones in Chinese more salient to learners: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[GR] makes the spelling more complicated, but gives an <em>individuality to the physiognomy of words</em>, with which it is possible to associate meaning ... as an instrument of teaching, tonal spelling has proved in practice to be a most powerful aid in enabling the student to grasp the material with precision and clearness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For example, it may be easier to memorize the difference between GR <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Beeijing</i></span> 'Beijing' and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">beyjiing</i></span> 'background' than the pinyin <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Běijīng</i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bèijǐng</i></span>. One study conducted at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> from 1991 to 1993 compared the results of teaching elementary level Chinese using either pinyin or GR to two matched groups of students; the study ultimately concluded that "GR did not lead to significantly greater accuracy in tonal production".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis1997231–232"The_results_clearly_indicated_that_GR_did_not_lead_to_significantly_greater_accuracy_in_tonal_production._Indeed,_the_use_of_GR_reflected_slightly_lower_rates_of_tonal_production_accuracy_for_native_speakers_of_both_American_English_and_Japanese."_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis1997231–232"The_results_clearly_indicated_that_GR_did_not_lead_to_significantly_greater_accuracy_in_tonal_production._Indeed,_the_use_of_GR_reflected_slightly_lower_rates_of_tonal_production_accuracy_for_native_speakers_of_both_American_English_and_Japanese."-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">國語羅馬字</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">国语罗马字</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guóyǔ Luómǎzì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'National language romanization'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="zh">國音</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">guóyīn</span></i>; 'national pronunciation') was often used interchangeably with <span lang="zh">國語</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">guóyǔ</span></i>; 'national language').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201936_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201936-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gwoin tzyhmuu dihell shyh</i></span> (<span lang="zh">國音字母第二式</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guóyīn zìmǔ dì'èr shì</span></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gwoin charngyonq tzyhhuey</i></span> (<span lang="zh">國音常用字彙</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guóyīn chángyòng zìhuì</span></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/readings/xin_tang/">"Xin Tang: a journal of romanized Mandarin"</a> – via pinyin.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xin+Tang%3A+a+journal+of+romanized+Mandarin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinyin.info%2Freadings%2Fxin_tang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvíl1968">Kratochvíl 1968</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201624–29-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201624–29_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2016">Moser 2016</a>, pp. 24–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201936-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201936_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201654–57-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201654–57_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2016">Moser 2016</a>, pp. 54–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28DeFrancis1950a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28DeFrancis1950a_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, pp. 27–28; <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950a">DeFrancis 1950a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201658–61-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201658–61_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2016">Moser 2016</a>, pp. 58–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201939–41-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201939–41_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811"Without_disclaiming_responsibility,_as_a_very_active_member_of_the_Committee_on_Unification,_for_the_merits_and_defects_of_the_system,_I_must_give_credit_to_my_colleague_Lin_Yutang_for_the_idea_of_varying_the_spelling_to_indicate_difference_in_tone."-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811"Without_disclaiming_responsibility,_as_a_very_active_member_of_the_Committee_on_Unification,_for_the_merits_and_defects_of_the_system,_I_must_give_credit_to_my_colleague_Lin_Yutang_for_the_idea_of_varying_the_spelling_to_indicate_difference_in_tone."_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, p. 11, "Without disclaiming responsibility, as a very active member of the Committee on Unification, for the merits and defects of the system, I must give credit to my colleague Lin Yutang for the idea of varying the spelling to indicate difference in tone."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950an._43,_46-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950an._43,_46_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950a">DeFrancis 1950a</a>, n. 43, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeng2018623-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeng2018623_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeng2018">Weng 2018</a>, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195074Chao197614-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195074Chao197614_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis 1950</a>, p. 74; <a href="#CITEREFChao1976">Chao 1976</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXingFeng2016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXingFeng2016_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXingFeng2016">Xing & Feng 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201941-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201941_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1947lxxiTable_X-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1947lxxiTable_X_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon1947">Simon 1947</a>, p. lxxi, Table X.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968c"While_the_official_position_was_that_it_was_to_be_used_whenever_Chinese_was_to_be_spelled_in_Latin_letters,_such_as_in_dealing_with_foreigners,_those_who_devised_the_system,_of_whom_I_was_one,_had_in_our_minds_the_design_of_a_practical_system_of_writing."-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968c"While_the_official_position_was_that_it_was_to_be_used_whenever_Chinese_was_to_be_spelled_in_Latin_letters,_such_as_in_dealing_with_foreigners,_those_who_devised_the_system,_of_whom_I_was_one,_had_in_our_minds_the_design_of_a_practical_system_of_writing."_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1968c">Chao 1968c</a>, "While the official position was that it was to be used whenever Chinese was to be spelled in Latin letters, such as in dealing with foreigners, those who devised the system, of whom I was one, had in our minds the design of a practical system of writing."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195077–78-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195077–78_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis 1950</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195075-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195075_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis 1950</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201954-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201954_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren192820"[GR]_is_based_on_a_series_of_very_fatal_phonetic_lies,_and_for_this_reason_it_will_be_very_difficult_to_learn,_and_consequently_impractical."-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren192820"[GR]_is_based_on_a_series_of_very_fatal_phonetic_lies,_and_for_this_reason_it_will_be_very_difficult_to_learn,_and_consequently_impractical."_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlgren1928">Karlgren 1928</a>, p. 20, "[GR] is based on a series of very fatal phonetic lies, and for this reason it will be very difficult to learn, and consequently impractical."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195076-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195076_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis 1950</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHu202439-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHu202439_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMairHu2024">Mair & Hu 2024</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons2015-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons2015_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimmons2015">Simmons 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiedenhof2004391-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiedenhof2004391_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiedenhof2004">Wiedenhof 2004</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiung2001_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiung2001">Chiung 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194819–24Chao1968a20–25-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194819–24Chao1968a20–25_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, pp. 19–24; <a href="#CITEREFChao1968a">Chao 1968a</a>, pp. 20–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968axxx-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968axxx_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1968a">Chao 1968a</a>, p. xxx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194828–30,_336Chao1968a29–30,_847Simon1947lviiiTable_IX-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194828–30,_336Chao1968a29–30,_847Simon1947lviiiTable_IX_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, pp. 28–30, 336; <a href="#CITEREFChao1968a">Chao 1968a</a>, pp. 29–30, 847; <a href="#CITEREFSimon1947">Simon 1947</a>, p. lviii, Table IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adapted from <a href="#CITEREFSimmons2015">Simmons 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968a138–143Kratochvíl196889–99-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968a138–143Kratochvíl196889–99_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1968a">Chao 1968a</a>, pp. 138–143; <a href="#CITEREFKratochvíl1968">Kratochvíl 1968</a>, pp. 89–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950anote_46-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950anote_46_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950a">DeFrancis 1950a</a>, note 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaoYang1947-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaoYang1947_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaoYang1947">Chao & Yang 1947</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1948v-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1948v_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, p. v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_iv-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_iv_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1968b">Chao 1968b</a>, pp. i, iv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1955-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1955_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1955">Chao 1955</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968187-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968187_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvíl1968">Kratochvíl 1968</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968b-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968b_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1968b">Chao 1968b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_vi-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_vi_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChao1968b">Chao 1968b</a>, pp. i, vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1958-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1958_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon1958">Simon 1958</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1960xii"[The_book's]_primary_aim_is_to_introduce_students_to_the_Classical_style_through_the_medium_of_the_modern_spoken_language."-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu1960xii"[The_book's]_primary_aim_is_to_introduce_students_to_the_Classical_style_through_the_medium_of_the_modern_spoken_language."_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu1960">Liu 1960</a>, p. xii, "[The book's] primary aim is to introduce students to the Classical style through the medium of the modern spoken language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1972"In_the_original_edition,_'Guoryuu_Romatzyh'_(<span_title="Chinese-language_text"><span_lang="zh">國語羅馬字</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text]])_was_used_as_the_scheme_for_romanization."_Another_feature_was_an_"Instant_Index_System":_"an_invention_by_Lin_Yutang_with_the_intention_of_providing_a_simple_and_unambiguous_rule_to_call_up_any_given_Chinese_character_..._[T]his_index_system_has_not_been_widely_used_since_its_inception."-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1972"In_the_original_edition,_'Guoryuu_Romatzyh'_(<span_title="Chinese-language_text"><span_lang="zh">國語羅馬字</span></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text]])_was_used_as_the_scheme_for_romanization."_Another_feature_was_an_"Instant_Index_System":_"an_invention_by_Lin_Yutang_with_the_intention_of_providing_a_simple_and_unambiguous_rule_to_call_up_any_given_Chinese_character_..._[T]his_index_system_has_not_been_widely_used_since_its_inception."_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin1972">Lin 1972</a>, "In the original edition, 'Guoryuu Romatzyh' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">國語羅馬字</span></span>) was used as the scheme for romanization." Another feature was an "Instant Index System": "an invention by Lin Yutang with the intention of providing a simple and unambiguous rule to call up any given Chinese character ... [T]his index system has not been widely used since its inception."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1975-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1975_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChing1975">Ching 1975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis1997231–232"The_results_clearly_indicated_that_GR_did_not_lead_to_significantly_greater_accuracy_in_tonal_production._Indeed,_the_use_of_GR_reflected_slightly_lower_rates_of_tonal_production_accuracy_for_native_speakers_of_both_American_English_and_Japanese."-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis1997231–232"The_results_clearly_indicated_that_GR_did_not_lead_to_significantly_greater_accuracy_in_tonal_production._Indeed,_the_use_of_GR_reflected_slightly_lower_rates_of_tonal_production_accuracy_for_native_speakers_of_both_American_English_and_Japanese."_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGinnis1997">McGinnis 1997</a>, pp. 231–232, "The results clearly indicated that GR did not lead to significantly greater accuracy in tonal production. Indeed, the use of GR reflected slightly lower rates of tonal production accuracy for native speakers of both American English and Japanese."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaoYang1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Chao, Yuen Ren</a>; Yang, L. S. (1947). <i>Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-15800-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-15800-8"><bdi>0-674-15800-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Dictionary+of+Spoken+Chinese&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=0-674-15800-8&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rft.au=Yang%2C+L.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1948" class="citation book cs1">——— (1948). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mandarinprimerin00chao"><i>Mandarin Primer: An Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73288-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73288-9"><bdi>978-0-674-73288-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandarin+Primer%3A+An+Intensive+Course+in+Spoken+Chinese&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73288-9&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmandarinprimerin00chao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1955" class="citation audio-visual cs1">——— (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkways.si.edu/yuen-ren-chao/the-mandarin-primer/language-instruction/album/smithsonian"><i>Mandarin Primer</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Digital)</span>. New York: Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. FW08002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandarin+Primer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Folkways+Recordings&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolkways.si.edu%2Fyuen-ren-chao%2Fthe-mandarin-primer%2Flanguage-instruction%2Falbum%2Fsmithsonian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1968a" class="citation book cs1">——— (1968a). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofspokenc0000chao"><i>A Grammar of Spoken Chinese</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-00219-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-00219-9"><bdi>0-520-00219-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Spoken+Chinese&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-520-00219-9&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofspokenc0000chao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1968b" class="citation book cs1">——— (1968b). <i>Readings in Sayable Chinese</i>. Asian Language Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87950-328-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87950-328-9"><bdi>0-87950-328-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Sayable+Chinese&rft.pub=Asian+Language+Publications&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-87950-328-9&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1968c" class="citation book cs1">——— (1968c). <i>Language and Symbolic Systems</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09457-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09457-7"><bdi>0-521-09457-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Symbolic+Systems&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-09457-7&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1976" class="citation book cs1">——— (1976). <i>Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0909-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0909-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-0909-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Chinese+Sociolinguistics%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0909-5&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiung2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.de-han.org/pehoeji/lomaji/index.htm">"Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan"</a>. <i>The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 15–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Linguistic+Association+of+Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=Romanization+and+Language+Planning+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-43&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Chiung&rft.aufirst=Wi-vun+Taiffalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.de-han.org%2Fpehoeji%2Flomaji%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFrancis1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">DeFrancis, John</a> (1950). <i>Nationalism and Language Reform in China</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Language+Reform+in+China&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=DeFrancis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFDeFrancis1950a" class="citation">——— (1950a). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html">One State, One People, One Language</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis (1950)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Nationalism and Language Reform in China</i>. 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"Purpose and effect in the transcription of Mandarin". In Lee Jer-shiarn (李哲賢) (ed.). <bdi lang="zh">漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集</bdi> [<i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004</i>]. Touliu: National Yunlin University of Science and Technology. pp. 387–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/986-00-4011-7" title="Special:BookSources/986-00-4011-7"><bdi>986-00-4011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purpose+and+effect+in+the+transcription+of+Mandarin&rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.place=Touliu&rft.pages=387-402&rft.pub=National+Yunlin+University+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=986-00-4011-7&rft.aulast=Wiedenhof&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXingFeng2016" class="citation journal cs1">Xing, Huang; Feng, Xu (2016). "The Romanization of Chinese Language". <i>Review of Asian and Pacific Studies</i>. <b>41</b>: 99–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15018%2F00001134">10.15018/00001134</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10928%2F892">10928/892</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0913-8439">0913-8439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Asian+and+Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Romanization+of+Chinese+Language&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=99-111&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10928%2F892&rft.issn=0913-8439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15018%2F00001134&rft.aulast=Xing&rft.aufirst=Huang&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhong2019" class="citation book cs1">Zhong, Yurou (2019). <i>Chinese Grammatology: Script Revolution and Literary Modernity, 1916–1958</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fzhon19262">10.7312/zhon19262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54989-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54989-9"><bdi>978-0-231-54989-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Grammatology%3A+Script+Revolution+and+Literary+Modernity%2C+1916%E2%80%931958&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fzhon19262&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54989-9&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Yurou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/compare/gwoyeu_romatzyh.html">"Romanization comparison chart"</a>. 2004 – via pinyin.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanization+comparison+chart&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinyin.info%2Fromanization%2Fcompare%2Fgwoyeu_romatzyh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div 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style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" 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Template:Chinese_language"," 10.59% 155.973 5 Template:Efn"," 10.33% 152.240 40 Template:Sfn"," 10.09% 148.632 21 Template:Lang"," 8.92% 131.348 2 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.822","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23523157,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFChao1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1968a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1968b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1968c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaoYang1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChing1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiung2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeFrancis1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeFrancis1950a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlgren1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKratochvíl1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMairHu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinnis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoser2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeng2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiedenhof2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXingFeng2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhong2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr.\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 50,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bpmfsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Chinese language\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA notice\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 21,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Normal\"] = 16,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 7,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 44,\n [\"Tonesup\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhc\"] = 2,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-dh6v2","timestamp":"20241123081223","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gwoyeu Romatzyh","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24438","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24438","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-24T05:16:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T08:12:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg","headline":"system for writing Mandarin Chinese in the Latin alphabet"}</script> </body> </html>