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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Portale</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Microbiologia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mikrobiologie" title="Portal:Mikrobiologie - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Mikrobiologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari:Mikrobiologia" title="Atari:Mikrobiologia - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atari:Mikrobiologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Microbiologie" title="Portail:Microbiologie - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Microbiologie" data-language-autonym="Français" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px"> <tbody><tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border: 1px solid #cedff2; background-color: #ffffff; vertical-align: top; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 160%; border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB; text-align: center;"><div style="float:left;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wbar_transprev.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Wbar_transprev.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikibar2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:center;">Il <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portale" title="Wikipedia:Portale">Portale</a> della <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Microbiologia" title="Categoria:Microbiologia">Microbiologia</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center; font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:0.78em"><i>La vita è un germe, un germe è vita. - <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></i></span> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png/100px-Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg/120px-Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg/180px-Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg/240px-Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>La <b><a href="/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia">microbiologia</a></b> è la branca della <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologia</a> e della medicina che studia i <a href="/wiki/Microrganismi" class="mw-redirect" title="Microrganismi">microrganismi</a>, con particolare attenzione alle loro caratteristiche fisiche-chimiche, genetiche e metaboliche, alla loro classificazione e all'interazione che hanno l'uno con l'altro e nei confronti dell'ambiente e degli altri esseri viventi. </p><p>I padri della microbiologia sono <a href="/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a>, scopritore dei batteri, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> che ne mette in luce le caratteristiche biologiche e <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> che postula le basi delle <a href="/wiki/Malattie_infettive" class="mw-redirect" title="Malattie infettive">malattie infettive</a> e della moderna microbiologia clinica. </p> <div style="font-size:70%;"><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portale:Microbiologia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Microbiologia" title="Progetto:Microbiologia">Progetto:Microbiologia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_progetto:Microbiologia" title="Discussioni progetto:Microbiologia">Discussioni progetto:Microbiologia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Bio" title="Progetto:Bio">Progetto:Bio</a> - <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Forme_di_vita" title="Progetto:Forme di vita">Progetto:Forme di vita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_progetto:Forme_di_vita" title="Discussioni progetto:Forme di vita">Tasso Bar</a> - <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Microbiologia" title="Categoria:Microbiologia">Categoria:Microbiologia</a> <hr /> Portali collegati: <a href="/wiki/Portale:Ecologia_e_ambiente" title="Portale:Ecologia e ambiente">Ecologia e ambiente</a> | <a href="/wiki/Portale:Biologia" title="Portale:Biologia">Biologia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Portale:Micologia" title="Portale:Micologia">Micologia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Portale:Medicina" title="Portale:Medicina">Medicina</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px"> <tbody><tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border: 1px solid #cedff2; background-color: #ffffff; vertical-align: top; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #90E090; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align: left; padding-left: 7px; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikibar2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nuvola_apps_xmag.png/22px-Nuvola_apps_xmag.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nuvola_apps_xmag.png/33px-Nuvola_apps_xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nuvola_apps_xmag.png/44px-Nuvola_apps_xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Come osservare il mondo microscopico <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portale:Microbiologia/Osservare&action=edit"><small>(modifica)</small></a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_031015-N-3770P-001_Hospital_Corpsman_3rd_Class_Nicodemus_P._Ruczynski,_assigned_to_Naval_Hospital_Oak_Harbor_Laboratory,_reads_a_microscopic_specimen_during_urinalysis_testing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Navy_031015-N-3770P-001_Hospital_Corpsman_3rd_Class_Nicodemus_P._Ruczynski%2C_assigned_to_Naval_Hospital_Oak_Harbor_Laboratory%2C_reads_a_microscopic_specimen_during_urinalysis_testing.jpg/104px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Navy_031015-N-3770P-001_Hospital_Corpsman_3rd_Class_Nicodemus_P._Ruczynski%2C_assigned_to_Naval_Hospital_Oak_Harbor_Laboratory%2C_reads_a_microscopic_specimen_during_urinalysis_testing.jpg/156px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Navy_031015-N-3770P-001_Hospital_Corpsman_3rd_Class_Nicodemus_P._Ruczynski%2C_assigned_to_Naval_Hospital_Oak_Harbor_Laboratory%2C_reads_a_microscopic_specimen_during_urinalysis_testing.jpg/208px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Lo strumento principe della microbiologia è il <b><a href="/wiki/Microscopio" title="Microscopio">microscopio</a></b>; attraverso l'attenta osservazione e opportune colorazioni è possibile riconoscere la maggior parte dei microrganismi. Benché ne esistano diversi tipi, il microbiologo sfrutta essenzialmente il classico <a href="/wiki/Microscopio_ottico" title="Microscopio ottico">microscopio ottico</a>, utilizzato sia a basso ingrandimento per visualizzare la morfologia della colonie batteriche, sia ad alto ingrandimento, per analizzare le caratteristiche dei singoli batteri. Il <a href="/wiki/Microscopio_elettronico" title="Microscopio elettronico">microscopio elettronico</a> viene invece utilizzato a scopo di ricerca nella <a href="/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia">virologia</a>, la scienza che studia i virus, piccole entità biologiche che non possono essere apprezzate con la normale microscopia. </p><p>Batteri, virus, funghi e protozoi possono essere inoltre <b>coltivati</b>; si utilizzano dei <a href="/wiki/Terreno_di_coltura" title="Terreno di coltura">terreno di coltura</a>, particolari miscele di diverse sostanze in grado di apportare il nutrimento necessario alle colonie di microrganismi in accrescimento. Mentre i batteri ed i funghi crescono su terreni relativamente semplici, come brodi o gelatine, i virus necessitano di <a href="/wiki/Coltura_cellulare" title="Coltura cellulare">colture cellulari</a>, piastre che contengono cellule umane o animali in grado di fornire gli apparati replicativi ed energetici di cui i virus hanno bisogno. Questi terreni sono molto importanti perché, in base alle preferenze "alimentari" di alcuni batteri, si riesce a riconoscere il <a href="/wiki/Genere_(tassonomia)" title="Genere (tassonomia)">genere</a> e talora la <a href="/wiki/Specie" title="Specie">specie</a> di cui fanno parte. Un esempio è la capacità che hanno alcuni batteri di crescere in terreni arricchiti con <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae" title="Enterobacteriaceae">Enterobacteriaceae</a></i>), con sale (<i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i>) o <a href="/wiki/Tellurio" title="Tellurio">tellurito</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a></i>). </p><p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #90E090; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align: left; padding-left: 7px; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikibar2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg/22px-Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg/33px-Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg/44px-Tipica_cellula_procariote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="402" /></a></span> Batteri <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portale:Microbiologia/Batteri&action=edit"><small>(modifica)</small></a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%"> <p>Un <a href="/wiki/Batterio" class="mw-redirect" title="Batterio">batterio</a> è un microrganismo unicellulare <a href="/wiki/Procariota" class="mw-redirect" title="Procariota">procariota</a>. Questo significa che un batterio non ha un <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_(biologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleo (biologia)">nucleo</a> delimitato da membrane e il suo materiale genetico fluttua nel <a href="/wiki/Citoplasma" title="Citoplasma">citoplasma</a>. La grandezza di un batterio varia fra ogni genere; i batteri più piccoli possono raggiungere gli 0.2 <a href="/wiki/Micrometri" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometri">μm</a>, quelli più grandi anche 30 µm. I primi sono di solito intracellulari, termine che indica la capacità che hanno questi batteri di "abitare" e nascondersi all'interno delle cellule; tra questi i più importanti fanno parte del genere <i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">Chlamydia</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia" title="Rickettsia">Rickettsia</a></i>. Alcuni batteri, tra questi le <a href="/wiki/Spirochete" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochete">spirochete</a> (dimensioni 20-30 µm), hanno la capacità di spostarsi attraverso i <a href="/wiki/Flagello_(biologia)" title="Flagello (biologia)">flagelli</a> o di aderire ai tessuti e proteggersi dalla fagocitosi grazie ad una <a href="/wiki/Capsula_batterica" title="Capsula batterica">capsula</a>. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Batteri" title="Categoria:Batteri">Cerca una voce...</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #A0E0A0; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align: left; padding-left: 7px; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikibar2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png/22px-Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png/33px-Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png/44px-Crystal_Clear_app_virus_detected.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Virus <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portale:Microbiologia/Virus&action=edit"><small>(modifica)</small></a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equine_infectious_anemia_virus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Equine_infectious_anemia_virus.jpg/131px-Equine_infectious_anemia_virus.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Equine_infectious_anemia_virus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Un <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologia)" title="Virus (biologia)">virus</a> è un parassita endocellulare obbligato; in parole povere, un virus non può replicarsi se non infettando le cellule per sfruttarne gli apparati replicativi ed energetici. I virus sono molto più piccoli dei batteri e per questo possono essere osservati solo con strumenti appositi quale il <a href="/wiki/Microscopio_elettronico_a_trasmissione" title="Microscopio elettronico a trasmissione">microscopio elettronico a trasmissione</a>; tra i più piccoli (20-30 <a href="/wiki/Nanometri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometri">nm</a>) ci sono i <i><a href="/wiki/Picornaviridae" title="Picornaviridae">Picornaviridae</a></i>, famiglia che comprende il virus della <a href="/wiki/Poliomielite" title="Poliomielite">poliomielite</a> e del <a href="/wiki/Raffreddore_comune" title="Raffreddore comune">raffreddore</a>, tra i più grandi (più di 200 nm) spiccano i <i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i>, famiglia del virus del <a href="/wiki/Vaiolo" title="Vaiolo">vaiolo</a>. I virus possono essere considerati dei "contenitori" di materiale genetico e vengono classificati sulla base di quest'ultimo: esistono virus a <a href="/wiki/Acido_desossiribonucleico" class="mw-redirect" title="Acido desossiribonucleico">DNA</a> e virus a <a href="/wiki/Acido_ribonucleico" class="mw-redirect" title="Acido ribonucleico">RNA</a>, virus a singolo filamento e a doppio filamento, virus il cui RNA deve essere prima <a href="/wiki/Retrotrascrittasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrotrascrittasi">convertito a DNA</a>, virus con RNA che deve essere ricopiato al contrario per funzionare (trascrittasi inversa) e virus il cui materiale genomico è segmentato, come il virus dell'<a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Virus" title="Categoria:Virus">Cerca una voce...</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #B0E0B0; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align: left; padding-left: 7px; border-radius:10px"><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikibar2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_editors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nuvola_apps_package_editors.png/22px-Nuvola_apps_package_editors.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nuvola_apps_package_editors.png/33px-Nuvola_apps_package_editors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nuvola_apps_package_editors.png/44px-Nuvola_apps_package_editors.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Curiosità <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portale:Microbiologia/curiosità&action=edit"><small>(modifica)</small></a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%"> <ul><li>Molti antibiotici sono prodotto da microrganismi; la <b><a href="/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina">penicillina</a></b>, ad esempio, è prodotta da una muffa, il <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_notatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillium notatum">Penicillium notatum</a></i>.</li> <li>Metodiche di ingegneria genetica hanno permesso di ricavare dal <i><b><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></b></i>, comunemente conosciuto come lievito di birra, il moderno vaccino per l'<a href="/wiki/Epatite_B" title="Epatite B">epatite B</a>.</li> <li>Le spore di <i><b><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a></b></i>, bacillo responsabile del tetano, resistono per decenni nel terreno senza essere inattivate.</li> <li>Il virus dell'<a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> possiede una <b><a href="/wiki/Retrotrascrittasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrotrascrittasi">retrotrascrittasi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima">enzima</a> in grado di fare integrare il suo materiale genomico al nostro DNA.</li> <li>I <b><a href="/wiki/Fungo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungo">funghi dimorfi</a></b> sono organismi in grado di trasformarsi da muffa a lievito in base alla temperatura esterna.</li> <li>La <b><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a></b> è provocata da un protozoo chiamato <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a></i> trasportato dalle zanzare del genere <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i>.</li> <li>Il nome <b><a href="/wiki/Vaccino" title="Vaccino">vaccino</a></b> deriva da vacca, animali il cui virus del vaiolo veniva usato da <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> per indurre resistenza al vaiolo umano.</li> <li>La parete cellulare di alcuni funghi è composta da <b><a href="/wiki/Chitina" title="Chitina">chitina</a></b>, polisaccaride strutturale che forma l'esoscheletro degli insetti.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width: 45%; border: 1px solid #cedff2; background-color: #ffffff; vertical-align: top; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #A0E0D0; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align: left; padding-left: 7px; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikibar2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kolourpaint.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nuvola_apps_kolourpaint.png/22px-Nuvola_apps_kolourpaint.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nuvola_apps_kolourpaint.png/33px-Nuvola_apps_kolourpaint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Nuvola_apps_kolourpaint.png/44px-Nuvola_apps_kolourpaint.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> L'immagine <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portale:Biologia/Immagine&action=edit"><small>(modifica)</small></a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabletop_centrifuge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tabletop_centrifuge.jpg/220px-Tabletop_centrifuge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tabletop_centrifuge.jpg/330px-Tabletop_centrifuge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tabletop_centrifuge.jpg/440px-Tabletop_centrifuge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Una <a href="/wiki/Centrifuga" class="mw-disambig" title="Centrifuga">centrifuga</a> da laboratorio. <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #A0E0A0; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align: left; padding-left: 7px; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikibar2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:User_with_smile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/22px-User_with_smile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/33px-User_with_smile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/44px-User_with_smile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Biografia <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portale:Microbiologia/Microbiologo&action=edit"><small>(modifica)</small></a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamp_079_europe_(fleming).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/149px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/223px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg/298px-Faroe_stamp_079_europe_%28fleming%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></b> fu un medico e scienziato <a href="/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra">britannico</a>, tra le massime figure della <a href="/wiki/Batteriologia" title="Batteriologia">batteriologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina" title="Premio Nobel per la medicina">Premio Nobel per la medicina</a>. Nel <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a> Fleming osservò casualmente che colture di <a href="/wiki/Batterio" class="mw-redirect" title="Batterio">batteri</a> contaminate da una <a href="/wiki/Muffa" title="Muffa">muffa</a> non si sviluppavano formando una patina confluente, ma che intorno al punto in cui era presente la colonia della muffa esisteva una superficie priva di batteri. La sua conclusione fu che quel tipo di muffa, <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_notatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillium notatum">Penicillium notatum</a></i>, produceva una sostanza, che chiamò <a href="/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina">Penicillina</a>, in grado di impedire la crescita dei batteri. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Leggi la voce...</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #A0E0A0; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align: left; padding-left: 7px; border-radius:10px; -moz-border-radius:10px"><div style="float:right;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibar2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikibar2.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="22" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:User_with_smile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/22px-User_with_smile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/33px-User_with_smile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/User_with_smile.svg/44px-User_with_smile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Categorie <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portale:Microbiologia/Categorie&action=edit"><small>(modifica)</small></a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 100%"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Speciale:Ricerca"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="50" dir="ltr" /></div><br /> <span class="cdx-checkbox cdx-checkbox--inline"><input type="checkbox" name="ns14" value="1" id="mw-inputbox-ns14-0.527825701068" class="cdx-checkbox__input" checked="" /><span class="cdx-checkbox__icon"></span><label class="cdx-checkbox__label" for="mw-inputbox-ns14-0.527825701068">Categoria</label></span> <span class="cdx-checkbox cdx-checkbox--inline"><input type="checkbox" name="ns100" value="1" id="mw-inputbox-ns100-0.527825701068" class="cdx-checkbox__input" /><span class="cdx-checkbox__icon"></span><label class="cdx-checkbox__label" for="mw-inputbox-ns100-0.527825701068">Portale</label></span> <span class="cdx-checkbox cdx-checkbox--inline"><input type="checkbox" name="ns4" value="1" id="mw-inputbox-ns4-0.527825701068" class="cdx-checkbox__input" /><span class="cdx-checkbox__icon"></span><label class="cdx-checkbox__label" for="mw-inputbox-ns4-0.527825701068">Wikipedia</label></span> <span class="cdx-checkbox cdx-checkbox--inline"><input type="checkbox" name="ns12" value="1" id="mw-inputbox-ns12-0.527825701068" class="cdx-checkbox__input" /><span class="cdx-checkbox__icon"></span><label class="cdx-checkbox__label" for="mw-inputbox-ns12-0.527825701068">Aiuto</label></span> <br /><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Ricerca" class="cdx-button" /></form></div> <hr /> <p>Nei riquadri qui sotto, clicca "<b>+</b>" per vedere le voci contenute all'interno di una categoria e "<b>-</b>" per nasconderle. Cliccando sui link, puoi accedere alle relative categorie o voci. </p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="clear:both; width:100%; margin-bottom:3px; margin-top:3px;"><tbody><tr><td><div style="overflow:auto; width:100%; height:300px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding-left:0.5em;"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Microbiologia" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Microbiologia" title="Categoria:Microbiologia">Microbiologia</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Antibiotici" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi 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