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rock</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: waste rock"> <meta name="keywords" content="waste rock"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="waste rock"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3339</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: waste rock</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3339</span> Evaluation of the Environmental Risk from the Co-Deposition of Waste Rock Material and Fly Ash</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mavrikos">A. Mavrikos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Petsas"> N. Petsas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Kaltsi"> E. Kaltsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kaliampakos"> D. Kaliampakos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lignite-fired power plants in the Western Macedonia Lignite Center produce more than 8 106 t of fly ash per year. Approximately 90% of this quantity is used for restoration-reclamation of exhausted open-cast lignite mines and slope stabilization of the overburden. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the environmental behavior of the mixture of waste rock and fly ash that is being used in the external deposition site of the South Field lignite mine. For this reason, a borehole was made within the site and 86 samples were taken and subjected to chemical analyses and leaching tests. The results showed very limited leaching of trace elements and heavy metals from this mixture. Moreover, when compared to the limit values set for waste acceptable in inert waste landfills, only few excesses were observed, indicating only minor risk for groundwater pollution. However, due to the complexity of both the leaching process and the contaminant pathway, more boreholes and analyses should be made in nearby locations and a systematic groundwater monitoring program should be implemented both downstream and within the external deposition site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-deposition" title="co-deposition">co-deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching%20tests" title=" leaching tests"> leaching tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignite" title=" lignite"> lignite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20rock" title=" waste rock"> waste rock</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9875/evaluation-of-the-environmental-risk-from-the-co-deposition-of-waste-rock-material-and-fly-ash" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9875.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3338</span> Rituals in Rock Art: Case Study of Bronze Age Rock Art of Gobustan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahman%20Abdullayev">Rahman Abdullayev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rituals took place during the rock art production or in the rock art sites can be found reflection in contemporary culture. But the form of rituals was conducted in association with rock art production still uncertain. The main purpose of this research is to define the form of ritual activities that took place in the rock art sites, by the example of Bronze Age rock art of Gobustan. For ritual activity location of the rocks which were selected for making petroglyphs has important significance. Thus, not all the rocks which were suitable for rock art were used for this purpose. If in Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic periods Gobustan inhabitants executed petroglyphs on the wall of rock shelters, but in Bronze Age they made it on rocks which are in front of the large, open spaces. A recent study of the location of Bronze Age rock art of Gobustan and involving ethnographic information to the interpretation of drawings allows defining the form of rituals which took place in Gobustan at Bronze Age. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bronze%20Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gobustan" title=" Gobustan"> Gobustan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ritual" title=" ritual"> ritual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20art" title=" rock art"> rock art</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53410/rituals-in-rock-art-case-study-of-bronze-age-rock-art-of-gobustan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53410.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3337</span> Resilient Modulus and Deformation Responses of Waste Glass in Flexible Pavement System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Al-Saedi">M. Al-Saedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Chegenizadeh"> A. Chegenizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Nikraz"> H. Nikraz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Experimental investigations are conducted to assess a layered structure of glass (G) - rock (R) blends under the impact of repeated loading. Laboratory tests included sieve analyses, modified compaction test and repeated load triaxial test (RLTT) is conducted on different structures of stratified GR samples to reach the objectives of this study. Waste materials are such essential components in the climate system, and also commonly used in minimising the need for natural materials in many countries. Glass is one of the most widely used groups of waste materials which have been extensively using in road applications. Full range particle size and colours of glass are collected and mixed at different ratios with natural rock material trying to use the blends in pavement layers. Whole subsurface specimen sequentially consists of a single layer of R and a layer of G-R blend. 12G/88R and 45G/55R mix ratios are employed in this research, the thickness of G-R layer was changed, and the results were compared between the pure rock and the layered specimens. The relations between resilient module (Mr) and permanent deformation with sequence number are presented. During the earlier stages of RLTT, the results indicated that the 45G/55R specimen shows higher moduli than R specimen. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rock%20base%20course" title="Rock base course">Rock base course</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Layered%20Structure" title=" Layered Structure"> Layered Structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Glass" title=" Glass"> Glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Resilient%20Modulus" title=" Resilient Modulus"> Resilient Modulus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65612/resilient-modulus-and-deformation-responses-of-waste-glass-in-flexible-pavement-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65612.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3336</span> Prediction of in situ Permeability for Limestone Rock Using Rock Quality Designation Index</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20T.%20Farid">Ahmed T. Farid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammed%20Rizwan"> Muhammed Rizwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Geotechnical study for evaluating soil or rock permeability is a highly important parameter. Permeability values for rock formations are more difficult for determination than soil formation as it is an effect of the rock quality and its fracture values. In this research, the prediction of in situ permeability of limestone rock formations was predicted. The limestone rock permeability was evaluated using Lugeon tests (in-situ packer permeability). Different sites which spread all over the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia were chosen to conduct our study of predicting the in-situ permeability of limestone rock. Correlations were deducted between the values of in-situ permeability of the limestone rock with the value of the rock quality designation (RQD) calculated during the execution of the boreholes of the study areas. The study was performed for different ranges of RQD values measured during drilling of the sites boreholes. The developed correlations are recommended for the onsite determination of the in-situ permeability of limestone rock only. For the other sedimentary formations of rock, more studies are needed for predicting the actual correlations related to each type. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In%20situ" title="In situ">In situ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=packer" title=" packer"> packer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability" title=" permeability"> permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock" title=" rock"> rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64850/prediction-of-in-situ-permeability-for-limestone-rock-using-rock-quality-designation-index" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64850.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3335</span> Valorization of Mining Waste (Sand of Djemi Djema) from the Djbel Onk Mine (Eastern Algeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachida%20%20Malaoui">Rachida Malaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20%20Arabet"> Leila Arabet </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asma%20%20Benbouza"> Asma Benbouza </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of mining waste rock as a material for construction is one of the biggest concerns grabbing the attention of many mining countries. As these materials are abandoned, more effective solutions have been made to offset some of the building materials, and to avoid environmental pollution. The sands of the Djemi Djema deposit mines of the Djebel Onk mines are sedimentary materials of several varieties of layers with varying thicknesses and are worth far more than 300m deep. The sands from the Djemi Djema business area are medium to coarse and are discharged and accumulated, generating a huge estimated quantity of more than 77424250 tonnes. This state of "resource" is of great importance so as to be oriented towards the fields of public works and civil engineering after having reached the acceptable properties of this resource <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reuse" title=" reuse"> reuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sands" title=" sands"> sands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20tests" title=" shear tests"> shear tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20rock" title=" waste rock"> waste rock</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119708/valorization-of-mining-waste-sand-of-djemi-djema-from-the-djbel-onk-mine-eastern-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3334</span> An Approach for Determination of Shotcrete Thickness in Underground Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mohammadi">Mohammad Mohammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojtaba%20Askari"> Mojtaba Askari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Farouq%20Hossaini"> Mohammad Farouq Hossaini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An intrinsic property of rock mass known as rock bolt supporting factor (RSF) or rock bolting capability of rock mass was developed and used for explanation of the mechanism of rock bolting practice. Based on the theory of RSF, numeral values can be assigned to each given rock mass to show the capability of that rock mass to be reinforced by rock bolting. For determination of shotcrete thickness, both safety and cost must be taken into account. The present paper introduces a scientific approach for determination of the necessary shotcrete thickness in underground structures for support purposes using the concept of rock bolt supporting factor (RSF). The proposed approach makes the outcome of shotcrete design one step more accurate than before. The actual dataset of 500 meters of Alborz Tunnel length is used as an example of the application of the approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20bolt%20supporting%20factor%20%28RSF%29" title="rock bolt supporting factor (RSF)">rock bolt supporting factor (RSF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shotcrete%20design" title=" shotcrete design"> shotcrete design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20excavation" title=" underground excavation"> underground excavation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alborz%20Tunnel" title=" Alborz Tunnel"> Alborz Tunnel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74897/an-approach-for-determination-of-shotcrete-thickness-in-underground-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3333</span> Valorization and Conservation of Rock Painting and Engravings of Kabylia Region (Algeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samia%20Ait%20Ali%20Yahia">Samia Ait Ali Yahia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Algeria, the most impressive and most known prehistoric art is the painted or engraved rock art which is present with abundance in several regions. The existence of rock art in Great Kabylia region has been known for over sixty years. The main purpose of this research is to show the dangers facing these rock paintings and engravings and what are the arrangements for their protection and recovery. As every vestige destroyed is a part of the world's memory which disappears, some steps have to be taken in order to protect these historical and archaeological heritages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20paintings%20and%20engravings" title="rock paintings and engravings">rock paintings and engravings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preservation" title=" preservation"> preservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valorization" title=" valorization"> valorization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kabylia" title=" Kabylia"> Kabylia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35537/valorization-and-conservation-of-rock-painting-and-engravings-of-kabylia-region-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3332</span> Using Photogrammetry to Survey the Côa Valley Iron Age Rock Art Motifs: Vermelhosa Panel 3 Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nat%C3%A1lia%20Botica">Natália Botica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lu%C3%ADs%20Lu%C3%ADs"> Luís Luís</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulo%20Bernardes"> Paulo Bernardes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Côa Valley, listed World Heritage since 1998, presents more than 1300 open-air engraved rock panels. The Archaeological Park of the Côa Valley recorded the rock art motifs, testing various techniques based on direct tracing processes on the rock, using natural and artificial lighting. In this work, integrated in the "Open Access Rock Art Repository" (RARAA) project, we present the methodology adopted for the vectorial drawing of the rock art motifs based on orthophotos taken from the photogrammetric survey and 3D models of the rocks. We also present the information system designed to integrate the vector drawing and the characterization data of the motifs, as well as the open access sharing, in order to promote their reuse in multiple areas. The 3D models themselves constitute a very detailed record, ensuring the digital preservation of the rock and iconography. Thus, even if a rock or motif disappears, it can continue to be studied and even recreated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20art" title="rock art">rock art</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archaeology" title=" archaeology"> archaeology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iron%20age" title=" iron age"> iron age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20models" title=" 3D models"> 3D models</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164190/using-photogrammetry-to-survey-the-coa-valley-iron-age-rock-art-motifs-vermelhosa-panel-3-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3331</span> Relation between Energy Absorption and Box Dimension of Rock Fragments under Impact Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Hung-Hui">Li Hung-Hui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Chi-Chieh"> Chen Chi-Chieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang%20Zon-Yee"> Yang Zon-Yee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to explore the impact energy absorption in the fragmented processes of rock samples during the split-Hopkinson-pressure-bar tests. Three kinds of rock samples including granite, marble and sandstone were tested. The impact energy absorptions were calculated according to the incident, reflected and transmitted strain wave histories measured by a oscilloscope. The degree of fragment rocks after tests was quantified by the box dimension of the fractal theory. The box dimension of rock fragments was obtained from the particle size distribution curve by the sieve analysis. The results can be concluded that: (1) the degree of rock fragments after tests can be well described by the value of box dimension; (2) with the impact energy absorption increasing, the degrees of rock fragments are varied from the very large fragments to very small fragments, and the corresponding box dimension varies from 2.9 to 1.2. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SHPB%20test" title="SHPB test">SHPB test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorption" title=" energy absorption"> energy absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20fragments" title=" rock fragments"> rock fragments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20loading" title=" impact loading"> impact loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=box%20dimension" title=" box dimension"> box dimension</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59074/relation-between-energy-absorption-and-box-dimension-of-rock-fragments-under-impact-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59074.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3330</span> Description of Geotechnical Properties of Jabal Omar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Abdel%20Gadir%20Malik">Ibrahim Abdel Gadir Malik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dafalla%20Siddig%20Dafalla"> Dafalla Siddig Dafalla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20Abdelgadir%20El-Bushra"> Osama Abdelgadir El-Bushra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Geological and engineering characteristics of intact rock and the discontinuity surfaces was used to describe and classify rock mass into zones based on mechanical and physical properties. Many conditions terms that affect the rock mas; such as Rock strength, Rock Quality Designation (RQD) value, joint spacing, and condition of joint, water condition with block size, joint roughness, separation, joint hardness, friction angle and weathering were used to classify the rock mass into: Good quality (class II) (RMR values range between 75% and 56%), Good to fair quality (class II to III) (RMR values range between 70% and 55%), Fair quality (class III) (RMR values range between 60% and 50%) and Fair to poor quality (Class III to IV) (RMR values, range between (50% and 35%). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20strength" title="rock strength">rock strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RQD" title=" RQD"> RQD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=joints" title=" joints"> joints</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weathering" title=" weathering"> weathering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46804/description-of-geotechnical-properties-of-jabal-omar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">416</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3329</span> Mechanistic Studies of Compacted and Sintered Rock Salt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudia%20H.%20Swanson">Claudia H. Swanson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jens%20G%C3%BCnster"> Jens Günster</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research addresses the densification via compaction and sintering of naturally occurring rock salt which was motivated by the fact that in a saline environment rock salt is thermodynamically stable and does show a mechanical behavior compatible to the surrounding host material. The sintering of rock salt powder compacts was systematically investigated using temperature and pressure as variables for the sinter process. The behavior of rock salt showed segregations of anhydrite, CaSO4 - the major impurity found in rock salt, to the grain boundaries between individual sodium chloride crystals. Powder compacts treated with lower pressures lost those anhydrite segregates over time while high pressure treated compacts remained with anhydrite segregates. The density reached in this study is 2.008 g cm-3 corresponding to a density of 92.5 % of the theoretical value. This high density is making the sintering a promising technique for rock salt as applications in underground appropriate environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20salt" title="rock salt">rock salt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sinter" title=" sinter"> sinter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anhydrite" title=" anhydrite"> anhydrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20safety" title=" nuclear safety"> nuclear safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25847/mechanistic-studies-of-compacted-and-sintered-rock-salt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25847.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3328</span> Evolution Mechanism of the Formation of Rock Heap under Seismic Action and Analysis on Engineering Geological Structure </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jian-Xiu%20Wan">Jian-Xiu Wan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yao%20Yin"> Yao Yin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In complex terrain and poor geological conditions areas, Railway, highway and other transportation constructions are still strongly developing. However, various geological disasters happened such as landslide, rock heap and so on. According to the results of geological investigation, the form of skirt (trapezoidal), semicircle and triangle rock heaps are mainly due to complex internal force and external force, in a certain extent, which is related to the terrain, the nature of the rock mass, the supply area and the surface shape of rock heap. Combined with the above factors, discrete element numerical simulation of rock mass is established under different terrain conditions based on 3DEC, and accelerated formation process of rock heap under seismic action is simulated. The fragmentation structure supply area is calculated, in which the most dangerous area is located. At the same time, the formation mechanism and development process are studied in different terrain conditions, and the structure of rock heap is judged by section, which can provide a strong theoretical and technical support for the prevention and control of geological disasters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3DEC" title="3DEC">3DEC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fragmentation%20structure" title=" fragmentation structure"> fragmentation structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20heap" title=" rock heap"> rock heap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope" title=" slope"> slope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20action" title=" seismic action"> seismic action</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40697/evolution-mechanism-of-the-formation-of-rock-heap-under-seismic-action-and-analysis-on-engineering-geological-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40697.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3327</span> Rock Paintings with Libyan Inscriptions of Grande Kabylia, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samia%20Ait%20Ali%20Yahia">Samia Ait Ali Yahia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rock paintings of Grande Kabylia contain a good number of Libyan inscriptions. Of the 54 sites discovered, 23 have inscriptions painted in red ocher. We find them in rock shelters, on blocks of sandstone in the northern part of Kabylia. Our job is to collect as many cave paintings as possible with Libyan inscriptions. Then we will make an analysis on the epigraphic level, the different forms of the characters and their frequencies. The other purpose of this research is to bring out the different characters used in these paintings and compare them with those of the Libyan steles of Grande Kabylia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grande%20Kabylia" title="Grande Kabylia">Grande Kabylia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libyan%20inscriptions" title=" Libyan inscriptions"> Libyan inscriptions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libyan%20stele" title=" Libyan stele"> Libyan stele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20paintings" title=" rock paintings"> rock paintings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123113/rock-paintings-with-libyan-inscriptions-of-grande-kabylia-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3326</span> Elasto-Plastic Behavior of Rock during Temperature Drop</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Reppas">N. Reppas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20L.%20Gui"> Y. L. Gui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Wetenhall"> B. Wetenhall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20T.%20Davie"> C. T. Davie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Ma"> J. Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A theoretical constitutive model describing the stress-strain behavior of rock subjected to different confining pressures is presented. A bounding surface plastic model with hardening effects is proposed which includes the effect of temperature drop. The bounding surface is based on a mapping rule and the temperature effect on rock is controlled by Poisson’s ratio. Validation of the results against available experimental data is also presented. The relation of deviatoric stress and axial strain is illustrated at different temperatures to analyze the effect of temperature decrease in terms of stiffness of the material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bounding%20surface" title="bounding surface">bounding surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling%20of%20rock" title=" cooling of rock"> cooling of rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasticity%20model" title=" plasticity model"> plasticity model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20deformation" title=" rock deformation"> rock deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elasto-plastic%20behavior" title=" elasto-plastic behavior"> elasto-plastic behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128121/elasto-plastic-behavior-of-rock-during-temperature-drop" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3325</span> Waste Management in Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Ekene%20Egwu">Peter Ekene Egwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Waste management is of critical importance in Africa for reasons related to public health, human dignity, climate resilience and environmental preservation. However, delivering waste management services requires adequate funding, which has generally been lacking in a context where the generation of waste is outpacing the development of waste management infrastructure in most cities. The sector represents a growing percentage of cities’ greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and some of the African cities profiled in this study are now designing waste management strategies with emission reduction in mind. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management%20waste%20material" title="management waste material">management waste material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title=" Africa"> Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uses%20of%20new%20technology%20to%20manage%20waste" title=" uses of new technology to manage waste"> uses of new technology to manage waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184334/waste-management-in-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3324</span> A Robust Theoretical Elastoplastic Continuum Damage T-H-M Model for Rock Surrounding a Wellbore</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolaos%20Reppas">Nikolaos Reppas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yilin%20Gui"> Yilin Gui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Wetenhall"> Ben Wetenhall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colin%20Davie"> Colin Davie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Injection of CO2 inside wellbore can induce different kind of loadings that can lead to thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical changes on the surrounding rock. A dual-porosity theoretical constitutive model will be presented for the stability analysis of the wellbore during CO2 injection. An elastoplastic damage response will be considered. A bounding yield surface will be presented considering damage effects on sandstone. The main target of the research paper is to present a theoretical constitutive model that can help industries to safely store CO2 in geological rock formations and forecast any changes on the surrounding rock of the wellbore. The fully coupled elasto-plastic damage Thermo-Hydraulic-Mechanical theoretical model will be validated from existing experimental data for sandstone after simulating some scenarios by using FEM on MATLAB software. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20capture%20and%20storage" title="carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20mechanics" title=" rock mechanics"> rock mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=THM%20effects%20on%20rock" title=" THM effects on rock"> THM effects on rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutive%20model" title=" constitutive model"> constitutive model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126796/a-robust-theoretical-elastoplastic-continuum-damage-t-h-m-model-for-rock-surrounding-a-wellbore" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3323</span> Production and Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimira%20Vytlacilova">Vladimira Vytlacilova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recycling of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and their new reuse in structures is one of the solutions of environmental problems. Construction and demolition waste creates a major portion of total solid waste production in the world and most of it is used in landfills all the time. The paper deals with the situation of the recycling of the building and demolition waste in the Czech Republic during the recent years. The paper is dealing with questions of C&D waste recycling, it also characterizes construction and demolition waste in general, furthermore it analyses production of construction waste and subsequent production of recycled materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Construction%20and%20demolition%20waste" title=" Construction and demolition waste"> Construction and demolition waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Recycled%20rubble" title=" Recycled rubble"> Recycled rubble</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waste%20management" title=" Waste management"> Waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9598/production-and-recycling-of-construction-and-demolition-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9598.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3322</span> Assessment of Rock Masses Performance as a Support of Lined Rock Cavern for Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vathna%20Suy">Vathna Suy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ki-Il%20Song"> Ki-Il Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to store highly pressurized gas such as an isothermal compressed air energy storage, Lined Rock Caverns (LRC) are constructed underground and supported by layers of concrete, steel and rock masses. This study aims to numerically investigate the performance of rock masses which serve as a support of Lined Rock Cavern subjected to high cyclic pressure loadings. FLAC3D finite different software is used for the simulation since the software can effectively model the behavior of concrete lining and steel plate with its built-in structural elements. Cyclic pressure loadings are applied onto the inner surface of the cavern which then transmitted to concrete, steel and eventually to the surrounding rock masses. Changes of stress and strain are constantly monitored throughout all the process of loading operations. The results at various monitoring locations are then extracted and analyzed to assess the response of the rock masses, specifically on its ability to absorb energy during loadings induced by the changes of cyclic pressure loadings inside the cavern. By analyzing the obtained data of stress-strain relation and taking into account the behavior of materials under the effect of strain-dependency, conclusions on the performance of rock masses subjected to high cyclic loading conditions are drawn. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20loading" title="cyclic loading">cyclic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FLAC3D" title=" FLAC3D"> FLAC3D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lined%20rock%20cavern%20%28LRC%29" title=" lined rock cavern (LRC)"> lined rock cavern (LRC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain-dependency" title=" strain-dependency"> strain-dependency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53147/assessment-of-rock-masses-performance-as-a-support-of-lined-rock-cavern-for-isothermal-compressed-air-energy-storage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3321</span> Strategies for E-Waste Management: A Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linh%20Thi%20Truc%20Doan">Linh Thi Truc Doan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousef%20Amer"> Yousef Amer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-Heon%20Lee"> Sang-Heon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phan%20Nguyen%20Ky%20Phuc"> Phan Nguyen Ky Phuc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the last few decades, with the high-speed upgrade of electronic products, electronic waste (e-waste) has become one of the fastest growing wastes of the waste stream. In this context, more efforts and concerns have already been placed on the treatment and management of this waste. To mitigate their negative influences on the environment and society, it is necessary to establish appropriate strategies for e-waste management. Hence, this paper aims to review and analysis some useful strategies which have been applied in several countries to handle e-waste. Future perspectives on e-waste management are also suggested. The key findings found that, to manage e-waste successfully, it is necessary to establish effective reverse supply chains for e-waste, and raise public awareness towards the detrimental impacts of e-waste. The result of the research provides valuable insights to governments, policymakers in establishing e-waste management in a safe and sustainable manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-waste" title="e-waste">e-waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-waste%20management" title=" e-waste management"> e-waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title=" life cycle assessment"> life cycle assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling%20regulations" title=" recycling regulations"> recycling regulations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103633/strategies-for-e-waste-management-a-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103633.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3320</span> A Preliminary Study of Economic Dimension of Underground Rock Caverns for Water Storage at Singapore</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junlong%20Shang">Junlong Shang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhengxian%20Chua"> Zhengxian Chua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hoongping%20Peh"> Hoongping Peh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiye%20Zhao"> Zhiye Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to scarce land resources in Singapore, it is imperative to increase water storage capacities to meet the increasing demand of water to secure a sustainable development, which can be achieved in the underground by rock caverns. In this paper, a preliminary study on the effects of cavern span, height and radius on the cavern stability is presented to provide a guidance on the cavern construction in the context of Singapore. It is found that the radius of caverns should be around half of the span width (i.e., B/R=2) to reduce vertical displacement at the crown of cavern. The smaller the rock cover, the smaller displacement. The minimum rock thickness should be at least the same as the cavern span to eliminate excessive yielded element. Finally, rock support system is introduced to maintain the profile of caverns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavern%20dimension" title="cavern dimension">cavern dimension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modelling" title=" numerical modelling"> numerical modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20rock%20cavern" title=" underground rock cavern"> underground rock cavern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90863/a-preliminary-study-of-economic-dimension-of-underground-rock-caverns-for-water-storage-at-singapore" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3319</span> From Sampling to Sustainable Phosphate Recovery from Mine Waste Rock Piles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hicham%20Amar">Hicham Amar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustapha%20El%20Ghorfi"> Mustapha El Ghorfi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yassine%20Taha"> Yassine Taha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdellatif%20Elghali"> Abdellatif Elghali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Hakkou"> Rachid Hakkou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20Benzaazoua"> Mostafa Benzaazoua</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Phosphate mine waste rock (PMWR) generated during ore extraction is continuously increasing, resulting in a significant environmental footprint. The main objectives of this study consist of i) elaboration of the sampling strategy of PMWR piles, ii) a mineralogical and chemical characterization of PMWR piles, and iii) 3D block model creation to evaluate the potential valorization of the existing PMWR. Destructive drilling using reverse circulation from 13 drills was used to collect samples for chemical (X-ray fluorescence analysis) and mineralogical assays. The 3D block model was created based on the data set, including chemical data of the realized drills using Datamine RM software. The optical microscopy observations showed that the sandy phosphate from drills in the PMWR piles is characterized by the abundance of carbonate fluorapatite with the presence of calcite, dolomite, and quartz. The mean grade of composite samples was around 19.5±2.7% for P₂O₅. The mean grade of P₂O₅ exhibited an increasing tendency by depth profile from bottom to top of PMWR piles. 3D block model generated with chemical data confirmed the tendency of the mean grades’ variation and may allow a potential selective extraction according to %P₂O₅. The 3D block model of P₂O₅ grade is an efficient sampling approach that confirmed the variation of P₂O₅ grade. This integrated approach for PMWR management will be a helpful tool for decision-making to recover the residual phosphate, adopting the circular economy and sustainability in the phosphate mining industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20modelling" title="3D modelling">3D modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reverse%20circulation%20drilling" title=" reverse circulation drilling"> reverse circulation drilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphate%20mine%20waste%20rock" title=" phosphate mine waste rock"> phosphate mine waste rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sampling" title=" sampling"> sampling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172201/from-sampling-to-sustainable-phosphate-recovery-from-mine-waste-rock-piles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3318</span> Physical and Mechanical Phenomena Associated with Rock Failure in Brazilian Disc Specimens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Reza%20Nejati">Hamid Reza Nejati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Nazerigivi"> Amin Nazerigivi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Reza%20Sayadi"> Ahmad Reza Sayadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Failure mechanism of rocks is one of the fundamental aspects to study rock engineering stability. Rock is a material that contains flaws, initial damage, micro-cracks, etc. Failure of rock structure is largely due to tensile stress and was influenced by various parameters. In the present study, the effect of brittleness and loading rate on the physical and mechanical phenomena produced in rock during loading sequences is considered. For this purpose, Acoustic Emission (AE) technique is used to monitor fracturing process of three rock types (onyx marble, sandstone and soft limestone) with different brittleness and sandstone samples under different loading rate. The results of experimental tests revealed that brittleness and loading rate have a significant effect on the mode and number of induced fracture in rocks. An increase in rock brittleness increases the frequency of induced cracks, and the number of tensile fracture decreases when loading rate increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brittleness" title="brittleness">brittleness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loading%20rate" title=" loading rate"> loading rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20emission" title=" acoustic emission"> acoustic emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20fracture" title=" tensile fracture"> tensile fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20fracture" title=" shear fracture"> shear fracture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74760/physical-and-mechanical-phenomena-associated-with-rock-failure-in-brazilian-disc-specimens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74760.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3317</span> Analysis Mechanized Boring (TBM) of Tehran Subway Line 7</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahin%20Shabani">Shahin Shabani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pouya%20Pourmadadi"> Pouya Pourmadadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) have been used for the construction of various tunnels for mining projects for the purpose of access, conveyance of ore and waste, drainage, exploration, water supply and water diversion. Several mining projects have seen the successful and economic beneficial use of TBMs, and there is an increasing awareness of the benefits of TBMs for mining projects. Key technical considerations for the use of TBMs for the construction of tunnels for mining projects include geological issues (rock type, rock alteration, rock strength, rock abrasivity, durability, ground water inflows), depth of cover and the potential for overstressing/rockbursts, site access and terrain, portal locations, TBM constraints, minimum tunnel size, tunnel support requirements, contractor and labor experience, and project schedule demands. This study focuses on tunnelling mining, with the goal to develop methods and tools to be used to gain understanding of these processes, and to analyze metro of Tehran. The Metro Line 7 of Tehran is one of the Longest (26 Km) and deepest (27m) of projects that’s under implementation. Because of major differences like passing under all geotechnical layers of the town and encountering part of it with underground water table and also using mechanized excavation system, is one of special metro projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TBM" title="TBM">TBM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel%20boring%20machines%20economic" title=" tunnel boring machines economic"> tunnel boring machines economic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metro" title=" metro"> metro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%207" title=" line 7"> line 7</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35487/analysis-mechanized-boring-tbm-of-tehran-subway-line-7" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35487.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3316</span> Rock Thickness Measurement by Using Self-Excited Acoustical System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janusz%20Kwa%C5%9Bniewski">Janusz Kwaśniewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ireneusz%20Dominik"> Ireneusz Dominik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krzysztof%20Lalik"> Krzysztof Lalik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The knowledge about rock layers thickness, especially above drilled mining pavements are crucial for workers safety. The measuring systems used nowadays are generally imperfect and there is a strong demand for improvement. The application of a new type of a measurement system called Self-Excited Acoustical System is presented in the paper. The system was applied until now to monitor stress changes in metal and concrete constructions. The change in measurement methodology resulted in possibility of measuring the thickness of the rocks above the tunnels as well as thickness of a singular rock layer. The idea is to find two resonance frequencies of the self-exited system, which consists of a vibration exciter and vibration receiver placed at a distance, which are coupled with a proper power amplifier, and which operate in a closed loop with a positive feedback. The resonance with the higher amplitude determines thickness of the whole rock, whereas the lower amplitude resonance indicates thickness of a singular layer. The results of the laboratory tests conducted on a group of different rock materials are also presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto-oscillator" title="auto-oscillator">auto-oscillator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-destructive%20testing" title=" non-destructive testing"> non-destructive testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20thickness%20measurement" title=" rock thickness measurement"> rock thickness measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geotechnic" title=" geotechnic"> geotechnic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2627/rock-thickness-measurement-by-using-self-excited-acoustical-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3315</span> Q Slope Rock Mass Classification and Slope Stability Assessment Methodology Application in Steep Interbedded Sedimentary Rock Slopes for a Motorway Constructed North of Auckland, New Zealand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azariah%20Sosa">Azariah Sosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Renedo%20Sanchez"> Carlos Renedo Sanchez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of a new motorway north of Auckland (New Zealand) includes steep rock cuts, from 63 up to 85 degrees, in an interbedded sandstone and siltstone rock mass of the geological unit Waitemata Group (Pakiri Formation), which shows sub-horizontal bedding planes, various sub-vertical joint sets, and a diverse weathering profile. In this kind of rock mass -that can be classified as a weak rock- the definition of the stable maximum geometry is not only governed by discontinuities and defects evident in the rock but is important to also consider the global stability of the rock slope, including (in the analysis) the rock mass characterisation, influence of the groundwater, the geological evolution, and the weathering processes. Depending on the weakness of the rock and the processes suffered, the global stability could, in fact, be a more restricting element than the potential instability of individual blocks through discontinuities. This paper discusses those elements that govern the stability of the rock slopes constructed in a rock formation with favourable bedding and distribution of discontinuities (horizontal and vertical) but with a weak behaviour in terms of global rock mass characterisation. In this context, classifications as Q-Slope and slope stability assessment methodology (SSAM) have been demonstrated as important tools which complement the assessment of the global stability together with the analytical tools related to the wedge-type failures and limit equilibrium methods. The paper focuses on the applicability of these two new empirical classifications to evaluate the slope stability in 18 already excavated rock slopes in the Pakiri formation through comparison between the predicted and observed stability issues and by reviewing the outcome of analytical methods (Rocscience slope stability software suite) compared against the expected stability determined from these rock classifications. This exercise will help validate such findings and correlations arising from the two empirical methods in order to adjust the methods to the nature of this specific kind of rock mass and provide a better understanding of the long-term stability of the slopes studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakiri%20formation" title="Pakiri formation">Pakiri formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q-slope" title=" Q-slope"> Q-slope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20slope%20stability" title=" rock slope stability"> rock slope stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSAM" title=" SSAM"> SSAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weak%20rock" title=" weak rock"> weak rock</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139773/q-slope-rock-mass-classification-and-slope-stability-assessment-methodology-application-in-steep-interbedded-sedimentary-rock-slopes-for-a-motorway-constructed-north-of-auckland-new-zealand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139773.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3314</span> Rock Property Calculation for Determine Hydrocarbon Zone Based on Petrophysical Principal and Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation in Blok M</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Tarmidzi">Muhammad Tarmidzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20M.%20G.%20Gani"> Reza M. G. Gani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andri%20Luthfi"> Andri Luthfi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to identify rock zone containing hydrocarbons with calculating rock property includes volume shale, total porosity, effective porosity and water saturation. Identification method rock property based on GR log, resistivity log, neutron log and density rock. Zoning is based on sequence stratigraphic markers that are sequence boundary (SB), transgressive surface (TS) and flooding surface (FS) which correlating ten well log in blok “M”. The results of sequence stratigraphic correlation consist of eight zone that are two LST zone, three TST zone and three HST zone. The result of rock property calculation in each zone is showing two LST zone containing hydrocarbons. LST-1 zone has average volume shale (Vsh) 25%, average total porosity (PHIT) 14%, average effective porosity (PHIE) 11% and average water saturation 0,83. LST-2 zone has average volume shale (Vsh) 19%, average total porosity (PHIT) 21%, average effective porosity (PHIE) 17% and average water saturation 0,82. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbons%20zone" title="hydrocarbons zone">hydrocarbons zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrophysic" title=" petrophysic"> petrophysic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20property" title=" rock property"> rock property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence%20stratigraphic" title=" sequence stratigraphic"> sequence stratigraphic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60898/rock-property-calculation-for-determine-hydrocarbon-zone-based-on-petrophysical-principal-and-sequence-stratigraphic-correlation-in-blok-m" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60898.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3313</span> Analysis of Slope in an Excavated Gneiss Rock Using Geological Strength Index (GSI) in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Agbalajobi">S. A. Agbalajobi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20A.%20Bello"> W. A. Bello</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study carried out analysis on slope stability in an excavated gneiss rock using geological strength index (GSI) in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. A kinematic analysis of planar discontinuity sets in a gneiss deposit was carried out to ascertain the degree of slope stability. Discontinuity orientations in the rock mass were mapped using compass clinometers. The average result of physical and mechanical properties such as specific gravity, unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, point load index, and Schmidt rebound value are 2.64 g/m3, 25.95 kN/m3, 156 MPa, 6.5 MPa, and 53.12 respectively. Also, a statistical model equation relating the rock strength was developed. The analyses states that the rock face is susceptible to wedge failures having all the geometrical conditions associated with the occurrence of such failures were noticeable. It can be concluded that analyses of discontinuity orientation in relation to cut face direction in rock excavation is essential for mine planning to forestall mine accidents. Assessment of excavated slope methods was evident that one excavation method (blasting and/or use of hydraulic hammer) is applicable for the given rock strength, the ease of excavation decreases as the rock mass quality increases, thus blasting most suitable for such operation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title="slope stability">slope stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wedge%20failure" title=" wedge failure"> wedge failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geological%20strength%20index%20%28GSI%29" title=" geological strength index (GSI)"> geological strength index (GSI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discontinuities%20and%20excavated%20slope" title=" discontinuities and excavated slope"> discontinuities and excavated slope</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15096/analysis-of-slope-in-an-excavated-gneiss-rock-using-geological-strength-index-gsi-in-ilorin-kwara-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15096.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">517</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3312</span> Modeling of the Effect of Explosives, Geological and Geotechnical Parameters on the Stability of Rock Masses Case of Marrakech: Agadir Highway, Morocco</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taoufik%20Benchelha">Taoufik Benchelha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toufik%20Remmal"> Toufik Remmal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20El%20Hamdouni"> Rachid El Hamdouni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamou%20Mansouri"> Hamou Mansouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houssein%20Ejjaouani"> Houssein Ejjaouani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halima%20Jounaid"> Halima Jounaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Said%20Benchelha"> Said Benchelha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the earthworks for the construction of Marrakech-Agadir highway in southern Morocco, which crosses mountainous areas of the High Western Atlas, the main problem faced is the stability of the slopes. Indeed, the use of explosives as a means of excavation associated with the geological structure of the terrain encountered can trigger major ruptures and cause damage which depends on the intrinsic characteristics of the rock mass. The study consists of a geological and geotechnical analysis of several unstable zones located along the route, mobilizing millions of cubic meters of rock, with deduction of the parameters influencing slope stability. From this analysis, a predictive model for rock mass stability is carried out, based on a statistic method of logistic regression, in order to predict the geomechanical behavior of the rock slopes constrained by earthworks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=explosive" title="explosive">explosive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistic%20regression" title=" logistic regression"> logistic regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20mass" title=" rock mass"> rock mass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title=" slope stability"> slope stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71665/modeling-of-the-effect-of-explosives-geological-and-geotechnical-parameters-on-the-stability-of-rock-masses-case-of-marrakech-agadir-highway-morocco" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71665.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3311</span> Evaluation of Drilling Performance through Bit-Rock Interaction Using Passive Vibration Assisted Rotation Drilling (PVARD) Tool </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Shaheen%20Shah">Md. Shaheen Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelsalam%20Abugharara"> Abdelsalam Abugharara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipesh%20Maharjan"> Dipesh Maharjan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Imtiaz"> Syed Imtiaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Butt"> Stephen Butt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drilling performance is an essential goal in petroleum and mining industry. Drilling rate of penetration (ROP), which is inversely proportional to the mechanical specific energy (MSE) is influenced by numerous factors among which are the applied parameter: torque (T), weight on bit (WOB), fluid flow rate, revolution per minute (rpm), rock related parameters: rock type, rock homogeneousness, rock anisotropy orientation, and mechanical parameters: bit type, configuration of the bottom hole assembly (BHA). This paper is focused on studying the drilling performance by implementing a passive vibration assisted rotary drilling tool (pVARD) as part of the BHA through using different bit types: coring bit, roller cone bit, and PDC bit and various rock types: rock-like material, granite, sandstone, etc. The results of this study aim to produce a pVARD index for optimal drilling performance considering the recommendations of the pVARD’s spring compression tests and stress-strain analysis of rock samples conducted prior to drilling experiments, analyzing the cutting size distribution, and evaluating the applied drilling parameters as a function of WOB. These results are compared with those obtained from drilling without pVARD, which represents the typical rigid BHA of the conventional drilling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BHA" title="BHA">BHA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling%20performance" title=" drilling performance"> drilling performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSE" title=" MSE"> MSE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pVARD" title=" pVARD"> pVARD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rate%20of%20penetration" title=" rate of penetration"> rate of penetration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ROP" title=" ROP"> ROP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20and%20shear%20fractures" title=" tensile and shear fractures"> tensile and shear fractures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconfined%20compressive%20strength" title=" unconfined compressive strength"> unconfined compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125086/evaluation-of-drilling-performance-through-bit-rock-interaction-using-passive-vibration-assisted-rotation-drilling-pvard-tool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3310</span> Stability of Pump Station Cavern in Chagrin Shale with Time</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Moridzadeh">Mohammad Moridzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Djavid"> Mohammad Djavid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barry%20Doyle"> Barry Doyle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An assessment of the long-term stability of a cavern in Chagrin shale excavated by the sequential excavation method was performed during and after construction. During the excavation of the cavern, deformations of rock mass were measured at the surface of excavation and within the rock mass by surface and deep measurement instruments. Rock deformations were measured during construction which appeared to result from the as-built excavation sequence that had potentially disturbed the rock and its behavior. Also some additional time dependent rock deformations were observed during and post excavation. Several opinions have been expressed to explain this time dependent deformation including stress changes induced by excavation, strain softening (or creep) in the beddings with and without clay and creep of the shaley rock under compressive stresses. In order to analyze and replicate rock behavior observed during excavation, including current and post excavation elastic, plastic, and time dependent deformation, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed. The analysis was also intended to estimate long term deformation of the rock mass around the excavation. Rock mass behavior including time dependent deformation was measured by means of rock surface convergence points, MPBXs, extended creep testing on the long anchors, and load history data from load cells attached to several long anchors. Direct creep testing of Chagrin Shale was performed on core samples from the wall of the Pump Room. Results of these measurements were used to calibrate the FEA of the excavation. These analyses incorporate time dependent constitutive modeling for the rock to evaluate the potential long term movement in the roof, walls, and invert of the cavern. The modeling was performed due to the concerns regarding the unanticipated behavior of the rock mass as well as the forecast of long term deformation and stability of rock around the excavation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cavern" title="Cavern">Cavern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chagrin%20shale" title=" Chagrin shale"> Chagrin shale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creep" title=" creep"> creep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element." title=" finite element."> finite element.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79280/stability-of-pump-station-cavern-in-chagrin-shale-with-time" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 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