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http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <title>中国：「労働を通しての再教育」完全廃止を | Human Rights Watch</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <script type="text/javascript">var _sf_startpt=(new Date()).getTime()</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122174922js_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/web/20130122174922im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/themes/hrw/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122174922/http://www.hrw.org/ja/news/2013/01/08"/> <meta name="keywords" content="Asia,China and Tibet"/> <meta name="copyright" content="Human Rights Watch"/> <meta name="description" content="（ニューヨーク）－中国政府は、悪名高い「労働を通しての再教育（以下、労働再教育）」制度を「利用停止」する意向を本日公表。これは、同制度への悪評の高まりに対する建設的な対応である。中国政府がこうした対応をとるのはめずらしい。労働再教育の利用停止は重要な前進ではある一方で、政府はその完全廃止を目指すべきだ。"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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class="meta date"> <span class="created">2013年01月08日</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122174922/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fja%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2F08&count=horizontal&via=&text=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E3%82%92%E9%80%9A%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E5%86%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%80%8D%20%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%83%E6%AD%A2%E3%82%92&counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fja%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2F08" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-facebook-like"><a 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<div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122174922/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2011_China_policemen.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>Policemen take away a man from a protest in Shanghai, China on April 21, 2011.</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122174922im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2011_China_policemen.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content">Policemen take away a man from a protest in Shanghai, China on April 21, 2011.</div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2011 Reuters</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-content"> <div class="field-label">Related Materials: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <a href="/web/20130122174922/http://www.hrw.org/ja/news/2012/09/21">中国：国連加盟国はチベットでの人権危機に取り組むべき</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <p>制度の表面的な改革や行政拘禁期間の短縮は、労働再教育による悪名高い人権侵害の終焉に役立つどころか、制度をより強固なものにする可能性さえある。この問題の解決は制度廃止しかない。そして、今こそ適正手続きの保障に向けて、習近平新体制が前進すべき時だ。</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 中国部長ソフィー・リチャードソン </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>（ニューヨーク）－中国政府は、悪名高い「労働を通しての再教育（以下、労働再教育）」制度を「利用停止」する意向を本日公表。これは、同制度への悪評の高まりに対する建設的な対応である。中国政府がこうした対応をとるのはめずらしい。労働再教育の利用停止は重要な前進ではある一方で、政府はその完全廃止を目指すべきだ。</p> <p>ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの中国部長<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122174922/http://www.hrw.org/bios/sophie-richardson">ソフィー・リチャードソン</a>は「<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122174922/http://www.hrw.org/ja/asia/china">中国</a>が『労働を通しての再教育』に本当に終止符を打つのなら、今回の決定は同国における法の支配の確立に向けた疑いようのない前進となろう」と指摘。「勇気ある活動家と一般市民は、この恣意的な拘禁制度をなくすために長く闘ってきた。」</p> <p align="left">中国国内メディア報道によると、警察などの法執行機関や裁判所を監督する強大な権力を持つ中国共産党政法委員会のトップ孟建柱（ムオン・ジエンジュウ）は、1月7日に行われた政府高官らとの会議の席上、政府が2013年末までに、労働再教育制度を「利用停止」する意向であると公表した。報道によると今回の決定は、中国の最高立法機関である全国人民代表大会常務委員会の承認を得た後に施行される見込みだ。この措置により、裁判所に代わって1950年代から行われている警察が管理する行政拘禁制度の運用停止、更には撤廃の可能性もある。公式統計によると、350ある労働再教育施設に常時約16万人の中国国民が、裁判もなしに拘禁されている。</p> <p align="left">政府は近年、労働再教育の基本的特徴は残す代替制度への置き換えを検討をしてきた。現行制度のように公安局の管理下にあり、正式な刑事制度と並行して存在し、司法審査や適正手続きのない長期の拘禁を可能にする行政拘禁制度でありながらも、異なる名称の<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122174922/http://www.duihuahrjournal.org/2012/12/rtl-reporters-shed-some-light-on-reform.html">代替制度</a>を導入し、最長拘禁期間を明確にすること、弁護士へのアクセスなど手続き上の権利を理論上一部認めることなどが検討されているとみられる。</p> <p align="left">労働再教育事件に対する中国社会の怒りは最近増大する一方だ。2012年に娘がレイプされた事件について、政府に苦情を申立てたために労働再教育に送られた母親、タン・ホゥイのケースなど、特に政府に苦情を申立てた人やオンライン上で意見を表明した人びとに労働再教育が科されていることに、社会の怒りが爆発しているのだ。司法制度改革を担当する中国政府幹部のひとりは2012年に、「労働再教育制度改革」に向けた「コンセンサス」は得られたと認めた。公安トップを中国共産党常務委員会の常務委員から外すという2012年の政府決定も、国内治安機関が享受する不処罰に対する国民の怒りに中央政府が配慮したことの現れとみるべきだろう。</p> <p align="left">2012年夏、政府当局は改革を試すため、4都市でのパイロットプロジェクトを発表。制度名が「教育と矯正」へ変更されたことを除いて、この「改革」の中身はほとんど発表されていない。したがって、政府が制度を「利用停止」した後、制度改正がされるのか、廃止されるのか、それとも別の名称の行政拘禁制度に取って代わられるだけなのかなどは不明のままだ。</p> <p align="left">労働再教育制度の下、公安局は、独断で最長４年にわたり個人を拘禁して強制労働を科すことができる。中国政府は、同制度は薬物使用や売春を行った軽犯罪者を労働を通して矯正するよう意図されている、としている。</p> <p align="left">ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチはそのような拘禁を、「治療」上も人権上も問題があると考える。なぜならこの制度は、被拘禁者から弁護士の援助を得て独立した裁判官の前で証人と対決する権利や、拘禁決定に対する独立した司法審査と救済を求める権利などの「裁判を受ける権利」を奪うものであるからだ。実際に労働再教育制度は、公安が、人権活動家や人権侵害への救済を求める人びと、そして反体制派を罰するために乱用してきた実態がある。被拘禁者は、過酷で危険な状況の中での労働を強いられることが多い。達成困難なノルマを毎日与えられるなどし、それを達成できないと、反抗的とみなされた個人と同様に時に暴行、非人道的で品位を傷つけるような取り扱い、あるいは拷問の対象となる。</p> <p align="left">ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは中国政府に対し、労働再教育制度を完全に廃止すると共に、中国憲法と国際人権保護義務の両方に合致する軽犯罪処罰制度を新法により導入するよう強く求めた。警察ではなく司法が、容疑や有罪無罪を検討し、適正な処罰を判断すべきだ。被告人には、裁判所へのアクセス、自分が選んだ弁護士の弁護を受ける権利、その他すべての公正な裁判に対する権利を保障すべきである。中国政府は軽犯罪に対し、社会奉仕命令など拘禁ではない別の手法を検討すべきだ。更に、拘禁施設内での拷問など残酷で非人道的な扱いを根絶し、そうした行為の加害者を訴追しなければならない。</p> <p align="left">前出のリチャードソン部長は、「制度の表面的な改革や行政拘禁期間の短縮は、労働再教育による悪名高い人権侵害の終焉に役立つどころか、制度をより強固なものにする可能性さえある。この問題の解決は制度廃止しかない。そして、今こそ適正手続きの保障に向けて、習近平新体制が前進すべき時だ」と述べる。</p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_zh-hans first"><a 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中国：「労働を通しての再教育」 完全廃止を | Human Rights Watch

中国：「労働を通しての再教育」完全廃止を | Human Rights Watch