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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psycho-biddy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psycho-biddy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Psycho-biddy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psycho-biddy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slasher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slasher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Slasher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slasher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torture_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torture_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Torture films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torture_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_roles_in_horror_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_roles_in_horror_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Female roles in horror films</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Female_roles_in_horror_films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Female roles in horror films subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Female_roles_in_horror_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_and_the_female_body_as_monsters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_the_female_body_as_monsters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Women and the female body as monsters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_the_female_body_as_monsters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_girl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_girl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Final girl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_girl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Virgin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Virgin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Virgin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Virgin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_roles_in_horror_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_roles_in_horror_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Male roles in horror films</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Male_roles_in_horror_films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Male roles in horror films subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Male_roles_in_horror_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Repressive_patriarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repressive_patriarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Repressive patriarch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repressive_patriarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender_roles_in_horror_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_roles_in_horror_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transgender roles in horror films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender_roles_in_horror_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sexuality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Chase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mystical_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mystical_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mystical pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mystical_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Audience</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Audience-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Audience subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Audience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Male" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Male</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Male_gaze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_gaze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Male gaze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_gaze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Female</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_gaze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_gaze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Female gaze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_gaze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_in_horror_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_in_horror_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Race in horror films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_in_horror_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_of_women_vs._men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_of_women_vs._men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Portrayal of women vs. men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_of_women_vs._men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_paired_with_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_paired_with_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sex paired with violence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sex_paired_with_violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sex paired with violence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sex_paired_with_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changing_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Changing patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_viewers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_viewers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Effects on viewers</span> </div> 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:12em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:110%"><i>Part of a series on</i><br /><big><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror films</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampirefilm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Vampirefilm.png/120px-Vampirefilm.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Vampirefilm.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_by_decade" title="Category:Horror films by decade">By decade</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1896–1959</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1890s" title="List of horror films of the 1890s">1890s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1900s" title="List of horror films of the 1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1910s" title="List of horror films of the 1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1920s" title="List of horror films of the 1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of horror films of the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of horror films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of horror films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of horror films of the 1960s">1960s</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1960" title="List of horror films of 1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1961" title="List of horror films of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1962" title="List of horror films of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1963" title="List of horror films of 1963">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1964" title="List of horror films of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1965" title="List of horror films of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1966" title="List of horror films of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1967" title="List of horror films of 1967">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1968" title="List of horror films of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1969" title="List of horror films of 1969">1969</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of horror films of the 1970s">1970s</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1970" title="List of horror films of 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1971" title="List of horror films of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1972" title="List of horror films of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1973" title="List of horror films of 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1974" title="List of horror films of 1974">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1975" title="List of horror films of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1976" title="List of horror films of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1977" title="List of horror films of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1978" title="List of horror films of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1979" title="List of horror films of 1979">1979</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of horror films of the 1980s">1980s</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1980" title="List of horror films of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1981" title="List of horror films of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1982" title="List of horror films of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1983" title="List of horror films of 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1984" title="List of horror films of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1985" title="List of horror films of 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1986" title="List of horror films of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1987" title="List of horror films of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1988" title="List of horror films of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1989" title="List of horror films of 1989">1989</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of horror films of the 1990s">1990s</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1990" title="List of horror films of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1991" title="List of horror films of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1992" title="List of horror films of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1993" title="List of horror films of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1994" title="List of horror films of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1995" title="List of horror films of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1996" title="List of horror films of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1997" title="List of horror films of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1998" title="List of horror films of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1999" title="List of horror films of 1999">1999</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of horror films of the 2000s">2000s</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2000" title="List of horror films of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2001" title="List of horror films of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2002" title="List of horror films of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2003" title="List of horror films of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2004" title="List of horror films of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2005" title="List of horror films of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2006" title="List of horror films of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2007" title="List of horror films of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2008" title="List of horror films of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2009" title="List of horror films of 2009">2009</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of horror films of the 2010s">2010s</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2010" title="List of horror films of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2011" title="List of horror films of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2012" title="List of horror films of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2013" title="List of horror films of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2014" title="List of horror films of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2015" title="List of horror films of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2016" title="List of horror films of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2017" title="List of horror films of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2018" title="List of horror films of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2019" title="List of horror films of 2019">2019</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of horror films of the 2020s">2020s</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2020" title="List of horror films of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2021" title="List of horror films of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2022" title="List of horror films of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2023" title="List of horror films of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2024" title="List of horror films of 2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_2025" title="List of horror films of 2025">2025</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_by_continent" title="Category:Horror films by continent">By continent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Asia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_horror_films" title="List of Indian horror films">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_horror_films" title="List of Hindi horror films">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_horror_films" title="List of Malayalam horror films">Malayalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_horror" title="Thai horror">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Europe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></i></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">UK</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> Key topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Content</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">Final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scream_queen" title="Scream queen">Scream queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_horror" title="Analog horror">Analog horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film_score" title="Horror film score">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_scare" title="Jump scare">Jump scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_horror_films" title="Race in horror films">Race</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Genres</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_horror" title="Analog horror">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiday horror">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological horror film">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_thriller" title="Social thriller">Social thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_horror_film" title="Supernatural horror film">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindhouse" title="Grindhouse">Grindhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_Smiley.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vampire_Smiley.png/16px-Vampire_Smiley.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vampire_Smiley.png/24px-Vampire_Smiley.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vampire_Smiley.png/32px-Vampire_Smiley.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="555" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Horror">Portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films" title="Category:Horror films">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horrorfilmlist" title="Template:Horrorfilmlist"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horrorfilmlist" title="Template talk:Horrorfilmlist"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horrorfilmlist" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horrorfilmlist"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The representation of <b>gender in horror films</b>, particularly depictions of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">women</a>, has been the subject of critical commentary. </p><p>Critics and researchers have argued that <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror films</a> depict graphically detailed violence,<sup id="cite_ref-Bass_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bass-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contain erotically or sexually charged situations which verge on becoming <a href="/wiki/Pornographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornographic">pornographic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clover_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and focus more on injuring or killing female as opposed to male characters. Many also perceive recurring themes of misfortune for male characters who exhibit overt masculinity or sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audience reception is suggested by researchers to be affected by the respective gender representation depicted in these movies.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psycho-biddy">Psycho-biddy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Psycho-biddy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bette_Davis_and_Joan_Crawford_in_Whatever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane_trailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bette_Davis_and_Joan_Crawford_in_Whatever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane_trailer.jpg/250px-Bette_Davis_and_Joan_Crawford_in_Whatever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane_trailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bette_Davis_and_Joan_Crawford_in_Whatever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane_trailer.jpg/375px-Bette_Davis_and_Joan_Crawford_in_Whatever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane_trailer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bette_Davis_and_Joan_Crawford_in_Whatever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane_trailer.jpg/500px-Bette_Davis_and_Joan_Crawford_in_Whatever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane_trailer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/What_Ever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane%3F_(film)" title="What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (film)">What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?</a></i> (1962)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biddy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:biddy">biddy</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div><p> Psycho-biddy is a film subgenre which combines elements of the <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">woman's film</a> genres. It has also been referred to as Grande Dame Guignol, hagsploitation, and hag horror.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per Peter Shelley, the subgenre combines the concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Grande-dame" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande-dame">grande dame</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a>". Films in this genre conventionally feature a formerly glamorous older woman who has become mentally unbalanced and terrorizes those around her.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genre is considered by scholars such as Shelley and Tomasz Fisiak to have been launched with the 1962 film <i><a href="/wiki/What_Ever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane%3F_(film)" title="What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (film)">What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?</a></i> Films in this vein continued to be released through the mid-1970s and per Fisiak, have had an influence on multiple areas including music videos.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Renata_Adler" title="Renata Adler">Renata Adler</a>, in her <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> review for the 1968 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anniversary_(1968_film)" title="The Anniversary (1968 film)">The Anniversary</a></i>, referred to the genre as "the Terrifying Older Actress Filicidal Mummy genre."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per Shelley, for a film to fall within the subgenre the movie must use grande guignol effects and have an actress who portrays the lead character as one "with the airs and graces of a grande dame".<sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further stated that common hallmarks of actresses in the subgenre included those who were "no longer considered leading lady material" or had "previously specialized in supporting roles", and "had not worked for some time".<sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>The term and genre have received criticism, particularly in regard to claims that psycho-biddy films exploit actresses who have experienced or are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">ageism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shary" title="Timothy Shary">Timothy Shary</a> and Nancy McVittie noted the genre in their book <i>Fade to Gray: Aging in American Cinema</i>, stating that the "cycle of films renders the aging women at their core as monstrously "othered" objects."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)" title="Bustle (magazine)">Bustle</a></i> writer Caitlin Gallagher criticized the term "hagsploitation", as she felt that it "shows a certain lack of respect for the actresses who starred in these types of movies", further noting that together with the term "psycho-biddy" the terms "use disparaging terms for older women — "hag" and "biddy" — to not only indicate how unattractive the female characters are in these types of films, but to also show that these characters are psychotic."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">BFI</a>'s Justin Johnson commented on the genre, saying that "If Crawford and Davis didn't carve out this niche with Baby Jane and all the films that followed, then a lot of legendary actresses would not have had third career acts".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Shelley has argued that criticism of the psycho-biddy subgenre is inaccurate, as it implies that the actress is lowering her standards by acting in a horror film by also implying that her earlier work is superior. Shelley opined that criticism also implies that the actress is only portraying a character out of her normal range out of desperation.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slasher">Slasher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slasher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher film</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Profondo_Rosso_Macha_M%C3%A9ril_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Profondo_Rosso_Macha_M%C3%A9ril_3.png/220px-Profondo_Rosso_Macha_M%C3%A9ril_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Profondo_Rosso_Macha_M%C3%A9ril_3.png/330px-Profondo_Rosso_Macha_M%C3%A9ril_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Profondo_Rosso_Macha_M%C3%A9ril_3.png/440px-Profondo_Rosso_Macha_M%C3%A9ril_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Macha_M%C3%A9ril" title="Macha Méril">Macha Méril</a> in a murder scene from the 1975 slasher <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Red" title="Deep Red">Deep Red</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher films</a> are a subgenre of horror films featuring acts of violence portrayed in graphic detail.<sup id="cite_ref-King_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book entitled <i>Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978-1986</i>, author Adam Rockoff states, "The slasher film typically involves a killer who stalks and graphically murders a series of victims in a typically random, unprovoked fashion. The victims are usually teenagers or young adults who are separated from mainstream civilization or unable to easily access help. These films typically begin with the murder of a young woman and end with a one female survivor who manages to subdue the killer, only to discover that the problem has not been completely solved".<sup id="cite_ref-Rockoff_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockoff-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Clover" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Clover">Carol Clover</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Men,_Women,_and_Chainsaws" title="Men, Women, and Chainsaws">Men, Women, and Chainsaws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film</a></i> is generally thought of to be the cornerstone work of studying gender in slasher films. </p><p>Slasher films can include "scenes of explicit violence primarily directed toward women, often occurring during or juxtaposed to mildly <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">erotic</a> scenes".<sup id="cite_ref-Donnerstein2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donnerstein2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are more male slasher film victims than female ones,<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a study of slasher films from the 1990s found that women were shown in fear for more time than men and that there were relatively more female victims compared to <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action films</a> from the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torture_films">Torture films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Torture films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> suggest that the torture represented in the <a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">torture horror</a> genre reflects contemporary modern western society. The methods of torture in these films are adapted from the discussion of terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wester_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wester-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>", the film industry had trouble distinguishing between the characters of "torturer, victim, villain, and hero." Writers and directors of horror films had difficulty allowing their torturers and villains to survive after doing such heinous acts. Mashia Wester sees films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent" title="The Descent">The Descent</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saw_(franchise)" title="Saw (franchise)">Saw</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/High_Tension" title="High Tension">High Tension</a></i> as depicting "average Americans both as tortured victim and torturing hero."<sup id="cite_ref-Wester_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wester-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heroes within these torture films do not actively torture, but contribute to their own and others' suffering. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eli_Roth" title="Eli Roth">Eli Roth</a>, the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Hostel_(film_series)" title="Hostel (film series)"><i>Hostel</i> films</a>, taps into an "undercurrent of anxiety about the place of gendered bodies in relation to torture as well as the connection between gender equality, torture, global capitalist venture, and the passive American consumer."<sup id="cite_ref-Wester_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wester-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maisha Wester states in her article, "Torture Porn And Uneasy Feminisms: Re-Thinking (Wo)Men in Eli Roth's Hostel Films", that the popularity of the <i>Hostel</i> films makes the questioning of gendered dominance "both elusive and inescapable in the face of capitalism since, within such a system, we are all commodifiable and consuming bodies."<sup id="cite_ref-Wester_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wester-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_roles_in_horror_films">Female roles in horror films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Female roles in horror films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treatment of women in horror films can be associated with the fear of the <a href="/wiki/Abjection" title="Abjection">abject</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilker_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Julia Kristeva</a> explains the abject as "something rejected from which one does not part, from which one does not protect oneself as from an object. Imaginary uncanniness and real threat, it beckons to us and ends up engulfing us." Kristeva asserts that many are horrified by the abject because "it is something that disgusts us, yet comes from us or from which we come."<sup id="cite_ref-Kristeva_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristeva-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_the_female_body_as_monsters">Women and the female body as monsters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Women and the female body as monsters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brides_of_Dracula_(1960)_trailer_-_Andr%C3%A9e_Melly_%26_Marie_Devereux.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brides_of_Dracula_%281960%29_trailer_-_Andr%C3%A9e_Melly_%26_Marie_Devereux.png/220px-Brides_of_Dracula_%281960%29_trailer_-_Andr%C3%A9e_Melly_%26_Marie_Devereux.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brides_of_Dracula_%281960%29_trailer_-_Andr%C3%A9e_Melly_%26_Marie_Devereux.png/330px-Brides_of_Dracula_%281960%29_trailer_-_Andr%C3%A9e_Melly_%26_Marie_Devereux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brides_of_Dracula_%281960%29_trailer_-_Andr%C3%A9e_Melly_%26_Marie_Devereux.png/440px-Brides_of_Dracula_%281960%29_trailer_-_Andr%C3%A9e_Melly_%26_Marie_Devereux.png 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Melly" title="Andrée Melly">Andrée Melly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Devereux" title="Marie Devereux">Marie Devereux</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brides_of_Dracula" title="The Brides of Dracula">The Brides of Dracula</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Horror films use the female body as a form of an object. Aviva Briefel states in her article, "Monster Pains: Masochism, Menstruation, and Identification in the Horror Film," that <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> is the start of monstrosity. Once a girl has reached puberty, she could be seen as filling the role of a monster within popular horror conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-Briefel2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefel2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horror films feed into the female monstrous identity through the monster's menstruation, since this is a point of contrast from male anatomy and physiology, making it uniquely feminine. Motherhood and menstruation become things which society is taught to find disgusting.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilker_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, Briefel separates the suffering of gendered monsters in horror films into two types: masochism and menstruation. Masochism is central to the identification of male monsters "who initiate their sadistic rampages with acts of self-mutilation." By contrast, female monsters do not commit acts of self-mutilation out of pleasure but instead "commit acts of violence out of revenge for earlier abuse by parents, partners, rapists, and other offenders."<sup id="cite_ref-Briefel2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefel2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female monsters will engage in masochistic acts when coerced or attempting to terminate her monstrosity. Briefel provides examples of such masochistic acts by female monsters with films like <i><a href="/wiki/Carrie_(1976_film)" title="Carrie (1976 film)">Carrie</a></i> (1976), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Exorcist (film)">The Exorcist</a></i> (1973), <i><a href="/wiki/Stigmata_(film)" title="Stigmata (film)">Stigmata</a></i> (1999), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_(1983_film)" title="The Hunger (1983 film)">The Hunger</a></i> (1983), and <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_3" title="Alien 3">Alien 3</a></i> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-Briefel2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefel2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shelley Stamp Lindsey states "<i>Carrie</i> is not about liberation from sexual repression, but about the failure of repression to contain the monstrous feminine". Audiences are not supposed to identify with <a href="/wiki/Carrie_White" title="Carrie White">Carrie White</a> whilst she becomes the monster, instead they are supposed to be scared of her ability and destructive potential. <i>Carrie</i> is purposely portrayed in this manner because the character Carrie White demonstrates what happens when women gain power and are no longer repressed. <i>Carrie</i> could portray the message to its audience that they must live in a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> world, and if they fail to successfully integrate then this is what will come of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamp2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamp2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_girl">Final girl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final girl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">Final girl</a></div> <p>The final girl is the "first character to sense something amiss and the only one to deduce from the accumulating evidence the pattern and extent of threat; the only one, in other words, whose perspective approaches our own privileged understanding of the situation."<sup id="cite_ref-Clover2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clover concludes that the final girl is "an agreed upon fiction [for] male-viewers' use of her as a vehicle for his own <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadomasochistic</a> fantasies."<sup id="cite_ref-Clover2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final girl is one of the most commonly seen tropes in slasher films. The final girl is always female, usually a virgin, and according to Carol J. Clover, who coined the term, is the lone survivor of the slasher villain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Virgin">The Virgin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Virgin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female virgins are standard tropes of horror films. The genre frequently plays on the idea that threats can arise metaphysically or from inside the body, and virginity fits into this framework being an alleged, intangible construct within a person. Scholars like Tamar Jeffers McDonald argue that virginity is used as a "bridge" between ambiguity and reality to make sense of mysticism through ordinary means. Virgins are commonly depicted as "plucky heroines and sacrificial offerings, repressed psychos, and misunderstood monsters" as McDonald says.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male_roles_in_horror_films">Male roles in horror films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Male roles in horror films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DrJekyllandMrHyde1931D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DrJekyllandMrHyde1931D.png/220px-DrJekyllandMrHyde1931D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DrJekyllandMrHyde1931D.png/330px-DrJekyllandMrHyde1931D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/DrJekyllandMrHyde1931D.png/440px-DrJekyllandMrHyde1931D.png 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a> (right) as the monstrous <a href="/wiki/Mr._Hyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Hyde">Mr. Hyde</a> in the 1931 horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1931_film)" title="Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)">Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repressive_patriarch">Repressive patriarch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Repressive patriarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many horror films, the repressive patriarchal form of a monster is either "symbolically castrated, pathetically lacking...or he is overly endowed and potent". The real sexual interest that occurs in horror films comes from the monster. "The monster's power is one of sexual difference from the normal male. In this difference he is remarkably like the woman in the eyes of the traumatized male: a biological freak with impossible and threatening appetites that suggest a frightening potency precisely where the normal male would perceive a lack."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Men only stay on the screen long enough to show their incompetence, unless they are seen to be a true form of patriarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repressive patriarch is often dressed as a female and because he does not exemplify patriarchy at its finest, the final girl is his "<a href="/wiki/Homoerotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoerotic">homoerotic</a> stand-in".<sup id="cite_ref-Clover2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "masochistic monster" revels in acts of self-mutilation before the audience sees the harming of others being done. Briefel looks at films like <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(1931_film)" title="Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)">Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</a></i> (1931), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fly_(1986_film)" title="The Fly (1986 film)">The Fly</a></i> (1986), <i><a href="/wiki/Hellraiser" title="Hellraiser">Hellraiser</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(1984_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984 film)">A Nightmare on Elm Street</a></i> (1984), and <i><a href="/wiki/Freddy%27s_Dead:_The_Final_Nightmare" title="Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare">Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare</a></i> (1991). All these horror films show examples of masochistic monsters that take pleasure in the pain they inflict on themselves; it is something they must endure to be monstrous.<sup id="cite_ref-Briefel2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefel2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transgender_roles_in_horror_films">Transgender roles in horror films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transgender roles in horror films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals of transgender people</a></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Portrayal_of_transgender_people_in_horror_films"></span></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnthonyPerkinsPsycho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AnthonyPerkinsPsycho.jpg/170px-AnthonyPerkinsPsycho.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AnthonyPerkinsPsycho.jpg/255px-AnthonyPerkinsPsycho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AnthonyPerkinsPsycho.jpg/340px-AnthonyPerkinsPsycho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norman_Bates" title="Norman Bates">Norman Bates</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a></i> (1960) was a prominent example of a character who kept his murderous female identity a secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> representation in horror comes from characters who either self identify as transgender or are coded as transgender through <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconforming" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender nonconforming">gender nonconforming</a> actions, which they may hide from the protagonist and other characters.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment of transgender persons in horror can be identified through the fear of the "<a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a>", as the characters can be portrayed as the opposite of the <a href="/wiki/Cisnormative" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisnormative">cisnormative</a>, making it unfamiliar and potentially deceptive.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> These portrayals can be seen as problematic by many, including those in the transgender community, and overall issues stemming from problematic portrayals of transgender persons is not limited to the horror genre.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per Lucy Miller, the most common depiction of transgender persons is "that of a <a href="/wiki/Transgender_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender woman">transgender woman</a> with knife raised high, ready to plunge it into the unsuspecting body of a victim", as depicted in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dressed_to_Kill_(1980_film)" title="Dressed to Kill (1980 film)">Dressed to Kill</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sleepaway_Camp" title="Sleepaway Camp">Sleepaway Camp</a></i>. Also per Miller, the depiction of transgender people in overall cinema by <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> males is common and the use of these characters in both horror and non-genre cinema are frequently used to elicit a strong reaction from the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transgender narratives, according to Zachary Price, has the potential to "bring to horror cinema a way to rethink <a href="/wiki/Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Freudian">Freudian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacanian">Lacanian</a> concepts of the gaze that structure our affective responses to seeing bodies cut on-screen."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the article "Her Body, Himself: Gender in the Slasher Film", scholar <a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Clover" title="Carol J. Clover">Carol J. Clover</a> noted that during the 1980s there was a shifting and loosening of traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>, as these films showed the "killer as feminine male and the main character as masculine female" and an othering in horror, which she felt may have been a product of the time period's "massive gender confusion".<sup id="cite_ref-Clover_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Julie Tharp expanded on this in 1991, writing that movies such as <i>Dressed to Kill</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i> "more directly comment on the gender problematics at work in the genre" as they exaggerated these components and showed how feminine male characters "must include a grappling with the sex and gender problematics of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freudian</a> thought because it is utterly interwoven in the fabric of the horror genre". She further opines that the latter film showed how "As women's power increases, the Freudian paradigm on which most slasher films are based, and, consequently, their villains, degenerates." The character of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Bill (character)">Jame Gumb/Buffalo Bill</a> exploits cisnormative societies' fear of gender outside the binary, while the character of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bates" title="Norman Bates">Norman Bates</a> in <i>Psycho</i> stokes fear of an emasculated man suffering with an <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are few depictions of trans-masculine characters in either horror or non-genre films. Films that do feature trans-masculine characters include Warren in <i><a href="/wiki/Homicidal" title="Homicidal">Homicidal</a></i> (1961), George Atwood in <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Parts_(1972_film)" title="Private Parts (1972 film)">Private Parts</a></i> (1972), and Barney in <i><a href="/wiki/Girls_Nite_Out_(1982_film)" title="Girls Nite Out (1982 film)">Girls Nite Out</a></i> (1982). Edwin Harris of Gayly Dreadful, describes trans-masculine characters by writing "victims of internalized <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a> and threatening vectors of gender ideology, trans men in horror are commonly depicted as simultaneously pitiable and frightening".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The horror film emphasizes the idea of female sexuality being something that needs to be punished or come with negative consequences. It shows that once a woman acts in a sexual way, she will be killed. The American fantasy of women continuously being sexualized is completely taken away in horror films. Once a woman is related to sex, her sexuality is punished.<sup id="cite_ref-Rieser_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieser-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klaus Reiser argues, "It is not so much the girls' sexuality per se...but the fact that they have sex with other boys". Sex is considered to be a masculine trait because it is a form of power over someone, and if a woman tries to take control of this power, she will instantly be punished. Her sexual freedom is not within gender-norms, and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> society does not accept it.<sup id="cite_ref-Gendered_Society_Reader_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gendered_Society_Reader-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only "male domination is natural and follows inevitable from evolutionary...or social pressures".<sup id="cite_ref-McIntosh_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chase">Chase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chase often consists of a sexualized and degraded woman running for her life as an assailant hunts her down and kills her, unless she is termed the "<a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">final girl</a>". Often, the Chase will feature the woman in various stages of undress and lecherous camerawork that focuses on her body before she is killed in an attempt to mix sex and violence. Female victims in slasher films are shown to be in a state of fear five times as long as males, specifically occurring during "the chase".<sup id="cite_ref-Molitor_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molitor-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mystical_pregnancy">Mystical pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mystical pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mia_Farrow_-_Rosemary%27s_Baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mia_Farrow_-_Rosemary%27s_Baby.jpg/170px-Mia_Farrow_-_Rosemary%27s_Baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mia_Farrow_-_Rosemary%27s_Baby.jpg/255px-Mia_Farrow_-_Rosemary%27s_Baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mia_Farrow_-_Rosemary%27s_Baby.jpg/340px-Mia_Farrow_-_Rosemary%27s_Baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>In <i><a href="/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)" title="Rosemary's Baby (film)">Rosemary's Baby</a></i> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Mia_Farrow" title="Mia Farrow">Mia Farrow</a> portrays a young woman who is impregnated by <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Attaching even further onto the fear of women's bodies, there are multiple cases of female bodies becoming mere vessel for the monster. A female character is violated and is mystically inseminated, and then endures an excoriating pregnancy or an almost nonexistent one, passing without any repercussion. The child is then either a monster that must be killed, or is taken away from the character presently. </p><p>This trope reduces a woman down to the biological, and degrades the emotional and physically complex aspects of bearing and giving birth to a child.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women often have no say in what happens with the baby or even with their own bodies, becoming little more than an object. In horror films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)" title="Rosemary's Baby (film)">Rosemary's Baby</a></i> (1968), Rosemary can be often seen being told what to feel about her pregnancy by her husband and others in the apartment complex. She does not seem to be given an opportunity to make decisions on the subject of her baby, even after it is revealed to be the spawn of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. She remains the vessel for others to take advantage of throughout the film. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audience">Audience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Audience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The audience first identifies with the monster until there is a shift in point-of-view camera narration, and allows identification with the final girl once the monster is after her.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audience relates only with <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> and disdains <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clover3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horror films resemble a mirrored object. They gaze back at the audiences' who are unsuccessful in hiding their own sexual desires.<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aviva Briefel believes that pain is central to the audiences understanding of horror films. It is "the monster's pain that determines audience positioning in the horror film." "By gendering the monster's pain, the horror genre prevents the audience from losing control of its own."<sup id="cite_ref-Briefel2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefel2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male">Male</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Male"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mulvey" title="Laura Mulvey">Mulvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Clover" title="Carol J. Clover">Clover</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Creed" title="Barbara Creed">Creed</a> have argued that we live in patriarchal society, where men dictate the rules and women have to abide by them. Clover looks at the notion that men might "elect to betray their sex and identify with screen females."<sup id="cite_ref-Clover2_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In slasher films, male characters are often killed quickly and easily leaving the audience to resonate with the strong female character left to kill the monster.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clover seeks to suggest that masochistic impulses are seen within the male spectator who finds a "vicarious stake in" the "fear and pain" the final girl endures by the monster's torturous actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Briefel2_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefel2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Clover claims that the central figure of horror movies, even those promoted as female-centric, is typically "a man in crisis" in actuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers like Nolan and Ryan have reported that male audiences largely remember scenes that involve empty fields and unknown strangers or what they have ascribed as "rural terror."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Male_gaze">Male gaze</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Male gaze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">male gaze</a>," a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mulvey" title="Laura Mulvey">Laura Mulvey</a> in "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", describes the depiction of female characters in a sexualized, de-humanizing manner. Mulvey states that, because the media depict women as they are observed through the male gaze, women tend to take on this male perspective. According to this theory, women largely appear on screen for men's erotic pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulvey_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulvey-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At significantly higher rates, female characters are at least to some degree physically exposed and it is in these scenes that they are simultaneously more likely to being assaulted.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female">Female</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Female"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linda_Williams_(film_scholar)" title="Linda Williams (film scholar)">Linda Williams</a> suggests it is supposedly honorable for males to gaze upon the terror shown on a movie screen while females hide, avoiding these screen images. She also suggests women have the right to feel as if they do not belong since they are shown as powerless "in the face of rape, mutilation and murder".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Mulvey argues, the female character "exists only to be looked at."<sup id="cite_ref-Mulvey_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulvey-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When female audiences gaze upon the screen and when the women on the screen are involved in the gaze, they see "a distorted reflection of" their own image. "The monster is thus a particularly insidious form of the many mirrors patriarchal structure of seeing hold up to the woman." Linda William believes that the woman's gaze is "so threatening to male power, it is violently punished."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers like Nolan and Ryan have were informed that women more-likely remember scenes revolving around being stalked, possessed, or betrayed.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kathleen Kendall argues, however, that it is important to remember that horror films do have a female audience.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Clover recognizes how groups of adolescent girls made up a proportion of horror movie goers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_gaze">Female gaze</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Female gaze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mary Ann Doane suggests that a woman can only actively participate in the gaze when it is "simultaneous with her own victimization." The woman's gaze is turned into "masochistic fantasy."<sup id="cite_ref-Doane_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doane-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as the woman feels as if she has power and tries to act on it, she is punished. In "When The Woman Looks", Linda Williams analyzes the terrified gaze a woman encounters when she looks at "the horrible body of the monster." In that very moment, as the monster and the woman gaze upon one another, there is recognition of "similar status within patriarchal structures of seeing." What the woman gazes at in horror is always first seen by the audience and then, seconds later, by the woman on the screen. This sequence "ensures the voyeur's pleasure of looking" and punishes the woman by "the horror that her look reveals". The monster and the woman's gazes are similar. </p><p>There is not "much difference between an object of desire and an object of horror as far as the male look is concerned." Williams is stating that it isn't an expression of sexual desire that is formed between the monster and the girl but instead "a flash of sympathetic identification."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Race_in_horror_films">Race in horror films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Race in horror films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_horror_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in horror films">Racism in horror films</a></div> <p>Women in general have poor representation in the American film industry, but it is women from minorities who are infrequently cast or appropriated for the sake of furthering the plot, including in the case of horror cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horror films as a genre cater to a white, primarily young, male audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Clover2_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Burial_Ground_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Burial_Ground-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Benshoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry M. Benshoff">Harry M. Benshoff</a>, "the vast majority of those films use race as a marker of monstrosity in ways generically consistent with the larger social body's assumptions about white superiority".<sup id="cite_ref-Benshoff_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benshoff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ariel Smith states that "by forcing the subconscious fears of audiences to the surface, horror cinema evokes reactions, psychologically and physically: this is the genre's power."<sup id="cite_ref-Native_Cinema_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Native_Cinema-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre holds a great amount of potential to not only explore violence against women and minorities, but also inform the public and show the extents of that violence in a powerful way."<sup id="cite_ref-Native_Cinema_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Native_Cinema-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, instead of bringing these issues to the forefront of public discussion, films in this genre have neglected to cover these issues and provide gendered and racially prejudiced points of storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Race_in_Horror_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Race_in_Horror-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By reusing and creating trope images and plot devices like the "<a href="/wiki/Indian_burial_ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian burial ground">Indian burial ground</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Mythical Negro</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Tropes_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Tropes-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these films trap entire minorities in set cinematic roles while also supporting erasure of their culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Burial_Ground_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Burial_Ground-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_of_women_vs._men">Portrayal of women vs. men</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Portrayal of women vs. men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence produced from the Molitor and Sapolsky study on <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher films</a> from 1980 to 1993 shows that "it takes women twice as long to die as men in these films" and "females are shown in terror for obviously longer periods of time than males".<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molitor and Sapolsky's data revealed huge differences between the treatment of men and women which indicate that females are singled out for victimization in special ways in these films. One of the studies they conducted examines the number of seconds that males and females display fear in these films. If a person watched all 30 films in the Molitor and Sapolsky study, they would see a total of almost five solid hours of women in states of fear and terror, which compares to less than one hour for males.<sup id="cite_ref-Linz_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linz and Donnerstein state that slasher films single out women for attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Linz_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argue that the female body count in slasher films should be examined in the context of other film genres. Linz and Donnerstein affirm that "across most television and film content females are less often murdered and brutalized than males by a very large margin."<sup id="cite_ref-Linz_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study tested this assertion compared with the genre selected for analysis, which is popular action/adventure films containing violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Linz_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gloria Cowan conducted a study on 57 different <a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">slasher films</a>. Their results showed that the non-surviving females were more frequently sexual than the surviving females and the non-surviving males. Surviving as a female slasher victim was strongly associated with the absence of sexual behavior. In slasher films, the message appears to be that sexual women get killed and only the pure women survive. Slasher films reinforce the idea that female sexuality can be costly.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fatal_Attraction" title="Fatal Attraction">Fatal Attraction</a></i> feature actresses sexualized for viewer pleasure. Liahna Babener examines the movie, arguing "Beth acts the perfect Total Woman, wearing clingy undershirts and bikini panties around the apartment, primping before the mirror in lacy black undergarments, making a voluptuous ritual out of the nightly bath and applying lipstick with sensuous strokes to the accompaniment of Dan's and the camera's admiring gaze."<sup id="cite_ref-Babener_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babener-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_paired_with_violence">Sex paired with violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sex paired with violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reazione_a_catena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Reazione_a_catena.jpg/220px-Reazione_a_catena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Reazione_a_catena.jpg/330px-Reazione_a_catena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Reazione_a_catena.jpg/440px-Reazione_a_catena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A murder scene from <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bay_of_Blood" title="A Bay of Blood">A Bay of Blood</a></i> (1971) in which a couple having sex is impaled with a spear</figcaption></figure> <p>Sex in slasher films is broken down into the following behaviors: flirting, kissing, petting, exposed breasts or genitalia, masturbation, intercourse, or forced sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In slasher films from 1980 to 1993, studies in Linz and Donnerstiens article have concluded that 33% of occurrences of sex were connected to violence (male or female), 14% of all sex incidents were linked to the death of a female, and a slasher killed 22% of all "innocent" female protagonists during or following a sexual display or act.<sup id="cite_ref-Linz_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a person watched all of the slasher films included in the Molitor and Sapolsky study, they would have seen sex and violence paired approximately 92 times. <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual behavior</a> included female characters shown in undergarments, partially or completely nude, or teasing or enticing male characters in a sensual manner. Couples seen kissing, fondling, or involved in sexual intercourse were also coded as acts of sex. According to Molitor and Sapolsky, sexual behavior is considered linked to violence when one of three types of circumstances occurred. A partially nude female was shown being tortured by the central villain. Martin discussed how there was more time showing female deaths than male and that these women are more likely to be promiscuous and wear revealing clothing. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other cases, violence immediately followed, or interrupted, a sexual act, such as when a couple was shown kissing passionately and the central villain then attacked both or one character. The third type of circumstance consisted of continuous cuts between two scenes, one sexual and one violent. This third type of sex and violence combination occurred to a lesser extent than the other two.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_patterns">Changing patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Changing patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molitor and Sapolsky looked at the mixture of sex and violence in films of the 1980s versus those of the 1990s. Films from the 1980s contained an average of 9.3 instances of sexuality and 3.1 of these were linked to violence. However, films during the 1990s contained a low number of instances where sex was combined with violence, so a comparison between the 1980 and 1990 samples was not conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data do suggest that while the amount of sexual content in the most popular slasher films of the past two decades has remained constant, sexual displays immediately before or during acts of violence have been reduced to a rare event in slasher films released in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study also reported that the number of violent acts against males increased across the 1980s, but tended to decrease for females. Apparently, the producers were criticized for the depiction of women as victims in slasher films, so they toned down such attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_viewers">Effects on viewers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effects on viewers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linz and Donnerstein conducted a study on the way viewers reacted to sex combined with violence in slasher films, and found that "Studies show that pleasant, mildly arousing sex scenes that are paired with graphic violence can be expected to diminish aversive reaction to violence in the long run."<sup id="cite_ref-Linz_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of sex and violence is shown to grab viewers' attention, making it a more "depthful" process.<sup id="cite_ref-Linz_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carol J. Clover argues in her article that "<a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> are the only two genres specifically devoted to the arousal of bodily sensation. They exist solely to horrify and stimulate, not always respectively, and their ability to do so is the sole measure of their success: they 'prove themselves upon our pulses".<sup id="cite_ref-Clover_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to scenes of explicit violence combined with sexual images is believed to affect males’ emotional reactions to film violence. It has also shown to lead males to be less disturbed by scenes of extreme violence and degradation directed at women, claims the Molitor and Sapolsky article.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carol Clover states that the implied audience for slasher films are "largely young and largely male".<sup id="cite_ref-Clover2_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clover2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies show that the most popular slasher films of the 1990s are more violent than the most commercially successful slasher films released in the 1980s. Specifically, according to this article, there was a 44% increase in the number of violent acts suffered by innocent victims in the 1990s crop of slasher films. Slasher films of the 1990s portray an act of brutal violence an average of once every two and a half minutes. Also, characters are shown in terror an average of three and a half minutes longer in slasher films in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gloria Cowan and Margaret O'Brien, experimental studies have been done to show the effects of viewing R-rated violent films have found "increased acceptance of interpersonal violence and rape mythology". These studies have also found desensitization with "carry-over attitude effects" towards victims of violence. These studies have shown, that after viewing slasher films, college male students have less sympathy for rape victims, see them as less injured, and are more likely to endorse the myth that women enjoy rape.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their article, James B. Weaver and Dolf Zillmann explain "watching horror films is said to offer viewers a socially sanctioned opportunity to perform behaviors consistent with traditional gender stereotypes and early work on this topic found that males exposed to a sexually violent slasher film increased their acceptance of beliefs that some violence against women is justified and that it may have positive consequences".<sup id="cite_ref-Zillmann_+_Weaver_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zillmann_+_Weaver-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_in_horror_films&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bass-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bass_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBass1988" class="citation news cs1">Bass, Alison (March 19, 1988). "Do Slasher Films Breed Real-Life Violence?". <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Do+Slasher+Films+Breed+Real-Life+Violence%3F&rft.date=1988-03-19&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sapolsky-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapolsky_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapolskyMolitorLuque2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sapolsky, Burry S.; Molitor, Fred; Luque, Sarah (2003). "Sex and Violence in Slasher Films: Re-examining the Assumptions". <i>Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly</i>. <b>80</b>: 28–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107769900308000103">10.1177/107769900308000103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143908234">143908234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+%26+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sex+and+Violence+in+Slasher+Films%3A+Re-examining+the+Assumptions&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=28-38&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107769900308000103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143908234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sapolsky&rft.aufirst=Burry+S.&rft.au=Molitor%2C+Fred&rft.au=Luque%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clover-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clover_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clover_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clover_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover1987" class="citation journal cs1">Clover, Carol J. 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Clover">Clover, Carol J.</a> (1992). <i>Men, Women and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691166292" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691166292"><bdi>978-0691166292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men%2C+Women+and+Chain+Saws%3A+Gender+in+the+Modern+Horror+Film&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0691166292&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbuquerque_De_Boer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Albuquerque De Boer, Raphael (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/129422/329053.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Who is Going to Save the Final Girl?: The Politics of Representation in the Films Halloween and The Silence of the Lambs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Repositório Institucional da UFSC</i>: 71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reposit%C3%B3rio+Institucional+da+UFSC&rft.atitle=Who+is+Going+to+Save+the+Final+Girl%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+Representation+in+the+Films+Halloween+and+The+Silence+of+the+Lambs&rft.pages=71&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Albuquerque+De+Boer&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ufsc.br%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F129422%2F329053.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2010" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Tamar Jeffers, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ounJD6kY7j8C"><i>Virgin territory : representing sexual inexperience in film</i></a>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-3695-3"><bdi>978-0-8143-3695-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/821725676">821725676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgin+territory+%3A+representing+sexual+inexperience+in+film&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F821725676&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3695-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DounJD6kY7j8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Williams_(film_scholar)" title="Linda Williams (film scholar)">Williams, Linda</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northernhighlands.org/cms/lib5/nj01000179/centricity/domain/92/week3-williams-womanlooks.pdf">"When the Woman Looks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Jancovich, Mark (ed.). <i>Horror, The Film Reader</i> (1st ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-20-320484-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-20-320484-9"><bdi>978-0-20-320484-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+the+Woman+Looks&rft.btitle=Horror%2C+The+Film+Reader&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-20-320484-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernhighlands.org%2Fcms%2Flib5%2Fnj01000179%2Fcentricity%2Fdomain%2F92%2Fweek3-williams-womanlooks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Lucy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124203527/https://cinema.usc.edu/spectator/37.2/5_Miller.pdf">"Fear and the Cisgender Audience: Transgender Representation and Audience Identification in Sleepaway Camp"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Spectator</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 40–47. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cinema.usc.edu/spectator/37.2/5_Miller.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 24, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/USC_Cinematic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="USC Cinematic Arts">USC Cinematic Arts</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectator&rft.atitle=Fear+and+the+Cisgender+Audience%3A+Transgender+Representation+and+Audience+Identification+in+Sleepaway+Camp&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=40-47&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcinema.usc.edu%2Fspectator%2F37.2%2F5_Miller.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltz2019" class="citation web cs1">Holtz, Jenni (January 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fourteeneastmag.com/index.php/2019/01/18/blood-bodies-and-binaries-trans-women-in-horror/">"Blood, Bodies and Binaries: Trans Women in Horror"</a>. <i>14 East Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=14+East+Magazine&rft.atitle=Blood%2C+Bodies+and+Binaries%3A+Trans+Women+in+Horror&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft.aulast=Holtz&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffourteeneastmag.com%2Findex.php%2F2019%2F01%2F18%2Fblood-bodies-and-binaries-trans-women-in-horror%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell-Metereau2019" class="citation book cs1">Bell-Metereau, Rebecca (March 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvy9DwAAQBAJ&q=Transgender+Cinema+Bell-Metereau,+Rebecca"><i>Transgender Cinema</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-9735-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-9735-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-9735-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transgender+Cinema&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-9735-5&rft.aulast=Bell-Metereau&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvy9DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTransgender%2BCinema%2BBell-Metereau%2C%2BRebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinowski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Quinowski, Grace (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/csp/vol14/iss1/2/">"Psycho, The Danish Girl, and Disclosure : Transgender Representation in Film"</a>. <i>Culture, Society, and Praxis</i>. <b>14</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture%2C+Society%2C+and+Praxis&rft.atitle=Psycho%2C+The+Danish+Girl%2C+and+Disclosure+%3A+Transgender+Representation+in+Film&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Quinowski&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.csumb.edu%2Fcsp%2Fvol14%2Fiss1%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2015" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Zachary (October 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1386/host.6.2.305_3">"Skin gazing: Queer bodies in Almodóvar's The Skin I Live In"</a>. <i>Horror Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 305–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fhost.6.2.305_3">10.1386/host.6.2.305_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2040-3275">2040-3275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horror+Studies&rft.atitle=Skin+gazing%3A+Queer+bodies+in+Almod%C3%B3var%27s+The+Skin+I+Live+In&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-317&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fhost.6.2.305_3&rft.issn=2040-3275&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1386%2Fhost.6.2.305_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+in+horror+films" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, J. 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation_horror_films" title="Blaxploitation horror films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological horror film">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_horror_film" title="Supernatural horror film">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_thriller" title="Social thriller">Social thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen horror">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Asia" title="Horror films of Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Cambodia" title="Horror films of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">China</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_horror" title="Thai horror">Thailand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Europe" title="Horror films of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Mexico" title="Horror films of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Film lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_horror_films" title="List of highest-grossing horror films">Highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_horror_films_by_country" title="List of first horror films by country">First film by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_horror_films" title="List of Indian horror films">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_horror_films" title="List of Hindi horror films">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_horror_films" title="List of Malayalam horror films">Malayalam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_decade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By decade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1890s" title="List of horror films of the 1890s">1890s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1900s" title="List of horror films of the 1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1910s" title="List of horror films of the 1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1920s" title="List of horror films of the 1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of horror films of the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of horror films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of horror films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of horror films of the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of horror films of the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of horror films of the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of horror films of the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of horror films of the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of horror films of the 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of horror films of the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anthology_films" title="List of horror anthology films">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">Indian ghost movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_set_in_academic_institutions" title="List of horror films set in academic institutions">Set in academic institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film_score" title="Horror film score">Score</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scream_queen" title="Scream queen">scream queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_mother" title="Archaic mother">archaic mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_scare" title="Jump scare">Jump scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_films" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror films">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_horror_films" title="Race in horror films">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_burial_ground_trope" title="Indian burial ground trope">Indian burial ground trope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_film_characters" title="Lists of horror film characters">Characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">hosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_film_villains" title="List of horror film villains">villains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindhouse" title="Grindhouse">Grindhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films" title="Category:Horror films">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_media" title="Template:Women in media"><abbr title="View this 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