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1.406z"></path> </svg></span></span> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></header> <div id="inner-wrap" class="wrap kt-clear"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div class="content-container site-container"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <div class="content-wrap"> <article id="post-9424" class="entry content-bg single-entry post-9424 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-moon category-outer-space mv-content-wrapper"> <div class="entry-content-wrap"> <header class="entry-header post-title title-align-center title-tablet-align-center title-mobile-align-inherit"> <div class="kadence-breadcrumbs yoast-bc-wrap"><span><span><a href="https://earthhow.com/">Home</a></span> 禄 <span><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/outer-space/">Outer Space</a></span> 禄 <span><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/outer-space/moon/">Moon</a></span> 禄 <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">How to Measure the Distance to the Moon</span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">How to Measure the Distance to the Moon</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-meta-divider-customicon"> <div class="meta-comments"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-comments-alt-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><title>Comments</title><path d="M10 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM16 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM22 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM14 6c-6.5 0-12 3.656-12 8 0 2.328 1.563 4.547 4.266 6.078l1.359 0.781-0.422 1.5c-0.297 1.109-0.688 1.969-1.094 2.688 1.578-0.656 3.016-1.547 4.297-2.672l0.672-0.594 0.891 0.094c0.672 0.078 1.359 0.125 2.031 0.125 6.5 0 12-3.656 12-8s-5.5-8-12-8zM28 14c0 5.531-6.266 10-14 10-0.766 0-1.531-0.047-2.266-0.125-2.047 1.813-4.484 3.094-7.187 3.781-0.562 0.156-1.172 0.266-1.781 0.344h-0.078c-0.313 0-0.594-0.25-0.672-0.594v-0.016c-0.078-0.391 0.187-0.625 0.422-0.906 0.984-1.109 2.109-2.047 2.844-4.656-3.219-1.828-5.281-4.656-5.281-7.828 0-5.516 6.266-10 14-10v0c7.734 0 14 4.484 14 10z"></path> </svg></span><a class="meta-comments-link anchor-scroll" href="#comments">6 Comments</a></div></div></header> <div class="entry-content single-content"> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="678" height="378" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/How-to-Measure-Moon-Distance-678x378.png" alt="How to Measure Moon Distance" class="wp-image-14579"/></figure> <div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">How to Measure the Distance to the Moon</h3> <p>The moon has an elliptical orbit around the Earth so it鈥檚 not a constant distance away.</p> <p>In fact, the moon varies between 225,622 miles and 252,088 miles due to its elliptical orbit. But if you take an average distance, the moon is approximately 238,855 miles (384,400 km).</p> <p>How do we measure the distance between the Earth and the Moon?</p> <p>Over time, scientists have found new techniques to measure the distance from the moon to Earth. Each one is more accurate than the next. Find out more below.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">1. Lunar Laser Ranging Experiments</h3> <p>When the Apollo program (11, 14 & 15) astronauts visited the moon, they left retro-reflectors on the lunar surface. When they send a laser pulse to <a href="https://earthhow.com/moon-facts/">the moon</a>, it reflects off the reflector and back to Earth. And the entire time this pulse is traveling, scientists count the time it takes for it to return.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img decoding="async" width="550" height="299" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Laser-Ranging-550x299.png" alt="Earth-Moon Laser-Ranging" class="wp-image-343" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Laser-Ranging-550x299.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Laser-Ranging-300x163.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Laser-Ranging-675x367.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Laser-Ranging-425x231.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Laser-Ranging-850x462.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Laser-Ranging.png 900w" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px"/></figure></div><p>To put this into perspective, light travels at 300,000 km/s. It takes about a second for the light to travel to the moon. Then, it takes another second for it to return. Actually, only a handful of photons come back. So astronomers count how long it takes for those photons to make the journey to the moon.</p> <p>Currently, the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiments is the most reliable method to estimate the lunar distance. For example, it has exceeded millimeter accuracy involving multiple laser facilities.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">2. Radar echoing and lunar distance</h3> <p>Similar to the Laser Ranging Experiments, radar sends a signal and measures how long that echo takes to return. If you know how fast the wave travels, then you can understand distance.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img decoding="async" width="550" height="299" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Radar-550x299.png" alt="Earth-Moon Radar" class="wp-image-342" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Radar-550x299.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Radar-300x163.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Radar-675x367.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Radar-425x231.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Radar-850x462.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Radar.png 900w" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px"/></figure></div><p>In 1957, a US Naval Research Laboratory broadcasted radar pulses to determine the distance to the moon. After the pulse echoed off the moon, they measured the time it took for the return signal. However, the noise was so high that it couldn’t produce reliable, repeatable measurements.</p> <p>One year later, this experiment was repeated by the Royal Radar Establishment, in England Using a longer pulse duration, the return echo estimated the moon鈥檚 distance as 384,402. Although this was the most accurate lunar distance estimate at the time, it had an error of 卤1.2 km.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">3. Parallax with two reference points</h3> <p>Astronomers have also estimated the Earth-Moon distance using parallax. For example, you can test out parallax by blinking your left and right eyes back and forth. When you do this, you gain two different vantage points to gain depth perception.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="550" height="299" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Parallax-550x299.png" alt="Earth-Moon Parallax" class="wp-image-338" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Parallax-550x299.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Parallax-300x163.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Parallax-675x367.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Parallax-425x231.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Parallax-850x462.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Parallax.png 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px"/></figure></div><p>From two different vantage points, both observers take a picture of the moon and compare stars in the background. Knowing the fixed distance between both reference points and orientation, parallax uses triangulation to estimate the distance to the moon based on its apparent shift in positions.</p> <p>You compare the distance change between both images and measure the parallax angle at two different reference points. With a bit of geometry, you can determine the moon鈥檚 distance from the parallax angle from the two views.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">4. Earth’s radius and a lunar eclipse</h3> <p>Over 2000 years ago, the Greeks found the circumference of the Earth by looking deep into a well. Eratosthenes estimated the Earth鈥檚 diameter was approximately 8,000 miles.</p> <p>When you hold out a spherical object, Greeks also found through trial and error that a 1-inch diameter object cast a shadow with a length of 108 inches. So if you were to hold up a 1-inch sphere to shield the moon 108 inches away from the eye, it would perfectly block out the sun.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="550" height="299" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Circumference-550x299.png" alt="Earth Moon Circumference" class="wp-image-341" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Circumference-550x299.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Circumference-300x163.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Circumference-675x367.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Circumference-425x231.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Circumference-850x462.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Moon-Circumference.png 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px"/></figure></div><p>During a lunar eclipse, the Earth shields the moon from the sun鈥檚 light. They observed that the Earth cast a full shadow on the moon equal to two-and-a-half-moon diameters. From here, they used the properties of isosceles triangles to formulate that the moon has a diameter of about 2300 miles.</p> <p>Remember how a 1-inch diameter sphere perfectly blocks the Earth at about 108 inches away from the eye? Finally, they multiplied 108 by 2300 miles to approximate the moon鈥檚 distance is about 248,000 miles away.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">What is the Distance From the Earth to the Moon?</h3> <p>The moon orbits the Earth and has an elliptical orbit, so its distance is not constant. The average distance from the Earth to the moon is 238,855 miles (384,400 km).</p> <p>This variation in distance, known as lunar libration, creates subtle changes in the moon’s appearance as it moves closer and farther from Earth in its celestial dance, adding to the wonder of our lunar companion.</p> <p>Don’t forget.</p> <p>If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to contact us below in the comment section.</p></div></div><div class="newsletter1"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Subscribe to our newsletter:</span> <div class="tnp tnp-subscription-minimal"><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=tnp&na=s" method="post" style="text-align: center"><input type="hidden" name="nr" value="minimal"> <input type="hidden" name="nlang" value=""> <input class="tnp-email" type="email" required name="ne" value="" placeholder="Email"><input class="tnp-submit" type="submit" value="Subscribe" style=""> </form></div></div><div class="kb-row-layout-wrap 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Facts: Beyond its Signature Rings [Infographic]" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Planet Saturn Facts" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Saturn-267x200.png 267w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/planet-saturn-facts/">7 Planet Saturn Facts: Beyond its Signature Rings [Infographic]</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <h2 class="comments-title">6 Comments</h2> <ol class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-49432" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-49432" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Uchenna</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/how-to-measure-the-distance-to-the-moon/#comment-49432"><time datetime="2025-01-13T22:05:05-06:00">January 13, 2025 at 10:05 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Wow.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-23398" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-23398" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Santil铆n</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/how-to-measure-the-distance-to-the-moon/#comment-23398"><time datetime="2023-09-20T09:11:04-06:00">September 20, 2023 at 9:11 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Is there any scientific document explaining in more deep the experiment with the laser?</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-11625" class="comment byuser comment-author-earthhow bypostauthor even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-11625" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">earthhow</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/how-to-measure-the-distance-to-the-moon/#comment-11625"><time datetime="2022-02-18T06:37:00-06:00">February 18, 2022 at 6:37 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Yes, correct. Surface to surface.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-11599" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-11599" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Josh</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/how-to-measure-the-distance-to-the-moon/#comment-11599"><time datetime="2022-02-17T05:29:29-06:00">February 17, 2022 at 5:29 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>I’m assuming the measurement is surface to surface, correct? Also, make sure to proofread this because it isn’t really clear what was going on when the Greeks estimated how far the moon was.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-10752" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-10752" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Ezidimma Hope Ekeanyanwu</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/how-to-measure-the-distance-to-the-moon/#comment-10752"><time datetime="2022-01-17T16:41:27-06:00">January 17, 2022 at 4:41 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>This thing is a good solar system thing its classical experience opens my mind to know about the moon’s movement to 238,855 miles (384,400 km). This is surprising, shocking, and amazing to hear.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-6757" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-6757" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Myk</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/how-to-measure-the-distance-to-the-moon/#comment-6757"><time datetime="2020-12-30T22:14:32-06:00">December 30, 2020 at 10:14 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Great article. Needs proofreading. Past tense of cast is cast and 108 inches refers to blocking the Sun or is it the Moon? Either way it is not the Earth which was blocked. The Greeks were standing on the Earth when they made the measurement.</p></div></article> </li> </ol> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply</h3><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment comment-form-float-label"><textarea autocomplete="new-password" id="i477054932" name="i477054932" placeholder="Leave a comment..." cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" aria-required="true" required="required"></textarea><textarea id="comment" aria-label="hp-comment" aria-hidden="true" name="comment" autocomplete="new-password" style="padding:0 !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;position:absolute 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