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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去物理學哲學細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-物理學哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基本哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>基本哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲學影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲學影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>哲學影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哲學影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遠古物理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遠古物理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>遠古物理學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遠古物理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古典物理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典物理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>古典物理學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古典物理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代物理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代物理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>現代物理學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-現代物理學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去現代物理學細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-現代物理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-量子力學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#量子力學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>量子力學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-量子力學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相對論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相對論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>相對論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相對論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代衝擊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代衝擊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>現代衝擊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代衝擊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同其他領域嘅拏褦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同其他領域嘅拏褦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>同其他領域嘅拏褦</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-同其他領域嘅拏褦-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去同其他領域嘅拏褦細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-同其他領域嘅拏褦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-同數學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同數學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>同數學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同數學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-第啲科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第啲科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>第啲科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第啲科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工程學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工程學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>工程學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工程學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-子領域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子領域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>子領域</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-子領域-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去子領域細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-子領域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-粒子物理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#粒子物理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>粒子物理學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-粒子物理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-原子分子同光" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原子分子同光"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>原子分子同光</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原子分子同光-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-凝聚態物理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#凝聚態物理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>凝聚態物理學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-凝聚態物理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天體物理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天體物理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>天體物理學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天體物理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-拎-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去拎細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-物理學網站" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理學網站"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>物理學網站</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理學網站-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-物理學期刊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理學期刊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>物理學期刊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理學期刊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">物理學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有243種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-243" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">243種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 亞齊文" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亞齊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AE_%E1%88%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የተፈጥሮ ሕግጋት ጥናት – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የተፈጥሮ ሕግጋት ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव-विज्ञान – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीव-विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فيزياء – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%9F" title="ܦܝܣܝܟ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܝܣܝܟ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فيزيك – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيزيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيزيا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altelopa" title="Altelopa – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Altelopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiz%C4%97ka" title="Fizėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fizėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізіка – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фізіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фізыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_tab%C3%A8at" title="Èlmu tabèat – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu tabèat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="भौतिकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भौतिकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရူပဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ་ – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80" title="ᨄᨗᨔᨗᨀ – 布吉斯文" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨗᨔᨗᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="布吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Физикэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Физикэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-l%C4%AB" title="Ŭk-lī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-lī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffiseg" title="Ffiseg – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffiseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6%C3%B6ckat%C9%94%C9%94r" title="Piööckatɔɔr – 丁卡文" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piööckatɔɔr" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – 下索布文" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijik" title="Pijik – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pijik" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A9%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ފީޒިޔާއީ އިލްމު – 迪維西文" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފީޒިޔާއީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪維西文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94" title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ – 宗卡文" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="宗卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Φυσική – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEsica" title="Fîsica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fîsica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziko" title="Fiziko – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Füüsika – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Füüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiikka" title="Fysiikka – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsiga" title="Füüsiga – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Füüsiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Alisfrøði – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alisfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physique" title="Physique – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Physique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesica" title="Fesica – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Fesica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCsiik" title="Füsiik – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Füsiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiche" title="Fisiche – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fisiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuerkunde" title="Natuerkunde – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natuerkunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisic" title="Fisic – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fisic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="物理學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiosaig" title="Fiosaig – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fiosaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27erekokuaa" title="Mba'erekokuaa – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'erekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 科隆達羅文" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="科隆達羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ભૌતિકશાસ્ત્ર – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભૌતિકશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%BCjia" title="Atüjia – 瓦尤文" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Atüjia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="瓦尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishig" title="Fishig – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fishig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AE-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Vu̍t-lî-ho̍k – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vu̍t-lî-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81laik%C5%ABlohea" title="Kālaikūlohea – 夏威夷文" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaikūlohea" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פיזיקה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhautik_vigyan" title="Bhautik vigyan – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhautik vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ֆիզիկա – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica" title="Physica – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Physica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80m%E1%BB%A5%CC%80nt%E1%BB%A5d%E1%BB%8B" title="Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị – 伊布文" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziko" title="Fiziko – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fiziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0lisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Eðlisfræði – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðlisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%86%E1%92%AB%E1%91%A6%E1%93%B1%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85/umatsuliriniq" title="ᐆᒫᑦᓱᓕᕆᓂᖅ/umatsuliriniq – 因紐特文" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐆᒫᑦᓱᓕᕆᓂᖅ/umatsuliriniq" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因紐特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizix" title="Fizix – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fizix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/termu%27eske" title="termu'eske – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="termu'eske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფიზიკა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasengama" title="Tasengama – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasengama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – 吉庫尤文" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉庫尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uumaatsulerineq" title="Uumaatsulerineq – 格陵蘭文" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Uumaatsulerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="រូបវិទ្យា – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូបវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="물리학 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="ترٛایُت – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ترٛایُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiz%C3%AEk" title="Fizîk – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fizîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysegieth" title="Fysegieth – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fysegieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica" title="Physica – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Physica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuzimbe" title="Ebyobuzimbe – 干達文" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuzimbe" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="干達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixica" title="Fixica – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fixica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADz%C3%ADk%C3%AD" title="Fízíkí – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Fízíkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8C" title="ຟີຊິກສ໌ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຟີຊິກສ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 馬都拉文" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="馬都拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्‍त्र – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भौतिक शास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Физикась – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Физикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Физике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Физике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Физик – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Физик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिकशास्त्र – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%BCika" title="Fiżika – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Fiżika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရူပဗေဒ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فزیک – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فزیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADseca" title="Físeca – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Físeca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netuurkunde" title="Netuurkunde – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Netuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisike" title="Fisike – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fisike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C5%B7sique" title="Phŷsique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Phŷsique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 北索托文" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiiziksii" title="Fiiziksii – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fiiziksii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Физикæ – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Физикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsika" title="Físika – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Físika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisike" title="Fisike – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fisike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiks" title="Fisiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Fisiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فزکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فزکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فزیک – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachaykamay" title="Pachaykamay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pachaykamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizic%C3%A2" title="Fizicâ – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Fizicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фізіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भौतिकशास्त्रम् – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitural_philosophy" title="Naitural philosophy – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Naitural philosophy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طبيعيات – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طبيعيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasngama" title="Tasngama – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasngama" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ပၢႆးႁၢင်ႈ – 撣文" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပၢႆးႁၢင်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="撣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="භෞතික විද්‍යාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භෞතික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3)" title="طبیعیات (فزکس) – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="طبیعیات (فزکس)" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundoyetsimba" title="Fundoyetsimba – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Fundoyetsimba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiisigis" title="Fiisigis – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fiisigis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_natru" title="Sabi fu natru – 蘇拉南東墎文" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu natru" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="蘇拉南東墎文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiksi" title="Fisiksi – 塞索托文" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fisiksi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="塞索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikia" title="Fizikia – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fizikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்பியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భౌతిక శాస్త్రం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భౌతిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิสิกส์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิสิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ፊዚክስ – 提格利尼亞文" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፊዚክስ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik%C9%99" title="Fizikə – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fizikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – 東加文" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="東加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Ntumbuluko" title="Ntivo-Ntumbuluko – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Ntumbuluko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiks" title="Fisiks – 圖姆布卡文" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Fisiks" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="圖姆布卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 土凡文" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="土凡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 沃蒂艾克文" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="沃蒂艾克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فىزىكا – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىزىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізика – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طبیعیات – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طبیعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizega" title="Fizega – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fizega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Vật lý học – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật lý học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCs%C3%BCd" title="Füsüd – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Füsüd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizike" title="Fizike – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fizike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ABmm" title="Jëmm – 沃洛夫文" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jëmm" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 卡爾梅克文" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡爾梅克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifiziki" title="Ifiziki – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ifiziki" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფიზიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פיזיק – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADs%C3%ADks%C3%AC" title="Físíksì – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Físíksì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuzlij" title="Vuzlij – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vuzlij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ – 標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="物理學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazandalo" title="Umchazandalo – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazandalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> 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> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&oldid=2174893" 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mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Physics" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87" title="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。"><img alt="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span>  <b>提示：</b>呢篇文講嘅唔係<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="物理科學">物理科學</a></b>。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CollageFisica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CollageFisica.jpg/330px-CollageFisica.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CollageFisica.jpg/495px-CollageFisica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CollageFisica.jpg/660px-CollageFisica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>唔同嘅物理現象：物理學研究嘅係一啲最普遍－喺好多唔同現象當中都會見到－嘅自然法則。</figcaption></figure> <p><ruby><rb><b>物理學</b></rb><rt><span>mat<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> lei<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></rt></ruby>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>physics</b></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>：<span lang="el"><b>φυσική</b></span>，<span lang="la" title="拉丁文文字"><b>fysiká</b></span> <sup id="cite_ref-etymonline-physics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-physics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）係<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>嘅一門。物理學主要研究嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>嘅基本組成要素：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>、物質喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>入面嘅運動、以及好似係<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>呢啲概念都係物理學嘅研究題目－細至構成物質嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>，大至成個宇宙，都係物理學嘅研究範圍。物理學會透過分析同發現宇宙最基本嘅定律（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a>）嚟去了解宇宙係點樣運行嘅，而且因為宇宙入面嘅嘢幾乎冚唪唥都會受制於呢啲定律，物理學可以話係自然科學之中最<b>基本</b>（fundamental），覆蓋面最廣嘅<sup id="cite_ref-youngfreedman2014p1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youngfreedman2014p1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一條<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a>通常會用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數學方程式">數學方程式</a>嚟描述宇宙入面嘅某啲普遍嘅現象<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mikhlin1970_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikhlin1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。舉幾個出名嘅例子說明： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛頓第二定律">牛頓第二定律</a>：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} =m\mathbf {a} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} =m\mathbf {a} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39e8930040c834039b75d57232790f8a04659f52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.005ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} =m\mathbf {a} }"></span>－「一件物件受嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="淨力">淨力</a>」（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5fc9e690bcf45fa852ac877ceffb9ddbf002769" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.566ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} }"></span>）等如佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量">質量</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span>）乘佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a957216653a9ee0d0133dcefd13fb75e36b8b9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.299ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }"></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="歐姆定律">歐姆定律</a>：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=IR}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=IR}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3604da12028748671ffe4d4feef5d28092d455dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.821ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=IR}"></span>－「經過兩個點之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a>」（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span>）等如「兩個點之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流">電流</a>」（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span>）乘「兩個點之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB" title="電阻">電阻</a>」（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>講嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="時間膨脹">時間膨脹</a>：</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93b2bda5062de506297ce81070611143c2baaabb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:16.186ex; height:8.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li>－簡化講，一個靜止嘅觀察者所經過嘅時間（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50ea24905e052383d75e10e87e33a3d805d39b43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t'}"></span>）等如一個移動緊嘅觀察者所經過嘅時間（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"></span>）除以「1 減移動觀察者嘅速度嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="二次方">二次方</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4faa98a21ac8133ab466999288849492be28b3d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{2}}"></span>）除<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>嘅二次方（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f3386a00382ce857fb0b3b04b9fa2bbe5cfae9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{2}}"></span>）」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="開方">開方</a><sup id="cite_ref-cassidy2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassidy2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>... 等等。 </p><p>物理學係其中一門歷史最悠久嘅自然科學：物理呢家嘢喺成 2,000 年之前嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>已經有人喺度研究；雖然係噉，喺一至廿世紀嘅大多數時間，物理學都俾人睇成<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="自然哲學">自然哲學</a>（natural philosophy）一門，要去到成 17 世紀左右，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科學革命">科學革命</a>打後，物理學先至自己分咗出嚟做一門獨立學科<sup id="cite_ref-krupp2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupp2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而到咗廿一世紀，物理學嘅蓬勃發展令物理學下出咗好多子領域，而呢啲子領域所做嘅研究好多時都高度專化到彼此之間難以溝通<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>物理學嘅悠久歷史表示，佢同好多<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域都有住密切關係：首先，物理學同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>之間緊密合作，因為物理定律往往都係要用數學方程式嚟表達先至夠精確<sup id="cite_ref-mikhlin1970_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikhlin1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而且其他自然科學－包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學">地球科學</a>等－研究嘅對象都係會遵守物理定律嘅，所以好多科學家都會同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="物理學家">物理學家</a>合作搞<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="跨學科研究">跨學科研究</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，物理學亦都同各門嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>有啦掕，好多<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>上嘅發明都要靠物理學知識上嘅創新先至整到出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-youngfreedman2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youngfreedman2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。總體嚟講，物理學喺科學界裏面係一個好緊要、好有影響力嘅學科<sup id="cite_ref-youngfreedman2014p1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youngfreedman2014p1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 詞源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>物理學喺現代英文嗰度係 <b>physics</b>，呢隻字係由 1715 年開始俾用英文嘅人攞嚟指「對<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>嘅特性嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a>」嘅；而物理學喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>嗰度個名係 <b>φυσική</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字母">羅馬字母</a>：fysiká）。英文同希臘文呢兩隻字嘅源頭都係古希臘文名詞 <b>ta physika</b>，呢隻字意思係<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>嘅事物</b>噉解<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline-physics_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-physics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺眾<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="唐文">漢文</a>入面，「物理」呢隻詞歷史悠久，最早可以喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="戰國時期">戰國時期</a>（公元前 5 至 2 世紀）嘅佚書《鶡冠子：王鈇篇》嗰度搵到－「願聞其人情物理所以嗇萬物與天地總與神明體正之道。」不過喺呢度，<b>物理</b>指嘅係「所有事物嘅道理」，而唔係「研究能量同物質嘅自然科學」<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。打後喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="三國時期">三國時期</a>（公元 3 世紀），楊泉著有《物理論》，係最早書名嗰度有「物理」呢隻詞嘅著作<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，及後 15 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF" title="江西">江西</a>學者<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BB%A5%E6%99%BA" title="方以智">方以智</a>受到西人嘅影響，撰寫咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書">百科全書</a>式著作《物理小識》，而喺呢啲地方，「物理」嘅含義已經演化成學術之理，包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>嘅各個領域同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a>嘅部分領域<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過要留意嘅係，大中華地區同西方一樣，喺現代前嘅時期並未有將「研究能量同物質嘅自然科學」（現代<b>物理學</b>一詞指嘅嘢）視為一個獨立嘅領域<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺 19 世紀晚期，西方科學傳入大中華地區。呢個時候嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA" title="唐人">唐人</a>翻譯者好興將 <b>physics</b> 譯做<b>格致學</b>或者<b>格物學</b>，源自「格物致知」－呢隻詞源自於《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" title="禮記">禮記</a>．<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>》： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">致知在格物，格物而後致知。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>－句嘢用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>講就係「如果要<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="求知">增進知識</a>，實要窮究事物嘅道理，唯有窮究事物嘅道理，先至可以增進知識。」呢句話指出明瞭事物係增進知識嘅關鍵方法，而喺物理學當中，研究者成日會用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="模擬">模擬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理">演繹推理</a>等嘅方法嚟獲得知識，所以一般都認為將 <b>physics</b> 翻譯做<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>詞彙<b>格致學</b>或者<b>格物學</b>有道理，不過呢個嗌法並冇廣受採用，最後大中華地區主流始終係以<b>物理學</b>稱呼「研究能量同物質嘅自然科學」<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:p. 2-3</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="物理學哲學"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>物理學哲學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 物理學哲學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/240px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/360px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/480px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>伽利略嘅畫像；喺 1630 年代畫嘅。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學哲學">物理學哲學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基本哲學"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>基本哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 基本哲學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學哲學">物理學哲學</a>（philosophy of physics）係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a>嘅一門，指<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="物理學家">物理學家</a>對於「物理學應該點搞」嘅一啲睇法。喺呢方面，物理同其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域一樣，會跟足<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>嚟去研究物理法則。物理學界會： </p> <ol><li>根據手上已知係真嘅事實，諗一啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>出嚟（「基於我哋經已觀察到嘅呢啲現象，我推測啲現象背後嘅物理法則係噉噉噉，令物質能量有呢啲行為」），呢啲理論通常係用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>嘅方式表達嘅；</li> <li>跟手就靠<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯性">邏輯性</a>嘅思考，去諗吓呢柞理論會做點樣嘅<b>預測</b>（「如果我提倡嘅呢個理論係真確嘅，理應會...」）；</li> <li>然後就做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>嚟攞<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>，驗證吓個理論嘅預測係咪真確（「如果我呢個理論係真確，呢個實驗理應會得出某個某個結果，而個實際嘅實驗結果係...」）；</li> <li>如果數據顯示，個理論係做唔到準確嘅預測嘅話，就要一係根據攞到嘅數據睇吓個理論要點改先可以令佢做到準確啲嘅預測，一係就要諗新理論取代舊理論<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <p>上述嘅過程會係噉不斷重複，直至手上嘅理論做得到完全準確嘅預測為止－於是乎物理學就有持續嘅發展，做到愈嚟愈準確嘅預測。到咗現代，物理學經已有龐大嘅理論體系，有多個理論解釋各種嘅物理現象，而呢啲理論每個都閒閒地俾物理學家重複驗證過上百次－非常經得起考驗，所以學界一般認為呢啲理論係<b>有返咁上下正確嘅模型</b>（approximately accurate models）－能夠充分噉描述現實。而且物理學家仲會不斷噉去搵新嘅現象研究，睇吓呢啲理論能唔能夠解釋新現象，又或者使唔使諗新嘅理論<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺物理學研究當中，物理學家仲會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A5" title="分工">分工</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="理論物理學">理論物理學</a>（theoretical physics）專門負責諗理論，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗物理學">實驗物理學</a>（experimental physics）專門負責設計新穎嘅實驗方法，嚟驗證前者諗出嚟嘅理論，兩者相輔相成。理論家諗嘅理論會話到俾實驗家聽，跟住落嚟要驗證啲乜<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>同埋有啲乜可能性係未俾人發掘到嘅，而實驗家又會為理論家提供實驗數據－呢啲數據有陣時仲可以刺激理論家諗新嘅理論出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。物理學嘅呢兩方面仲擴展咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>上嘅進步：涉及實驗物理研究嘅物理學家喺做實驗嗰陣，往往要用到好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a>呢類先進嘅架生，所以實驗物理研究令工程師有誘因嘗試諗一啲新器材出嚟，而嗰啲做應用研究嘅物理學家又好多時會轉去喺科技行業嗰度做嘢開發新科技<sup id="cite_ref-youngfreedman2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youngfreedman2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哲學影響"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>哲學影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 哲學影響"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E9%AD%94" title="拉普拉斯魔">拉普拉斯魔</a></div> <p>物理學嘅研究成日會影響返哲學轉頭：物理學上嘅發展會啟發哲學上對於「宇宙到底係啲乜」同「時間到底係啲乜」等嘅觀念有所改變；例如係量子力學噉，好似<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國">法國</a>博學者<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="拉普拉斯">拉普拉斯</a>（Pierre-Simon Laplace）噉嘅 19 世紀科學家普遍都仲係相信古典嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a>（determinism）－決定論係一種宇宙觀，認為每一件事嘅起因都係打前時間點嗰陣發生嘅事件，當中拉普拉斯認為只要人知道嗮<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>喺某一個時間點嘅狀態同所需嘅物理定律，就會有能力完美噉預測跟住落嚟會發生乜嘢事（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E9%AD%94" title="拉普拉斯魔">拉普拉斯魔</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不過後嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>嘅研究發現，宇宙入面有啲現象係本質上就有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="隨機性">隨機性</a>嘅，即係話就算一個人知道嗮宇宙喺某一個時間點嘅狀態同相關嘅物理定律，都會有啲現象係佢冇辦法完美準確預測嘅<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－所以家吓啲物理學家都好少可仲會堅定噉信古典決定論呢種世界觀，或者至少會諗吓有冇啲新版本嘅決定論<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="遠古物理學"><span id=".E9.81.A0.E5.8F.A4.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>遠古物理學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 遠古物理學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="物理學史">物理學史</a></div> <p>物理學嘅歷史好悠久：物理呢家嘢早喺公元前 6 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>嗰陣經已有人喺度研究；當時嗰啲古希臘<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>好興思考宇宙嘅本質等嘅課題，會喺度為「乜嘢係<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>」等嘅問題作理論性討論<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，當中公元前 5 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AC%A8%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德謨克利特">德謨克利特</a>（Democritus，Δημόκριτος）提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>（atomic theory），主張宇宙萬物都係由好細粒嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>組成嘅，而呢個諗頭喺 2,000 年打後俾現代物理學家證實係真確<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；後嚟物理研究喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="伊斯蘭世界">伊斯蘭世界</a>都有繼續發展，亦都出咗唔少有睇頭嘅諗法，例如係由一班<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人">波斯人</a>學者所出版嘅《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Optics" class="extiw" title="en:Book of Optics">光學之書</a>》（Book of Optics；<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" title="阿拉伯文">阿拉伯文</a>：كتاب المناظر‎），就有提出一啲連現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="光學">光學</a>都仲會用嘅概念<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。總括嚟講，早期嘅物理理論有唔少都俾現代研究證實咗係錯（或者唔完全準）嘅，但上述例子顯示，早期人類的確有零散噉出一啲經得考驗嘅物理理論<sup id="cite_ref-krupp2003_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupp2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不過喺 15 世紀之前嘅世界，世人並冇將物理學當做一門獨立嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域。例如西人直至中世紀結束為止都一路將「對能量同物質嘅研究」歸做<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="自然哲學">自然哲學</a>（natural philosophy）嘅一門－將呢啲研究同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">對物質成份嘅研究</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">對生命體嘅研究</a>包埋一齊做一個領域<sup id="cite_ref-krupp2003_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krupp2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古典物理學"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.85.B8.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>古典物理學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 古典物理學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freier_Fall_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Freier_Fall_2.svg/240px-Freier_Fall_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Freier_Fall_2.svg/360px-Freier_Fall_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Freier_Fall_2.svg/480px-Freier_Fall_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>一件物體<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8B%E5%A2%9C" title="自由下墜">垂直向下跌</a>嘅抽象圖解：<br />佢會受到向下嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="重力">重力</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{G}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{G}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c234c7b1eda81c8c8e64de6b6e8f908a2bbe5b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.019ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{G}}"></span>，<br />亦都受到向上嘅空氣阻力 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{R2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{R2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79043f4f4293629ea6d72ee3616eec3ea220b0c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.796ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{R2}}"></span>；<br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{G}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{G}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c234c7b1eda81c8c8e64de6b6e8f908a2bbe5b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.019ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{G}}"></span> 數值大過 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{R2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{R2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79043f4f4293629ea6d72ee3616eec3ea220b0c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.796ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{R2}}"></span>，所以根據牛頓第二定律，件物體會向下加速。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="古典物理學">古典物理學</a></div> <p>物理學知識喺 15 至 19 世紀期間嘅歐美地區有重大嘅躍進，而呢個時期嗰套物理學理論就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="古典物理學">古典物理學</a>（classical physics）。「古典物理學」一詞可以指廿世紀之前嘅物理學，而狹義上係指 15 世紀晚期至 19 世紀晚期嘅一柞物理理論；當時嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90" title="西歐">西歐</a>（同後嚟<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>）喺各門嘅科學上有咗重大進展，出咗好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>（Sir Isaac Newton）等嘅大科學家以及一套完整嘅科學方法思想，開始全面噉運用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>描述物理學所研究嘅現象（比起齋用文字描述現象更加精確），產生咗好多到咗今日都仲有用嘅理論同概念－呢啲物理理論可以喺一般<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>環境下做非常準確嘅預測。另一方面，西人亦都係喺呢個時期開始將物理學視為一個獨立領域嘅<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>古典物理學包含咗三大重要理論（以下嘅理論會用到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" title="微積分">微積分</a>）： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>（classical mechanics）：由牛頓等人搞起嘅一套理論框架；呢套理論假設咗<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_invariance" class="extiw" title="en:Galilean invariance">伽利略式相對性</a>（Galilean relativity；運動定律喺所有<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB" title="慣性參考系">慣性參考系</a>入面都一樣），會運用<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛頓運動定律">牛頓運動定律</a>（Newton's laws of motions）等嘅少數幾條定律嚟描述物件喺空間入面嘅郁動，喺一般地球環境下可以做到好準嘅預測。古典力學當中比較重要嘅定律有以下呢啲<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛頓第二定律">牛頓第二定律</a>（Newton's second law）：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} =m\mathbf {a} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} =m\mathbf {a} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39e8930040c834039b75d57232790f8a04659f52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.005ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} =m\mathbf {a} }"></span>；「一件物件受嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="淨力">淨力</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5fc9e690bcf45fa852ac877ceffb9ddbf002769" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.566ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} }"></span>）等如佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量">質量</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span>）乘以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a957216653a9ee0d0133dcefd13fb75e36b8b9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.299ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }"></span>）」，呢條定律又可以寫做</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} ={\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}=m{\vec {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} ={\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}=m{\vec {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d83a27d22d5ff02e016e4a3234d9741d88266513" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:17.411ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F_{net}} ={\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}=m{\vec {a}}}"></span>；<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> 係指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" title="動量">動量</a>（momentum；嚿物體嘅質量同<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>相乘），而 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08b443e9b1ecdf3f1be9b14e222791a5e60c1cde" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.377ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d{\vec {p}}}{dt}}}"></span> 係動量隨住<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>改變嘅率。</dd></dl> <ul><li>由古典力學嘅推論嗰度仲可以帶出<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" title="動能">動能</a>（kinetic energy，KE）嘅概念，一件物件帶嘅動能可以用以下呢條式表達：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {KE} ={{1 \over 2}mv^{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">K</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {KE} ={{1 \over 2}mv^{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ace4e39c20e4af5c6df22dc760b8d7f2f04ac23d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.17ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {KE} ={{1 \over 2}mv^{2}}}"></span>，當中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span> 係件物件嘅速度。</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="古典電磁學">古典電磁學</a>（classical electromagnetism）：建基於古典力學，用古典力學嘅方法嚟分析帶<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>物件嘅郁動，以及呢啲郁動會點樣影響<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>；古典電磁學包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%A3%AB%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="麥士維方程組">麥士維方程組</a>（Maxwell's equations）－由<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%A3%AB%E7%B6%AD_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="麥士維 (英國物理學家)">麥士維</a>（James Clerk Maxwell）諗出嚟、用四條方程式解釋嗮（當時已知嘅）電磁現象嘅理論。以 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7f22b39d51f780fc02859059c1757c606b9de2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"></span> 表示電場，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"></span> 代表磁場，用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86" title="微分">微分</a>方程寫嘅話<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="高斯定律">高斯定律</a>（Gauss's law）：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff0076e721a4b485bda8ff427f00e73c6efb6006" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.444ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"></span>；簡單啲用口常用語講，即係「電荷嘅存在會產生電場，而一個封閉表面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="電通量">電通量</a>同電荷量成<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="正比">正比</a>」。</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A3%81%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="高斯磁定律">高斯磁定律</a>（Gauss's law for magnetism）：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16ee950683349dacdd9e9c262ff6133812747edd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.777ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"></span>；用口常用語講，即係「當一個<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" class="extiw" title="en:Magnetic dipole">磁偶極</a>（magnetic dipole）產生磁場，成個空間嘅磁場總和會係 0」。</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="法拉第電磁感應定律">法拉第電磁感應定律</a>（Faraday's law of induction）：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2eb118e22c941e34f5537dbbdcaa3d7ba23603e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.495ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"></span>；簡單啲講就係「當一個空間有磁場改變嗰陣，就會產生電場」。</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="安培定律">安培定律</a>（Ampère's circuital law）：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\left(\mathbf {J} +\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\left(\mathbf {J} +\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3101c3aa5b146fb449d62d1816e12f38b81afadc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:26.31ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\left(\mathbf {J} +\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}\right)}"></span>；簡單啲講就係「穩定嘅電場或者電場改變會產生磁場」。</dd></dl> <ul><li>上述呢柞定律仲可以攞嚟分析<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>（electromagnetic wave）嘅行為<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></dd></dl> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg/600px-Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg/900px-Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg/1200px-Direzione_convenzionale_della_corrente_elettrica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>有電場就表示帶電粒子會受力，而根據牛頓第二定律，任何嘢受力都會得到一個非零嘅加速度；帶電粒子嘅移動產生<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流">電流</a>。</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>（thermodynamics）：用幾條<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="熱力學定律">熱力學定律</a>（laws of thermodynamics）解釋<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>相關現象嘅理論<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="能量守恆定律">能量守恆定律</a>（law of conservation of energy）：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U_{\rm {system}}=Q+W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta U_{\rm {system}}=Q+W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a0770cae530add3362380ccc24dc30927de823e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.87ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U_{\rm {system}}=Q+W}"></span>；<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U_{\rm {system}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta U_{\rm {system}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94965d2f64b6a263b91b22306d61a5e6d90f2d85" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.658ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U_{\rm {system}}}"></span> 指一個封閉系統嘅能量改變，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> 指以<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱">熱</a>形式供俾個系統嘅能量，而 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span> 指個系統作喺周圍嗰度嘅熱<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="作功">作功</a>－簡單講就係，「一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉系統</a>（closed system）嘅能量改變等如佢吸嘅能量同釋放嘅能量嘅總和，能量唔會無端端多咗或者少咗」。</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="熱力學第二定律">熱力學第二定律</a>（second law of thermodynamics）：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta Q=T\,dS\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta Q=T\,dS\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33a1e37dfba9b5f8c6bc535a2f36c205f7ef2f5e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.111ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta Q=T\,dS\,}"></span>，呢個 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span> 係<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>（entropy）；簡單講，意思係兩個互相有能量交流嘅系統梗係會傾向最後變成<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡">平衡</a>（equilibrium）嘅狀態。</dd></dl></dd> <dd>（可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="統計力學">統計力學</a>）</dd> <dd>... 等等。</dd></dl> <p>古典物理學喺廿世紀前取得巨大嘅成功，而且當中嘅某啲諗法助長咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a>嘅思潮：由呢柞理論組成嘅世界觀能夠解釋同預測大部份用肉眼觀察到嘅物理現象，而且呢啲理論做起預測嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="誤差">誤差</a>好細，勁到有物理學家仲揚言話呢套理論框架有能力解釋嗮所有嘢，未來嘅物理學家將會冇嘢做；除此之外，古典物理學好多諗法都同古典嘅決定論相容－呢個理論框架冇本質上<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F" title="隨機">隨機</a>嘅現象（例如上述嗰啲方程式冇任何隨機<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>），所以好多當時嘅哲學家同物理學家都認為，宇宙喺本質上係合乎決定論嘅－佢哋相信喺任何一個時間點，喺一個封閉系統入面，只要人完全知道嗮嗰個系統嘅狀態，就會有能力完全預測個系統下一刻所有部份嘅狀態，而人做唔到呢樣嘢純粹係因為技術問題搞到佢哋做唔到完美嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢種世界觀係所謂嘅<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/clockwork_universe" class="extiw" title="en:clockwork universe">機械鐘宇宙</a>（clockwork universe）－佢哋話一個噉樣嘅宇宙就好似一個機械鐘噉，係一部完美噉跟住物理定律嚟行嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="現代物理學"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>現代物理學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 現代物理學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/240px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/360px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/480px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="3313" /></a><figcaption>愛因斯坦教書嘅相；幅相喺 1921 年影嘅。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學">現代物理學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學">現代物理學</a>（modern physics）廣義上係指廿世紀起始嘅一套物理學理論：廿世紀初嗰陣，物理學界發現咗一啲打前嘅古典物理學理論解釋唔到嘅現象，於是有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%8B%94%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="歐拔·愛因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a>（Albert Einstein）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="普朗克">普朗克</a>（Max Planck）等一班有才華嘅物理學家合作諗出咗一啲新嘅理論。呢啲理論嘅特徵係，佢哋放棄咗一啲古典物理學當中有問題嘅假設，例如古典物理學假設咗能量同質量係兩樣獨立嘅嘢，而量子力學就放棄咗呢個諗法。狹義上，現代物理學嘅理論框架主要包括咗以下嘅理論<sup id="cite_ref-cassidy2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassidy2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eisberg1961_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisberg1961-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>（quantum mechanics）：講<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>同原子啲組成部份嘅理論，並且提出咗一個重要嘅諗法－所有物質都可以想像成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95" title="波動">波動</a>（wave；光同各種電磁波都屬波動），例如量子力學嘅呢條式：</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}={\frac {h}{mv}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>h</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>h</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}={\frac {h}{mv}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/763959397d9a933177dd2368eb0a47eb0191f786" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.731ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}={\frac {h}{mv}}}"></span>；</dd></dl> <ul><li>呢條式當中嘅 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span> 係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%B7" title="波長">波長</a>（wavelength），<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {h}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {h}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00ca75a1df7f00a6ae12568584c71b0be91071ea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {h}}"></span> 係<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="普朗克常數">普朗克常數</a>（Planck constant），<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60dc94eba00d06d7c095ade5f5a9e9a138a6efc1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {p}}"></span> 係嚿物質嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" title="動量">動量</a>，而動量等如嚿物質嘅質量（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/989d8ed6300d470470571f438bbe51f0693fb7b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {m}}"></span>）乘速度（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {v}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {v}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96ee8864003f6d1ab82b4a53941021863c19b74a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {v}}"></span>）；呢條式顯示，一件物件可以同時具有波長（波動先有嘅特性）以及質量（物質先有嘅特性）－打破咗古典物理學嘅假設<sup id="cite_ref-sakurai1995_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakurai1995-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>（special theory of relativity）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>（general theory of relativity）：放棄咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" title="絕對時空">絕對時空</a>（牛頓假想嘅一個全宇宙通行嘅時間同空間框架）嘅諗法，探討<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="萬有引力">萬有引力</a>呢啲嘢之間嘅相互關係嘅理論，好似係狹義相對論當中講嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="時間膨脹">時間膨脹</a>現象噉：</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93b2bda5062de506297ce81070611143c2baaabb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:16.186ex; height:8.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}"></span>；</dd></dl> <ul><li>呢條式講嘅係，「一個移動緊嘅觀察者所經過嘅時間」（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50ea24905e052383d75e10e87e33a3d805d39b43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t'}"></span>）等如「一個靜止嘅觀察者所經過嘅時間」（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"></span>）除以「1 減移動觀察者嘅速度嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="二次方">二次方</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4faa98a21ac8133ab466999288849492be28b3d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{2}}"></span>）除<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>嘅二次光（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f3386a00382ce857fb0b3b04b9fa2bbe5cfae9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{2}}"></span>）」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="開方">開方</a>；呢條式顯示，兩件物件可以因為有相對速度而過嘅時間唔同－破除咗絕對時空（所有物件時間流逝率一樣咁快）嘅假設<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>呢啲理論解釋得到好多古典物理學理論解釋唔到嘅實驗結果，例如係<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="光電效應">光電效應</a>（photoelectric effect）；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%AB%94%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="黑體輻射">黑體輻射</a>（black-body radiation），古典物理會推出<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%81%BD%E8%AE%8A" title="紫外災變">紫外災變</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="氫原子">氫原子</a>（hydrogen atom）能夠存在，而佢嗰粒<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子">電子</a>唔會喺 0.000000000001 秒之內撞落去粒<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>嗰度。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量子力學"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>量子力學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 量子力學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>呢套理論嘅其中一個基本諗法係： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">能量唔係好似古典物理學所講嘅噉、分做幾細件都得，而係以一個<b>定量</b>（quantum；<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%95%B8_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="眾數 (文法)">眾數</a>係 quanta）做單位、冇得砍到細過個定量嘅。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="光電效應">光電效應</a>實驗做例子：想像有場實驗佈置似幅附圖噉；19 世紀嘅物理學上已知某啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="金屬">金屬</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%89" title="可見光">可見光</a>同 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" title="紫外線">UV</a> 等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>敏感，畀電磁波射到嗰陣會有電子由嚿金屬嘅表面嗰度射出嚟；而家想像實驗者駁好嗮<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5" title="電極">電極</a>，射一束<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> 嘅電磁波落嚿金屬度，當中 </p> <ul><li><b>發射極</b>係射電子嗰嚿金屬；</li> <li><b>光電子</b>係發射極因為界光射到而射出嚟嘅電子；</li> <li><b>A</b> 係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E8%A8%88" title="安培計">量度股電流有幾勁嘅架生</a>；</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photoelectric_Circuit_Diagram_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Photoelectric_Circuit_Diagram_zh.svg/450px-Photoelectric_Circuit_Diagram_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Photoelectric_Circuit_Diagram_zh.svg/675px-Photoelectric_Circuit_Diagram_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Photoelectric_Circuit_Diagram_zh.svg/900px-Photoelectric_Circuit_Diagram_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>實驗展示，發射極入面嘅電子的確會吸收能量，掙脫佢哋所屬嘅原子，喺個電路入面流動，產生<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流">電流</a><sup id="cite_ref-sakurai1995_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakurai1995-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不過實驗者搵到嘅結果，由古典物理學嘅角度有啲怪異：光電效應實驗入面有一個<b>閾值</b>（threshold）頻率 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/874c306411e808e8191e8aeb95e3440e1c68d6e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.965ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{t}}"></span>－ </p> <ul><li>如果 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f<f_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f<f_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e830210a2b6aadefaac277d943c046f5d1e06cb8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.342ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f<f_{t}}"></span>，無論束光<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="強度 (物理學)">強度</a>幾高都唔會有任何電流產生，</li> <li>但如果 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\geq f_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\geq f_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d5b7b2a8c378958824e20e9d080f22080294286" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.342ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\geq f_{t}}"></span>，噉就算束光強度好低，都照樣可以有光電子產生，</li></ul> <p>當時嘅新進物理學家就提出咗個革新性嘅諗頭，話噉係因為啲能量係<b>論件計</b>（in discrete small packets）嘅：光係論件計、冇得再砍件嘅能量；而一束光入面每「件」能量（一粒粒<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>；photon）嘅大細（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span>）同條光束嘅頻率成<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="正比">正比</a>， </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=h\nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=h\nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6c0386dc6d9530519404f95570fcc8548ed2326" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.445ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=h\nu }"></span></dd></dl> <p>喺呢條式入面，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }"></span> 係粒光子嘅頻率<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。如果束光嘅頻率太低，每一「件」能量就會細過頭，搞到粒光子撞落粒電子度嗰陣，唔能夠傳達足夠嘅能量，畀粒電子掙脫佢所屬嗰粒原子。噉就成功解到光電效應。 </p><p>「光嘅能量唔係斬幾細件都得嘅」呢個諗法亦都表示，光具有「有限分得」（物質由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>組成）呢個本嚟認為係物質先有嘅特性<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="相對論"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.B0.8D.E8.AB.96"></span>相對論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 相對論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="相對論">相對論</a></div> <p>另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="相對論">相對論</a>亦都係喺廿世紀早期崛起嘅。當時嘅物理學界俾幾個謎團困擾，其中一個係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="緲子">緲子</a>（muon）之謎：緲子係一種特殊粒子，佢哋由地球地面以上幾公里嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="大氣層">大氣層</a>嗰度以超過<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a> 90% 嘅速度飛落地面。一般嚟講，緲子嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（half-life）淨係得 2.197 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A7%92" title="微秒">微秒</a>左右。根據古典物理學，如果一粒緲子以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a> 99% 嘅速度飛向地面，佢大概率只會飛大約 650 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3_(%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="米 (長度)">米</a>咁長距離－跟住喺下一刻佢就會消失。但出乎意料嘅事實係，非常之多嘅緲子依然可以飛超過 650 米咁長距離，撞落地球表面，俾地表嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8" title="感應器">感應器</a>探測到－呢點同古典物理學作嘅預測唔夾<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>愛因斯坦喺呢段時期提出咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>。呢個理論框架假設咗一樣嘢：無論一個觀察者嘅速度係點，佢所見到嘅光速都會係一樣嘅；由呢一點當中，愛因斯坦推導咗一柞公式出嚟，描述時間同速度之間嘅關係，包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="時間膨脹">時間膨脹</a>嘅概念。根據時間膨漲，一件物體郁動速度趨近光速（光速數值係 299,792,458 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">米每秒</a>）嗰陣時，佢過緊嘅時間會變慢，而嗰件物體過緊嘅時間（固有時間；proper time；<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50ea24905e052383d75e10e87e33a3d805d39b43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t'}"></span>）同佢嘅速度（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>）之間嘅關係可以用一條方程式（時間膨脹方程式）嚟表達： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93b2bda5062de506297ce81070611143c2baaabb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:16.186ex; height:8.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t'={\frac {\Delta t}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}"></span>；當中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> 代表光速。</dd></dl> <p>呢條式解釋得到緲子之謎：根據狹義相對論，當一粒緲子以光速 99% 嘅速度飛行嗰陣，佢過緊嘅時間會變慢－令佢可以喺自己消失之前飛到超過 650 米嘅距離。後嚟啲物理學研究者用條式計咗一計，發現呢條式真係準確噉預測到緲子嘅行為，為愛因斯坦個理論提供咗實證支持<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-einstein1905_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein1905-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代衝擊"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.9D.E6.93.8A"></span>現代衝擊</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 現代衝擊"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現代物理學個理論框架顛覆咗好多當時物理學界嘅固有諗法，令物理學界發現古典物理學查實係一套唔完整嘅世界觀－雖然古典物理學喺好多場合度都仲係有用，但係喺某啲情況下就會失效。一般嚟講，物理學界認為喺當研究嘅對象 </p> <ol><li>明顯大過原子；同</li> <li>速度明顯低過光速；</li></ol> <p>嗰陣時，古典物理學先至會啱用。根據條時間膨脹方程式，一件嘢郁動速度（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>）明顯低過光速嗰陣、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55ab41b44475aaae5bf14fb2de06dc2b341c55ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:2.465ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}"></span> 就接近零－於是乎件嘢過緊嘅時間就近似外界嘅時間（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50ea24905e052383d75e10e87e33a3d805d39b43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t'}"></span> ≈ <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-cassidy2002_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassidy2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另一方面，量子力學入面「光係一束束嘅能量」呢個諗頭源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="波粒二象性">波粒二象性</a>（wave-particle duality）嘅諗法。呢個諗法指出，微觀粒子同時會有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95" title="波動">波動</a>（能量嘅一種擾動）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>（一種物質）嘅特性。例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>噉，光喺古典物理學當中俾人當係波動嘅一種，而唔係物質；但量子力學就話，光有某啲粒子先至有嘅特性（亦即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>）－好似係光電效應所顯示咗嘅「冇得砍件」呢樣特質。而事實係，後嚟嘅實驗又發現咗，電子－本嚟俾人認為係粒子嘅一種－都好似波動噉樣、曉得<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%9E%E5%B0%84" title="繞射">繞射</a>（diffraction；指波動喺通過物件嘅邊緣嗰陣轉彎嘅現象）。於是乎就產生咗一個問題：本嚟物理學界諗住波動同粒子－能量還能量，物質還物質－係完全唔同嘅兩樣嘢，但而家知道咗之前認為佢係粒子嘅嘢可以出現好似波動噉嘅行為，而之前認為佢係波動嘅嘢可以出現好似粒子噉嘅行為，噉到底代表咗啲乜<sup id="cite_ref-eisberg1961_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eisberg1961-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>？ </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Wave-particle_duality.ogv/510px--Wave-particle_duality.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="510" height="287" data-durationhint="117" data-mwtitle="Wave-particle_duality.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wave-particle_duality.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Wave-particle_duality.ogv/Wave-particle_duality.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Wave-particle_duality.ogv/Wave-particle_duality.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Wave-particle_duality.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Wave-particle_duality.ogv/Wave-particle_duality.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Wave-particle_duality.ogv/Wave-particle_duality.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Wave-particle_duality.ogv/Wave-particle_duality.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>一個有關波粒二象性嘅英文動畫；一般古典物理學嘅諗法係波動同粒子係兩樣唔同嘅嘢，但廿世紀頭半橛嘅物理實驗發現粒子有時會有好似波動噉嘅行為，例如係電子嘅繞射現象。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="哥本哈根詮釋">哥本哈根詮釋</a>（Copenhagen interpretation）係廿一世紀初最常見嘅量子力學詮釋。根據呢個詮釋，一粒粒子嘅波動係表示緊嗰粒粒子喺唔同位置嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會率</a>－喺做量度前，粒粒子會喺空間入面有個波動，每個位置嘅波動大細表示「嗰粒粒子喺嗰個位嘅機會率」，當一粒粒子喺某個位置有大幅度嘅波動嗰陣，噉就表示佢有好大機會喺嗰個位置嗰度，而如果佢喺某個位置嘅波動幅度細嘅話，即係表示佢喺嗰個位置嘅機會好細。當有個觀察者做量度嗰陣，個波動會<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8%E5%B4%A9%E5%A1%8C" title="波函數崩塌">崩塌</a>（collapse），然後粒粒子會出現喺其中一個位置。呢個諗法好大膽，而且又引致一個問題：如果呢個詮釋係啱嘅，噉即係話宇宙入面至少有一啲現象喺本質上係隨機嘅。呢點令到古典嘅決定論大受打擊。到咗今日，雖然仲有唔少物理學家詏緊應唔應該接受哥本哈根詮釋<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但一般都認為古典嘅決定論已經崩潰－現代物理學改革咗世人對宇宙本質嘅了解<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同其他領域嘅拏褦"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F.E5.98.85.E6.8B.8F.E8.A4.A6"></span>同其他領域嘅拏褦</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 同其他領域嘅拏褦"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_by_Galileo_purchased_in_florence_Wellcome_M0010012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chart_by_Galileo_purchased_in_florence_Wellcome_M0010012.jpg/300px-Chart_by_Galileo_purchased_in_florence_Wellcome_M0010012.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chart_by_Galileo_purchased_in_florence_Wellcome_M0010012.jpg/450px-Chart_by_Galileo_purchased_in_florence_Wellcome_M0010012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chart_by_Galileo_purchased_in_florence_Wellcome_M0010012.jpg/600px-Chart_by_Galileo_purchased_in_florence_Wellcome_M0010012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4147" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption>伽利略親手寫嘅筆記；筆記上有好多數字。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同數學"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8"></span>同數學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 同數學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理物理學">數理物理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%96%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%8A%E5%98%85%E8%B6%85%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="數學喺自然科學上嘅超常效用">數學喺自然科學上嘅超常效用</a></div> <p><i>"Mathematics is the language in which God has written the universe."</i> （「數學係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>用嚟編寫宇宙嘅語言。」） </p> <dl><dd>Galileo Galilei （<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="伽利略">伽利略</a>）</dd></dl> <p>物理學同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>相輔相成：數學係研讀物理學必備嘅工具之一，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8" title="幾何學">幾何學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="代數學">代數學</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" title="微積分">微積分</a>等方面嘅概念喺物理學理論入面成日會用嚟表達<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>之間嘅關係－首先，重要嘅物理學理論冚唪唥都會為求簡潔清楚而會用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數學方程式">數學方程式</a>嚟表達。而且靠住呢啲數學工具，物理學研究者有得用推理嘅方去由舊嘅理論嗰度推導出一啲新嘅理論（由已知嘅物理方程式嗰度推論出新嘅）。因為噉，有志做物理學研究嘅人基本上一定會讀返咁上下程度嘅數學，仲會嘗試將數學上嘅新知識應用落去物理學思考當中<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>數學喺物理學入面嘅角色唔淨只係推導同計算嘅工具咁簡單：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="數學語言">數學語言</a>（language of mathematics；用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="數學符號">數學符號</a>嘅溝通方式）係一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="抽象">抽象</a>語言，唔似得<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>（好似廣東話等日常講嘢用嘅語言）－數學語言每個符號都有好精確嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>，可以準確噉表達物理學上嘅諗法；相比之下，如果吓吓都係用自然語言講物理定律同理論，好多地方可能會有歧義性等嘅問題。數學語言嘅精確性令物理學家可以用佢哋啲算式做精確嘅預測－令到佢哋柞理論更加具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="可否證性">可否證性</a>（falsifiability）<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>對於數學喺物理學當中嘅重要性，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="伽利略">伽利略</a>喺佢 1623 年出嗰本書《<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assayer" class="extiw" title="en:The Assayer">分析者</a>》（The Assayer；<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="意大利文">意大利文</a>：Il Saggiatore）裏面噉講：「喺我哋眼前嘅宇宙呢一本巨著嗰度，寫滿咗精彩無比嘅哲理。但如果我哋唔學識宇宙嘅語言，唔能夠理解當中嘅符號，噉我哋就絕對冇可能識得呢本巨著嘅內容。呢本巨著係用數學語言寫嘅，內在嘅符號係三角形、圓形、同其他幾何圖樣。冇咗呢啲語言同符號，我哋絕對冇辦法識得當中任何一個字，我哋就會好似係喺黑暗迷宮入面嘥時間漫遊嘅流浪者<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。」 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="應用"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>應用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 應用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="應用物理學">應用物理學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="第啲科學"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E5.95.B2.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>第啲科學</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 第啲科學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>物理學係一門<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">純科學</a>（pure science），但物理學上嘅發現對第啲科學領域嚟講可以好有價值：物理學目的在於探索大自然嘅奧秘，搵出大自然當中前所未知嘅法則；而物理學係純科學當中嘅<b>基礎科學</b>（fundamental science）－物理學所研究嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>，好似係速度、時間、同質量等，係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>入面絕大多數事物都擁有嘅屬性，所以物理學上嘅理論同定律會適用於宇宙嘅絕大多數事物；第啲自然科學－例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>（研究物質成份）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學">地球科學</a>（研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>嘅各種特性）、同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>（研究有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>嘅嘢）－研究嘅事物都會遵守物理定律，而呢啲領域嘅理論同定律多數都唔會適用於物理學研究，好似係生物學噉，生物學研究有生命嘅嘢，所以生物學上嘅理論同定律只會適用於有生命嘅嘢，但物理定律所掌控嘅事物就包含嗮<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>同非生物－物理學上嘅定律能夠掌控生物學嘅研究對象，而生物學上嘅定律唔會掌控物理學嘅研究對象<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>呢一點意味，物理學嘅理論同定律成日會俾人攞嚟解釋第啲科學領域研究嘅現象，但物理學唔需要第啲領域嘅理論同定律。例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>（neuroscience；研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>嘅領域）上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="基於電導模型">基於電導模型</a>（conductance-based model）噉，就運用咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="古典電磁學">古典電磁學</a>上<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="電路">電路</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流">電流</a>等嘅概念，用以下嘅簡化模型剖析<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>（neuron；喺神經系統入面互傳電訊號嚟傳達<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a>）點樣用微電傳達<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>，將一粒神經細胞<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a>噉想像成一個噉樣嘅簡單電路<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hodgkin-Huxley.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hodgkin-Huxley.svg/langyue-450px-Hodgkin-Huxley.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hodgkin-Huxley.svg/langyue-675px-Hodgkin-Huxley.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hodgkin-Huxley.svg/langyue-900px-Hodgkin-Huxley.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="工程學"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B.E5.AD.B8"></span>工程學</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 工程學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>（engineering）泛指運用科學知識創造新<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>以及設計有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" title="經濟價值">經濟價值</a>嘅產品嘅領域，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="機械工程學">機械工程學</a>（mechanical engineering；設計同製作運用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>相關原理嘅機械）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築學">建築學</a>（architecture；設計<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="建築物">建築物</a>）等嘅領域，而物理學嘅知識對現代工程學（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a>嘅設計）嚟講不可或缺。例如係工程學上對<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98" title="鐘">鐘</a>嘅研究噉，鐘係指用某啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>計時間嘅機械，所以整鐘需要有一啲有固定<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="物理週期">週期</a>（每隔若干時間會重複一次）嘅物理過程先會整得到，而 17 至 19 世紀期間好常見嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%BA%E9%90%98" title="擺鐘">擺鐘</a>就用咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E8%AB%A7%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="簡諧運動">簡諧運動</a>（simple harmonic motion，SHM）呢個古典力學現象嘅原理。根據古典力學上對簡諧運動嘅研究，如果有一個左右兩邊揈嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E6%93%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="鐘擺">鐘擺</a>，只要個鐘擺揈嘅幅度有返咁上下細，個鐘頭嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="物理週期">週期</a>（period）可以用以下呢條式計<sup id="cite_ref-milham1945_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milham1945-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {\ell }{g}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {\ell }{g}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/42e318fa3b38947956b60e767df7fead6947a479" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:11.505ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {\ell }{g}}}}}"></span>；</dd></dl> <p>呢條式講嘅係，週期（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span>；指個鐘擺每幾耐重複一次擺動）取決於三個數－<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73efd1f6493490b058097060a572606d2c550a06" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.494ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi }"></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%91%A8%E7%8E%87" title="圓周率">圓周率</a>兩倍）、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ℓ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f066e981e530bacc07efc6a10fa82deee985929e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.97ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell }"></span>（吊住個鐘擺條繩嘅長度）、同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="標準重力">標準重力</a>），當中圓周率係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="常數">常數</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span> 喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上會係常數，而 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ℓ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f066e981e530bacc07efc6a10fa82deee985929e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.97ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell }"></span> 要維持不變好容易－即係話一個噉嘅鐘擺嘅週期會係一個恆定不變嘅數值，於是人就可以靠數住個鐘擺擺咗幾多次嚟計時間，例：設計一個鐘，個鐘擺條繩嘅長度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ℓ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f066e981e530bacc07efc6a10fa82deee985929e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.97ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell }"></span> 設好咗，令個鐘擺會每 1 秒擺一次，如果個鐘擺有用齒輪等機制駁落去一支秒針嗰度，就會做得到用個鐘擺計時嘅效果<sup id="cite_ref-milham1945_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milham1945-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242160">.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-title{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box{float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box .thumb{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text .core{display:block;font-size:small;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-text .caption{line-height:1.25em;padding:6px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0;border:none;border-width:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-footer{text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}</style><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:290px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anchor_escapement_animation_315x478px.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="一個左右揈嘅鐘擺可以用嚟帶動一個齒輪。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Anchor_escapement_animation_315x478px.gif/118px-Anchor_escapement_animation_315x478px.gif" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Anchor_escapement_animation_315x478px.gif/178px-Anchor_escapement_animation_315x478px.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Anchor_escapement_animation_315x478px.gif/237px-Anchor_escapement_animation_315x478px.gif 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>一個左右揈嘅鐘擺可以用嚟帶動一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E8%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="齒輪">齒輪</a>。</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:277px">一個左右揈嘅鐘擺可以用嚟帶動一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E8%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="齒輪">齒輪</a>。 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:290px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_Clock_in_Dongguan_2013-02-09_120154.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一個古董擺鐘"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antique_Clock_in_Dongguan_2013-02-09_120154.jpg/135px-Antique_Clock_in_Dongguan_2013-02-09_120154.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antique_Clock_in_Dongguan_2013-02-09_120154.jpg/202px-Antique_Clock_in_Dongguan_2013-02-09_120154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antique_Clock_in_Dongguan_2013-02-09_120154.jpg/270px-Antique_Clock_in_Dongguan_2013-02-09_120154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>一個古董擺鐘</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:277px">一個古董擺鐘 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="子領域"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F"></span>子領域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 子領域"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/300px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/450px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/600px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>標準模型嘅圖解</figcaption></figure> <p>物理學係其中一門最歷史悠久嘅科學。初頭物理學冇話分乜嘢子領域，但後嚟嘅物理學家做啲研究愈嚟愈深入，於是乎慢慢就令到某啲物理學課題嘅研究深入到唔係做嗰飯嘅物理學家連睇都睇唔明－就出咗有物理學嘅子領域呢家嘢。由廿世紀開始，物理學嘅各個領域專化到大多數嘅物理學家成個職業生涯都只係可以專精搞某一個領域，好似愛因斯坦啲噉嘅全才大師已經買少見少<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現代物理學最重要嘅子領域有<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="粒子物理學"><span id=".E7.B2.92.E5.AD.90.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>粒子物理學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 粒子物理學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>（particle physics）研究組成物質嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>（elementary particle）、呢啲基本粒子嘅結構、同基本粒子彼此之間嘅交互作用同關係，同現代科技相輔相成<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：基本粒子有好多都唔會喺自然條件下存在、存在嘅生命周期極之短、或者係冇辦法單獨出現，物理學家要研究佢哋要用極高能量嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>（particle accelerator）去撞呢啲基本粒子出嚟，所以粒子物理學家會設計開發一啲做呢類研究需要嘅高能量加速器<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、感應器、同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="電腦程式">電腦程式</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－直接噉同科技領域有緊密合作。順帶一提，因為粒子物理學嘅研究要將高能量嘅粒子撞埋一齊，所以粒子物理學有時又會俾人嗌做「高能物理學」（high energy physics）<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="標準模型">標準模型</a>（Standard model）係粒子物理學研究嘅一個重要理論貢獻，能夠好準確噉描述咗基本粒子之間嘅交互作用。呢個模型能夠說明嗮廿一世紀初 12 種已知嘅粒子（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E5%AD%90" title="輕子">輕子</a>），想像呢啲粒子之間以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="強作用力">強作用力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="弱作用力">弱作用力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="電磁力">電磁力</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="引力">引力</a>四種力交互作用，以及互相交換<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="規範玻色子">規範玻色子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>、同 <a href="/wiki/W_%E5%90%8C_Z_%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="W 同 Z 玻色子">W 同 Z 玻色子</a>）。呢個模型成功預測咗<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="上帝粒子">上帝粒子</a>（Higgs boson）嘅存在－喺 2012 年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲核子研究組織">歐洲核子研究組織</a>宣佈探測到上帝粒子，轟動咗成個物理學界<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原子分子同光"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90.E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E5.90.8C.E5.85.89"></span>原子分子同光</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 原子分子同光"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="原子物理學">原子物理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="分子物理學">分子物理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光物理學">光物理學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="原子物理學">原子物理學</a>（atomic physics）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="分子物理學">分子物理學</a>（molecular physics）、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光物理學">光物理學</a>（optical physics）關係好密切，好多時會俾人擺埋一齊講。呢幾門物理子領域專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>，仲有係光同物質之間、以及物質同物質之間嘅相互作用<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nap_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nap-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢啲領域嘅目標係要了解物質點樣喺原子同分子層次構成同埋光點樣同物質有相互作用，會發展關於控制原子、分子、同光嘅方法，並且精確噉測量同分析佢哋嘅物理性質。呢幾門物理發展出嚟嘅實驗同理論技術成日會俾人用喺其他科學領域度，例如係化學、生物學、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>等都會用到呢啲領域嘅知識<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yates2013_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates2013-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul><li>原子物理學顧名思義，專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>（atom），主要可以分做三大門：第一係研究大自然嘅基礎定律；第二係了解原子嘅結構，以及原子同光嘅相互作用；第三係研究原子同電子之間、或者原子同離子之間嘅相互作用<sup id="cite_ref-nap_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nap-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:p. 53</sup>。</li> <li>分子物理學嘗試了解<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>（molecule）嘅結構同物理性質以及係更加複雜嘅物質狀態，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" title="液體">液體</a>等等。分子物理學跨越咗物理同化學之間嘅邊界，主要嘅研究目標包括咗要了解分子嘅形狀同結構、分子嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="對稱性">對稱性</a>、分子嘅內部能量態、分子嘅光學性質同電磁性質、探測分子嘅方法、同呢啲嘢喺科技同醫藥等領域有乜嘢用途。分子物理學嘅常用工具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%9E%E5%B0%84" title="繞射">繞射</a>等等<sup id="cite_ref-nap_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nap-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:p. 88</sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>光物理學研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>嘅性質，仲有係光同物質之間嘅交互作用，研究範疇包括咗光嘅生成、探測方法、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>。光物理學嘅內容同應用光學以及光工程學好接近，例如係對<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a>嘅研究。光物理學專注喺光嘅基礎物理研究，而應用光學就注重將有關光嘅知識應用喺相關嘅科技同其他科學領域度。光工程學就注重光學器件嘅設計同發展<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="凝聚態物理學"><span id=".E5.87.9D.E8.81.9A.E6.85.8B.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>凝聚態物理學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 凝聚態物理學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/300px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/450px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/600px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A3" title="銣">銣</a>（Rb）原子氣體嘅速度分佈數據；唔同顏色代表唔同密度嘅區域，藍色密度最高。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%85%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="凝聚態物理學">凝聚態物理學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%85%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="凝聚態物理學">凝聚態物理學</a>（condensed matter physics）研究物質嘅<b>宏觀</b>（macroscopic）性質。「凝聚態」指嘅係由大量粒子組成，而且粒子同粒子之間有強嘅交互作用嘅系統，為現代物理學提供一個分析同描述多粒子系統嘅理論框架<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2008_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。凝聚態物理學研究嘅對象包括日常生活都會見到嘅各種<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體">固體</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" title="液體">液體</a>，又會包括喺地球上少見嘅極端環境當中先會出現嘅凝聚態，好似係 </p> <ul><li>喺好低溫嘅系統（高<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E9%9B%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="絕對零度">絕對零度</a>少少嘅環境）先會出現嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" title="超流體">超流體</a>（superfluid）<sup id="cite_ref-leggett1999_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leggett1999-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-levy2001_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levy2001-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、</li> <li>喺某啲物質裏面先會見到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8E%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="超導現象">超導態</a>（superconductor）<sup id="cite_ref-stajiccoontzosborne2011_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stajiccoontzosborne2011-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、以及</li> <li>喺某啲磁性物質內部因為定域於原子晶格嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a>而出現嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="鐵磁性">鐵磁性</a>（ferromagnetism）<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。凝聚態物理學起源自 19 世紀對固體同低溫嘅物理學研究上嘅發展，而喺廿一世紀做咗物理學嘅最大子領域之一，對化學、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="材料科學">材料科學</a>（materials science；研究物料同點改善物料嘅領域）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="納米科技">納米科技</a>（nanotechnology；研究點控制原子尺寸嘅物體嘅領域）等嘅研究好重要<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2008_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="天體物理學"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E9.AB.94.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>天體物理學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 天體物理學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mystic_mountaindddd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mystic_mountaindddd.jpg/300px-Mystic_mountaindddd.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mystic_mountaindddd.jpg/450px-Mystic_mountaindddd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mystic_mountaindddd.jpg/600px-Mystic_mountaindddd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6006" data-file-height="4004" /></a><figcaption>遙遠<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="太空">太空</a>當中嘅一嚿星雲</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="天體物理學">天體物理學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="天體物理學">天體物理學</a>（astrophysics）主要研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>嘅性質以及結構－包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星">恆星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="星雲">星雲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="暗物質">暗物質</a>、以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>等等<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。天體物理學係 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>（astronomy）同埋</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" title="宇宙學">宇宙學</a>（cosmology）</li></ul> <p>嘅姐妹領域，彼此之間關係密切，天文學對天體作出測量，搵出唔同天體嘅位置、郁動、同光度等嘅資訊，例如係某粒恆星嘅位置同光譜；天體物理學想要了解天體形成同死亡所涉及嘅物理機制，會（例如）攞天文學研究上有關「唔同恆星嘅大細」同「唔同恆星分別發乜色嘅光」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>，推測呢啲恆星內部發生緊乜嘢物理過程；而宇宙學可以話係三個領域當中尺度最龐大嘅，企圖解釋宇宙嘅整體特性或者歷史，會（例如）攞天文學上有關「唔同天體嘅郁動」嘅資訊以及天體物理學上有關「引力點影響天體嘅郁動」嘅資訊，研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="宇宙大爆炸">宇宙大爆炸</a>（Big Bang）對今日宇宙嘅影響－呢三個領域相輔相成<sup id="cite_ref-WhatIsAstrophysics_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhatIsAstrophysics-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>天文物理學係一門用到好多唔同方面嘅知識嘅領域：天文物理學家通常都需要用好多唔同嘅物理學理論，先可以完全了解一個天體嘅行為，好似係用古典力學計算個天體嘅運轉<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，用電磁學嚟研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E9%A2%A8" title="太陽風">太陽風</a>（solar wind；指<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽">太陽</a>射出嚟嘅帶電粒子）等嘅電磁現象<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，用量子力學嚟了解恆星點樣靠<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="核聚變">核聚變</a>（nuclear fusion；兩粒或者以上<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>結合、釋放出龐大能量嘅過程）等嘅機制嚟產生能量<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以及係用相對論嚟了解具有極強引力（例如係黑洞）嘅物體等等<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">由古典物理睇，「一粒粒子嘅頻率」呢幾隻字好怪異，因為頻率被認為係波動先會有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%87%8F" title="物理量">物理量</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Extracellular medium 係指粒細胞外嘅媒介，而 intracellular medium 係指細胞內嘅媒介，所以呢個模型描述嘅係神經細胞嘅表面。</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="物理科學">物理科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" title="宇宙學">宇宙學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li>Aaboe, A. (1991). "<i>Mesopotamian Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology</i>". The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume III (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780521227179" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-22717-9</a>.</li> <li>Allen, D. (10 April 1997). "<i>Calculus</i>". Texas A&M University. Retrieved 1 April 2014.</li> <li>Ben-Chaim, M. (2004). <i>Experimental Philosophy and the Birth of Empirical Science: Boyle, Locke and Newton</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780754640912" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7546-4091-2</a>. OCLC 53887772.</li> <li>Cajori, Florian (1917). <i>A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories</i>. Macmillan.</li> <li>Cho, A. (13 July 2012). "Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search". <i>Science</i>. 337 (6091): 141–143. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.141. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798574?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22798574</a>.</li> <li>Clagett, M. (1995). <i>Ancient Egyptian Science</i>. Volume 2. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</li> <li>Cohen, M.L. (2008). "Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. 101 (5): 25001–25006. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.101y0001C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19113681?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19113681</a>.</li> <li>Dijksterhuis, E.J. (1986). <i>The mechanization of the world picture: Pythagoras to Newton</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780691084039" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-691-08403-9</a>. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011.</li> <li>DONUT (29 June 2001). "<i>The Standard Model</i>". Fermilab. Retrieved 1 April 2014.</li> <li>Feynman, R.P.; Leighton, R.B.; Sands, M. (1963). <i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i>. 1. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780201021165" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-201-02116-5</a>.</li> <li>Feynman, R.P. (1965). <i>he Character of Physical Law</i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780262560030" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-262-56003-0</a>.</li> <li>Godfrey-Smith, P. (2003). <i>Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780226300634" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-226-30063-4</a>.</li> <li>Goldstein, S. (1969). "Fluid Mechanics in the First Half of this Century". <i>Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics</i>. 1: 1–28. Bibcode:1969AnRFM...1....1G. doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000245.</li> <li>Gribbin, J.R.; Gribbin, M.; Gribbin, J. (1998). <i>Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics</i>. Free Press. Bibcode:1999qqep.book.....G. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780684855783" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-684-85578-3</a>.</li> <li>Grupen, Klaus (10 July 1999). "Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics: VIII ICFA School". <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. 536: 3–34. arXiv:physics/9906063. Bibcode:2000AIPC..536....3G. doi:10.1063/1.1361756.</li> <li>Guicciardini, N. (1999). <i>Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Halpern, P. (2010). <i>Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles</i>. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780226429762" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-226-42976-2</a>.</li> <li>Kerr, R.A. (16 October 2009). ‘‘"Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles". <i>Science</i>. 326 (5951): 350–351. doi:10.1126/science.326_350a. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833930?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19833930</a>.</li> <li>Krupp, E.C. (2003). <i>Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780486428826" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-486-42882-6</a>. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</li> <li>Laplace, P.S. (1951). <i>A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities</i>. Translated from the 6th French edition by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L. New York: Dover Publications.</li> <li>Leggett, A.J. (1999). 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription 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a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physics&allowed_in_frame=0">"Physics"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dphysics%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youngfreedman2014p1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-youngfreedman2014p1_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-youngfreedman2014p1_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves." <a href="#CITEREFYoungFreedman2014">Young & Freedman 2014</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lederman, L. M. (1984). The value of fundamental science. <i>Scientific American</i>, 251(5), 40-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassidy, David C.; Holton, Gerald James; Rutherford, Floyd James (2002). <i>Understanding Physics</i>. Springer-Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikhlin1970-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mikhlin1970_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mikhlin1970_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikhlin, S. G. (1970). <i>Mathematical physics, an advanced course</i> (Vol. 1). Amsterdam: North-Holland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Sullivan, C. Newton's laws of motion: Some interpretations of the formalism. <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. Feb 1980, 48 (2): pp. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Millikan and E. S. Bishop (1917). <i>Elements of Electricity</i>. American Technical Society. p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cassidy2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cassidy2002_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cassidy2002_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cassidy2002_8-2">8.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassidy, David C.; Holton, Gerald James; Rutherford, Floyd James (2002). <i>Understanding Physics</i>. Springer-Verlag. p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krupp2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-krupp2003_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-krupp2003_9-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-krupp2003_9-2">9.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Krupp, E.C. (2003). <i>Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0486428826" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-42882-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Braun, T., Gómez, I., Méndez, A., & Schubert, A. (1992). International co-authorship patterns in physics and its subfields, 1981–1985. <i>Scientometrics</i>, 24(2), 181-200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinatra, R., Deville, P., Szell, M., Wang, D., & Barabási, A. L. (2015). A century of physics. <i>Nature Physics</i>, 11(10), 791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adamson, A. W., & Gast, A. P. (1967). <i>Physical chemistry of surfaces</i> (Vol. 15). New York: Interscience.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youngfreedman2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-youngfreedman2014_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-youngfreedman2014_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, H.D.; Freedman, R.A. (2014). <i>Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update</i> (13th ed.). Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9781292020631" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-292-02063-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF鶡冠子" class="citation web cs1">鶡冠子。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/he-guan-zi/wang-fu/zh"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《鹖冠子：王鈇》〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>鹖</span><span class="zit3">冠子：王鈇</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%B9%96%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90%EF%BC%9A%E7%8E%8B%E9%88%87%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83&rft.au=%E9%B6%A1%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fhe-guan-zi%2Fwang-fu%2Fzh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.ncu.edu.tw/wp-content/uploads/s8.pdf">世說新語之八，物理探原</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807031321/http://sci.ncu.edu.tw/wp-content/uploads/s8.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2016年8月7號，.. 東吳大學物理學系學生網.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF张道扩2011" class="citation journal cs1">张道扩 (2011)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈趣说生活俗语　巧学初中物理二、三例〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>趣</span><span class="zit3">说生活俗语　巧学初中物理二、三例</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《中学物理（初中版）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>中</span><span class="zit3">学物理<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>初</span><span class="zit3">中版</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>11</b> (29)。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%EF%BC%88%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.atitle=%E8%B6%A3%E8%AF%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E4%BF%97%E8%AF%AD%E3%80%80%E5%B7%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BE%8B&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E9%81%93%E6%89%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF冯天瑜2005" class="citation journal cs1">冯天瑜 (2005)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719062909/http://www.chinaqw.com/news/2006/0511/68/27685.shtml"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《侨词来归与近代中日文化互动——以”卫生””物理””小说”为例》〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>侨</span><span class="zit3">词来归与近代中日文化互动——以"卫生""物理""小说"为例</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《武汉大学学报》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>武</span><span class="zit3">汉大学学报</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>1</b>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaqw.com/news/2006/0511/68/27685.shtml">原著</a>喺2014年7月19號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2017年10月28號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BE%A8%E8%AF%8D%E6%9D%A5%E5%BD%92%E4%B8%8E%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A8%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E2%80%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E2%80%9D%E2%80%9C%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E2%80%9D%E2%80%9C%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%BA%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%8B&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2005&rft.au=%E5%86%AF%E5%A4%A9%E7%91%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaqw.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F0511%2F68%2F27685.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noll notes that some universities still use this title —Noll, Walter (23 June 2006). "On the Past and Future of Natural Philosophy". <i>Journal of Elasticity</i>. 84 (1): 1–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenberg, Alex (2006). <i>Philosophy of Science</i>. Routledge. Ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF戴念祖" class="citation book cs1">戴念祖。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《中国科学技术史，物理学卷》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>中</span><span class="zit3">国科学技术史，物理学卷</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。科学出版社。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%8C%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%B7&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.au=%E6%88%B4%E5%BF%B5%E7%A5%96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Godfrey-Smith 2003, Chapter 14: "<i>Bayesianism and Modern Theories of Evidence</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cropper, W. H. (2004). <i>Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780199832088" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-983208-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunge, M. (1973). <i>Philosophy of physics</i> (p. 122). Dordrecht: Reidel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sklar, L. (1992). <i>Philosophy of physics</i>. Dimensions of Philosophy S.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064320/http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/research/conferences/convergence/roundtable-discussion-questions/has-theoretical-physics-moved-too">HAS THEORETICAL PHYSICS MOVED TOO FAR AWAY FROM EXPERIMENTS? IS THE FIELD ENTERING A CRISIS AND, IF SO, WHAT SHOULD WE DO ABOUT IT?</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laplace, P.S. (1951). <i>A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities</i>. Translated from the 6th French edition by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L. New York: Dover Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schrödinger, E. (1983). <i>My View of the World</i>. Ox Bow Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-physics-free-will/">The Quantum Physics of Free Will</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Godfrey-Smith 2003, Chapter 15: "<i>Empiricism, Naturalism, and Scientific Realism?</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Penrose, R.; Shimony, A.; Cartwright, N.; Hawking, S. (1997). <i>The Large, the Small and the Human Mind</i>. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singer 2008, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, N.S. "Atomism – Pre-Socratic Philosophy of Atomism". <i>About Education</i>. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The atomists, Leucippus and Democritus: fragments, a text and translation with a commentary</i> by C.C.W. Taylor, University of Toronto Press Incorporated 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader El-Bizri, 'A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen's Optics', <i>Arabic Sciences and Philosophy</i>, 15 (2005), 189–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guicciardini, N. (1999). <i>Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Chaim, M. (2004). <i>Experimental Philosophy and the Birth of Empirical Science: Boyle, Locke and Newton</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morin, David (2008). <i>Introduction to Classical Mechanics</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780521876223" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780521876223</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barut, Asim O. (1980) [1964]. <i>Introduction to Classical Mechanics</i>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780486640389" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780486640389</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Imaeda, K. (1995), "<i>Biquaternionic formulation of Maxwell’s Equations and their solutions</i>", Clifford Algebras and Spinor Structures (editors—Rafał Ablamowicz, Pertti Lounesto) Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce J. Hunt (1991). <i>The Maxwellians</i>, chapter 5 and appendix, Cornell University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittaker, E. T., 1960, <i>History of the Theories of the Aether and Electricity</i>, Harper Torchbooks, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guggenheim, E.A. (1985). <i>Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists</i>, seventh edition, North Holland, Amsterdam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). <i>Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics. Foundations, Applications, Frontiers</i>, Springer, Berlin,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Born, M. (1969). Is classical mechanics in fact deterministic?. In <i>Physics in My Generation</i> (pp. 78-83). Springer: Berlin Heidelberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinson, M. H. (2012). <i>The clockwork universe: Isaac newton, the royal society, and the birth of the modern world. ETC.: A Review of General Semantics</i>, 69(4), 479-480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eisberg1961-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eisberg1961_46-0">46.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eisberg1961_46-1">46.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisberg, R. M., Resnick, R., Lea, S. M., & Burke, J. R. (1961). <i>Modern Physics</i>. New York: John Wiley and Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sakurai1995-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sakurai1995_47-0">47.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sakurai1995_47-1">47.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakurai, J. J., & Commins, E. D. (1995). <i>Modern quantum mechanics</i>, revised Ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feynman, R., <i>QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</i>, Penguin 1990 Edition, page 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohm, D. (1965). <i>The special theory of relativity</i> (pp. 115-118). New York: WA Benjamin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, S. M. (2004). <i>Spacetime and geometry. An introduction to general relativity</i> (Vol. 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.weber.edu/carroll/honors/failures.htm">Three Failures of Classical Physics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, F. W.; Zemansky, M. W.; Young, H. D. (1983). <i>University Physics</i> (6th ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 843-844.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacetimecentre.org/vpetkov/courses/reid.html">Why we believe in Special Relativity: Experimental Support for Einstein's Theory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Einstein, Albert (1996). <i>The Meaning of Relativity</i>. Fine Communications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-einstein1905-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-einstein1905_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Einstein (1905) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050220050316/http://www.pro-physik.de/Phy/pdfs/ger_890_921.pdf">Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper</a>", Annalen der Physik 17: 891; English translation On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies by George Barker Jeffery and Wilfrid Perrett (1923); Another English translation On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies by Megh Nad Saha (1920).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/01/19/trouble-with-quantum-mechanics/">The Trouble with Quantum Mechanics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wimmel, H. (1992). <i>Quantum Physics & Observed Reality: A Critical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</i>. World Scientific. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9789810210106" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-981-02-1010-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tegmark, M. (1998). The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Many Worlds or Many Words?. <i>Fortsch. Phys.</i> 46 (6–8): 855–862.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strang, G., & Aarikka, K. (1986). <i>Introduction to applied mathematics</i> (Vol. 16). Wellesley, MA: Wellesley-Cambridge Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one of ancient Greece's most important patrons of mathematics. Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BC, where he stressed mathematics as a way of understanding more about reality. In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking the secrets of the universe. The sign above the Academy entrance read: 'Let no-one ignorant of geometry enter here.'" (Mastin 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabaix, X., & Laibson, D. (2008). <i>The seven properties of good models</i> (pp. 292-319). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wigner, E. P. (1960). <i>The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences</i>. Richard courant lecture in mathematical sciences delivered at New York University, May 11, 1959. Communications on pure and applied mathematics, 13(1), 1-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> 伽利略（1623）. <i>分析者</i>，引述作者 G. Toraldo Di Francia (1976), <i>The Investigation of the Physical World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780521299251" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-29925-1</a> p.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">American Association for the Advancement of Science, <i>Science</i>. 1917. Page 645</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgkin A.L., Huxley A.F. (August 1952). "A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve". <i>The Journal of Physiology</i>. 117 (4): 500–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milham1945-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-milham1945_68-0">66.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-milham1945_68-1">66.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Milham, Willis I. (1945). <i>Time and Timekeepers</i>. New York: MacMillan. p.330 - 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/clocksbyajl/">Mechanism behind Clocks - Simple Harmonic Motion</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327225533/https://sites.google.com/site/clocksbyajl/">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2020年3月27號，..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennet, Matthew; et al. (2002). "Huygens' Clocks"=. Georgia Institute of Technology, also published in <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>, A 458, 563–579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziman, J. M. (1986, February). Getting to know everything about nothing. In <i>Progress in science and its social conditions: Nobel Symposium 58</i>, held at Lidingö, Sweden, 15-19 August 1983 (Vol. 1983, p. 93). Pergamon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physics.umn.edu/research/">Physics Research Programs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phy.princeton.edu/research">Research</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829105655/http://www.aps.org/units/dpf/index.cfm">Division of Particles & Fields</a>". <i>American Physical Society</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern, P. (2010). <i>Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780470643914" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-470-64391-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grupen, Klaus (10 Jul 1999). "Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics: VIII ICFA School". <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. 536: 3–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, K.M. (1 June 2012). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729020032/https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=23098">Plotting the Future for Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics</a></i>". Brookhaven National Laboratory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916045843/http://www.colorado.edu/physics/research/high-energy-physics">High Energy Physics</a>". <i>University of Colorado Boulder</i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffiths, David J. (2008), <i>Introduction to Elementary Particles</i> (2nd revised). WILEY-VCH. p. 49 - 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114084952/http://press-archived.web.cern.ch/press-archived/PressReleases/Releases2012/PR17.12E.html">CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson</a>". <i>CERN</i>. 4 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624024106/http://www.aps.org/units/damop/">Division of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics</a>". <i>American Physical society</i>. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nap-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nap_82-0">80.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nap_82-1">80.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nap_82-2">80.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Atomic, molecular, and optical physics</i>. National Academy Press. 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Atomic physics". <i>Encyclopedia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yates2013-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yates2013_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yates, B. (2013). <i>How to find out about physics: a guide to sources of information arranged by the decimal classification</i>. Elsevier. p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Buyana. <i>Molecular Physics</i>. World Scientific.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loudon, R. (2000). <i>The quantum theory of light</i>. OUP Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2008-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2008_87-0">85.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2008_87-1">85.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Marvin L. (2008). "Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. 101 (5): 25001 (5 pages).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leggett1999-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-leggett1999_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leggett, A.J. (1999). "Superfluidity". <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. 71 (2): S318–S323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levy2001-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-levy2001_89-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, B.G. (December 2001). "Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose-Einstein Condensates". <i>Physics Today</i>. 54 (12): 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stajiccoontzosborne2011-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stajiccoontzosborne2011_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stajic, Jelena; Coontz, R.; Osborne, I. (8 April 2011). "Happy 100th, Superconductivity!". <i>Science</i>. 332 (6026): 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. M. Chaikin; T. C. Lubensky (28 September 2000). <i>Principles of Condensed Matter Physics</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/units/dcmp/history.cfm">History of Condensed Matter Physics</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529152304/https://www.aps.org/units/dcmp/history.cfm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年5月29號，.". <i>American Physical Society</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801203154/https://www.britannica.com/science/astrophysics">Astrophysics</a>". <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Astrophysics". <i>Merriam-Webster</i>, Incorporated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhatIsAstrophysics-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WhatIsAstrophysics_95-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Balter, Ariel (12 Jun 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/26218-astrophysics.html">What is Astrophysics?</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111124837/https://www.space.com/26218-astrophysics.html">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2020年1月11號，.". <i>Space.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynaud, S., & Jaekel, M. T. (2005). Testing the Newton law at long distances. <i>International Journal of Modern Physics</i> A, 20(11), 2294-2303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennel, C. F., & Scarf, F. L. (1968). Thermal anisotropies and electromagnetic instabilities in the solar wind. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>, 73(19), 6149-6165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, C. J., & Van Horn, H. M. (1975). Steady-state nuclear fusion in accreting neutron-star envelopes. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>, 195, 735-741.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gambini, R., & Pullin, J. (2008). Black holes in loop quantum gravity: the complete space-time. <i>Physical review letters</i>, 101(16), 161301.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">維基書本度有本書關於呢個主題：<b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Physics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Physics">Physics</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">維基書本度有本書關於呢個主題：<b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Physics_Study_Guide" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Physics Study Guide">Physics Study Guide</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">維基書本度有本書關於呢個主題：<b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FHSST_Physics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:FHSST Physics">FHSST Physics</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physics"><span style="">Physics</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/40px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/60px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/80px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%B8%E5%BA%9C" title="維基學府">維基學府</a>有物理嘅課程：<br /> <b><a class="external text" href="https://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Physics">Category:Physics</a></b></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物理學網站"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8.E7.B6.B2.E7.AB.99"></span>物理學網站</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 物理學網站"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicscentral.com/">PhysicsCentral</a> – Web portal run by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/">American Physical Society</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.org/">Physics.org</a> – Web portal run by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/">Institute of Physics</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/">Usenet Physics FAQ</a> – FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/">Website of the Nobel Prize in physics</a> – Award for outstanding contributions to the subject.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/">World of Physics</a> – Online encyclopedic dictionary of physics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/naturephysics"><i>Nature</i>: Physics</a> – Academic journal.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.aps.org/">Physics</a> – Online magazine by the American Physical Society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/">The Vega Science Trust</a> – Science videos, including physics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html">HyperPhysics website</a> – Physics and astronomy mind-map from Georgia State University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/">PHYSICS at MIT OCW</a> – Online course material from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物理學期刊"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8.E6.9C.9F.E5.88.8A"></span>物理學期刊</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 物理學期刊"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/rmp/">Review of Modern Physics</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nphys/">Nature Physics</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03701573?sdc=1">Physics Reports</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/physics-of-life-reviews/">Physics of Life Reviews</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aip.scitation.org/journal/are">Applied Physics Reviews</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物理學各領域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:物理學分枝"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:物理學分枝 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" 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<li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="理論物理學">理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗物理學">實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理物理學">數理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="運算物理學">運算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="應用物理學">應用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%87%8F" title="物理量">物理量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img 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title="電磁學">電磁學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="古典電磁學">古典電磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="靜電學">靜電學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="靜磁學">靜磁學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學">熱力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="統計力學">統計力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="光學">光學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="幾何光學">幾何光學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="物理光學">物理光學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學">聲學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學">現<br />代</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="量子力學" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子電動力學">量子電動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" title="量子場論">量子場論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="量子引力">量子引力</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="相對論">相對論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%90%8C%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="原子分子同光物理學">AMO</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="原子物理學">原子物理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="分子物理學">分子物理學</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a 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